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Shallie PD, Margolis D, Shallie OF, Naicker T. Placental 11β-HSD2 downregulated in HIV associated preeclampsia. J Reprod Immunol 2020; 142:103185. [PMID: 32853845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been linked with marked increases in maternal stress, resulting in a significant change in placental function ranging from alterations in placental structure to the precise and delicate transformations in placental gene expression. Such changes may lead to altered transport of essential signals to the fetus, which can have long-term impacts on offspring health and consequently affect fetal neurodevelopment. Therefore, this work investigated the role of placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 2 (11β-HSD2) in HIV associated preeclampsia. The placenta were obtained from 76 pregnant women, which were stratified based on pregnancy type and HIV status into; Normotensive HIV negative, normotensive HIV positive, PE HIV negative and PE HIV positive. The placental tissue was processed for immunocytochemistry and stained with rabbit polyclonal to 11β-HSD2 Our results showed significant downregulation in the placental expression of 11β-HSD2 in both the conducting and exchange villi of PE and HIV-positive patients when compared with Normotensive and HIV-negative individuals, respectively. Our results provide inferential evidence for comorbidity of PE and HIV in the downregulation of placental 11β-HSD2 enzyme function, which mediates the programmed outcomes of an adverse maternal environment during pregnancy and long-term impacts on offspring health and consequently affects fetal neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philemon Dauda Shallie
- Optics and Imaging Centre, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson Mandela Medical School, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Anatomy, Obafemi Awolowo College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Denise Margolis
- Optics and Imaging Centre, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson Mandela Medical School, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Oluwadamilola Faith Shallie
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson Mandela Medical School, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson Mandela Medical School, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Hodonu A, Escobar M, Beach L, Hunt J, Rose J. Glycogen metabolism in mink uterine epithelial cells and its regulation by estradiol, progesterone and insulin. Theriogenology 2019; 130:62-70. [PMID: 30870708 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen content in mink uterine glandular and luminal epithelia (GE and LE) is maximal during estrus and is depleted before implantation while embryos are in diapause. Uterine glycogen synthesis in vivo is stimulated by estradiol (E2) while its mobilization is induced by progesterone (P4). Nevertheless, treatment of an immortalized mink uterine epithelial cell line (GMMe) with E2 did not affect glycogen production. Interestingly, insulin alone significantly increased synthesis of the nutrient and glycogen content in response to insulin + E2 was greater than for insulin alone. Our objectives were to determine: 1) If insulin receptor protein (INSR) is expressed by mink uterine GE and LE in vivo and if the amount differs between estrus, diapause and pregnancy; 2) if E2, P4 or insulin regulate insulin receptor gene (Insr) expression by GMMe cells, and 3) if E2 and P4 act independently to regulate glycogen metabolism by GMMe cells and/or if their effects are mediated in part through the actions of insulin. The mean (±S.E.) percent INSR content of uterine epithelia was greatest during diapause (GE: 15.65 ± 0.06, LE:16.56 ± 1.25), much less during pregnancy (GE: 2.53 ± 0.60, LE:2.25 ± 0.32) and barely detectable in estrus (GE: 0.03 ± 0.01, LE:0.02 ± 0.01). Glycogen concentrations in GMMe cells increased 10-fold in response to insulin and 20-fold with insulin + E2 when compared to controls. Expression of Insr was increased 2-fold by insulin and insulin + E2 when compared to controls and there was no difference between the two hormone treatments, indicating that E2 does not increase Insr expression in insulin-treated cells. To simulate E2-priming, cells were treated with Insulin + E2 for 24 h, followed by the same hormones + P4 for the second 24 h (Insulin + E2 → P4) which resulted in Insr and glycogen levels not different from controls. Similarly, cells treated with Insulin + P4 resulted in glycogen concentrations not different from controls. We conclude that the glycogenic actions of E2 on GMMe cells are due to increased responsiveness of the cells to insulin, but not as a result of up-regulation of the insulin receptor. Glycogen mobilization in response to P4 was the result of decreased glycogenesis and increased glycogenolysis occurring concomitantly with reduced Insr expression. Mink uterine glycogen metabolism appears to be regulated in a reproductive cycle-dependent manner in part as a result of the actions of E2 and P4 on cellular responsiveness to insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayokunle Hodonu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, 83209, USA
| | - Mario Escobar
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University-Idaho, Rexburg, ID, 83440, USA
| | - Logan Beach
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University-Idaho, Rexburg, ID, 83440, USA
| | - Jason Hunt
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University-Idaho, Rexburg, ID, 83440, USA
| | - Jack Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, 83209, USA.
