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Kanzaki A, Kadoya M, Katayama S, Koyama H. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone with recurrent giant cabergoline-resistant prolactinoma. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e255422. [PMID: 37770242 PMCID: PMC10546138 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-255422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A macro pituitary tumour or giant pituitary tumour is regarded as a rare causal factor in syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) cases. Previous reports have presented findings showing that blood flow insufficiency related to stress caused by an obstructive mass may lead to inappropriate secretion of arginine vasopressin. On the other hand, prolactin is known to influence water metabolism, and several cases of a macroprolactinoma or giant prolactinoma (PRLoma) in patients with SIADH have been reported. Nevertheless, few studies have examined such a relationship with SIADH and discussion of pathophysiological factors has been limited. The present report provides details of an elderly patient with SIADH in a chronic giant PRLoma. Of note, exacerbation of prolactin level accompanied the occurrence of SIADH. Findings obtained in this case suggest the possibility of development of SIADH in PRLoma cases due to more than only the effect of the mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Kanzaki
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- General Medicine, Hyogo Ika Daigaku Sasayama Iryo Center, Sasayama, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Manabu Kadoya
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Satoru Katayama
- General Medicine, Hyogo Ika Daigaku Sasayama Iryo Center, Sasayama, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Koyama
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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Duc Nguyen H, Pal Yu B, Hoang NHM, Jo WH, Young Chung H, Kim MS. Prolactin and Its Altered Action in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:427-445. [PMID: 34126620 DOI: 10.1159/000517798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolactin (PRL) is one of the most diverse pituitary hormones and is known to modulate normal neuronal function and neurodegenerative conditions. Many studies have described the influence that PRL has on the central nervous system and addressed its contribution to neurodegeneration, but little is known about the mechanisms responsible for the effects of PRL on neurodegenerative disorders, especially on Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). SUMMARY We review and summarize the existing literature and current understanding of the roles of PRL on various PRL aspects of AD and PD. KEY MESSAGES In general, PRL is viewed as a promising molecule for the treatment of AD and PD. Modulation of PRL functions and targeting of immune mechanisms are needed to devise preventive or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Pal Yu
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Ngoc Hong Minh Hoang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Jo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
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3
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Li D, Liu X, Li T, Wang X, Jia S, Wang P, Wang YF. Involvement of Protein Kinase A in Oxytocin Neuronal Activity in Rat Dams with Pup Deprivation. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:980-991. [PMID: 33611682 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) neuronal activity is the key factor for breastfeeding and it can be disrupted by mother-baby separation. To explore cellular mechanisms underlying OT neuronal activity, we studied the role of protein kinase A (PKA) in OT neuronal activity in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) using a rodent model of pup deprivation (PD) Intermittent (IPD) or continuous (CPD) PD significantly reduced suckling duration and number of milk ejections in lactating rats, particularly those with CPD. In Western blots of the SON, PD increased expressions of OT receptor (OTR) and its immediate downstream effectors, Gαq and Gβ subunits, particularly IPD, but reduced the expression of catalytic subunit of PKA (cPKA). In brain slices, inhibition of PKA blocked prostaglandin E2-evoked increase in firing activity including burst firing in OT neurons. In IPD dams, filamentous actin formed ring-like structures in the cytoplasmic region of OT neurons, which was reduced in CPD. Moreover, molecular association between actin and cPKA also reduced in PD dams. Incubation of brain slices with OT reduced the expression of cPKA, which was blocked by pretreatment with atosiban, an antagonist of OTR. These results indicate that PD disrupts OT neuronal activity through dissociating the Gq proteins and PKA in OTR-associated signaling cascade, which couples with reduced interactions between filamentous actin and PKA in OT neurons in the SON. This study highlights that PKA can be a novel target treating abnormal OT neuronal activity and its associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
- Department of Physiology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoran Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shuwei Jia
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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Ramos-Martinez E, Ramos-Martínez I, Molina-Salinas G, Zepeda-Ruiz WA, Cerbon M. The role of prolactin in central nervous system inflammation. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:323-340. [PMID: 33661585 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin has been shown to favor both the activation and suppression of the microglia and astrocytes, as well as the release of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Prolactin has also been associated with neuronal damage in diseases such as multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and in experimental models of these diseases. However, studies show that prolactin has neuroprotective effects in conditions of neuronal damage and inflammation and may be used as neuroprotector factor. In this review, we first discuss general information about prolactin, then we summarize recent findings of prolactin function in inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes and factors involved in the possible dual role of prolactin are described. Finally, we review the function of prolactin specifically in the central nervous system and how it promotes a neuroprotective effect, or that of neuronal damage, particularly in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and during excitotoxicity. The overall studies indicated that prolactin may be a promising molecule for the treatment of some neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Ramos-Martinez
- Escuela de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, Oaxaca68120, Mexico
- Instituto de Cómputo Aplicado en Ciencias, Oaxaca68000, Mexico
| | - Ivan Ramos-Martínez
- Glycobiology, Cell Growth and Tissue Repair Research Unit (Gly-CRRET), Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), 94010Créteil, France
| | - Gladys Molina-Salinas
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510Coyoacan, Mexico
| | - Wendy A Zepeda-Ruiz
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510Coyoacan, Mexico
| | - Marco Cerbon
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510Coyoacan, Mexico
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Araki S, Osuka K, Takata T, Tsuchiya Y, Watanabe Y. Coordination between Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II and Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase in Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217997. [PMID: 33121174 PMCID: PMC7662388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is highly abundant in the brain and exhibits broad substrate specificity, thereby it is thought to participate in the regulation of neuronal death and survival. Nitric oxide (NO), produced by neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), is an important neurotransmitter and plays a role in neuronal activity including learning and memory processes. However, high levels of NO can contribute to excitotoxicity following a stroke and neurodegenerative disease. Aside from NO, nNOS also generates superoxide which is involved in both cell injury and signaling. CaMKII is known to activate and translocate from the cytoplasm to the post-synaptic density in response to neuronal activation where nNOS is predominantly located. Phosphorylation of nNOS at Ser847 by CaMKII decreases NO generation and increases superoxide generation. Conversely, NO-induced S-nitrosylation of CaMKII at Cys6 is a prominent determinant of the CaMKII inhibition in ATP competitive fashion. Thus, the "cross-talk" between CaMKII and NO/superoxide may represent important signal transduction pathways in brain. In this review, we introduce the molecular mechanism of and pathophysiological role of mutual regulation between CaMKII and nNOS in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoma Araki
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan; (S.A.); (T.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Koji Osuka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan;
| | - Tsuyoshi Takata
