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Zhang Z, Wu X, Zou Z, Shen M, Liu Q, Zhangsun Z, Zhao H, Lei W, Wang Z, Dong Y, Yang Y. Heat stroke: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and current treatment. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 100:102409. [PMID: 38986844 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Recently, the incidence of heat-related illnesses has exhibited a steadily upward trend, which is closely associated with several environmental factors such as climate change and air pollution. The progression of heat-related illnesses is a continuous process and can progress to the terminal period when it transforms into heat stroke, the most severe form. Heat stroke is markedly by a core body temperature above 40°C and central nervous system dysfunction. Current knowledge suggests that the pathogenesis of heat stroke is complex and varied, including inflammatory response, oxidative stress, cell death, and coagulation dysfunction. This review consolidated recent research progress on the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of heat stroke, with a focus on the related molecular mechanisms. In addition, we reviewed common strategies and sorted out the drugs in various preclinical stages for heat stroke, aiming to offer a comprehensive research roadmap for more in-depth researches into the mechanisms of heat stroke and the reduction in the mortality of heat stroke in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Northwest University First Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xiaopeng Wu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Northwest University First Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Zheng Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Mingzhi Shen
- Department of General Medicine, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 80 Jianglin Road, Hainan, 572013, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Northwest University First Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ziyin Zhangsun
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Northwest University First Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Huadong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Airforce Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Wangrui Lei
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Northwest University First Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Central Theater Command General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, 627 Wuluo Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yushu Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research for Heart Failure, Northwest University First Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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Radler JB, McBride AR, Saha K, Nighot P, Holmes GM. Regional Heterogeneity in Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Permeability and Mesenteric Perfusion After Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:3236-3248. [PMID: 39001959 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-024-08537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts intestinal barrier function, thereby increasing antigen permeation and leading to poor outcomes. Despite the intestinal tract's anatomic and physiologic heterogeneity, studies following SCI have not comprehensively addressed intestinal pathophysiology with regional specificity. AIMS AND METHODS We used an experimental model of high thoracic SCI to investigate (1) regional mucosal oxidative stress using dihydroethidium labeling; (2) regional paracellular permeability to small- and large-molecular probes via Ussing chamber; (3) regional intestinal tight junction (TJ) protein expression; and (4) hindgut perfusion via the caudal mesenteric artery. RESULTS Dihydroethidium staining was significantly elevated within duodenal mucosa at 3-day post-SCI. Molar flux of [14C]-urea was significantly elevated in duodenum and proximal colon at 3-day post-SCI, while molar flux of [3H]-inulin was significantly elevated only in duodenum at 3-day post-SCI. Barrier permeability was mirrored by a significant increase in the expression of pore-forming TJ protein claudin-2 in duodenum and proximal colon at 3-day post-SCI. Claudin-2 expression remained significantly elevated in proximal colon at 3-week post-SCI. Expression of the barrier-forming TJ protein occludin was significantly reduced in duodenum at 3-day post-SCI. Caudal mesenteric artery flow was unchanged by SCI at 3 days or 3 weeks despite significant reductions in mean arterial pressure. CONCLUSION These data show that T3-SCI provokes elevated mucosal oxidative stress, altered expression of TJ proteins, and elevated intestinal barrier permeability in the proximal intestine. In contrast, mucosal oxidative stress and intestinal barrier permeability were unchanged in the hindgut after SCI. This regional heterogeneity may result from differential sensitivity to reduced mesenteric perfusion, though further studies are required to establish a causal link. Understanding regional differences in intestinal pathophysiology is essential for developing effective treatments and standards of care for individuals with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson B Radler
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., H109, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Amanda R McBride
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., H109, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - Kushal Saha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Prashant Nighot
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Gregory M Holmes
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., H109, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Gouda A, Tolba S, Mahrose K, Felemban SG, Khafaga AF, Khalifa NE, Jaremko M, Moustafa M, Alshaharni MO, Algopish U, Abd El-Hack ME. Heat shock proteins as a key defense mechanism in poultry production under heat stress conditions. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103537. [PMID: 38428202 PMCID: PMC10912679 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, the poultry industry has been assigned to greater production performance but has become highly sensitive to environmental changes. The average world temperature has recently risen and is predicted to continue rising. In open-sided houses, poultry species confront high outside temperatures, which cause heat stress (HS) problems. Cellular responses are vital in poultry, as they may lead to identifying confirmed HS biomarkers. Heat shock proteins (HSP) are highly preserved protein families that play a significant role in cell function and cytoprotection against various stressors, including HS. The optimal response in which the cell survives the HS elevates HSP levels that prevent cellular proteins from damage caused by HS. The HSP have chaperonic action to ensure that stress-denatured proteins are folded, unfolded, and refolded. The HSP70 and HSP90 are the primary HSP in poultry with a defensive function during HS. HSP70 was the optimal biological marker for assessing HS among the HSP studied. The current review attempts to ascertain the value of HSP as a heat stress defense mechanism in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Gouda
- Animal Production Department, Agricultural and Biological Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar Tolba
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Khalid Mahrose
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Technology and Development, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Shatha G Felemban
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah 21461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
| | - Norhan E Khalifa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh 51511, Egypt
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mahmoud Moustafa
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed O Alshaharni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Uthman Algopish
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
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Silva-Guillen YV, Arellano C, Wiegert J, Boyd RD, Martínez GE, van Heugten E. Supplementation of vitamin E or a botanical extract as antioxidants to improve growth performance and health of growing pigs housed under thermoneutral or heat-stressed conditions. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:27. [PMID: 38369504 PMCID: PMC10875789 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat stress has severe negative consequences on performance and health of pigs, leading to significant economic losses. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplemental vitamin E and a botanical extract in feed or drinking water on growth performance, intestinal health, and oxidative and immune status in growing pigs housed under heat stress conditions. METHODS Duplicate experiments were conducted, each using 64 crossbred pigs with an initial body weight of 50.7 ± 3.8 and 43.9 ± 3.6 kg and age of 13-week and 12-week, respectively. Pigs (n = 128) were housed individually and assigned within weight blocks and sex to a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement consisting of 2 environments (thermo-neutral (21.2 °C) or heat-stressed (30.9 °C)) and 4 supplementation treatments (control diet; control + 100 IU/L of D-α-tocopherol in water; control + 200 IU/kg of DL-α-tocopheryl-acetate in feed; or control + 400 mg/kg of a botanical extract in feed). RESULTS Heat stress for 28 d reduced (P ≤ 0.001) final body weight, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake (-7.4 kg, -26.7%, and -25.4%, respectively) but no effects of supplementation were detected (P > 0.05). Serum vitamin E increased (P < 0.001) with vitamin E supplementation in water and in feed (1.64 vs. 3.59 and 1.64 vs. 3.24), but not for the botanical extract (1.64 vs. 1.67 mg/kg) and was greater when supplemented in water vs. feed (P = 0.002). Liver vitamin E increased (P < 0.001) with vitamin E supplementations in water (3.9 vs. 31.8) and feed (3.9 vs. 18.0), but not with the botanical extract (3.9 vs. 4.9 mg/kg). Serum malondialdehyde was reduced with heat stress on d 2, but increased on d 28 (interaction, P < 0.001), and was greater (P < 0.05) for antioxidant supplementation compared to control. Cellular proliferation was reduced (P = 0.037) in the jejunum under heat stress, but increased in the ileum when vitamin E was supplemented in feed and water under heat stress (interaction, P = 0.04). Tumor necrosis factor-α in jejunum and ileum mucosa decreased by heat stress (P < 0.05) and was reduced by vitamin E supplementations under heat stress (interaction, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The addition of the antioxidants in feed or in drinking water did not alleviate the negative impact of heat stress on feed intake and growth rate of growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Consuelo Arellano
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Jeffrey Wiegert
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - R Dean Boyd
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Animal Nutrition Research, LLC, Alvaton, KY, 42122, USA
| | - Gabriela E Martínez
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Eric van Heugten
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Mayorga EJ, Freestone AD, Rudolph TE, Roths M, Abeyta MA, Rodríguez-Jiménez S, Goetz BM, Opgenorth J, Selsby JT, Baumgard LH. Therapeutic effects of mitoquinol during an acute heat stress challenge in growing gilts. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae250. [PMID: 39212947 PMCID: PMC11439150 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Study objectives were to evaluate the effects of mitoquinol (MitoQ) on production parameters, gastrointestinal tract (GIT; stomach and small and large intestines) weight, and circulating leukocytes during a 24-h acute heat stress (HS) challenge. Crossbred gilts [n = 32; 49.1 ± 2.4 kg body weight (BW)] were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 environmental-therapeutic treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN) control (n = 8; TNCON), 2) TN and MitoQ (n = 8; TNMitoQ), 3) HS control (n = 8; HSCON), or 4) HS and MitoQ (n = 8; HSMitoQ). Pigs were moved into individual pens and allowed to acclimate for 6 d. The study consisted of 2 experimental periods (P). During P1 (2 d), all pigs remained in TN conditions (20.6 ± 1.5 °C) and were fed ad libitum. During P2 (24 h), pigs were fed ad libitum and exposed to either TN or constant HS (37.3 ± 1.3 °C). Mitoquinol (40 mg/d) was orally administered twice daily (0700 and 1800 hours) during P1 and P2. As expected, pigs exposed to HS had increased rectal temperature, skin temperature, and respiration rate (+1.5 °C, +8.7 °C, and +86 bpm, respectively; P < 0.01) compared to their TN counterparts. Compared to TN, HS pigs had decreased feed intake (67%; P < 0.01) and significant BW loss (+1.5 vs. -1.9 kg, respectively; P < 0.01). Total GIT weight was decreased in HS relative to TN pigs (P < 0.01), and this was influenced by decreased luminal contents (2.43 vs. 3.26 kg, respectively; P < 0.01) and reduced empty GIT mass (3.21 vs. 3.48 kg, respectively; P = 0.03). Stomach contents remained similar between TN and HS pigs (P > 0.54) but tended to increase in MitoQ relative to CON pigs (0.90 vs. 0.63 kg, respectively; P = 0.08). Stomach content as a percentage of the previous 24 h feed intake was increased in HS compared to the TN controls (93% vs. 31%; P < 0.01). In contrast, small and large intestinal contents were decreased in HS compared to TN pigs (23% and 49%, respectively; P < 0.01). Liver weight decreased in HS relative to TN pigs (1.15 vs. 1.22 kg, respectively; P = 0.02), and was decreased in MitoQ compared to CON pigs (1.13 vs. 1.24 kg; P < 0.01). Circulating lymphocytes tended to be decreased in HS relative to TN pigs (16%; P = 0.07). In summary, acute HS increased all body temperature indices, negatively influenced animal performance, and differentially altered GIT motility as evidenced by decreased gastric emptying and increased intestinal transit. However, MitoQ supplementation did not appear to ameliorate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Alyssa D Freestone
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Tori E Rudolph
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Melissa Roths
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Megan A Abeyta
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | - Brady M Goetz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Julie Opgenorth