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Abstract
Epidemiological evidence links an individual's susceptibility to chronic disease in adult life to events during their intrauterine phase of development. Biologically this should not be unexpected, for organ systems are at their most plastic when progenitor cells are proliferating and differentiating. Influences operating at this time can permanently affect their structure and functional capacity, and the activity of enzyme systems and endocrine axes. It is now appreciated that such effects lay the foundations for a diverse array of diseases that become manifest many years later, often in response to secondary environmental stressors. Fetal development is underpinned by the placenta, the organ that forms the interface between the fetus and its mother. All nutrients and oxygen reaching the fetus must pass through this organ. The placenta also has major endocrine functions, orchestrating maternal adaptations to pregnancy and mobilizing resources for fetal use. In addition, it acts as a selective barrier, creating a protective milieu by minimizing exposure of the fetus to maternal hormones, such as glucocorticoids, xenobiotics, pathogens, and parasites. The placenta shows a remarkable capacity to adapt to adverse environmental cues and lessen their impact on the fetus. However, if placental function is impaired, or its capacity to adapt is exceeded, then fetal development may be compromised. Here, we explore the complex relationships between the placental phenotype and developmental programming of chronic disease in the offspring. Ensuring optimal placentation offers a new approach to the prevention of disorders such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity, which are reaching epidemic proportions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Burton
- Centre for Trophoblast Research and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, and Moore Institute for Nutrition and Wellness, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Abigail L Fowden
- Centre for Trophoblast Research and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, and Moore Institute for Nutrition and Wellness, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kent L Thornburg
- Centre for Trophoblast Research and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, and Moore Institute for Nutrition and Wellness, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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4
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Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been defined in several ways, but in general describes a condition in which the fetus exhibits poor growth in utero. This complication of pregnancy poses a significant public health burden as well as increased morbidity and mortality for the offspring. In human IUGR, alteration in fetal glucose and insulin homeostasis occurs in an effort to conserve energy and survive at the expense of fetal growth in an environment of inadequate nutrient provision. Several animal models of IUGR have been utilized to study the effects of IUGR on fetal glucose handling, as well as the postnatal reprogramming of energy metabolite handling, which may be unmasked in adulthood as a maladaptive propensity for cardiometabolic disease. This developmental programming may be mediated in part by epigenetic modification of essential regulators of glucose homeostasis. Several pharmacological therapies and nonpharmacological lifestyle modifications have shown early promise in mitigating the risk for or severity of adult metabolic phenotypes but still require further study of unanticipated and/or untoward side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherin U Devaskar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alison Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Rawn SM, Huang C, Hughes M, Shaykhutdinov R, Vogel HJ, Cross JC. Pregnancy Hyperglycemia in Prolactin Receptor Mutant, but Not Prolactin Mutant, Mice and Feeding-Responsive Regulation of Placental Lactogen Genes Implies Placental Control of Maternal Glucose Homeostasis. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:75. [PMID: 26269505 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.132431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is often viewed as a conflict between the fetus and mother over metabolic resources. Insulin resistance occurs in mothers during pregnancy but does not normally lead to diabetes because of an increase in the number of the mother's pancreatic beta cells. In mice, this increase is dependent on prolactin (Prl) receptor signaling but the source of the ligand has been unclear. Pituitary-derived Prl is produced during the first half of pregnancy in mice but the placenta produces Prl-like hormones from implantation to term. Twenty-two separate mouse genes encode the placenta Prl-related hormones, making it challenging to assess their roles in knockout models. However, because at least four of them are thought to signal through the Prl receptor, we analyzed Prlr mutant mice and compared their phenotypes with those of Prl mutants. We found that whereas Prlr mutants develop hyperglycemia during gestation, Prl mutants do not. Serum metabolome analysis showed that Prlr mutants showed other changes consistent with diabetes. Despite the metabolic changes, fetal growth was normal in Prlr mutants. Of the four placenta-specific, Prl-related hormones that have been shown to interact with the Prlr, their gene expression localizes to different endocrine cell types. The Prl3d1 gene is expressed by trophoblast giant cells both in the labyrinth layer, sitting on the arterial side where maternal blood is highest in oxygen and nutrients, and in the junctional zone as maternal blood leaves the placenta. Expression increases during the night, though the increase in the labyrinth is circadian whereas it occurs only after feeding in the junctional zone. These data suggest that the placenta has a sophisticated endocrine system that regulates maternal glucose metabolism during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara M Rawn