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan; (S.A.); (T.T.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan; (S.A.); (T.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yasuo Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan; (S.A.); (T.T.); (Y.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Leem YH, Park JS, Chang H, Park J, Kim HS. Exercise Prevents Memory Consolidation Defects Via Enhancing Prolactin Responsiveness of CA1 Neurons in Mice Under Chronic Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6609-6625. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1560-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hyeun JA, Kim JY, Kim CH, Kim JH, Lee EY, Seo JH. Iron is Responsible for Production of Reactive Oxygen Species Regulating Vasopressin Expression in the Mouse Paraventricular Nucleus. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1201-1213. [PMID: 30830595 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signaling molecules for maintaining homeostasis, particularly in the regulation of body-fluid balance in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. However, there has been little discussion regarding the source of ROS generation in this hypothalamic region. Because iron is the most abundant metal in the brain, we hypothesized that iron may act as a source of ROS, which regulate vasopressin (VP) expression. In the present study, we compared the amount of iron in the PVN to that in other forebrain regions of normal ICR mice, and examined the relationship among iron, ROS, and VP in the PVN of the iron-overloaded with iron dextran and iron-chelated mice with deferoxamine. The amount of iron in the PVN was significantly higher than in any of the forebrain regions we examined. The amount of iron in the PVN was significantly increased in iron-overloaded mice, although not in iron-chelated mice. These results suggest that the PVN exhibits high iron affinity. Both ROS production and VP expression in the PVN of iron-overloaded mice were significantly increased relative to levels observed in control mice. VP concentration in blood of iron-overloaded mice was also significantly higher than that of control mice. Interestingly, iron overload did not alter the expression of nitric oxide synthase, another modulator of VP expression. Taken together, our results suggest that high levels of iron in the PVN induce the production of ROS, which regulate VP expression, independent of nitric oxide signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-A Hyeun
- Department of Anatomy, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hyung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28503, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Hoon Seo
- Department of Anatomy, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Nitric Oxide and the Neuroendocrine Control of the Osmotic Stress Response in Teleosts. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030489. [PMID: 30678131 PMCID: PMC6386840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the modulation of teleost osmoresponsive circuits is suggested by the facts that NO synthase enzymes are expressed in the neurosecretory systems and may be regulated by osmotic stimuli. The present paper is an overview on the research suggesting a role for NO in the central modulation of hormone release in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial and the caudal neurosecretory systems of teleosts during the osmotic stress response. Active NOS enzymes are constitutively expressed by the magnocellular and parvocellular hypophysiotropic neurons and the caudal neurosecretory neurons of teleosts. Moreover, their expression may be regulated in response to the osmotic challenge. Available data suggests that the regulatory role of NO appeared early during vertebrate phylogeny and the neuroendocrine modulation by NO is conservative. Nonetheless, NO seems to have opposite effects in fish compared to mammals. Indeed, NO exerts excitatory effects on the electrical activity of the caudal neurosecretory neurons, influencing the amount of peptides released from the urophysis, while it inhibits hormone release from the magnocellular neurons in mammals.
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9
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Salais-López H, Agustín-Pavón C, Lanuza E, Martínez-García F. The maternal hormone in the male brain: Sexually dimorphic distribution of prolactin signalling in the mouse brain. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208960. [PMID: 30571750 PMCID: PMC6301622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Research of the central actions of prolactin is highly focused on females, but this hormone has also documented roles in male physiology and behaviour. Here, we provide the first description of the pattern of prolactin-derived signalling in the male mouse brain, employing the immunostaining of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (pSTAT5) after exogenous prolactin administration. Next, we explore possible sexually dimorphic differences by comparing pSTAT5 immunoreactivity in prolactin-supplemented males and females. We also assess the role of testosterone in the regulation of central prolactin signalling in males by comparing intact with castrated prolactin-supplemented males. Prolactin-supplemented males displayed a widespread pattern of pSTAT5 immunoreactivity, restricted to brain centres showing expression of the prolactin receptor. Immunoreactivity for pSTAT5 was present in several nuclei of the preoptic, anterior and tuberal hypothalamus, as well as in the septofimbrial nucleus or posterodorsal medial amygdala of the telencephalon. Conversely, non-supplemented control males were virtually devoid of pSTAT5-immunoreactivity, suggesting that central prolactin actions in males are limited to situations concurrent with substantial hypophyseal prolactin release (e.g. stress or mating). Furthermore, comparison of prolactin-supplemented males and females revealed a significant, female-biased sexual dimorphism, supporting the view that prolactin has a preeminent role in female physiology and behaviour. Finally, in males, castration significantly reduced pSTAT5 immunoreactivity in some structures, including the paraventricular and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei and the septofimbrial region, thus indicating a region-specific regulatory role of testosterone over central prolactin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Salais-López
- Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Carmen Agustín-Pavón
- Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular i de Biologia Funcional, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Enrique Lanuza
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular i de Biologia Funcional, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Fernando Martínez-García
- Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
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10
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Qin C, Li J, Tang K. The Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: Development, Function, and Human Diseases. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3458-3472. [PMID: 30052854 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), located in the ventral diencephalon adjacent to the third ventricle, is a highly conserved brain region present in species from zebrafish to humans. The PVH is composed of three main types of neurons, magnocellular, parvocellular, and long-projecting neurons, which play imperative roles in the regulation of energy balance and various endocrinological activities. In this review, we focus mainly on recent findings about the early development of the hypothalamus and the PVH, the functions of the PVH in the modulation of energy homeostasis and in the hypothalamus-pituitary system, and human diseases associated with the PVH, such as obesity, short stature, hypertension, and diabetes insipidus. Thus, the investigations of the PVH will benefit not only understanding of the development of the central nervous system but also the etiology of and therapy for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qin
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiaheng Li
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Inhalation of a racemic mixture (R,S)-linalool by rats experiencing restraint stress alters neuropeptide and MHC class I gene expression in the hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett 2017; 653:314-319. [PMID: 28595953 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Some odorants have physiological and psychological effects on organisms. However, little is known about the effects of inhaling them, particularly on the central nervous system. Using DNA microarray analysis, we obtained gene expression profiles of the hypothalamus from restraint stressed rats exposed to racemic (R,S)-linalool. Hierarchical clustering across all probe sets showed that this inhalation of (R,S)-linalool influenced the expression levels of a wide range of genes in the hypothalamus. A comparison of transcription levels revealed that the inhalation of (R,S)-linalool restored the expression of 560 stress-induced probe sets to a normal status. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that these genes were associated with synaptic transmission via neurotransmitters including anxiolytic neuropeptides such as oxytocin and neuropeptide Y. These genes also included several major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules necessary for neural development and plasticity. Moreover, Upstream Regulator Analysis predicted that the hormone prolactin would be activated by the inhalation of (R,S)-linalool under stress. Our results reveal some of the molecular mechanisms associated with odor inhalation in the hypothalamus in organisms under stress.