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Mayorga EJ, Horst EA, Goetz BM, Rodriguez-Jimenez S, Abeyta MA, Al-Qaisi M, Rhoads RP, Selsby JT, Baumgard LH. Therapeutic effects of mitoquinol during an acute heat stress challenge in growing barrows. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae161. [PMID: 38860702 PMCID: PMC11208932 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Study objectives were to determine the effects of mitoquinol (MitoQ, a mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant) on biomarkers of metabolism and inflammation during acute heat stress (HS). Crossbred barrows [n = 32; 59.0 ± 5.6 kg body weight (BW)] were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 environmental-therapeutic treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN) control (n = 8; TNCon), 2) TN and MitoQ (n = 8; TNMitoQ), 3) HS control (n = 8; HSCon), or 4) HS and MitoQ (n = 8; HSMitoQ). Pigs were acclimated for 6 d to individual pens before study initiation. The trial consisted of two experimental periods (P). During P1 (2 d), pigs were fed ad libitum and housed in TN conditions (20.6 ± 0.8 °C). During P2 (24 h), HSCon and HSMitoQ pigs were exposed to continuous HS (35.2 ± 0.2 °C), while TNCon and TNMitoQ remained in TN conditions. MitoQ (40 mg/d) was orally administered twice daily (0700 and 1800 hours) during P1 and P2. Pigs exposed to HS had increased rectal temperature, skin temperature, and respiration rate (+1.5 °C, +6.8 °C, and +101 breaths per minute, respectively; P < 0.01) compared to their TN counterparts. Acute HS markedly decreased feed intake (FI; 67%; P < 0.01); however, FI tended to be increased in HSMitoQ relative to HSCon pigs (1.5 kg vs. 0.9 kg, respectively; P = 0.08). Heat-stressed pigs lost BW compared to their TN counterparts (-4.7 kg vs. +1.6 kg, respectively; P < 0.01); however, the reduction in BW was attenuated in HSMitoQ compared to HSCon pigs (-3.9 kg vs. -5.5 kg, respectively; P < 0.01). Total gastrointestinal tract weight (empty tissue and luminal contents) was decreased in HS pigs relative to their TN counterparts (6.2 kg vs. 8.6 kg, respectively; P < 0.01). Blood glucose increased in HSMitoQ relative to HSCon pigs (15%; P = 0.04). Circulating non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) increased in HS compared to TN pigs (P < 0.01), although this difference was disproportionately influenced by elevated NEFA in HSCon relative to HSMitoQ pigs (251 μEq/L vs. 142 μEq/L; P < 0.01). Heat-stressed pigs had decreased circulating insulin relative to their TN counterparts (47%; P = 0.04); however, the insulin:FI ratio tended to increase in HS relative to TN pigs (P = 0.09). Overall, circulating leukocytes were similar across treatments (P > 0.10). Plasma C-reactive protein remained similar among treatments; however, haptoglobin increased in HS relative to TN pigs (48%; P = 0.03). In conclusion, acute HS exposure negatively altered animal performance, inflammation, and metabolism, which were partially ameliorated by MitoQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Erin A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Brady M Goetz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | - Megan A Abeyta
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Mohmmad Al-Qaisi
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Toriumi T, Ohmori H, Nagasaki Y. Design of Antioxidant Nanoparticle, which Selectively Locates and Scavenges Reactive Oxygen Species in the Gastrointestinal Tract, Increasing The Running Time of Mice. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301159. [PMID: 37526346 PMCID: PMC10520625 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during strong or unfamiliar exercise cause exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS), leading to poor health and decreased exercise performance. The application of conventional antioxidants can neither ameliorate EIGS nor improve exercise performance because of their rapid elimination and severe side effects on the mitochondria. Hence, a self-assembling nanoparticle-type antioxidant (RNPO ) that is selectively located in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract for an extended time after oral administration is developed. Interestingly, orally administered RNPO significantly enhances the running time until exhaustion in mice with increasing dosage, whereas conventional antioxidants (TEMPOL) tends to reduce the running time with increasing dosage. The running (control) and TEMPOL groups show severe damage in the GI tract and increased plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels after 80 min of running, resulting in fewer red blood cells (RBCs) and severe damage to the skeletal muscles and liver. However, the RNPO group is protected against GI tract damage and elevation of plasma LPS levels, similar to the nonrunning (sedentary) group, which prevents damage to the whole body, unlike in the control and TEMPOL groups. Based on these results, it is concluded that continuous scavenging of excessive intestinal ROS protects against gut damage and further improves exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Toriumi
- Department of Materials ScienceFaculty of Pure and Applied SciencesUniversity of Tsukuba1‐1‐1 TennoudaiTsukubaIbaraki305‐8573Japan
| | - Hajime Ohmori
- University of Tsukuba1‐1‐1 TennoudaiTsukubaIbaraki305‐8573Japan
- Faculty of Business Information SciencesJobu UniversityToyazukamachi 634‐1IsesakiGunma372‐8588Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Department of Materials ScienceFaculty of Pure and Applied SciencesUniversity of Tsukuba1‐1‐1 TennoudaiTsukubaIbaraki305‐8573Japan
- Master's School of Medical SciencesGraduate School of Comprehensive Human SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTennoudai 1‐1‐1TsukubaIbaraki305‐8573Japan
- Center for Research in Radiation, Isotope and Earth System Sciences (CRiES)University of TsukubaTennoudai 1‐1‐1TsukubaIbaraki305‐8573Japan
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoHongo 7‐3‐1Bunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐8654Japan
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Peng N, Geng Y, Ouyang J, Liu S, Yuan F, Wan Y, Chen W, Yu B, Tang Y, Su L, Liang H, Wang JH, Liu J. Endothelial glycocalyx injury is involved in heatstroke-associated coagulopathy and protected by N-acetylcysteine. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1159195. [PMID: 37350963 PMCID: PMC10283401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1159195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Damage to endothelial glycocalyx (EGCX) can lead to coagulation disorders in sepsis. Heat stroke (HS) resembles sepsis in many aspects; however, it is unclear whether EGCX injury is involved in its pathophysiology. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the damage of EGCX and the development of coagulation disorders during HS. Methods We retrospectively collected 159 HS patients and analyzed coagulation characteristics and prognosis of HS patients with or without disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). We also replicated a rat HS model and measured coagulation indexes, pulmonary capillary EGCX injury in HS rats. Finally, we evaluated the effect of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on HS-initiated EGCX injury and coagulation disorders. Results Clinical data showed that HS patients complicated with DIC had a higher risk of death than HS patients without DIC. In a rat HS model, we found that rats subjected to heat stress developed hypercoagulability and platelet activation at the core body temperature of 43°C, just before the onset of HS. At 24 h of HS, the rats showed a consumptive hypo-coagulation state. The pulmonary capillary EGCX started to shed at 0 h of HS and became more severe at 24 h of HS. Importantly, pretreatment with NAC substantially alleviated EGCX damage and reversed the hypo-coagulation state in HS rats. Mechanically, HS initiated reactive oxidative species (ROS) generation, while ROS could directly cause EGCX damage. Critically, NAC protected against EGCX injury by attenuating ROS production in heat-stressed or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-stimulated endothelial cells. Discussion Our results indicate that the poor prognosis of HS patients correlates with severe coagulation disorders, coagulation abnormalities in HS rats are associated with the damage of EGCX, and NAC improves HS-induced coagulopathy, probably through its protection against EGCX injury by preventing ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Gastroenterology, 923 Military Hospital of China, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiafu Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Graduate School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fangfang Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yantong Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenda Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baojun Yu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Baoan Hospital of Shenzhen, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Youqing Tang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Su
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huaping Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Huai Wang
- Department of Academic Surgery, University College Cork, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Enzymatic hydrolysis of silkworm pupa and its allergenicity evaluation by animal model with different immunization routes. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Abeyta MA, Al-Qaisi M, Horst EA, Mayorga EJ, Rodriguez-Jimenez S, Goetz BM, Carta S, Tucker H, Baumgard LH. Effects of dietary antioxidant supplementation on metabolism and inflammatory biomarkers in heat-stressed dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:1441-1452. [PMID: 36543647 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heat-stress-induced inflammation may be ameliorated by antioxidant supplementation due to the purported effects of increased production of reactive oxygen species or oxidative stress on the gastrointestinal tract barrier. Thus, study objectives were to evaluate whether antioxidant supplementation [AGRADO Plus 2.0 (AP); EW Nutrition] affects metabolism and inflammatory biomarkers in heat-stressed lactating dairy cows. Thirty-two mid-lactation multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary-environmental treatments: (1) thermoneutral (TN) conditions and fed a control diet (TN-CON; n = 8), (2) TN and fed a diet with AP (10 g antioxidant; n = 8), (3) heat stress (HS) and fed a control diet (HS-CON; n = 8), or (4) HS and fed a diet with AP (HS-AP; n = 8). The trial consisted of a 23-d prefeeding phase and 2 experimental periods (P). Respective dietary treatments were top-dressed starting on d 1 of the prefeeding period and continued daily throughout the duration of the experiment. During P1 (4 d), baseline data were collected. During P2 (7 d), HS was artificially induced using an electric heat blanket (Thermotex Therapy Systems Ltd.). During P2, the effects of treatment, day, and treatment-by-day interaction were assessed using PROC MIXED of SAS (SAS Institute Inc.). Heat stress (treatments 3 and 4) increased rectal, vaginal, and skin temperatures (1.2°C, 1.1°C, and 2.0°C, respectively) and respiration rate (33 breaths per minute) relative to TN cows. As expected, HS decreased dry matter intake, milk yield, and energy-corrected milk yield (32%, 28%, and 28% from d 4 to 7, respectively) relative to TN. There were no effects of AP on body temperature indices or production. Milk fat, protein, and lactose concentrations remained unaltered by HS or AP; however, milk urea nitrogen was increased during HS regardless of AP supplementation (26% relative to TN). Circulating glucose remained unchanged by HS, AP, or time. Additionally, HS decreased circulating glucagon (29% from d 3 to 7 relative to TN), but there was no additional effect of AP. There was a tendency for nonesterified fatty acid concentrations to be increased in HS-AP cows throughout P2 (60% relative to TN-CON), whereas it remained similar in all other treatments. Blood urea nitrogen increased for both HS treatments from d 1 to 3 before steadily decreasing from d 5 to 7, with the overall increase being most pronounced in HS-CON cows (27% relative to TN-CON). Further, supplementing AP decreased blood urea nitrogen in HS-AP on d 3 relative to HS-CON (15%). Circulating serum amyloid A tended to be and lipopolysaccharide binding protein was increased by HS, but neither acute-phase protein was affected by AP. Overall, AP supplementation appeared to marginally alter metabolism but did not meaningfully alter inflammation during HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Abeyta
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M Al-Qaisi
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - E A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - E J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | | | - B M Goetz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - S Carta
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - H Tucker
- Novus International, St. Charles, MO 63304
| | - L H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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Li L, Liu Z, Quan J, Sun J, Lu J, Zhao G. Dietary nano-selenium alleviates heat stress-induced intestinal damage through affecting intestinal antioxidant capacity and microbiota in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 133:108537. [PMID: 36639066 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress-induced intestinal damage is a key event in fish pathology. Nano-selenium (nano-Se) shows remarkably high biological activity and low toxicity, making it an ideal and ecological Se formulation; however, to date, the protective effects of nano-Se against heat stress-induced intestinal injury and pertinent molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Herein, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were fed either a basal diet or basal diet + 5 mg/kg nano-Se. Samples were collected before (18 °C for 9 days; CG18 and Se18 groups) and after (24 °C for 8 h; CG24 and Se24 groups) heat stress treatment. On heat stress exposure, intestinal villus height, muscularis thickness, and goblet cell number decreased, and expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-8d) was downregulated; dietary supplementation with nano-Se alleviated these effects. Furthermore, in the presence of nano-Se, catalase activity was elevated, and expression of diverse heat shock proteins (Hsp70b, Hsp90α, and Hsp30), selenoproteins (Gpx1a, Gpx1b1, and Trx), and anti-inflammatory cytokine (TGF-β) was upregulated. In contrast, nano-Se supplementation significantly alleviated the increase of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and the malondialdehyde content. We also observed that heat stress markedly increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Methylobacterium, Akkermansia, and Deinococcus and decreased that of Proteobacteria; nano-Se supplementation restored these changes, making their distribution similar to that in the control group. Overall, our findings suggest that nano-Se plays a protective role against heat stress-induced intestinal damage in rainbow trout by promoting the recovery of antioxidant enzyme activity, enhancing protein repair, alleviating inflammatory responses, and restoring intestinal microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Li
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Zhe Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China.