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carol Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Martha Hughes
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rustem Shaykhutdinov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hans J Vogel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - James C Cross
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Dean M, Hunt J, McDougall L, Rose J. Uterine glycogen metabolism in mink during estrus, embryonic diapause and pregnancy. J Reprod Dev 2014; 60:438-46. [PMID: 25225159 PMCID: PMC4284318 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2014-013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined uterine glycogen content, metabolizing enzyme expression and activity in the mink, a species that exhibits obligatory embryonic diapause, resulting in delayed implantation. Gross uterine glycogen concentrations were highest in estrus, decreased 50% by diapause and 90% in pregnancy (P ≤ 0.05). Endometrial glycogen deposits, which localized primarily to glandular and luminal epithelia, decreased 99% between estrus and diapause (P ≤ 0.05) and were nearly undetectable in pregnancy. Glycogen synthase and phosphorylase proteins were most abundant in the glandular epithelia. Glycogen phosphorylase activity (total) in uterine homogenates was higher during estrus and diapause, than pregnancy. While glycogen phosphorylase protein was detected during estrus and diapause, glycogen synthase was almost undetectable after estrus, which probably contributed to a higher glycogenolysis/glycogenesis ratio during diapause. Uterine glucose-6-phosphatase 3 gene expression was greater during diapause, when compared to estrus (P ≤ 0.05) and supports the hypothesis that glucose-6-phosphate resulting from phosphorylase activity was dephosphorylated in preparation for export into the uterine lumen. The relatively high amount of hexokinase-1 protein detected in the luminal epithelia during estrus and diapause may have contributed to glucose trapping after endometrial glycogen reserves were depleted. Collectively, our findings suggest to us that endometrial glycogen reserves may be an important source of energy, supporting uterine and conceptus metabolism up to the diapausing blastocyst stage. As a result, the size of uterine glycogen reserves accumulated prior to mating may in part, determine the number of embryos that survive to the blastocyst stage, and ultimately litter size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dean
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83201, USA
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Mandok KM, Kay JK, Greenwood SL, McNamara JP, Crookenden M, White R, Shields S, Edwards GR, Roche JR. Efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for body weight gain in pasture-based, nonlactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4639-48. [PMID: 24835974 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Four cohorts of nonlactating, pregnant dairy cows (n=50, 47, 45, and 42) were individually fed indoors to determine the amount of feed required for body weight (BW) gain from autumn pasture and commonly used supplementary feeds. These results were used to estimate the apparent efficiency with which metabolizable energy (ME) is used for BW gain (app_kg). Control cows were offered autumn pasture to estimated maintenance requirements (~0.55 MJ of ME/kg of BW(0.75)), with an additional 20 MJ of ME/d allocated for pregnancy and activity. All other cows received the same allowance of autumn pasture and an additional allowance (2.5 or 5.0 kg of dry matter/d) of autumn pasture (Past), spring pasture silage (Psil), maize silage (Msil), cracked maize grain (Mgr), or palm kernel expeller (PKE), resulting in a total of 11 treatments. Individual cow dry matter intake was determined daily; BW was recorded once per week for cohorts 1 and 2, and 3 times per week for cohorts 3 and 4. The ME contents of feeds were estimated from feed quality assays. Regression analyses were used on each feed to determine the ME requirement for 1 kg of BW gain. The app_kg of Past and Msil was 0.34 and 0.47, respectively; these estimates are in line with published literature. The app_kg of Psil (0.50) was consistent with the published kg for spring pasture, from which the silage was made. Palm kernel expeller had the greatest app_kg (0.61). The reasons for this cannot be deduced from the current study but may reflect the relatively high fat content of the feed and the high kg of fat. The app_kg for Mgr was low (0.38) in comparison with the other supplementary feeds and, in particular, relative to its feed ME and published kg estimates. Although the reason for the low app_kg cannot be deduced from the current data, the most plausible reason is the preferential use of propionate-derived glucose for conceptus metabolism rather than BW gain, a factor not accounted for in previous experimental models that did not use late-gestation cows. In summary, the app_kg for autumn pasture was low but consistent with historical growth rate trials in other ruminant species. In comparison, Msil, Psil, and PKE were used with a greater apparent efficiency (app_kg=0.47 to 0.61), but Mgr resulted in a relatively low rate of gain per MJ of ME (app_kg=0.38). These differences have implications for accurate feed budgeting on farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Mandok
- DairyNZ, Private Bag 3221, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - J K Kay
- DairyNZ, Private Bag 3221, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - S L Greenwood
- Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405; Faculties of Agriculture and Life Science, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - J P McNamara
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
| | - M Crookenden
- DairyNZ, Private Bag 3221, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - R White
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
| | - S Shields
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
| | - G R Edwards
- Faculties of Agriculture and Life Science, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - J R Roche