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12
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Thébault S. Potential mechanisms behind the antioxidant actions of prolactin in the retina. Exp Eye Res 2017; 160:56-61. [PMID: 28456446 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Causes for age-related retinal diseases are numerous and complex, and they are intertwined with the natural vision decline that accompanies aging. The elucidation of endogenous mechanisms that help maintain retinal function under conditions that are threatening for the eye and happen during natural aging is therefore critical in developing new prevention and therapeutic strategies against age-related retinal degeneration. Our lab recently reported that the hormone of lactation, prolactin, helps the retinal pigment epithelium to survive via antioxidant actions that result in the inhibition of sirtuin2-dependent cell death (EbioMedicine issue of May). The mechanism behind the antioxidant activity of prolactin remains elusive. The main purposes of my commentary are to discuss mechanisms that could explain this effect in the context of previously identified defense mechanisms against oxidative stress and focus particularly on the potential regulation of reduced glutathione levels by prolactin. I also briefly comment on how our study contributes to cell biology, which as the foundational science for understanding neurodegeneration, may accelerate progress in disease prevention and cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Thébault
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico.
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13
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Górski K, Misztal T, Marciniak E, Zielińska-Górska MK, Fülöp F, Romanowicz K. Involvement of salsolinol in the suckling-induced oxytocin surge in sheep. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2017; 59:75-80. [PMID: 28013044 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During lactation, the main surge of oxytocin is induced by a suckling stimulus. Previous studies have shown that salsolinol (1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline), a dopamine-derived compound, stimulates both the synthesis and the release of oxytocin in lactating sheep. The objective of the present study was to verify the hypothesis that salsolinol is involved in the mechanism that generates the oxytocin surge that occurs during suckling. Thus, a structural analogue of salsolinol, 1-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline (1MeDIQ), known to antagonize some of its actions, was infused into the third ventricle of the brain of lactating sheep nursing their offspring. Serial 30-min infusion of 1MeDIQ (4 × 60 μg/60 μL) or vehicle were administered at 30-min interval from 10 AM to 2 PM. The experimental period in every ewe consisted of a nonsuckling period (10 AM-12 PM) and a suckling period (12 PM-2 PM). Blood samples were collected every 10 min, to measure plasma oxytocin concentration by RIA. In control sheep, oxytocin surges of high amplitude were observed during the suckling period. The oxytocin surges induced by suckling were significantly (P < 0.01) diminished in sheep receiving 1MeDIQ infusions as compared to those that received control infusions. However, no significant effect of 1MeDIQ was observed on basal oxytocin release, before suckling. Furthermore, oxytocin release, as measured by the area under the hormone response curve (AUC), was significantly decreased by the administration of 1MeDIQ during the suckling period. This study shows that elimination of the effect of salsolinol within the central nervous system of lactating sheep attenuates the oxytocin surge induced by suckling. Therefore, salsolinol may be an important factor in the oxytocin-stimulating pathway in lactating mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Górski
- Department of Endocrinology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna, Poland.
| | - T Misztal
- Department of Endocrinology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna, Poland
| | - E Marciniak
- Department of Endocrinology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna, Poland
| | - M K Zielińska-Górska
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna, Poland
| | - F Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - K Romanowicz
- Department of Endocrinology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna, Poland
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Augustine RA, Ladyman SR, Bouwer GT, Alyousif Y, Sapsford TJ, Scott V, Kokay IC, Grattan DR, Brown CH. Prolactin regulation of oxytocin neurone activity in pregnancy and lactation. J Physiol 2017; 595:3591-3605. [PMID: 28211122 DOI: 10.1113/jp273712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS During lactation, prolactin promotes milk synthesis and oxytocin stimulates milk ejection. In virgin rats, prolactin inhibits the activity of oxytocin-secreting neurones. We found that prolactin inhibition of oxytocin neurone activity is lost in lactation, and that some oxytocin neurones were excited by prolactin in lactating rats. The change in prolactin regulation of oxytocin neurone activity was not associated with a change in activation of intracellular signalling pathways known to couple to prolactin receptors. The change in prolactin regulation of oxytocin neurone activity in lactation might allow coordinated activation of both populations of neurones when required for successful lactation. ABSTRACT Secretion of prolactin for milk synthesis and oxytocin for milk secretion is required for successful lactation. In virgin rats, prolactin inhibits oxytocin neurones but this effect would be counterproductive during lactation when secretion of both hormones is required for synthesis and delivery of milk to the newborn. Hence, we determined the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) prolactin on oxytocin neurones in urethane-anaesthetised virgin, pregnant and lactating rats. Prolactin (2 μg) consistently inhibited oxytocin neurones in virgin and pregnant rats (by 1.9 ± 0.4 and 1.8 ± 0.5 spikes s-1 , respectively), but not in lactating rats; indeed, prolactin excited six of 27 oxytocin neurones by >1 spike s-1 in lactating rats but excited none in virgin or pregnant rats (χ22 = 7.2, P = 0.03). Vasopressin neurones were unaffected by prolactin (2 μg) in virgin rats but were inhibited by 1.1 ± 0.2 spikes s-1 in lactating rats. Immunohistochemistry showed that i.c.v. prolactin increased oxytocin expression in virgin and lactating rats and increased signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 phosphorylation to a similar extent in oxytocin neurones of virgin and lactating rats. Western blotting showed that i.c.v. prolactin did not affect phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase 1 or 2, or of Akt in the supraoptic or paraventricular nuclei of virgin or lactating rats. Hence, prolactin inhibition of oxytocin neurones is lost in lactation, which might allow concurrent elevation of prolactin secretion from the pituitary gland and activation of oxytocin neurones for synthesis and delivery of milk to the newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Augustine
- Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sharon R Ladyman
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gregory T Bouwer
- Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yousif Alyousif
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tony J Sapsford
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Victoria Scott
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ilona C Kokay
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David R Grattan
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Colin H Brown
- Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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15
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Ponti G, Rodriguez-Gomez A, Farinetti A, Marraudino M, Filice F, Foglio B, Sciacca G, Panzica GC, Gotti S. Early postnatal genistein administration permanently affects nitrergic and vasopressinergic systems in a sex-specific way. Neuroscience 2017; 346:203-215. [PMID: 28131623 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Genistein (GEN) is a natural xenoestrogen (isoflavonoid) that may interfere with the development of estrogen-sensitive neural circuits. Due to the large and increasing use of soy-based formulas for babies (characterized by a high content of GEN), there are some concerns that this could result in an impairment of some estrogen-sensitive neural circuits and behaviors. In a previous study, we demonstrated that its oral administration to female mice during late pregnancy and early lactation induced a significant decrease of nitric oxide synthase-positive cells in the amygdala of their male offspring. In the present study, we have used a different experimental protocol mimicking, in mice, the direct precocious exposure to GEN. Mice pups of both sexes were fed either with oil, estradiol or GEN from birth to postnatal day 8. Nitric oxide synthase and vasopressin neural systems were analyzed in adult mice. Interestingly, we observed that GEN effect was time specific (when compared to our previous study), sex specific, and not always comparable to the effects of estradiol. This last observation suggests that GEN may act through different intracellular pathways. Present results indicate that the effect of natural xenoestrogens on the development of the brain may be highly variable: a plethora of neuronal circuits may be affected depending on sex, time of exposure, intracellular pathway involved, and target cells. This raises concern on the possible long-term effects of the use of soy-based formulas for babies, which may be currently underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ponti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10 - 10043 Orbassano (TO), Torino, Italy.
| | - A Rodriguez-Gomez
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10 - 10043 Orbassano (TO), Torino, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Via Cherasco 15, 10126-University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - A Farinetti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10 - 10043 Orbassano (TO), Torino, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Via Cherasco 15, 10126-University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Marraudino
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10 - 10043 Orbassano (TO), Torino, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Via Cherasco 15, 10126-University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - F Filice
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Via Cherasco 15, 10126-University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - B Foglio
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10 - 10043 Orbassano (TO), Torino, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Via Cherasco 15, 10126-University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - G Sciacca
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10 - 10043 Orbassano (TO), Torino, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Via Cherasco 15, 10126-University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - G C Panzica
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10 - 10043 Orbassano (TO), Torino, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Via Cherasco 15, 10126-University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - S Gotti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10 - 10043 Orbassano (TO), Torino, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Via Cherasco 15, 10126-University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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16
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Grassi D, Lagunas N, Pinos H, Panzica G, Garcia-Segura LM, Collado P. NADPH-Diaphorase Colocalizes with GPER and Is Modulated by the GPER Agonist G1 in the Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei of Ovariectomized Female Rats. Neuroendocrinology 2017; 104:94-104. [PMID: 26954778 DOI: 10.1159/000445190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is produced in the brain by the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and carries out a wide range of functions by acting as a neurotransmitter-like molecule. Gonadal hormones are involved in the regulation of the brain nitrergic system. We have previously demonstrated that estradiol, via classical estrogen receptors (ERs), regulates NOS activity in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei of the hypothalamus, acting through both ERα and ERβ. Magnocellular and parvocellular neurons in the SON and PVN also express the G protein-coupled ER (GPER). In this study, we have assessed whether GPER is also involved in the regulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase in the SON and PVN. Adult female ovariectomized rats were treated with G1, a selective GPER agonist, or with G1 in combination with G15, a selective GPER antagonist. G1 treatment decreased NADPH-diaphorase expression in the SON and in all PVN subnuclei. The treatment with G1 + G15 effectively rescued the G1-dependent decrease in NADPH-diaphorase expression in both brain regions. In addition, the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, one of the kinases involved in the GPER-dependent intracellular signaling pathway and in NOS phosphorylation, was assessed in the same brain nuclei. Treatment with G1 significantly decreased the number of p-ERK 1/2-positive cells in the SON and PVN, while the treatment with G1 + G15 significantly recovered its number to control values. These findings suggest that the activation of GPER in the SON and PVN inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2, which induces a decrease in NADPH-diaphorase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Grassi
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
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17
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Abstract
Childbirth is a fundamental component of a woman’s sexual cycle. The sexuality of childbirth is not well recognized in Western society despite research showing that some women experience orgasm(s) during labor and childbirth. Current thinking supports the view that labor and childbirth are perceived to be physically painful events, and more women are relying on medical interventions for pain relief in labor. This review explores the potential of orgasm as a mode of pain relief in childbirth and outlines the physiological explanations for its occurrence. Potential barriers to sexual expression during childbirth and labor, including the influence of deeply held cultural beliefs about sexuality, the importance of privacy and intimacy in facilitating orgasmic birth experiences, and the value of including prospective fathers in the birthing experience, are discussed. The role of midwives and their perceptions of the use of complementary and alternative therapies for pain relief in labor are examined. While there are indications of widespread use of complementary and alternative therapies such as hydrotherapy, herbal remedies, and breathing techniques for pain relief in childbirth, orgasm was not among those mentioned. Lack of recognition of the sexuality of childbirth, despite findings that orgasm can attenuate the effects of labor pain, suggests the need for greater awareness among expectant parents, educators, and health professionals of the potential of orgasm as a means of pain relief in childbirth.