| | - Jinqiang Quan
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Jun Sun
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Junhao Lu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Guiyan Zhao
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
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12
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Du LW, Xu BQ, Xun K, Zhang FQ. Glutamine supplementation attenuates intestinal apoptosis by inducing heat shock protein 70 in heatstroke rats. World J Emerg Med 2023; 14:37-43. [PMID: 36713336 PMCID: PMC9842468 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2023.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heatstroke is the most hazardous heat-related illness and has a high fatality rate. We investigated whether glutamine supplementation could have a protective effect on heatstroke rats. METHODS Twenty-five 12-week-old male Wistar rats (weight 305±16 g) were randomly divided into a control group (n=5), heatstroke (HS) group (n=10), and heatstroke+glutamine (HSG) group (n=10). Seven days before heat exposure, glutamine (0.4 g/[kg·d]) was administered to the rats in the HSG group by gavage every day. Three hours after heat exposure, serum samples were collected to detect white blood cells, coagulation indicators, blood biochemical indicators, and inflammatory cytokines in the rats. The small intestine tissue was stained to analyze pathological structural changes and apoptosis. Finally, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to analyze the expression levels of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Multiple comparisons were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance, and the Bonferroni test was conducted for the post hoc comparisons. RESULTS After heat exposure, the core temperature of the HS group (40.65±0.31 °C) was higher than the criterion of heatstroke, whereas the core temperature of the HSG group (39.45±0.14 °C) was lower than the criterion. Glutamine supplementation restored the increased white blood cells, coagulation indicators, blood biochemical indicators, and inflammatory cytokines that were induced by heatstroke to normal levels. The intestinal mucosa was injured, and the structure of tight junctions was damaged in the HS group; however, the structure of intestinal mucosal epithelial cells was stable in the HSG group. Glutamine supplementation alleviated intestinal apoptosis and up-regulated HSP70 expression. CONCLUSION Glutamine supplementation may alleviate intestinal apoptosis by inducing the expression of HSP70 and have a protective effect on heatstroke rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-wen Du
- Department of Emergency, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Bao-qing Xu
- Department of Pathology, the 900 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese PLA, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Kai Xun
- Department of Emergency, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Fang-qi Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the 987 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese PLA, Baoji 721000, China,Corresponding Author: Fang-qi Zhang,
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Wang F, Zhang Y, Li J, Xia H, Zhang D, Yao S. The pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of heat stroke-induced liver injury. Crit Care 2022; 26:391. [PMID: 36528615 PMCID: PMC9758799 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-04273-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stroke (HS) is a life-threatening systemic disease characterized by an elevated core body temperature of more than 40 ℃ and subsequent multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. With the growing frequency of global heatwaves, the incidence rate of HS has increased significantly, which has caused a huge burden on people's lives and health. Liver injury is a well-documented complication of HS and usually constitutes the direct cause of patient death. In recent years, a lot of research has been carried out on the pathogenesis and treatment strategies of HS-induced liver injury. In this review, we summarized the important pathogenesis of HS-induced liver injury that has been confirmed so far. In addition to the comprehensive effect of systemic factors such as heat cytotoxicity, coagulopathy, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome, excessive hepatocyte cell pyroptosis, dysfunction of Kupffer cells, abnormal expression of heat shock protein expression, and other factors are also involved in the pathogenesis of HS-induced liver injury. Furthermore, we have also established the current therapeutic strategies for HS-induced liver injury. Our study is of great significance in promoting the understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of HS-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuquan Wang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Jianhua Li
- grid.190737.b0000 0001 0154 0904Chongqing university Jiangjin hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Haifa Xia
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Dingyu Zhang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China ,grid.507952.c0000 0004 1764 577XWuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, 430023 China
| | - Shanglong Yao
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
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14
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Kung S, Vakula MN, Kim Y, England DL, Bergeson J, Bressel E, Lefevre M, Ward R. No effect of a dairy-based, high flavonoid pre-workout beverage on exercise-induced intestinal injury, permeability, and inflammation in recreational cyclists: A randomized controlled crossover trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277453. [PMID: 36445874 PMCID: PMC9707743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Submaximal endurance exercise has been shown to cause elevated gastrointestinal permeability, injury, and inflammation, which may negatively impact athletic performance and recovery. Preclinical and some clinical studies suggest that flavonoids, a class of plant secondary metabolites, may regulate intestinal permeability and reduce chronic low-grade inflammation. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of supplemental flavonoid intake on intestinal health and cycling performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial was conducted with 12 cyclists (8 males and 4 females). Subjects consumed a dairy milk-based, high or low flavonoid (490 or 5 mg) pre-workout beverage daily for 15 days. At the end of each intervention, a submaximal cycling trial (45 min, 70% VO2max) was conducted in a controlled laboratory setting (23°C), followed by a 15-minute maximal effort time trial during which total work and distance were determined. Plasma samples were collected pre- and post-exercise (0h, 1h, and 4h post-exercise). The primary outcome was intestinal injury, assessed by within-subject comparison of plasma intestinal fatty acid-binding protein. Prior to study start, this trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03427879). RESULTS A significant time effect was observed for intestinal fatty acid binding protein and circulating cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α). No differences were observed between the low and high flavonoid treatment for intestinal permeability or injury. The flavonoid treatment tended to increase cycling work output (p = 0.051), though no differences were observed for cadence or total distance. DISCUSSION Sub-chronic supplementation with blueberry, cocoa, and green tea in a dairy-based pre-workout beverage did not alleviate exercise-induced intestinal injury during submaximal cycling, as compared to the control beverage (dairy-milk based with low flavonoid content).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kung
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Michael N. Vakula
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Youngwook Kim
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Derek L. England
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Janet Bergeson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Eadric Bressel
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Michael Lefevre
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Robert Ward
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Ajeigbe KO, Oladokun OO, Owonikoko MW, Adegoke GA. Effect of coconut water and milk on heat stress-induced gastrointestinal tract dysmotility in rats: Role of oxidative stress and inflammatory response. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14129. [PMID: 35298033 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential effects of coconut water (CCW) and milk (CCM) on gastrointestinal motility {intestinal transit (IT), intestinal fluid accumulation (IFA) and colonic motility}, tissue oxidative, and inflammatory responses in heat-stressed rats were investigated. There were four (4) temperature exposure groups; (i) Control at 30°C, (CON), (ii) heat-stressed (HS) group exposed to the ambiance of 40°C, (iii) heat-stressed pre-treated with coconut water (HS+ CCW), and (iv) coconut milk (HS + CCM). Skin temperatures (ST) and rectal temperatures (RT) were taken daily, before and after 2 hr heat exposure. GE, IT, and IFA were assessed using standard methods while colonic motility was assessed by colonic bead expulsion (CBE) time after the 14-day exposure. Serum cortisol and lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities, inflammatory cytokines in intestinal samples were assessed. Stomach and intestinal morphology were equally examined on histomorphometry. Increased GE, IT, IFA, and colonic motility were observed in HS. CCW and CCM reversed the increases in GE, IT, IFA, and colonic motility in the heat-stressed rats (p < .05). Elevated serum cortisol level and intestinal MDA were significantly reduced in the CCW and CCM treated. Tissue GPx, T-AOC, and T-SOD were all enhanced in HS + CCW and HS + CCM. While tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were suppressed in the HS group, interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were enhanced with CCW and CCM. Altered intestinal morphology in the HS was also significantly mitigated by CCW and CCM. We showed that coconut water and milk could ameliorate intestinal dysmotility associated with heat stress via oxidative stress reduction and suppression of inflammatory responses. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Heat stress impacts negatively on intestinal health and integrity in both humans and animals via oxidative stress and inflammation. Conversely, coconut has demonstrated anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties in health and medicinal applications. From the findings of this study, coconut water and milk display beneficial potentials against the untoward heat stress effect on gastrointestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olayemi Olutobi Oladokun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Igbinedion University, Okada, Nigeria
| | - Mathew Wasiu Owonikoko
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Igbinedion University, Okada, Nigeria
| | - Gbemisola Adeoti Adegoke
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Igbinedion University, Okada, Nigeria
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16
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Lees AM, Olm JCW, Lees JC, Gaughan JB. Influence of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the heat load responses of lactating dairy cows during summer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:275-288. [PMID: 34264388 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-021-02169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of supplementing lactating dairy cows with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on milk production and composition, cow behavior, and physiological responses during summer. Twenty primiparous cows were used and two treatments were imposed: (1) control (CON); and (2) probiotic supplementation (PRO; S. cerevisiae, providing 1010 colony forming units (CFU) per day). Rumen temperature (TRUM, °C) and pH were obtained via rumen boluses. Rumen temperatures were obtained from all cows (n = 20) at 10-min intervals and ruminal pH were obtained from five cow pairs (n = 10) at 10-min intervals. Ambient temperature (TA; °C), relative humidity (RH; %), wind speed (WS; m/s), and solar radiation (SR; W/m2) were recorded at 10-min intervals. The temperature humidity index (THI) was calculated using TA and RH. Cows were milked twice daily. Milk fat (%), protein (%), lactose (%), and somatic cell count (SCC, '000) were evaluated on 16 occasions. Cows were observed three times (0800 h; 1200 h; and 1400 h) daily for panting score (PS); respiration rate (RR); posture (standing/lying); shade utilization; and cow activity (eating/drinking/ruminating). Individual PS were used to calculate a mean panting score (MPS) for CON and PRO treatments for each observation. S. cerevisiae did not influence milk yield (P = 0.87), fat (P = 0.82), protein (P = 0.26) or SCC (P = 0.19), although there was a tendency for PRO cows to have higher lactose (P = 0.06). Probiotics did not influence the proportion of cows utilizing shade (P = 0.42); standing (P = 0.41); ruminating (P = 0.72); or drinking (P = 0.40). All cows exhibited an increase in RR (> 24 bpm) at 1200 h and RR showed a steady increase as THI increased (P < 0.0001), regardless of treatment (P = 0.96). Both CON (35.8%) and PRO (40.2%) exhibited an increase in MPS as THI increased from thermoneutral (THI ≤ 74) to very hot (THI ≥ 84.1; P < 0.001). However, PRO cows had lower (2.19 ± 0.09; P < 0.0001) MPS compared with CON (2.54 ± 0.22) cows when THI was categorized as very hot (THI ≥ 84.1). Rumen pH were not influenced by treatment (P = 0.38), however TRUM of PRO cows were 0.2 °C lower across days (P < 0.0001) and hours (P < 0.0001). These results suggest that supplementing cows with S. cerevisiae may support thermoregulation via decreased TRUM and MPS; however, further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lees
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Animal Science Group, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia.