- DairyNZ, Private Bag 3221, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
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Tuersunjiang N, Odhiambo JF, Long NM, Shasa DR, Nathanielsz PW, Ford SP. Diet reduction to requirements in obese/overfed ewes from early gestation prevents glucose/insulin dysregulation and returns fetal adiposity and organ development to control levels. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E868-78. [PMID: 23921140 PMCID: PMC3798706 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00117.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity at conception and excess gestational weight gain pose significant risks for adverse health consequences in human offspring. This study evaluated the effects of reducing dietary intake of obese/overfed ewes beginning in early gestation on fetal development. Sixty days prior to conception, ewes were assigned to a control diet [CON: 100% of National Research Council (NRC) recommendations], a diet inducing maternal obesity (MO: 150% of NRC recommendations), or a maternal obesity intervention diet (MOI: 150% of NRC recommendations to day 28 of gestation, then 100% NRC) until necropsy at midgestation (day 75) or late (day 135) gestation. Fetal size and weight, as well as fetal organ weights, were greater (P < 0.05) at midgestation in MO ewes than those of CON and MOI ewes. By late gestation, whereas fetal size and weight did not differ among dietary groups, cardiac ventricular weights and wall thicknesses as well as liver and perirenal fat weights remained elevated in fetuses from MO ewes compared with those from CON and MOI ewes. MO ewes and fetuses exhibited elevated (P < 0.05) plasma concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin, glucose, and cortisol at midgestation compared with CON and MOI ewes and fetuses. In late gestation, whereas plasma triglycerides and cholesterol, insulin, and cortisol remained elevated in MO vs. CON and MOI ewes and fetuses, glucose concentrations were elevated in both MO and MOI fetuses compared with CON fetuses, which was associated with elevated placental GLUT3 expression in both groups. These data are consistent with the concept that reducing maternal diet of obese/overfed ewes to requirements from early gestation can prevent subsequent alterations in fetal growth, adiposity, and glucose/insulin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuermaimaiti Tuersunjiang
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming
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Levkovitz R, Zaretsky U, Jaffa A, Hod M, Elad D. In vitro simulation of placental transport: Part II. Glucose transfer across the placental barrier model. Placenta 2013; 34:708-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Aleksandrova NV, Dubova EA, Baev OR, Shchegolev AI, Sukhikh GT. Expression of carbohydrate metabolism markers in full-term spontaneous and induced pregnancy. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 153:540-4. [PMID: 22977866 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Peculiarities of the expression of glucose transporter (GLUT1 and GLUT3) and insulin-like growth factor immunophenotypes in placental villi in full-term physiological pregnancy were studied by immunohistochemical method. In induced pregnancy, changes of different degree in the expression of carbohydrate metabolism markers were detected (most pronounced changes were detected in GLUT3 expression), which was probably associated with higher incidence of obstetrician complications in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Aleksandrova
- Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
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Ganguly A, Collis L, Devaskar SU. Placental glucose and amino acid transport in calorie-restricted wild-type and Glut3 null heterozygous mice. Endocrinology 2012; 153:3995-4007. [PMID: 22700768 PMCID: PMC3404359 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) decreased placenta and fetal weights in wild-type (wt) and glucose transporter (Glut) 3 heterozygous null (glut3(+/-)) mice. Because placental nutrient transport is a primary energy determinant of placentofetal growth, we examined key transport systems. Maternal CR reduced intra- and transplacental glucose and leucine transport but enhanced system A amino acid transport in wt mice. These transport perturbations were accompanied by reduced placental Glut3 and leucine amino acid transporter (LAT) family member 2, no change in Glut1 and LAT family member 1, but increased sodium coupled neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT) and SNAT2 expression. We also noted decreased total and active phosphorylated forms of mammalian target of rapamycin, which is the intracellular nutrient sensor, the downstream total P70S6 kinase, and pS6 ribosomal protein with no change in total and phosphorylated 4E-binding protein 1. To determine the role of placental Glut3 in mediating CR-induced placental transport changes, we next investigated the effect of gestational CR in glut3(+/-) mice. In glut3(+/-) mice, a key role of placental Glut3 in mediating transplacental and intraplacental glucose transport was established. In addition, reduced Glut3 results in a compensatory increase of leucine and system A transplacental transport. On the other hand, diminished Glut3-mediated intraplacental glucose transport reduced leucine transport and mammalian target of rapamycin and preserved LAT and enhancing SNAT. CR in glut3(+/-) mice further reduced transplacental glucose transport and enhanced system A amino acid transport, although the increased leucine transport was lost. In addition, increased Glut3 was seen and preserved Glut1, LAT, and SNAT. These placental changes collectively protect survival of wt and glut3(+/-) fetuses against maternal CR-imposed reduction of macromolecular nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Ganguly
- Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1752, USA
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12