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18
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Górski K, Marciniak E, Zielińska-Górska M, Misztal T. Salsolinol Up-Regulates Oxytocin Expression and Release During Lactation in Sheep. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28:12362. [PMID: 26749292 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Salsolinol (1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline) is a dopamine-derived compound present in the central nervous system and pituitary gland. Several previous studies on lactating sheep and rats have reported that salsolinol plays a crucial role in the regulation of prolactin secretion. The present study investigated the effects of salsolinol, which was infused into the third ventricle of the brain, on oxytocin expression and release in lactating sheep, 48 h after weaning of 8-week-old lambs. Serial 30-min infusions of salsolinol and vehicle were performed at 30-min intervals from 10.00 to 15.00 h. Blood samples were collected every 10 min. The supraoptic nucleus (SON), paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and posterior pituitary were collected immediately after the experiment. Expression levels of mRNAs for oxytocin and peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), the terminal enzyme in the oxytocin synthesis pathway, were measured using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Oxytocin peptide content in the posterior pituitary was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and plasma oxytocin concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. Salsolinol treatment significantly up-regulated oxytocin and PAM gene expression in the SON (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively), PVN (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) and posterior pituitary (P < 0.05 and P < 0.05, respectively). Oxytocin peptide content in the posterior pituitary and the area under the response curve of plasma oxytocin were significantly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) higher in salsolinol-treated sheep than in control animals. The present study shows for the first time that salsolinol stimulates oxytocin secretion during lactation in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Górski
- Department of Endocrinology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - E Marciniak
- Department of Endocrinology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - M Zielińska-Górska
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - T Misztal
- Department of Endocrinology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
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19
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Prolactin mediates neuroprotection against excitotoxicity in primary cell cultures of hippocampal neurons via its receptor. Brain Res 2016; 1636:193-199. [PMID: 26874070 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently it has been reported that prolactin (PRL) exerts a neuroprotective effect against excitotoxicity in hippocampus in the rat in vivo models. However, the exact mechanism by which PRL mediates this effect is not completely understood. The aim of our study was to assess whether prolactin exerts neuroprotection against excitotoxicity in an in vitro model using primary cell cultures of hippocampal neurons, and to determine whether this effect is mediated via the prolactin receptor (PRLR). Primary cell cultures of rat hippocampal neurons were used in all experiments, gene expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR, and protein expression was assessed by Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. Cell viability was assessed by using the MTT method. The results demonstrated that PRL treatment of neurons from primary cultures did not modify cell viability, but that it exerted a neuroprotective effect, with cells treated with PRL showing a significant increase of viability after glutamate (Glu)--induced excitotoxicity as compared with neurons treated with Glu alone. Cultured neurons expressed mRNA for both PRL and its receptor (PRLR), and both PRL and PRLR expression levels changed after the excitotoxic insult. Interestingly, the PRLR protein was detected as two main isoforms of 100 and 40 kDa as compared with that expressed in hypothalamic cells, which was present only as a 30 kDa variant. On the other hand, PRL was not detected in neuron cultures, either by western blot or by immunohistochemistry. Neuroprotection induced by PRL was significantly blocked by specific oligonucleotides against PRLR, thus suggesting that the PRL role is mediated by its receptor expressed in these neurons. The overall results indicated that PRL induces neuroprotection in neurons from primary cell cultures.
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20
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Toyoda F, Hasunuma I, Nakada T, Haraguchi S, Tsutsui K, Kikuyama S. Possible hormonal interaction for eliciting courtship behavior in the male newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 224:96-103. [PMID: 26141146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive behavior in amphibians, as in other vertebrate animals, is under the control of multiple hormonal substances. Prolactin (PRL), arginine vasotocin (AVT), androgen, and 7α-hydroxypregnenolone (7α-OH PREG), four such substances with hormonal activity, are known to be involved in the expression of the tail vibration behavior which is the initial step of courtship performed by the male newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster. As current information on the interaction(s) between these hormones in terms of eliciting tail vibration behavior is limited, we have investigated whether the decline of expression of tail vibration behavior due to suppression of the activity of any one of these hormones can be restored by supplying any one of the other three hormones exogenously. Expression of the behavior was determined in terms of incidence (% of test animals exhibiting the behavior) and frequency (number of times that the behavior was repeated during the test period). Neither PRL nor androgen restored the decline in the incidence and frequency of the tail vibration behavior caused by the suppression of the activity of any one of other three hormones. AVT completely restored both the anti-PRL antibody-induced and flutamide (an androgen receptor antagonist)-induced, but not ketoconazole (an inhibitor of the steroidogenic CYP enzymes)-induced decline in the incidence and frequency of the tail vibration behavior. The neurosteroid, 7α-OH PREG, failed to restore flutamide-induced decline in the incidence and frequency of the behavior. However, it was able to restore both anti-PRL antibody-induced and AVT receptor antagonist-induced decline in the incidence, but not in the frequency of the behavior. In another experiment designed to see the activity of hormones enhancing the frequency of the tail vibration behavior, AVT was revealed to be more potent than 7α-OH PREG. The role of each hormonal substance in determining the expression of the tail vibration behavior was discussed based on the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiyo Toyoda
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Itaru Hasunuma
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nakada
- Department of Comparative and Behavioral Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Shogo Haraguchi
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, and Center for Medical Life Science of Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Tsutsui