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, Animal Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2350, Australia.
| | - J C W Olm
- School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - J C Lees
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Animal Science Group, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, Animal Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2350, Australia
| | - J B Gaughan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Animal Science Group, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
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17
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Zheng Y, Xie T, Li S, Wang W, Wang Y, Cao Z, Yang H. Effects of Selenium as a Dietary Source on Performance, Inflammation, Cell Damage, and Reproduction of Livestock Induced by Heat Stress: A Review. Front Immunol 2022; 12:820853. [PMID: 35116042 PMCID: PMC8803637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.820853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress as a result of global warming has harmful consequences for livestock and is thus becoming an urgent issue for animal husbandry worldwide. Ruminants, growing pigs, and poultry are very susceptible to heat stress because of their fast growth, rapid metabolism, high production levels, and sensitivity to temperature. Heat stress compromises the efficiency of animal husbandry by affecting performance, gastrointestinal health, reproductive physiology, and causing cell damage. Selenium (Se) is an essential nutritional trace element for livestock production, which acts as a structural component in at least 25 selenoproteins (SELs); it is involved in thyroid hormone synthesis, and plays a key role in the antioxidant defense system. Dietary Se supplementation has been confirmed to support gastrointestinal health, production performance, and reproductive physiology under conditions of heat stress. The underlying mechanisms include the regulation of nutrient digestibility influenced by gastrointestinal microorganisms, antioxidant status, and immunocompetence. Moreover, heat stress damage to the gastrointestinal and mammary barrier is closely related to cell physiological functions, such as the fluidity and stability of cellular membranes, and the inhibition of receptors as well as transmembrane transport protein function. Se also plays an important role in inhibiting cell apoptosis and reducing cell inflammatory response induced by heat stress. This review highlights the progress of research regarding the dietary supplementation of Se in the mitigation of heat stress, addressing its mechanism and explaining the effect of Se on cell damage caused by heat stress, in order to provide a theoretical reference for the use of Se to mitigate heat stress in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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18
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Garcia CK, Renteria LI, Leite-Santos G, Leon LR, Laitano O. Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors. BMJ MEDICINE 2022; 1:e000239. [PMID: 36936589 PMCID: PMC9978764 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exertional heat stroke, the third leading cause of mortality in athletes during physical activity, is the most severe manifestation of exertional heat illnesses. Exertional heat stroke is characterised by central nervous system dysfunction in people with hyperthermia during physical activity and can be influenced by environmental factors such as heatwaves, which extend the incidence of exertional heat stroke beyond athletics only. Epidemiological data indicate mortality rates of about 27%, and survivors display long term negative health consequences ranging from neurological to cardiovascular dysfunction. The pathophysiology of exertional heat stroke involves thermoregulatory and cardiovascular overload, resulting in severe hyperthermia and subsequent multiorgan injury due to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome and coagulopathy. Research about risk factors for exertional heat stroke remains limited, but dehydration, sex differences, ageing, body composition, and previous illness are thought to increase risk. Immediate cooling remains the most effective treatment strategy. In this review, we provide an overview of the current literature emphasising the pathophysiology and risk factors of exertional heat stroke, highlighting gaps in knowledge with the objective to stimulate future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K Garcia
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Liliana I Renteria
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Gabriel Leite-Santos
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Lisa R Leon
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Orlando Laitano
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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19
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Chen T, Wang R, Duan Z, Yuan X, Ding Y, Feng Z, Bu F, Liu L, Wang Q, Zhou J, Zhu L, Ni Q, Shi G, Chen Y. Akkermansia muciniphila Protects Against Psychological Disorder-Induced Gut Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucosal Barrier Damage and Aggravation of Colitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:723856. [PMID: 34722332 PMCID: PMC8551916 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.723856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological disorders are associated with increased risk of severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by causing gut microbiota dysbiosis and colonic mucosal barrier damage. However, the interaction between chronic restraint stress (CRS), gut microbiota composition, and colonic mucus remains unclear. We demonstrated that mice under CRS conditions exhibited alterations in microbiota composition, disruption of colonic mucus, and aggravation of colitis. In addition, the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila was significantly decreased in mice under CRS and UC patients with depression, and positively associated with the expression of MUC2. After antibiotic treatment, the recipient mice colonized with CRS microbiota showed barrier defects and severe colitis. Administration of Akkermansia muciniphila was found to restore colonic mucus and modify the gut microbiota. We confirm that CRS-mediated gut microbiota dysbiosis results in colonic mucosal barrier damage and aggravation of colitis. Our results suggest that A. muciniphila is expected to be a potential probiotic to protect and treat colonic mucus that is involved in IBD with psychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenglan Duan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaomin Yuan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Ding
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zeyu Feng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Bu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Basic Pharmacology Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinyong Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Ni
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoping Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yugen Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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20
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Zhao J, Liu S, Yan J, Zhu X. The Impact of Gut Microbiota on Post-Stroke Management. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:724376. [PMID: 34712621 PMCID: PMC8546011 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.724376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Zhao
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingyi Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xinzhou Zhu
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
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21
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Cantet JM, Yu Z, Ríus AG. Heat Stress-Mediated Activation of Immune-Inflammatory Pathways. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111285. [PMID: 34827223 PMCID: PMC8615052 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological changes in animals exposed to elevated ambient temperature are characterized by the redistribution of blood toward the periphery to dissipate heat, with a consequent decline in blood flow and oxygen and nutrient supply to splanchnic tissues. Metabolic adaptations and gut dysfunction lead to oxidative stress, translocation of lumen contents, and release of proinflammatory mediators, activating a systemic inflammatory response. This review discusses the activation and development of the inflammatory response in heat-stressed models.
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22
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Somashekhar SP, Rohit KC, Ramya Y, Zaveri SS, Ahuja V, Namachivayam AK, Ashwin KR. Bowel Anastomosis After or Before HIPEC: A Comparative Study in Patients Undergoing CRS+HIPEC for Peritoneal Surface Malignancy. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 29:214-223. [PMID: 34462817 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-10661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anastomotic leak after cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) remains a dreaded complication. There is no consensus statement regarding the optimal timing for bowel anastomoses to perform after or before HIPEC. METHODS Patients who underwent CRS+HIPEC and had at least one bowel anastomosis were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate if timing of anastomosis done after or before HIPEC had an impact on bowel complication rates (anastomotic leak and perforation). RESULTS From 2013 to 2019, 214 of 370 patients underwent CRS+HIPEC and had at least one bowel anastomosis. Of these 214 patients, 104 and 110 patients had anastomosis after and before HIPEC, respectively. A total of 324 anastomoses were performed, with a mean of 0.87 anastomoses per patient (range 1-4). The incidence of anastomotic leaks was comparable between the pre- and post-HIPEC groups (3.6% vs. 4.8%; p > 0.05), as was the bowel complication rate (7.6% vs. 7.2%). After multivariate analysis, prior surgical score >1 (odds ratio [OR] 4.3), recurrent cancers (OR 7.4), and more than two anastomosis (OR 3.8) were considered independent risk factors for bowel complications. CONCLUSION Anastomosis of the bowel performed after or before HIPEC does not affect bowel complication rates (leak/perforation). Higher prior surgical score, surgery for recurrent cancers, and more than two bowel anastomosis are independent risk factors for predicting bowel complications. Prehabilitation, standardization of steps, immediate attention and repair of serosal tears, and thorough inspection of the bowel before closure helps to decrease bowel complications. The timing of anastomosis can be at the discretion of the surgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Somashekhar
- Manipal Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Manipal Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Kumar C Rohit
- Manipal Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Manipal Hospital, Bangalore, India.