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Belkacemi L, Jelks A, Chen CH, Ross MG, Desai M. Altered placental development in undernourished rats: role of maternal glucocorticoids. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:105. [PMID: 21806804 PMCID: PMC3161938 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal undernutrition (MUN) during pregnancy may lead to fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), which itself predisposes to adult risk of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. IUGR may stem from insufficient maternal nutrient supply or reduced placental nutrient transfer. In addition, a critical role for maternal stress-induced glucocorticoids (GCs) has been suggested to contribute to both IUGR and the ensuing risk of adult metabolic syndrome. While GC-induced fetal organ defects have been examined, there have been few studies on placental responses to MUN-induced maternal stress. Therefore, we hypothesize that 50% MUN associates with increased maternal GC levels and decreased placental HSD11B. This in turn leads to decreased placental and fetal growth, hence the need to investigate nutrient transporters. We measured maternal serum levels of corticosterone, and the placental basal and labyrinth zone expression of glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1), 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase B 1 (HSD11B-1) predominantly activates cortisone to cortisol and 11-dehydrocorticosterone (11-DHC) to corticosterone, although can sometimes drive the opposing (inactivating reaction), and HSD11B-2 (only inactivates and converts corticosterone to 11-DHC in rodents) in control and MUN rats at embryonic day 20 (E20). Moreover, we evaluated the expression of nutrient transporters for glucose (SLC2A1, SLC2A3) and amino acids (SLC38A1, 2, and 4). Our results show that MUN dams displayed significantly increased plasma corticosterone levels compared to control dams. Further, a reduction in fetal and placental weights was observed in both the mid-horn and proximal-horn positions. Notably, the placental labyrinth zone, the site of feto-maternal exchange, showed decreased expression of HSD11B1-2 in both horns, and increased HSD11B-1 in proximal-horn placentas, but no change in NR3C1. The reduced placental GCs catabolic capacity was accompanied by downregulation of SLC2A3, SLC38A1, and SLC38A2 expression, and by increased SLC38A4 expression, in labyrinth zones from the mid- and proximal-horns. In marked contrast to the labyrinth zone, the basal zone, which is the site of hormone production, did not show significant changes in any of these enzymes or transporters. These results suggest that dysregulation of the labyrinth zone GC "barrier", and more importantly decreased nutrient supply resulting from downregulation of some of the amino acid system A transporters, may contribute to suboptimal fetal growth under MUN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louiza Belkacemi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
- David-Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Andrea Jelks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
- David-Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Chun-Hung Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Chia Yi Medical Center, Chia Yi Chia Pu Road (County Way 168), Chia Yi, Taiwan
| | - Michael G Ross
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
- David-Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Mina Desai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
- David-Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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KHAN H, KUSAKABE KT, WAKITANI S, HIYAMA M, KISO Y. Quantitative Expression and Immunohistochemical Detection of Glucose Transporters, GLUT1 and GLUT3 in the Rabbit Placenta during Successful Pregnancy. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1177-83. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hamayun KHAN
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University
| | - Ken Takeshi KUSAKABE
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Shoichi WAKITANI
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University
| | - Masato HIYAMA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Yasuo KISO
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
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Furukawa S, Hayashi S, Usuda K, Abe M, Ogawa I. The relationship between fetal growth restriction and small placenta in 6-mercaptopurine exposed rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 63:89-95. [PMID: 19926270 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of placental size on fetal intrauterine growth retardation (IURG), we examined the morphology and alterations in the expression of glucose transporter in the placentas of rats exposed to 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP). 6-MP was administered orally at 0 and 60 mg/kg/day on gestation day (GD) 9, 11, 13 or 15, and the placentas were sampled on GDs 17 and 21. The main findings in the treated groups were small placenta caused by mitotic inhibition and apoptosis, fetal resorption and IUGR with or without some malformations. The most sensitive period to 6-MP-induced fetal mortality was found to be in the GD9-treated group, and the small placenta and fetal abnormalities in the GD11-treated group, respectively. However, the litters in a quarter of the dams with the treatment on GD 11 had no fetotoxicity despite 25% decline in the placental weight. Histopathologically, the expression of glucose transporter GLUT3 was increased in the trophoblastic septa in all treated groups, particularly remarkable with proliferation of trophoblasts in the above litters, where the fetal-placental weight ratio was increased. Thus, we consider that the normal fetal growth and development can be maintained caused by adaptive change, even if the placental weight decreased by approximately 25% in 6-MP exposed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Furukawa
- Toxicology & Environmental Science Department, Biological Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd., 1470 Shiraoka, Minamisaitama, Saitama 349-0294, Japan.