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, and Center for Medical Life Science of Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Sakae Kikuyama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; Department of Biology, Waseda University, and Center for Medical Life Science of Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
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21
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22
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Lajud N, Torner L. Early life stress and hippocampal neurogenesis in the neonate: sexual dimorphism, long term consequences and possible mediators. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:3. [PMID: 25741234 PMCID: PMC4327304 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse early life experience decreases adult hippocampal neurogenesis and results in increased vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite that the effects of postnatal stress on neurogenesis have been widely studied in adult individuals, few efforts have been done to evaluate its immediate effects on the developing hippocampus. Moreover, it is not clear whether postnatal stress causes a differential impact in hippocampus development in male and female neonates that could be related to emotional deficits in adulthood. It has been proposed that the long term effects of early stress exposure rise from a persistent HPA axis activation during sensitive time windows; nevertheless the exact mechanisms and mediators remain unknown. Here, we summarize the immediate and late effects of early life stress on hippocampal neurogenesis in male and female rat pups, compare its later consequences in emotionality, and highlight some relevant mediator peptides that could be potentially involved in programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Lajud
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Morelia, Mexico
| | - Luz Torner
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Morelia, Mexico
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23
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Zamorano M, Ledesma-Colunga MG, Adán N, Vera-Massieu C, Lemini M, Méndez I, Moreno-Carranza B, Neumann ID, Thebault S, Martínez de la Escalera G, Torner L, Clapp C. Prolactin-derived vasoinhibins increase anxiety- and depression-related behaviors. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 44:123-32. [PMID: 24767626 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The hormone prolactin (PRL) regulates neuroendocrine and emotional stress responses. It is found in the hypothalamus, where the protein is partially cleaved to vasoinhibins, a family of N-terminal antiangiogenic PRL fragments ranging from 14 to 18kDa molecular masses, with unknown effects on the stress response. Here, we show that the intracerebroventricular administration of a recombinant vasoinhibin, containing the first 123 amino acids of human PRL that correspond to a 14kDa PRL, exerts anxiogenic and depressive-like effects detected in the elevated plus-maze, the open field, and the forced swimming tests. To investigate whether stressor exposure affects the generation of vasoinhibins in the hypothalamus, the concentrations of PRL mRNA, PRL, and vasoinhibins were evaluated in hypothalamic extracts of virgin female rats immobilized for 30min at different time points after stress onset. The hypothalamic levels of PRL mRNA and protein were higher at 60min but declined at 360min to levels seen in non-stressed animals. The elevation of hypothalamic PRL did not correlate with the stress-induced increase in circulating PRL levels, nor was it modified by blocking adenohypophyseal PRL secretion with bromocriptine. A vasoinhibin having an electrophoretic migration rate corresponding to 17kDa was detected in the hypothalamus. Despite the elevation in hypothalamic PRL, the levels of this hypothalamic vasoinhibin were similar in stressed and non-stressed rats. Stress reduced the rate of cleavage of PRL to this vasoinhibin as shown by the incubation of recombinant PRL with hypothalamic extracts from stressed rats. These results suggest that vasoinhibins are potent anxiogenic and depressive factors and that stress increases PRL levels in the hypothalamus partly by reducing its conversion to vasoinhibins. The reciprocal interplay between PRL and vasoinhibins may represent an effective mechanism to regulate anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Zamorano
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Maria G Ledesma-Colunga
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Norma Adán
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Camila Vera-Massieu
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Maria Lemini
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Isabel Méndez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Moreno-Carranza
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Inga D Neumann
- Department of Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Thebault
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | | | - Luz Torner
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Morelia, Mexico
| | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico.
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24
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Effect of prolactin on the water-salt balance in rat females in the model of cholestasis of pregnancy. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 156:803-6. [PMID: 24824702 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We studied the possibility of prolactin involvement in the regulation of water-salt metabolism in female rats in the model of cholestasis of pregnancy. For simulation of the prolactin level during pregnancy, hyperprolactinemia was simulated by transplantation the pituitary under the renal capsule of the recipient; for modeling cholestasis of pregnancy, a combination of induced hyperprolactinemia and bile duct obstruction was used. Diurnal diuresis, expression of aquaporin 1-4 mRNA in the renal medulla, glomerular filtration rate, and diurnal sodium excretion were evaluated in these models. Diuretic and natriuretic effects of prolactin in the model of cholestasis of pregnancy were demonstrated. These data and the fact that prolactin has no effect on glomerular filtration rate and aquaporin expression suggest that prolactin modulates activity of sodium transporters in the kidney.
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25
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The hormone prolactin is a novel, endogenous trophic factor able to regulate reactive glia and to limit retinal degeneration. J Neurosci 2014; 34:1868-78. [PMID: 24478366 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2452-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degeneration is characterized by the progressive destruction of retinal cells, causing the deterioration and eventual loss of vision. We explored whether the hormone prolactin provides trophic support to retinal cells, thus protecting the retina from degenerative pressure. Inducing hyperprolactinemia limited photoreceptor apoptosis, gliosis, and changes in neurotrophin expression, and it preserved the photoresponse in the phototoxicity model of retinal degeneration, in which continuous exposure of rats to bright light leads to retinal cell death and retinal dysfunction. In this model, the expression levels of prolactin receptors in the retina were upregulated. Moreover, retinas from prolactin receptor-deficient mice exhibited photoresponsive dysfunction and gliosis that correlated with decreased levels of retinal bFGF, GDNF, and BDNF. Collectively, these data unveiled prolactin as a retinal trophic factor that may regulate glial-neuronal cell interactions and is a potential therapeutic molecule against retinal degeneration.