| | - Yethadka Ramya
- Manipal Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Manipal Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Shabber S Zaveri
- Manipal Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Manipal Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Vijay Ahuja
- Manipal Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Manipal Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | | | - K R Ashwin
- Manipal Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Manipal Hospital, Bangalore, India
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23
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King MA, Rollo I, Baker LB. Nutritional considerations to counteract gastrointestinal permeability during exertional heat stress. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1754-1765. [PMID: 33955260 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00072.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier integrity and function are compromised during exertional heat stress (EHS) potentially leading to consequences that range from minor gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances to fatal outcomes in exertional heat stroke or septic shock. This mini-review provides a concise discussion of nutritional interventions that may protect against intestinal permeability during EHS and suggests physiological mechanisms responsible for this protection. Although diverse nutritional interventions have been suggested to be protective against EHS-induced GI permeability, the ingestion of certain amino acids, carbohydrates, and fluid per se is potentially effective strategy, whereas evidence for various polyphenols and pre/probiotics is developing. Plausible physiological mechanisms of protection include increased blood flow, epithelial cell proliferation, upregulation of intracellular heat shock proteins, modulation of inflammatory signaling, alteration of the GI microbiota, and increased expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins. Further clinical research is needed to propose specific nutritional candidates and recommendations for their application to prevent intestinal barrier disruption and elucidate mechanisms during EHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A King
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo R&D Life Sciences, Barrington, Illinois
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo R&D Life Sciences, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay B Baker
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo R&D Life Sciences, Barrington, Illinois
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24
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Miyamoto K, Suzuki K, Ohtaki H, Nakamura M, Yamaga H, Yagi M, Honda K, Hayashi M, Dohi K. A novel mouse model of heatstroke accounting for ambient temperature and relative humidity. J Intensive Care 2021; 9:35. [PMID: 33863391 PMCID: PMC8052643 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-021-00546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heatstroke is associated with exposure to high ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH), and an increased risk of organ damage or death. Previously proposed animal models of heatstroke disregard the impact of RH. Therefore, we aimed to establish and validate an animal model of heatstroke considering RH. To validate our model, we also examined the effect of hydration and investigated gene expression of cotransporter proteins in the intestinal membranes after heat exposure. Methods Mildly dehydrated adult male C57/BL6J mice were subjected to three AT conditions (37 °C, 41 °C, or 43 °C) at RH > 99% and monitored with WetBulb globe temperature (WBGT) for 1 h. The survival rate, body weight, core body temperature, blood parameters, and histologically confirmed tissue damage were evaluated to establish a mouse heatstroke model. Then, the mice received no treatment, water, or oral rehydration solution (ORS) before and after heat exposure; subsequent organ damage was compared using our model. Thereafter, we investigated cotransporter protein gene expressions in the intestinal membranes of mice that received no treatment, water, or ORS. Results The survival rates of mice exposed to ATs of 37 °C, 41 °C, and 43 °C were 100%, 83.3%, and 0%, respectively. From this result, we excluded AT43. Mice in the AT 41 °C group appeared to be more dehydrated than those in the AT 37 °C group. WBGT in the AT 41 °C group was > 44 °C; core body temperature in this group reached 41.3 ± 0.08 °C during heat exposure and decreased to 34.0 ± 0.18 °C, returning to baseline after 8 h which showed a biphasic thermal dysregulation response. The AT 41 °C group presented with greater hepatic, renal, and musculoskeletal damage than did the other groups. The impact of ORS on recovery was greater than that of water or no treatment. The administration of ORS with heat exposure increased cotransporter gene expression in the intestines and reduced heatstroke-related damage. Conclusions We developed a novel mouse heatstroke model that considered AT and RH. We found that ORS administration improved inadequate circulation and reduced tissue injury by increasing cotransporter gene expression in the intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Miyamoto
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan. .,Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Suzuki
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Ohtaki
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Nakamura
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamaga
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Masaharu Yagi
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuho Honda
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Munetaka Hayashi
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Dohi
- Department of Emergency, Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
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McCarty MF, Lerner A. Perspective: Prospects for Nutraceutical Support of Intestinal Barrier Function. Adv Nutr 2020; 12:316-324. [PMID: 33126251 PMCID: PMC8243597 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of intestinal barrier function is linked to certain pathologies and to aging, and can be a cause of bacterial infections, systemic and hepatic inflammation, food allergies, and autoimmune disorders. The formation and maintenance of intestinal tight junctions is supported by glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), which via insulin-like growth factor I activity boosts phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (PI3K/Akt/mTORC1) signaling in enterocytes. 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity as well as estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) activity are also protective in this regard. Conversely, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and cellular Src (c-Src) under inflammatory conditions can induce dissociation of tight junctions. Hence, nutraceuticals that promote GLP-2 secretion from L cells-effective pre/probiotics, glycine, and glutamine-as well as diets rich in soluble fiber or resistant starch, can support intestinal barrier function. AMPK activators-notably berberine and the butyric acid produced by health-promoting microflora-are also beneficial in this regard, as are soy isoflavones, which function as selective agonists for ERβ. The adverse impact of MAPK and c-Src overactivation on the intestinal barrier can be combatted with various antioxidant measures, including phycocyanobilin, phase 2-inducer nutraceuticals, and N-acetylcysteine. These considerations suggest that rationally designed functional foods or complex supplementation programs could have clinical potential for supporting and restoring healthful intestinal barrier function.
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Ogden HB, Child RB, Fallowfield JL, Delves SK, Westwood CS, Layden JD. The Gastrointestinal Exertional Heat Stroke Paradigm: Pathophysiology, Assessment, Severity, Aetiology and Nutritional Countermeasures. Nutrients 2020; 12:E537. [PMID: 32093001 PMCID: PMC7071449 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a life-threatening medical condition involving thermoregulatory failure and is the most severe condition along a continuum of heat-related illnesses. Current EHS policy guidance principally advocates a thermoregulatory management approach, despite growing recognition that gastrointestinal (GI) microbial translocation contributes to disease pathophysiology. Contemporary research has focused to understand the relevance of GI barrier integrity and strategies to maintain it during periods of exertional-heat stress. GI barrier integrity can be assessed non-invasively using a variety of in vivo techniques, including active inert mixed-weight molecular probe recovery tests and passive biomarkers indicative of GI structural integrity loss or microbial translocation. Strenuous exercise is strongly characterised to disrupt GI barrier integrity, and aspects of this response correlate with the corresponding magnitude of thermal strain. The aetiology of GI barrier integrity loss following exertional-heat stress is poorly understood, though may directly relate to localised hyperthermia, splanchnic hypoperfusion-mediated ischemic injury, and neuroendocrine-immune alterations. Nutritional countermeasures to maintain GI barrier integrity following exertional-heat stress provide a promising approach to mitigate EHS. The focus of this review is to evaluate: (1) the GI paradigm of exertional heat stroke; (2) techniques to assess GI barrier integrity; (3) typical GI barrier integrity responses to exertional-heat stress; (4) the aetiology of GI barrier integrity loss following exertional-heat stress; and (5) nutritional countermeasures to maintain GI barrier integrity in response to exertional-heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry B. Ogden
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth MARJON University, Derriford Rd, Plymouth PL6 8BH, UK; (C.S.W.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Robert B. Child
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2QU, UK;
| | | | - Simon K. Delves
- Institute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke PO12 2DW, UK; (J.L.F.); (S.K.D.)
| | - Caroline S. Westwood
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth MARJON University, Derriford Rd, Plymouth PL6 8BH, UK; (C.S.W.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Joseph D. Layden
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth MARJON University, Derriford Rd, Plymouth PL6 8BH, UK; (C.S.W.); (J.D.L.)
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Lees AM, Wijffels G, McCulloch R, Stockwell S, Owen H, Sullivan ML, Olm JCW, Cawdell-Smith AJ, Gaughan JB. The influence of heat load on Merino sheep. 3. Cytokine and biochemistry profiles. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an19689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Approximately 2 million sheep are exported from Australia on live export voyages annually. As voyages travel from a southern hemisphere winter to a northern hemisphere summer, production and welfare issues associated with excessive heat load may arise.
Aims
The aim of this study was to evaluate the responses of sheep to incremental heat load under simulated live export conditions, specifically the influence of heat load on the metabolic and inflammatory status of sheep.
Methods
A total of 144 Merino wethers (44.02 ± 0.32 kg) were used in a 29-day climate controlled study using two cohorts of 72 sheep (n = 2), exposed to two treatments: (1) thermoneutral, and (2) hot. Sheep in the hot treatment were exposed to heat load simulated from live export voyages from Australia to the Middle East. Blood samples were collected from all sheep (n = 144) on Day 1, then at 7-day intervals (n = 5) for the duration of each 29-day period. Blood samples were analysed to determine the cytokine, biochemistry and haematology (data not presented here) profiles. Cytokine and biochemical profiles were analysed using a repeated measures model assuming a compound symmetry covariance. The model fitted included terms for cohort and treatment (hot, thermoneutral), and a term for sample collection day (day) and a treatment × day interaction. The subject factor corresponded to the cohort × treatment combinations.
Key results
There were no consistent trends in plasma cytokine and biochemical profiles. Bicarbonate was the only parameter that was influenced by cohort (P = 0.0035), treatment (P = 0.0025), collection (P = 0.0001) and treatment × collection (P = 0.0025). Furthermore, interleukin-6 and glutamate dehydrogenase were the only parameters that were not influenced by cohort (P > 0.295), treatment (P = 0.2567), collection (P > 0.06) or treatment × collection (P = 0.34).
Conclusions
Overall, these data highlight that the metabolic and inflammatory status of sheep exposed to incremental heat load, during a simulated live export voyage from a southern hemisphere winter to a northern hemisphere summer, were not markedly altered.
Implications
These results provide a preliminary evaluation of the inflammatory and metabolic status of sheep on arrival in the Middle East.
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29
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Effects of resveratrol on intestinal oxidative status and inflammation in heat-stressed rats. J Therm Biol 2019; 85:102415. [PMID: 31657756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress, experienced by humans and animals under high ambient temperatures, is known to induce oxidative stress and inflammation, which endangers human health as well as animal welfare and production. The gastrointestinal tract is predominantly responsive to heat stress and compromised intestinal functions can contribute to multi-organ injury under heat environment. Resveratrol (RSV) has significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effects of RSV on intestinal function (digestion and barrier), oxidative stress and inflammation in heat-stressed rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally fed with 100 mg RSV/kg body weight/day prior to daily heat stress (40 °C per day for 1.5 h) exposure for 3 consecutive days. The results showed that RSV reversed the increased serum cortisol level and diamine oxidase activity, the altered jejunal morphology, the decreased jejunal disaccharidase activities, the elevated malondialdehyde and tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations and antioxidant enzymes activities in the jejunum, as well as the increased jejunal mRNA expression of toll-like receptor 4, cytokines, antioxidant enzymes and tight junction proteins in heat-stressed rats, to various degrees. In conclusion, RSV could alleviate intestinal injury and dysfunctions by improving oxidative status and suppressing inflammation in heat-stressed rats.