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15
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Ganguly A, Devaskar SU. Glucose transporter isoform-3-null heterozygous mutation causes sexually dimorphic adiposity with insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 294:E1144-51. [PMID: 18445753 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90251.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined male and female glucose transporter isoform-3 (GLUT3; placenta)-null heterozygous(+/-) mutation-carrying mice and compared them with age- and sex-matched wild-type(+/+) littermates. No difference in postnatal (1-2 days, 6-7 days, 12-13 days, 20-21 days), postsuckling (1-2 mo), and adult (3-6 mo) growth pattern was seen except for an increase in body weight of 9- to 11-mo-old male but not female GLUT3(+/-) mice. This change in male mutant mice was associated with increased total body fat mass, perirenal and epididymal white adipose tissue weight, and hepatic lipid infiltration. These minimally glucose-intolerant male mutant mice demonstrated no change in caloric intake but a decline in basal metabolic rate and insulin resistance. No perturbation in basal circulating glucose concentrations but an increase in insulin concentrations, triglycerides, and total cholesterol was observed in GLUT3(+/-) male mice. Tissue analysis in males and females demonstrated diminished GLUT3 protein in GLUT3(+/-) brain and skeletal muscle with no change in brain and adipose tissue GLUT1 protein concentrations. Furthermore, the male GLUT3(+/-) mice expressed decreased insulin-responsive GLUT4 in white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle sarcolemma. We conclude that the GLUT3(+/-) male mice develop adult-onset adiposity with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Ganguly
- Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1752, USA
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16
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Jones HN, Powell TL, Jansson T. Regulation of Placental Nutrient Transport – A Review. Placenta 2007; 28:763-74. [PMID: 17582493 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fetal growth is primarily determined by nutrient availability, which is intimately related to placental nutrient transport. Detailed information on the regulation of placental nutrient transporters is therefore critical in order to understand the mechanisms underlying altered fetal growth and fetal programming. After briefly summarizing the cellular mechanisms for placental transport of glucose, amino acids and free fatty acids, we will discuss factors shown to regulate placental nutrient transporters and review the data describing how these factors are altered in pregnancy complications associated with abnormal fetal growth. We propose an integrated model of regulation of placental nutrient transport by maternal and placental factors in IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Jones
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 231 Albert B Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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17
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Ganguly A, McKnight RA, Raychaudhuri S, Shin BC, Ma Z, Moley K, Devaskar SU. Glucose transporter isoform-3 mutations cause early pregnancy loss and fetal growth restriction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292:E1241-55. [PMID: 17213475 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00344.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucose transporter isoform-3 (GLUT3) is the trophoblastic facilitative glucose transporter. To investigate the role of this isoform in embryonic development, we created a novel GLUT3-null mouse and observed arrested early embryonic development and loss at neurulation stage when both alleles were mutated. This loss occurred despite the presence of other related isoforms, particularly GLUT1. In contrast, when a single allele was mutated, despite increased embryonic cell apoptosis, adaptive changes in the subcellular localization of GLUT3 and GLUT1 in the preimplantation embryo led to postimplantation survival. This survival was compromised by decreased GLUT3-mediated transplacental glucose transport, causing late-gestation fetal growth restriction. This yielded young male and female adults demonstrating catch-up growth, with normal basal glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF-binding protein-3 concentrations, fat and lean mass, and glucose and insulin tolerance. We conclude that GLUT3 mutations cause a gene dose-dependent early pregnancy loss or late-gestation fetal growth restriction despite the presence of embryonic and placental GLUT1 and a compensatory increase in system A amino acid placental transport. This critical life-sustaining functional role for GLUT3 in embryonic development provides the basis for investigating the existence of human GLUT3 mutations with similar consequences during early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Ganguly
- Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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18
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Fletcher CJ, Roberts CT, Hartwich KM, Walker SK, McMillen IC. Somatic cell nuclear transfer in the sheep induces placental defects that likely precede fetal demise. Reproduction 2007; 133:243-55. [PMID: 17244750 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is poor in livestock with ~5% of transferred cloned embryos developing to term. SCNT is associated with gross placental structural abnormalities. We aimed to identify defects in placental histology and gene expression in failing ovine cloned pregnancies to better understand why so many clones generated by SCNT diein utero. Placentomes from SCNT pregnancies (n= 9) and age matched, naturally mated controls (n= 20) were collected at two gestational age ranges (105–134 days and 135–154 days; term = 147 days). There was no effect of cloning on total placental weight. However, cloning reduced the number of placentomes at both gestational ages (105–134 days: control 55.0 ± 4.2, clone 44.7 ± 8.0 and 135–154 days: control 72.2 ± 5.1, clone 36.6 ± 5.1;P< 0.001) and increased the mean individual placentome weight (105–134 days: control 10.6 ± 1.3 g, clone 18.6 ± 2.8 g and 135–154 days: control 6.6 ± 0.6 g, clone 7.0 ± 2.0 g;P< 0.02). Placentomes from cloned pregnancies had a significant volume of shed trophoblast and fetal villous hemorrhage, absent in controls, at both gestational age ranges (P< 0.001) that was shown to be apoptotic by activated caspase-3 immunoreactivity. Consequently, the volume of intact trophoblast was reduced and the arithmetic mean barrier thickness of trophoblast through which exchange occurs was altered (P< 0.001) at both gestational age ranges in clones. In addition, cloning reduced placental expression of key genes in placental differentiation and function. Thus, cloning by SCNT results in both gross and microscopic placental abnormalities. We speculate that trophoblast apoptosis, shedding, and hemorrhage may be causal in fetal death in ovine clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Fletcher
- Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
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19