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26
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Sun HJ, Zhang LL, Fan ZD, Chen D, Zhang L, Gao XY, Kang YM, Zhu GQ. Superoxide anions involved in sympathoexcitation and pressor effects of salusin-β in paraventricular nucleus in hypertensive rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:534-45. [PMID: 24304512 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Salusin-β in paraventricular nucleus (PVN) increases renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) release in hypertensive rats but not in normal rats. The present study was designed to investigate the downstream molecular mechanism of salusin-β in the PVN in hypertension. METHOD Renovascular hypertension was induced by two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) in male SD rats. Acute experiments were carried out 4 weeks after 2K1C or sham operation under anaesthesia. RESULTS MrgA1 mRNA expression and salusin-β level in the PVN as well as plasma salusin-β level were increased in 2K1C rats. Bilateral PVN microinjection of salusin-β increased the RSNA, MAP and HR in 2K1C rats, which were abolished by the pre-treatment with polyethylene glycol-superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD), the superoxide anion scavenger tempol, the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin or the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor chelerythrine chloride (CLC), but not affected by the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan, the Mas receptor antagonist A-779, the NOS inhibitor L-NAME or the GABAA and GABAB receptor antagonists gabazine+CGP-35348. Salusin-β-induced increases in superoxide anion level and NAD(P)H oxidase activity in the PVN were abolished by the PVN pre-treatment with CLC. Salusin-β increased AVP levels in rostral ventrolateral medulla and plasma, which were prevented by the pre-treatment with PEG-SOD, apocynin or CLC in 2K1C rats. Salusin-β augmented the enhanced activity of PKC in the PVN in 2K1C rats. CONCLUSION Protein kinase C-NAD(P)H oxidase-superoxide anions pathway in the PVN is involved in salusin-β-induced sympathetic activation, pressor response and AVP release in renovascular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.-J. Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention; Department of Physiology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - L.-L. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention; Department of Physiology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Z.-D. Fan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology; Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - D. Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention; Department of Physiology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - L. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention; Department of Physiology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - X.-Y. Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention; Department of Physiology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Y.-M. Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Cardiovascular Research Center; Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Xi'an China
| | - G.-Q. Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention; Department of Physiology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
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Monasterio N, Vergara E, Morales T. Hormonal influences on neuroimmune responses in the CNS of females. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 7:110. [PMID: 24478642 PMCID: PMC3894525 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Particular reproductive stages such as lactation impose demands on the female. To cope with these demands, her physiology goes through numerous adaptations, for example, attenuation of immune and stress responses. Hormonal fluctuation during lactation exerts a strong influence, inducing neuroplasticity in the hypothalamus and extrahypothalamic regions, and diminishing the stress and inflammatory responses. Thus, hormones confer decreased vulnerability to the female brain. This mini-review focuses on the adaptations of the immune and stress response during maternity, and on the neuroprotective actions of progesterone and prolactin and their effects on inflammation. The importance of pregnancy and lactation as experimental models to study immune responses and disease is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nela Monasterio
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Santiago de Querétaro, México
| | - Edgar Vergara
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México, México
| | - Teresa Morales
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Santiago de Querétaro, México
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28
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Higashijima Y, Sonoda H, Takahashi S, Kondo H, Shigemura K, Ikeda M. Excretion of urinary exosomal AQP2 in rats is regulated by vasopressin and urinary pH. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1412-21. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00249.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary exosomes are small vesicles secreted into urine from all renal epithelial cell types and known to contain proteins that are involved in renal secretion and reabsorption. Among these proteins, urinary exosomal aquaporin-2 (AQP2) has been suggested to be useful for diagnosis of renal disease. However, the mechanisms underlying the excretion of urinary exosomal AQP2 are largely unknown. In this study, we examined the mechanisms of urinary exosomal AQP2 excretion in vivo, using diuretics including furosemide (FS), an inhibitor of the sodium-potassium-chloride symporter; acetazolamide (ACTZ), an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase; OPC-31260 (OPC), a vasopressin type 2 receptor antagonist; and NaHCO3, a urinary alkalizing agent. Samples of urine from rats were collected for 2 h just after treatment with each diuretic, and urinary exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation. Urinary exosomal AQP2 excretion was dramatically increased by treatment with FS accompanied by urine acidification or with ACTZ accompanied by urine alkalization. Immunohistochemistry showed that apical localization of AQP2 was clearly evident and the plasma vasopressin level was increased after each treatment. Although treatment with OPC alone had no significant effect, coadministration of OPC completely inhibited the FS-induced and partially reduced the ACTZ-induced responses, respectively. Treatment with NaHCO3 increased the excretion of urinary exosomal AQP2 accompanied by urine alkalization. This increased response was partially inhibited by coadministration of OPC. These data suggest that an increased plasma level of vasopressin promoted the excretion of urinary exosomal AQP2 and that urine alkalinization also increased it independently of vasopressin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Higashijima
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroko Sonoda
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Saki Takahashi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kondo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kanako Shigemura
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ikeda
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Lajud N, Gonzalez-Zapien R, Roque A, Tinajero E, Valdez JJ, Clapp C, Torner L. Prolactin administration during early postnatal life decreases hippocampal and olfactory bulb neurogenesis and results in depressive-like behavior in adulthood. Horm Behav 2013; 64:781-9. [PMID: 24144492 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tight regulation of hormone and neurochemical milieu during developmental periods is critical for adequate physiological functions. For instance, activation of peptide systems during early life stress induces morphological changes in the brain resulting in depression and anxiety disorders. Prolactin (PRL) exerts different actions within the brain; it regulates neurogenesis and modulates neuroendocrine functions in the adult. However, PRL effects during early postnatal life are hardly known. Therefore, we examined whether neonatal administration of PRL influences cell survival in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and in the olfactory bulb (OB) and whether such influence results in behavioral consequences in adulthood. PRL-treated rat pups (13 mg/kg; PND1 to PND14), injected with BrdU at postnatal day 5 (PND5), showed a decrease in the density of DG BrdU/DCX and BrdU/NeuN-positive cells that survive at PND15. Similarly, PRL treatment decreased the density of BrdU+ cells in the OB compared with VEH. Fluorojade B analysis showed no significant changes in the amount of cell death in the DG between the groups. Postnatal PRL administration induced a passive coping strategy in the forced swimming test in male and female adult rats when compared with control and vehicle groups. Corticosterone endogenous levels at PND12 were not affected by PRL or VEH treatment. Altogether, these results suggest that opposed to its effects in the adult, postnatal PRL treatment affects neurogenesis and results in psychopathology later in life. High PRL levels, as observed in neonates under several pathological states, might contribute to detrimental effects on the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Lajud
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia 58341 Mich., Mexico
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Inner capillary diameter of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of female rat increases during lactation. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:7. [PMID: 23302443 PMCID: PMC3548690 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of the endothelial cell (EC) in blood flow regulation within the central nervous system has been little studied. Here, we explored EC participation in morphological changes of the anterior hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) microvasculature of female rats at two reproductive stages with different metabolic demand (virginity and lactation). We measured the inner capillary diameter (ICD) of 800 capillaries from either the magnocellular or parvocellular regions. The space occupied by neural (somas, dendrites and axons) and glial, but excluding vascular elements of the neurovascular compartment was also measured in 100-μm2 sample fields of both PVN subdivisions. Results The PVN of both groups of animals showed ICDs that ranged from 3 to 10 microns. The virgin group presented mostly capillaries with small ICD, whereas the lactating females exhibited a significant increment in the percentage of capillaries with larger ICD. The space occupied by the neural and glial elements of the neurovascular compartment did not show changes with lactation. Conclusions Our findings suggest that during lactation the microvasculature of the PVN of female rats undergoes dynamic, transitory changes in blood flow as represented by an increment in the ICD through a self-cytoplasmic volume modification reflected by EC changes. A model of this process is proposed.