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30
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High-mobility group box-1 inhibition stabilizes intestinal permeability through tight junctions in experimental acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:677-689. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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31
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Tan L, Rong D, Yang Y, Zhang B. The Effect of Oxidized Fish Oils on Growth Performance, Oxidative Status, and Intestinal Barrier Function in Broiler Chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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32
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Abuajamieh M, Kvidera SK, Mayorga EJ, Kaiser A, Lei S, Seibert JT, Horst EA, Sanz Fernandez MV, Ross JW, Selsby JT, Keating AF, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH. The effect of recovery from heat stress on circulating bioenergetics and inflammatory biomarkers. J Anim Sci 2019; 96:4599-4610. [PMID: 30476152 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) jeopardizes animal productivity and health. The intestinal barrier is sensitive to HS and heat-induced hyperpermeability plays a key role in its pathophysiology. However, the biology of recovery following HS is less understood. Thus, study objectives were to determine the temporal pattern of metabolic, inflammatory, and intestinal histological parameters during HS recovery. Female pigs (n = 32; 19.5 ± 0.5 kg BW) were sacrificed following exposure to 1 of 4 environmental treatments: 1) constant thermoneutral (TN) conditions (TNC; 24.2 ± 0.5°C), 2) no TN recovery post HS (0D), 3) 3 d of TN recovery post HS (3D), and 4) 7 d of TN recovery post HS (7D). The HS protocol was cyclical (33.6 ± 1.8 to 37.4 ± 2.1°C) and lasted for 3 d for all HS treatments. During the 3 d of HS, rectal temperature, skin temperature, and respiration rates were increased (1.3°C, 4.8°C, and 77 breaths/min, respectively; P < 0.01) and ADFI was decreased (27%; P < 0.01) compared to TNC pigs. Skin temperature tended to be decreased 0.6°C in 3D pigs during days 1-3 of recovery (P = 0.06) and was decreased 1.6 and 0.7°C during days 1-3 and 4-7 of recovery, respectively, in 7D pigs (P ≤ 0.03) compared to TNC. Relative to TNC pigs, ADFI remained 14% decreased during days 1-3 of recovery in both 3D and 7D pigs, and 17% decreased during days 4-7 in 7D pigs (P ≤ 0.01). Plasma glucose was decreased (10%; P = 0.03) for 0D and 3D relative to TNC pigs. Circulating lipopolysaccharide-binding protein was increased in 3D and 7D vs. TNC pigs (110 and 147%, respectively; P = 0.01) and tended to increase linearly with increasing recovery time (P = 0.08). Circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha was decreased (15%) in 0D pigs and increased linearly with advancing recovery time (P < 0.01). Jejunum and ileum villus height were reduced 17 and 11% in 0D vs. TNC pigs and increased linearly with progressive recovery time (P < 0.01). Jejunum and ileum mucosal surface areas were reduced 17 and 9% in 0D pigs and remained decreased in the jejunum while the ileum recovered to TNC levels by day 3 of recovery. Relative to TNC pigs, goblet cell area was similar in jejunum and colon of 0D pigs but was reduced in the ileum of 0D pigs and in jejunum, ileum, and colon of 3D and 7D relative to TNC pigs (P < 0.01). In summary, HS has deleterious effects on intestinal morphology that seem to improve with recovery time. In contrast, feed consumption remained suppressed and inflammatory biomarkers indicative of leaky gut increased following the heat load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohannad Abuajamieh
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Animal Production, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sara K Kvidera
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Micronutrients USA LLC, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Edith J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Adrianne Kaiser
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Samantha Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Jacob T Seibert
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Erin A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Maria V Sanz Fernandez
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Animal Reproduction, INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA
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López-López V, Lynn PB, Gil J, García-Salom M, Gil E, González A, Muñoz IP, Cascales-Campos PA. Effect of Paclitaxel-based Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) on colonic anastomosis in a rat model. Clin Transl Oncol 2018; 21:505-511. [PMID: 30229392 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-018-1948-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paclitaxel has been used frequently for Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) for ovarian carcinomatosis. Cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC are associated with high rates of morbidity being anastomotic dehiscence one of the most frequent. The objective of this study is to quantify the effect of Paclitaxel-based HIPEC on colonic anastomosis in an experimental rat model. METHODS After left colon resection and anastomosis, animals were randomized into four groups: Controls (C); Hyperthermia (H); Normothermic Intraperitoneal Paclitaxel (CP) and Paclitaxel-based HIPEC (HP). On postoperative day four, animals' peritoneal cavities were examined macroscopically, colon anastomosis burst pressures measured and specimens analyzed histologically. RESULTS Thirty-nine animals were randomized and 36 were included in the analysis. H group presented the highest burst pressure 105.11 ± 22.9 mmHg, which was 27% higher than C (77.89 ± 27.6 mmHg). On the other hand, HP presented the lowest burst pressure 64 ± 26 mmHg, 16% lower than C group and 39% lower than H, being this latter difference statistically significant (p = 0.004). There were no significant differences regarding weight loss, adhesion scores, perianastomotic abscesses and histological findings (inflammation, fibroblasts, neoangiogenesis, and collagen among groups). CONCLUSION Strength of colonic anastomosis was improved by isolated hyperthermia and negatively affected by Paclitaxel-based HIPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- V López-López
- Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinic and University Hospital, General Surgery, IMIB, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - P B Lynn
- Surgery Department, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Gil
- Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinic and University Hospital, General Surgery, IMIB, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - M García-Salom
- Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinic and University Hospital, General Surgery, IMIB, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - E Gil
- Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinic and University Hospital, General Surgery, IMIB, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - A González
- Gerencia del Area de Salud III (Lorca), Murcia, Spain
| | - I P Muñoz
- Hospital Virgen del Castillo (Yecla), Murcia, Spain
| | - P A Cascales-Campos
- Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinic and University Hospital, General Surgery, IMIB, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
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He S, Guo Y, Zhao J, Xu X, Song J, Wang N, Liu Q. Ferulic acid protects against heat stress-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in IEC-6 cells via the PI3K/Akt-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Int J Hyperthermia 2018; 35:112-121. [PMID: 30010455 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1483534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction is crucial in the pathogenesis of intestinal and systemic diseases. Ferulic acid (FA) possesses promising antioxidant activities. In a previous study, we demonstrated potentially protective effects of FA against heat stress-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in IEC-6 cells. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The present study aimed to elucidate whether FA protects IEC-6 cells from heat stress-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction via antioxidative mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS IEC-6 cells were pretreated with FA prior to hyperthermia exposure at 42 °C for 6 h, and the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrogen oxide (NO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were analyzed. The intestinal epithelial barrier function was determined by transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) values and 4-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FD4) flux in IEC-6 cell monolayers. Expression of related proteins was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS FA suppressed heat stress-induced intestinal oxidative stress damage by reducing ROS, MDA and NO production, while enhancing SOD activity. Furthermore, FA treatment strengthened intestinal barrier function via increasing the phosphorylation levels of Akt, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression, which was reversed by zinc protoporphyrin (an HO-1 inhibitor). Additionally, LY294002, a specific PI3K/Akt inhibitor, significantly suppressed FA-induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation and HO-1 protein expression and inhibited FA-induced occludin and ZO-1 protein expression. CONCLUSIONS FA protected against heat stress-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction via activating the PI3K/Akt-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in IEC-6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha He
- a Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing , P. R. China.,c Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Yuhong Guo
- a Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing , P. R. China.,c Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Jingxia Zhao
- a Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing , P. R. China.,c Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- a Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing , P. R. China.,c Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Jin Song
- a Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- a Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Qingquan Liu
- a Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing , P. R. China.,c Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases , Beijing , P. R. China
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Dei Zotti F, Lobysheva II, Balligand JL. Nitrosyl-hemoglobin formation in rodent and human venous erythrocytes reflects NO formation from the vasculature in vivo. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200352. [PMID: 29995915 PMCID: PMC6040712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) is a major feature of endothelial dysfunction characteristic of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases but the short half-life of NO precludes its easy quantification in circulating blood for early diagnosis. In erythrocytes, NO can react with hemoglobin to form an iron-nitrosyl complex (5-coordinate-α-HbNO) directly quantifiable by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy (EPR) in mouse, rat and human venous blood ex vivo. However, the sources of the nitrosylating species in vivo and optimal conditions of HbNO preservation for diagnostic use in human erythrocytes are unknown. Using EPR spectroscopy, we found that HbNO stability was significantly higher under hypoxia (equivalent to venous pO2; 12.0±0.2% degradation of HbNO at 30 minutes) than at room air (47.7±0.2% degradation) in intact erythrocytes; at 20°C (15.2±0.3% degradation after 30 min versus 29.6±0.1% at 37°C) and under acidic pH (31.7±0.8% versus 62.2±0.4% degradation after 30 min at physiological pH) at 50% of haematocrit. We next examined the relative contribution of NO synthase (NOS) from the vasculature or in erythrocytes themselves as a source of nitrosylating NO. We detected a NOS activity (and eNOS expression) in human red blood cells (RBC), and in RBCs from eNOS(+/+) (but not eNOS(-/-)) mice, as measured by HbNO formation and nitrite/nitrate accumulation. NO formation was increased after inhibition of arginase but abrogated upon NOS inhibition in human RBC and in RBCs from eNOS(+/+) (but not eNOS(-/-)) mice. However, the HbNO signal from freshly drawn venous RBCs was minimally sensitive to the inhibitors ex vivo, while it was enhanced upon caveolin-1 deletion in vivo, suggesting a minor contribution of erythrocyte NOS to HbNO complex formation compared with vascular endothelial NOS or other paracrine NO sources. We conclude that HbNO formation in rodent and human venous erythrocytes is mainly influenced by vascular NO sources despite the erythrocyte NOS activity, so that its measurement by EPR could serve as a surrogate for NO-dependent endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Dei Zotti
- Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Irina I. Lobysheva
- Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail: (JLB); (IIL)
| | - Jean-Luc Balligand
- Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail: (JLB); (IIL)
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Kim YS, Kim MN, Lee KE, Hong JY, Oh MS, Kim SY, Kim KW, Sohn MH. Activated leucocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166) regulates T cell responses in a murine model of food allergy. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 192:151-164. [PMID: 29363753 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is a major public health problem. Studies have shown that long-term interactions between activated leucocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166) on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, and CD6, a co-stimulatory molecule, influence immune responses. However, there are currently no studies on the functions of ALCAM in food allergy. Therefore, we aimed to identify the functions of ALCAM in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced food allergy using ALCAM-deficient mice. Wild-type (WT) and ALCAM-deficient (ALCAM-/- ) mice were sensitized intraperitoneally and with orally fed OVA. The mice were killed, and parameters related to food allergy and T helper type 2 (Th2) immune responses were analysed. ALCAM serum levels increased and mRNA expression decreased in OVA-challenged WT mice. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E levels, Th2 cytokine mRNA and histological injuries were higher in OVA-challenged WT mice than in control mice, and these were attenuated in ALCAM-/- mice. T cell proliferation of total cells, CD3+ CD4+ T cells and activated T cells in immune tissues were diminished in OVA-challenged ALCAM-/- mice. Proliferation of co-cultured T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) was decreased by the anti-CD6 antibody. In addition, WT mice sensitized by adoptive transfer of OVA-pulsed ALCAM-/- BM-derived DCs showed reduced immune responses. Lastly, serum ALCAM levels were higher in children with food allergy than in control subjects. In this study, serum levels of ALCAM were elevated in food allergy-induced WT mice and children with food allergy. Moreover, immune responses and T cell activation were attenuated in OVA-challenged ALCAM-/- mice. These results indicate that ALCAM regulates food allergy by affecting T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - M N Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - K E Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Y Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - M S Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S Y Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - K W Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - M H Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Snipe RMJ, Khoo A, Kitic CM, Gibson PR, Costa RJS. The impact of exertional-heat stress on gastrointestinal integrity, gastrointestinal symptoms, systemic endotoxin and cytokine profile. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:389-400. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3781-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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38