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Fowden AL, Ward JW, Wooding FPB, Forhead AJ, Constancia M. Programming placental nutrient transport capacity. J Physiol 2006; 572:5-15. [PMID: 16439433 PMCID: PMC1779642 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.104141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animal studies and human epidemiological findings have shown that impaired growth in utero is associated with physiological abnormalities in later life and have linked this to tissue programming during suboptimal intrauterine conditions at critical periods of development. However, few of these studies have considered the contribution of the placenta to the ensuing adult phenotype. In mammals, the major determinant of intrauterine growth is the placental nutrient supply, which, in turn, depends on the size, morphology, blood supply and transporter abundance of the placenta and on synthesis and metabolism of nutrients and hormones by the uteroplacental tissues. This review examines the regulation of placental nutrient transfer capacity and the potential programming effects of nutrition and glucocorticoid over-exposure on placental phenotype with particular emphasis on the role of the Igf2 gene in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Fowden
- Department of Physiology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
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20
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Sibley CP, Turner MA, Cetin I, Ayuk P, Boyd CAR, D'Souza SW, Glazier JD, Greenwood SL, Jansson T, Powell T. Placental phenotypes of intrauterine growth. Pediatr Res 2005; 58:827-32. [PMID: 16183820 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000181381.82856.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The placenta is essential to nutrition before birth. Recent work has shown that a range of clearly defined alterations can be found in the placentas of infants with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). In the mouse, a placental specific knockout of a single imprinted gene, encoding IGF-2, results in one pattern of alterations in placenta structure and function which leads to IUGR. We speculate that the alterations in the human placenta can also be grouped into patterns, or phenotypes, that are associated with specific patterns of fetal growth. Identifying the placental phenotypes of different fetal growth patterns will improve the ability of clinicians to recognize high-risk patients, of laboratory scientists to disentangle the complexities of IUGR, and of public health teams to target interventions aimed at ameliorating the long-term adverse effects of inadequate intrauterine growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin P Sibley
- Division of Human Development, Acadamic Unit of Child Health, The Medical School, University of Manchester, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester M13 OJH, UK.
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21
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Wallace JM, Milne JS, Aitken RP. Maternal Growth Hormone Treatment from Day 35 to 80 of Gestation Alters Nutrient Partitioning in Favor of Uteroplacental Growth in the Overnourished Adolescent Sheep1. Biol Reprod 2004; 70:1277-85. [PMID: 14695907 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.023853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Overnourishing the pregnant adolescent ewe promotes maternal tissue synthesis at the expense of placental growth and leads to a major reduction in lamb birth weight at term. Growth hormone (GH) secretion is attenuated in these overnourished dams and the maternal somatotrophic axis may play a key role in coordinating nutrient usage in the pregnant adolescent. Thus we investigated whether increasing maternal GH during the period of rapid placental proliferation alters nutrient partitioning between the maternal, placental, and fetal tissues as assessed at Day 81 of gestation. Adolescent recipient ewes were implanted with singleton embryos, derived from superovulated dams and a single sire on Day 4 postestrus. Thereafter, the ewes were offered either a high (H) or moderate intake (M) of the same complete diet. From Day 35 to 80 of gestation, ewes were either injected twice daily (s.c. at 0800 and 1800 h) with recombinant bovine GH (bGH, 0.14 mg/kg live weight/day) or remained untreated (n = 8 ewes per group). Maternal concentrations of GH, insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), glucose, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were higher, and leptin secretion lower, in bGH-treated dams from both nutritional groups. Maternal body weight gain was higher in H versus M groups and was independent of bGH treatment. Treatment with bGH reduced relative perirenal and carcass fat deposition and increased carcass protein content in both H and M dams. Uteroplacental mass (uterus + placentomes + fetal membranes) averaged 1099, 1069, 1112, and 1754 g in M, H, M+GH, and H+GH groups. This significant increase in uteroplacental development in the H+GH group was associated with higher fetal kidney and liver weights and elevated fetal insulin, glucose, and lactate concentrations. Treatment with bGH also induced polyhydramnios in the H group. The transplacental glucose gradient was increased twofold in the H+GH group but placental GLUT- 1 and GLUT-3 expression was unaffected. In conclusion, administration of GH during the period of rapid placental proliferation alters endocrine status and thus nutrient partitioning in the overnourished adolescent dam in favor of uteroplacental and fetal growth. It remains to be established whether these effects are due wholly to alterations in maternal metabolism or if they also reflect an effect of bGH and/or the IGF system at the level of the uteroplacenta.
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Osgerby JC, Gadd TS, Wathes DC. The effects of maternal nutrition and body condition on placental and foetal growth in the ewe. Placenta 2003; 24:236-47. [PMID: 12566251 DOI: 10.1053/plac.2002.0902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of maternal body condition and nutrition on placental and foetal growth in mid-gestation. Welsh Mountain ewes (n=24) of body condition 3.5 (high, H) and 2.0 (low, L) at mating, were fed either 100 per cent or 70 per cent of their daily maintenance requirements from day 22 of gestation, yielding four groups: H100 (n=5), H70 (n=6), L100 (n=7) and L70 (n=6). On day 65, placental and foetal parameters were measured. Whilst the placentome number tended to be lower in L than H ewes, the mean placentome weight was significantly greater in L100 than H100 animals. Nutritionally related changes in IGFBP expression within the placentome and intercotyledonary endometrium may explain these findings, with IGFBP-3 expression in the luminal epithelium and caruncular stroma of the placentome villi being inversely correlated to placentome number and the total placentome weight respectively. The foetal CRL was shorter and the ponderal index greater in L than H ewes. The foetal CRL was positively correlated to maternal IGF-I concentrations and the placentome number, although the foetal weight remained unaltered by treatment. This study therefore demonstrates that body condition and ration can alter foetal and placental growth, perhaps by modifying systemic parameters and uterine IGF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Osgerby
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
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23
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Granger JP. Maternal and fetal adaptations during pregnancy: lessons in regulatory and integrative physiology. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 283:R1289-92. [PMID: 12429557 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00562.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joey P Granger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.