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Bester-Meredith JK, Marler CA. Naturally occurring variation in vasopressin immunoreactivity is associated with maternal behavior in female Peromyscus mice. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2012; 80:244-53. [PMID: 23018381 PMCID: PMC8514270 DOI: 10.1159/000341899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In many mammals, species-appropriate social behavior is necessary for an individual's ability to survive and reproduce. In the present study, we examined whether arginine-vasopressin (AVP) pathways that have been associated with social behavior differed between two closely related species of Peromyscus mice with different patterns of maternal behavior. We also tested whether individual levels of AVP-immunoreactive staining (AVP-ir) were associated with individual levels of maternal behavior as measured using a composite score consisting of huddling, nursing, grooming and time spent inside the nest (HNGI score). In addition, we examined whether these associations between vasopressin and behavior differed between species. Females from the highly biparental species, California mice, displayed higher AVP-ir in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), which corresponded with a higher level of nest building and a higher HNGI score than was found in the less parental white-footed mice. The HNGI score was positively associated with AVP-ir in the medial amygdala in female California mice but not white-footed mice. Finally, we examined whether AVP-ir in these pathways varied based on the species-specific rearing environments by reciprocally cross-fostering California mice and white-footed mice. In contrast to previous research with male California mice, cross-fostering itself had no effect on maternal behavior or any consistent effect on AVP-ir staining in brain areas such as the BNST and associated brain areas. This suggests that there is little plasticity in maternal behavior and that the underlying AVP system in females does not respond to the postnatal environment provided by the parents. The positive associations between maternal behavior and AVP-ir indicate that AVP may regulate maternal behavior despite the lack of plasticity in AVP and maternal behavior.
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32
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Hillerer KM, Neumann ID, Slattery DA. From stress to postpartum mood and anxiety disorders: how chronic peripartum stress can impair maternal adaptations. Neuroendocrinology 2012; 95:22-38. [PMID: 22042058 DOI: 10.1159/000330445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The peripartum period, in all mammalian species, is characterised by numerous adaptations at neuroendocrine, molecular and behavioural levels that prepare the female for the challenges of motherhood. These changes have been well characterised and, while they are necessary to ensure the survival and nurturance of the offspring, there is growing belief that they are also required for maternal mental health. Thus, while increased calmness and attenuated stress responsivity are common characteristics of the peripartum period, it also represents a time of increased susceptibility to mood disorders. While a number of risk factors for these disorders are known, their underlying aetiology remains poorly understood, due at least in part to a lack of appropriate animal models. One translatable risk factor is stress exposure during the peripartum period. In the following review we first describe common peripartum adaptations and the impact postpartum mood disorders have on these. We then discuss the known consequences of peripartum stress exposure on such maternal adaptations that have been described in basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Hillerer
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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33
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Urol 2011; 21:535-40. [PMID: 21975510 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0b013e32834c87d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Aguila FA, Oliveira-Pelegrin GR, Yao ST, Murphy D, Rocha MJA. Anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) lesion affects hypothalamic neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression following water deprivation. Brain Res Bull 2011; 86:239-45. [PMID: 21840380 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) has been reported to be up-regulated in the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) during dehydration which in turn could increase nitric oxide (NO) production and consequently affect arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion. The anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) region has strong afferent connections with the SON. Herein we describe our analysis of the effects of an AV3V lesion on AVP secretion, and c-fos and nNOS expression in the SON following dehydration. Male Wistar rats had their AV3V region electrolytically lesioned or were sham operated. After 21 days they were submitted to dehydration or left as controls (euhydrated). Two days later, one group was anaesthetized, perfused and the brains were processed for Fos protein and nNOS immunohistochemistry (IHC). Another group was decapitated, the blood collected for hematocrit, osmolality, serum sodium and AVP plasma level analysis. The brains were removed for measurement of neurohypophyseal AVP content, and the SON was punched out and processed for nNOS detection by western blotting. The AV3V lesion reduced AVP plasma levels and c-fos expression in the SON following dehydration (P<0.05). Western blotting revealed an up-regulation of nNOS in the SON of control animals following dehydration, whereas such up-regulation was not observed in AV3V-lesioned rats (P<0.05). We conclude that the AV3V region plays a role in regulating the expression of nNOS in the SON of rats submitted to dehydration, and thus may affect the local nitric oxide production and the secretion of vasopressin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Alves Aguila
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Monasterio N, Morales T. Nitric oxide has a role in attenuating the neuroendocrine response to anaphylactoid stress during lactation. Brain Res 2011; 1402:54-66. [PMID: 21696708 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Stress increases nitric oxide (NO) production in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). Lactation diminishes the response to stress and increases basal NO production markers in the PVH of the dam. This study investigated whether lactation modified the anaphylactic reaction to egg white (EW) injection, and if nitric oxide regulates the neuroendocrine response to this stressor. The activational response of PVH to EW was assessed by c-Fos immunohistochemistry, and NO production was determined by histological staining of NADPH-diaphorase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and by measuring the concentration of total nitrates and nitrites (NOx) in the hypothalamus of lactating and diestrus rats. EW injection significantly increased the number of Fos-positive neurons in the parvocellular subdivision of the PVH in diestrus, but not in lactating rats. Similarly, EW injection increased the number of NADPH-diaphorase- and nNOS-positive cells in the PVH of diestrus rats, but it did not alter the already increased basal number of NO-positive cells in lactating rats. Furthermore, the total concentration of NOx in the hypothalamus, the circulating level of corticosterone and interleukin-6 increased significantly after EW in diestrus, but not in lactating rats, compared to their corresponding controls. Intracerebral administration of L-NAME, a general NOS inhibitor, reversed the attenuation of the activational response to EW in the PVH of lactating rats. The present results show that lactation diminishes the anaphylactoid reaction to EW compared to that in diestrus rats. This attenuation was absent after L-NAME treatment, suggesting that sustained NO production in the PVH during lactation may limit the neuroendocrine response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nela Monasterio
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
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Clapp C, de la Escalera GM. Peripheral regulation of prolactin by oxytocin: focus on "Systemic oxytocin induces a prolactin secretory rhythm via the pelvic nerve in ovariectomized rats". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R674-5. [PMID: 21715700 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00331.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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