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Rentea RM, Lam V, Biesterveld B, Fredrich KM, Callison J, Fish BL, Baker JE, Komorowski R, Gourlay DM, Otterson MF. Radiation-induced changes in intestinal and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: implications for recovery after radiation therapy. Am J Surg 2016; 212:602-608. [PMID: 27501776 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exogenous replacement of depleted enterocyte intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) decreases intestinal injury in models of colitis. We determined whether radiation-induced intestinal injury could be mitigated by oral IAP supplementation and the impact on tissue-nonspecific AP. METHODS WAG/RjjCmcr rats (n = 5 per group) received lower hemibody irradiation (13 Gy) followed by daily gavage with phosphate-buffered saline or IAP (40 U/kg/d) for 4 days. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, AP activity, and microbiota analysis were performed on intestine. Lipopolysaccharide and cytokine analysis was performed on serum. Data were expressed as a mean ± SEM with P greater than .05 considered significant. RESULTS Intestine of irradiated animals demonstrates lower hemibody irradiation and is associated with upregulation of tissue-nonspecific AP, downregulation of IAP, decreased AP activity, and altered composition of the intestinal microbiome. CONCLUSIONS Supplemental IAP after radiation may be beneficial in mitigating intestinal radiation syndrome as evidenced by improved histologic injury, decreased acute intestinal inflammation, and normalization of intestinal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Rentea
- Department of Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
| | - Vy Lam
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ben Biesterveld
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Callison
- Department of Surgery, Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Brian L Fish
- Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - John E Baker
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Richard Komorowski
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - David M Gourlay
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Children's Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Mary F Otterson
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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39
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Liu F, Cottrell JJ, Furness JB, Rivera LR, Kelly FW, Wijesiriwardana U, Pustovit RV, Fothergill LJ, Bravo DM, Celi P, Leury BJ, Gabler NK, Dunshea FR. Selenium and vitamin E together improve intestinal epithelial barrier function and alleviate oxidative stress in heat-stressed pigs. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:801-10. [PMID: 27064134 DOI: 10.1113/ep085746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
What is the central question of this study? Oxidative stress may play a role in compromising intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in pigs subjected to heat stress, but it is unknown whether an increase of dietary antioxidants (selenium and vitamin E) could alleviate gut leakiness in heat-stressed pigs. What is the main finding and its importance? Levels of dietary selenium (1.0 p.p.m.) and vitamin E (200 IU kg(-1) ) greater than those usually recommended for pigs reduced intestinal leakiness caused by heat stress. This finding suggests that oxidative stress plays a role in compromising intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in heat-stressed pigs and also provides a nutritional strategy for mitigating these effects. Heat stress compromises the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity of mammals through mechanisms that may include oxidative stress. Our objective was to test whether dietary supplementation with antioxidants, selenium (Se) and vitamin E (VE), protects intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in heat-stressed pigs. Female growing pigs (n = 48) were randomly assigned to four diets containing from 0.2 p.p.m. Se and 17 IU kg(-1) VE (control, National Research Council recommended) to 1.0 p.p.m. Se and 200 IU kg(-1) VE for 14 days. Six pigs from each dietary treatment were then exposed to either thermoneutral (20°C) or heat-stress conditions (35°C 09.00-17.00 h and 28°C overnight) for 2 days. Transepithelial electrical resistance and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (4 kDa; FD4) permeability were measured in isolated jejunum and ileum using Ussing chambers. Rectal temperature, respiratory rate and intestinal HSP70 mRNA abundance increased (all P < 0.001), and respiratory alkalosis occurred, suggesting that pigs were heat stressed. Heat stress also increased FD4 permeability and decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (both P < 0.01). These changes were associated with changes indicative of oxidative stress, a decreased glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity and an increased glutathione disulfide (GSSG)-to-glutathione (GSH) ratio (both P < 0.05). With increasing dosage of Se and VE, GPX-2 mRNA (P = 0.003) and GPX activity (P = 0.049) increased linearly, the GSSG:GSH ratio decreased linearly (P = 0.037), and the impacts of heat stress on intestinal barrier function were reduced (P < 0.05 for both transepithelial electrical resistance and FD4 permeability). In conclusion, in pigs an increase of dietary Se and VE mitigated the impacts of heat stress on intestinal barrier integrity, associated with a reduction in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremy J Cottrell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leni R Rivera
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fletcher W Kelly
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Udani Wijesiriwardana
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruslan V Pustovit
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M Bravo
- InVivo Animal Nutrition & Health, Talhouët, Saint-Nolff, France
| | - Pietro Celi
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Brian J Leury
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Frank R Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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40
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Liu X, Jiang L, Liu F, Chen Y, Xu L, Li D, Ma Y, Li H, Xu J. Effect of patchouli alcohol on the regulation of heat shock-induced oxidative stress in IEC-6 cells. Int J Hyperthermia 2016; 32:474-82. [PMID: 27056378 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2016.1147617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patchouli alcohol (PA) is used to treat gastrointestinal dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the function of PA in the regulated process of oxidative stress in rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6). Materials and methods Oxidative stress was stimulated by exposing IEC-6 cells to heat shock (42 °C for 3 h). IEC-6 cells in treatment groups were pretreated with various concentrations of PA (10, 40, and 80 ng/mL) for 3 h before heat shock. Results Heat shock caused damage to the morphology of IEC-6 cells, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Moreover, mRNA and protein expression by target genes related to oxidative stress in heat shock were also altered. Specifically, the mRNA expression by HSP70, HSP90, GSH-px, NRF2 nd HO-1were all increased, and Nrf2 and Keap1 protein expression were increased after heat shock. However, pretreatment with PA weakened the level of damage to the cellular morphology, and decreased the MDA content caused by heat shock, indicating PA had cytoprotective activities. Pretreatment with PA at high dose significantly increased generation of intracellular ROS. Compared with the heat shock group alone, PA pretreatment significantly decreased the mRNA expression by HSP70, HSP90, SOD, CAT, GSH-px, KEAP1 and HO-1. Furthermore, the high dose of PA significantly increased Nrf2 protein expression, while both the intermediate and high dose of PA significantly increased HO-1 protein expression. Conclusion Heat-shock-induced oxidative stress in IEC-6 cells, and PA could alleviate the Nrf2-Keap1 cellular oxidative stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Liu
- a China Agricultural University-Beijing University of Agriculture Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (CAU-BUA TCVM) Teaching and Research Team, College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing
| | - Linshu Jiang
- b Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Beijing University of Agriculture , Beijing , China
| | - Fenghua Liu
- b Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Beijing University of Agriculture , Beijing , China
| | - Yuping Chen
- a China Agricultural University-Beijing University of Agriculture Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (CAU-BUA TCVM) Teaching and Research Team, College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing ;,c Beijing Tong Ren Tang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Lei Xu
- b Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Beijing University of Agriculture , Beijing , China
| | - Deyin Li
- b Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Beijing University of Agriculture , Beijing , China
| | - Yunfei Ma
- a China Agricultural University-Beijing University of Agriculture Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (CAU-BUA TCVM) Teaching and Research Team, College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing
| | - Huanrong Li
- b Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology , Beijing University of Agriculture , Beijing , China
| | - Jianqin Xu
- a China Agricultural University-Beijing University of Agriculture Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (CAU-BUA TCVM) Teaching and Research Team, College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing
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Dokladny K, Zuhl MN, Moseley PL. Intestinal epithelial barrier function and tight junction proteins with heat and exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:692-701. [PMID: 26359485 PMCID: PMC4868372 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00536.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A single layer of enterocytes and tight junctions (intercellular multiprotein complexes) form the intestinal epithelial barrier that controls transport of molecules through transcellular and paracellular pathways. A dysfunctional or "leaky" intestinal tight junction barrier allows augmented permeation of luminal antigens, endotoxins, and bacteria into the blood stream. Various substances and conditions have been shown to affect the maintenance of the intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier. The primary focus of the present review is to analyze the effects of exertional or nonexertional (passive hyperthermia) heat stress on tight junction barrier function in in vitro and in vivo (animals and humans) models. Our secondary focus is to review changes in tight junction proteins in response to exercise or hyperthermic conditions. Finally, we discuss some pharmacological or nutritional interventions that may affect the cellular mechanisms involved in maintaining homeostasis of the intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier during heat stress or exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Dokladny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Health Exercise & Sports Science of University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico;
| | - Micah N Zuhl
- School of Health Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan; and
| | - Pope L Moseley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Health Exercise & Sports Science of University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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King MA, Clanton TL, Laitano O. Hyperthermia, dehydration, and osmotic stress: unconventional sources of exercise-induced reactive oxygen species. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R105-14. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00395.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is observed in the circulation during exercise in humans. This is exacerbated at elevated body temperatures and attenuated when normal exercise-induced body temperature elevations are suppressed. Why ROS production during exercise is temperature dependent is entirely unknown. This review covers the human exercise studies to date that provide evidence that oxidant and antioxidant changes observed in the blood during exercise are dependent on temperature and fluid balance. We then address possible mechanisms linking exercise with these variables that include shear stress, effects of hemoconcentration, and signaling pathways involving muscle osmoregulation. Since pathways of muscle osmoregulation are rarely discussed in this context, we provide a brief review of what is currently known and unknown about muscle osmoregulation and how it may be linked to oxidant production in exercise and hyperthermia. Both the circulation and the exercising muscle fibers become concentrated with osmolytes during exercise in the heat, resulting in a competition for available water across the muscle sarcolemma and other tissues. We conclude that though multiple mechanisms may be responsible for the changes in oxidant/antioxidant balance in the blood during exercise, a strong case can be made that a significant component of ROS produced during some forms of exercise reflect requirements of adapting to osmotic challenges, hyperthermia challenges, and loss of circulating fluid volume.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Orlando Laitano
- University of Florida, Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, and
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Colegiado de Educação Física, Brazil
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Abstract
Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition clinically diagnosed as a severe elevation in body temperature with central nervous system dysfunction that often includes combativeness, delirium, seizures, and coma. Classic heat stroke primarily occurs in immunocompromised individuals during annual heat waves. Exertional heat stroke is observed in young fit individuals performing strenuous physical activity in hot or temperature environments. Long-term consequences of heat stroke are thought to be due to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in the identification of risk factors that predispose to heat stroke, the role of endotoxin and cytokines in mediation of multi-organ damage, the incidence of hypothermia and fever during heat stroke recovery, clinical biomarkers of organ damage severity, and protective cooling strategies. Risk factors include environmental factors, medications, drug use, compromised health status, and genetic conditions. The role of endotoxin and cytokines is discussed in the framework of research conducted over 30 years ago that requires reassessment to more clearly identify the role of these factors in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. We challenge the notion that hypothalamic damage is responsible for thermoregulatory disturbances during heat stroke recovery and highlight recent advances in our understanding of the regulated nature of these responses. The need for more sensitive clinical biomarkers of organ damage is examined. Conventional and emerging cooling methods are discussed with reference to protection against peripheral organ damage and selective brain cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Leon
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abderrezak Bouchama
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Experimental Medicine Department-King Abdulaziz Medical City-Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Brzozowski B, Mazur-Bialy A, Pajdo R, Kwiecien S, Bilski J, Zwolinska-Wcislo M, Mach T, Brzozowski T. Mechanisms by which Stress Affects the Experimental and Clinical Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Role of Brain-Gut Axis. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:892-900. [PMID: 27040468 PMCID: PMC5333596 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160404124127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress of different origin is known to alter so called "braingut axis" and contributes to a broad array of gastrointestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and other functional gastrointestinal diseases. The stressful situations and various stressors including psychosocial events, heat, hypo- and hyperthermia may worsen the course of IBD via unknown mechanism. The aims of this paper were to provide an overview of experimental and clinical evidences that stress activates the brain-gut axis which results in a mucosal mast cells activation and an increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and other endocrine and humoral mediators. METHODS Research and online content related to effects of stress on lower bowel disorders are reviewed and most important mechanisms are delineated. RESULTS Brain conveys the neural, endocrine and circulatory messages to the gut via brain-gut axis reflecting changes in corticotrophin releasing hormone, mast cells activity, neurotransmission at the autonomic nerves system and intestinal barrier function all affecting the pathogenesis of animal colitis and human IBD. Stress triggers the hypothalamus-pituitary axis and the activation of the autonomic nervous system, an increase in cortisol levels and proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-8, interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6. CONCLUSION The acute or chronic stress enhances the intestinal permeability weakening of the tight junctions and increasing bacterial translocation into the intestinal wall. An increased microbial load in the colonic tissue, excessive cytokine release and a partially blunted immune reactivity in response to stress result in its negative impact on IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Brzozowski
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clinic Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mazur-Bialy
- Department of Physical Exercise, Faculty of Health Care, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland and
| | - Robert Pajdo
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Slawomir Kwiecien
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Jan Bilski
- Department of Physical Exercise, Faculty of Health Care, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland and
| | | | - Tomasz Mach
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clinic Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
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King MA, Leon LR, Mustico DL, Haines JM, Clanton TL. Biomarkers of multiorgan injury in a preclinical model of exertional heat stroke. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:1207-20. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01051.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It is likely that the pathophysiology of exertional heat stroke (EHS) differs from passive heat stroke (PHS), but this has been difficult to verify experimentally. C57Bl/6 mice were instrumented with temperature transponders and underwent 3 wk of training using voluntary and forced running wheels. An EHS group was exposed to environmental temperatures (Tenv) of 37.5, 38.5, or 39.5°C at either 30, 50, or 90% relative humidities (RH) while exercising on a forced running wheel. Results were compared with sham-matched exercise controls (EXC) and naïve controls (NC). In EHS, mice exercised in heat until they reached limiting neurological symptoms (loss of consciousness). The symptom-limited maximum core temperatures achieved were between 42.1 and 42.5°C at 50% RH. All mice that were followed for 4 days survived. Additional groups were killed at 0.5, 3, 24, and 96 h, post-EHS or -EXC. Histopathology revealed extensive damage in all regions of the small intestine, liver, and kidney. Plasma creatine kinase, blood urea nitrogen, alanine transaminase, and intestinal fatty acid binding protein-2 were significantly elevated compared with matched EXC and NC, suggesting multiple organ injury to striated muscle, kidney, liver, and intestine, respectively. EHS mice were hypoglycemic immediately following EHS but exhibited sustained hyperglycemia through 4 days. The results demonstrate unique features of survivable EHS in the mouse that included loss of consciousness, extensive organ injury, and rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. King
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Lisa R. Leon
- Thermal and Mountain Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Danielle L. Mustico
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Joel M. Haines
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Thomas L. Clanton
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
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Xu QL, Guo XH, Liu JX, Chen B, Liu ZF, Su L. Blockage of protease-activated receptor 1 ameliorates heat-stress induced intestinal high permeability and bacterial translocation. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:411-7. [PMID: 25492552 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated evidences indicate intestinal lesions play an important role in the pathogenesis of heatstroke. However, the underlying mechanisms by which heat stress causes intestinal barrier dysfunction and bacterial translocation remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) in heat stress-induced intestinal hyper-permeability and bacterial translocation. Intestinal permeability in heat stressed mouse was evaluated by determining plasma endotoxin concentration and urinal lactulose/mannitol (L/M) ratio with gastric administration of L/M solution. Venous blood, liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph node tissues were collected for bacterial load test. Real time PCR was used to determine ileum PAR1 mRNA expression. In vitro study, permeability was assessed by determining trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in human intestinal Caco-2 cell line. RWJ-58259, a selective antagonist of PAR1, was used both in vivo and in vitro studies. The results showed that heat stress could increase ileum PAR1 mRNA level, urinal L/M ratio, plasma endotoxin concentration and bacterial load in the blood, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. Blocking PAR1 with RWJ-58259 (10 mg/kg) pretreatment could significantly reduce heat stress-induced above changes, but have no role to PAR1 mRNA level. In Caco-2 cells, heat stress-induced high permeability could also be reduced by RWJ-58259 (5-20 µmol/L). In summary, our results demonstrated that PAR1 signaling pathway may play an important role in the heat stress-induced elevation of intestinal permeability, bacterial translocation and the occurrence of endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-lin Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, 510010, China; Key Laboratory of Hot Zone Trauma Care and Tissue Repair of PLA, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, 510010, China
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Phillips NA, Welc SS, Wallet SM, King MA, Clanton TL. Protection of intestinal injury during heat stroke in mice by interleukin-6 pretreatment. J Physiol 2015; 593:739-52; discussion 753. [PMID: 25433073 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.283416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Heat stroke afflicts thousands of humans each year, worldwide. The immune system responds to hyperthermia exposure resulting in heat stroke by producing an array of immunological proteins, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). However, the physiological functions of IL-6 and other cytokines in hyperthermia are poorly understood. We hypothesized that IL-6 plays a protective role in conditions of heat stroke. To test this, we gave small IL-6 supplements to mice prior to exposing them to hot environments sufficient to induce conditions of heat stroke. Pretreatment with IL-6 resulted in improved ability to withstand heat exposure in anaesthetized mice, it protected the intestine from injury, reducing the permeability of the intestinal barrier, and it attenuated the release of other cytokines involved in inflammation. The results support the hypothesis that IL-6 is a 'physiological stress hormone' that plays an important role in survival during acute life-threatening conditions such as heat stroke. ABSTRACT The role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in hyperthermia and heat stroke is poorly understood. Plasma IL-6 is elevated following hyperthermia in animals and humans, and IL-6 knockout mice are more intolerant of severe hyperthermia. We evaluated the effect of IL-6 supplementation on organ injury following severe hyperthermia exposure in anaesthetized mice. Two hours prior to hyperthermia, mice were treated with 0.6 μg intraperitoneal IL-6, or identical volumes of saline in controls. Mice were anaesthetized, gavaged with FITC-dextran for measures of gastrointestinal permeability, and exposed to incremental (0.5°C every 30 min) increases in temperature. Heating stopped when maximum core temperature (Tc) of 42.4°C was attained (Tc,max). The mice recovered at room temperature (≈22°C) for 30 or 120 min, at which time plasma and tissues were collected. IL-6-treated mice, on average, required ≈25 min longer to attain Tc,max . Injury and swelling of the villi in the duodenum was present in untreated mice after 30 min of recovery. These changes were blocked by IL-6 treatment. IL-6 also reduced gastrointestinal permeability, assayed by the accumulation of FITC-dextran in plasma. Plasma cytokines were also attenuated in IL-6-treated animals, including significant reductions in TNFα, MCP-1 (CXCL2), RANTES (CCL5) and KC (CCL5). The results demonstrate that IL-6 has a protective influence on the pattern of physiological responses to severe hyperthermia, suggesting that early endogenous expression of IL-6 may provide a protection from the development of organ damage and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Phillips
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Dietary glutamine prevents the loss of intestinal barrier function and attenuates the increase in core body temperature induced by acute heat exposure. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1601-10. [PMID: 25322775 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514002608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dietary glutamine (Gln) supplementation improves intestinal function in several stressful conditions. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of dietary Gln supplementation on the core body temperature (T core), bacterial translocation (BT) and intestinal permeability of mice subjected to acute heat stress were evaluated. Male Swiss mice (4 weeks old) were implanted with an abdominal temperature sensor and randomly assigned to one of the following groups fed isoenergetic and isoproteic diets for 7 d before the experimental trials: group fed the standard AIN-93G diet and exposed to a high ambient temperature (39°C) for 2 h (H-NS); group fed the AIN-93G diet supplemented with l-Gln and exposed to a high temperature (H-Gln); group fed the standard AIN-93G diet and not exposed to a high temperature (control, C-NS). Mice were orally administered diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid radiolabelled with technetium (99mTc) for the assessment of intestinal permeability or 99mTc-Escherichia coli for the assessment of BT. Heat exposure increased T core (approximately 41°C during the experimental trial), intestinal permeability and BT to the blood and liver (3 h after the experimental trial) in mice from the H-NS group relative to those from the C-NS group. Dietary Gln supplementation attenuated hyperthermia and prevented the increases in intestinal permeability and BT induced by heat exposure. No correlations were observed between the improvements in gastrointestinal function and the attenuation of hyperthermia by Gln. Our findings indicate that dietary Gln supplementation preserved the integrity of the intestinal barrier and reduced the severity of hyperthermia during heat exposure. The findings also indicate that these Gln-mediated effects occurred through independent mechanisms.
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Abstract
Peregrine Laziosi (1265–1345), an Italian priest, became the patron saint of cancer patients when the tumour in his left leg miraculously disappeared after he developed a fever. Elevated body temperature can cause tumours to regress and sensitizes cancer cells to agents that break DNA. Why hyperthermia blocks the repair of broken chromosomes by changing the way that the DNA damage checkpoint kinases ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) are activated is an unanswered question. This review discusses the current knowledge of how heat affects the ATR–Chk1 and ATM–Chk2 kinase networks, and provides a possible explanation of why homeothermal organisms such as humans still possess this ancient heat response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Turner
- Genome Biology Group, College of Natural Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Brambell Building, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Wales LL57 2UW, UK
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Effects of probiotics supplementation on gastrointestinal permeability, inflammation and exercise performance in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 114:93-103. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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