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24
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Sankar R, Thamotharan S, Shin D, Moley KH, Devaskar SU. Insulin-responsive glucose transporters-GLUT8 and GLUT4 are expressed in the developing mammalian brain. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2002; 107:157-65. [PMID: 12425944 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(02)00487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of insulin-responsive facilitative glucose transporter isoforms GLUT4 and GLUT8 in the developing mouse brain. Employing Western blot analysis and specific antibodies, GLUT4 and GLUT8 peaked during the suckling phase. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of GLUT4 mainly in neurites in sensory and motor areas of cortical and subcortical structures of the brain from P7 until adulthood. In contrast, GLUT8 was found in the same anatomical structures within neurites and cell bodies. Most striking was the presence of GLUT8 in the cell bodies of the substantia nigra. We conclude that both GLUT4 and GLUT8 are present in murine brain, with highest concentrations noted during the suckling phase. These insulin-responsive isoforms may have a unique role in augmenting substrate delivery under conditions of increased demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Sankar
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1752, USA
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25
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Wallace JM, Bourke DA, Aitken RP, Leitch N, Hay WW. Blood flows and nutrient uptakes in growth-restricted pregnancies induced by overnourishing adolescent sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 282:R1027-36. [PMID: 11893606 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00465.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To establish physiological mechanisms for fetal growth restriction in pregnant adolescent ewes we studied uterine, fetal, and uteroplacental metabolism in ewes offered a high (n = 12) or moderate (n = 10) dietary intake. High intakes decreased placental (226 vs. 414 g, P < 0.001) and fetal weight (3,323 vs. 4,626 g, P < 0.01). Uterine blood flow was reduced absolutely (-36%) but proportional to conceptus weight; umbilical blood flow was reduced absolutely (-37%) and per fetal weight (-15%). Uterine oxygen uptake was decreased per conceptus weight (-14%); there was no change in fetal weight oxygen consumption. Uteroplacental oxygen consumption and clearance were reduced proportional to weight. Similar changes were measured for glucose fluxes and fetal glucose concentration; fetal insulin concentration was reduced. In this model of fetal growth restriction, therefore, maintenance of fetal weight-specific glucose and oxygen consumption rates are producing relative hypoglycemia and hypoxemia. This indicates that increased fetal glucose clearance and/or insulin sensitivity may be operating as compensatory mechanisms to preserve normal fetal metabolism while fetal growth is sacrificed.
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26
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Lacroix MC, Bolifraud P, Durieux D, Pauloin A, Vidaud M, Kann G. Placental growth hormone and lactogen production by perifused ovine placental explants: regulation by growth hormone-releasing hormone and glucose. Biol Reprod 2002; 66:555-61. [PMID: 11870057 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod66.3.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors controlling normal placental development are poorly understood. We have previously reported the presence of ovine placental growth hormone (oPGH) and growth hormone receptors in ovine placenta, and oPGH production by the trophectoderm and syncitium during the second month of pregnancy. To identify factors regulating oPGH production, we developed a perifusion system to measure oPGH and ovine placental lactogen (oPL) production by Day 45 ovine placental explants. The mRNAs for both hormones were quantitated by real-time polymerase chain reaction in explants collected after perifusion periods of up to 8 h. Ovine PGH and oPL were released into the medium at mean rates of 2.45 +/- 0.2 and 353.6 +/- 13.6 ng/g/h, respectively. Ovine placenta produces growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), but addition of GHRH to the perifusion medium did not modify either oPGH or oPL production. In vivo, oPGH production occurs between Days 30 and 60 of pregnancy. Because modulation of the maternal diet during this period affects placental development, the potential regulation of oPGH and oPL production by glucose was evaluated. Glucose supplementation of the perifusion medium resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in oPGH release after 4 h, but oPGH mRNA levels were not affected. Production of oPL was not affected by glucose. Thus, oPGH and oPL belong to the same growth hormone/prolactin family but are differentially regulated by glucose. Ovine PGH modulations should be taken into account in metabolic experiments performed during the first trimester of pregnancy in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Lacroix
- Unité de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, I.N.R.A. 78352 Jouy en Josas, France.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- R McClellan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, USA
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