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Wu Y, Sun L, Chen X, Liu J, Ouyang J, Zhang X, Guo Y, Chen Y, Yuan W, Wang D, He T, Zeng F, Chen H, Wu S, Zhao Y. Cucurbit[8]uril-based water-dispersible assemblies with enhanced optoacoustic performance for multispectral optoacoustic imaging. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3918. [PMID: 37400468 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic small-molecule contrast agents have attracted considerable attention in the field of multispectral optoacoustic imaging, but their weak optoacoustic performance resulted from relatively low extinction coefficient and poor water solubility restrains their widespread applications. Herein, we address these limitations by constructing supramolecular assemblies based on cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]). Two dixanthene-based chromophores (DXP and DXBTZ) are synthesized as the model guest compounds, and then included in CB[8] to prepare host-guest complexes. The obtained DXP-CB[8] and DXBTZ-CB[8] display red-shifted and increased absorption as well as decreased fluorescence, thereby leading to a substantial enhancement in optoacoustic performance. Biological application potential of DXBTZ-CB[8] is investigated after co-assembly with chondroitin sulfate A (CSA). Benefiting from the excellent optoacoustic property of DXBTZ-CB[8] and the CD44-targeting feature of CSA, the formulated DXBTZ-CB[8]/CSA can effectively detect and diagnose subcutaneous tumors, orthotopic bladder tumors, lymphatic metastasis of tumors and ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury in mouse models with multispectral optoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglong Wu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Lihe Sun
- Biomedical Division, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaokai Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Jiawei Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Juan Ouyang
- Biomedical Division, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yi Guo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yun Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Wei Yuan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Dongdong Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Ting He
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Fang Zeng
- Biomedical Division, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhong Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Shuizhu Wu
- Biomedical Division, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, 510640, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yanli Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
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2
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Dominguez JH, Xie D, Kelly KJ. Impaired microvascular circulation in distant organs following renal ischemia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286543. [PMID: 37267281 PMCID: PMC10237479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mortality in acute kidney injury (AKI) patients remains very high, although very important advances in understanding the pathophysiology and in diagnosis and supportive care have been made. Most commonly, adverse outcomes are related to extra-renal organ dysfunction and failure. We and others have documented inflammation in remote organs as well as microvascular dysfunction in the kidney after renal ischemia. We hypothesized that abnormal microvascular flow in AKI extends to distant organs. To test this hypothesis, we employed intravital multiphoton fluorescence imaging in a well-characterized rat model of renal ischemia/reperfusion. Marked abnormalities in microvascular flow were seen in every organ evaluated, with decreases up to 46% observed 48 hours postischemia (as compared to sham surgery, p = 0.002). Decreased microvascular plasma flow was found in areas of erythrocyte aggregation and leukocyte adherence to endothelia. Intravital microscopy allowed the characterization of the erythrocyte formations as rouleaux that flowed as one-dimensional aggregates. Observed microvascular abnormalities were associated with significantly elevated fibrinogen levels. Plasma flow within capillaries as well as microthrombi, but not adherent leukocytes, were significantly improved by treatment with the platelet aggregation inhibitor dipyridamole. These microvascular defects may, in part, explain known distant organ dysfunction associated with renal ischemia. The results of these studies are relevant to human acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus H. Dominguez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Danhui Xie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - K. J. Kelly
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Renal Section, Roudebush Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, Unites States of America
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Harris WJ, Asselin MC, Hinz R, Parkes LM, Allan S, Schiessl I, Boutin H, Dickie BR. In vivo methods for imaging blood-brain barrier function and dysfunction. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:1051-1083. [PMID: 36437425 PMCID: PMC9931809 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the interface between the central nervous system and systemic circulation. It tightly regulates what enters and is removed from the brain parenchyma and is fundamental in maintaining brain homeostasis. Increasingly, the BBB is recognised as having a significant role in numerous neurological disorders, ranging from acute disorders (traumatic brain injury, stroke, seizures) to chronic neurodegeneration (Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, small vessel disease). Numerous approaches have been developed to study the BBB in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. The complex multicellular structure and effects of disease are difficult to recreate accurately in vitro, and functional aspects of the BBB cannot be easily studied ex vivo. As such, the value of in vivo methods to study the intact BBB cannot be overstated. This review discusses the structure and function of the BBB and how these are affected in diseases. It then discusses in depth several established and novel methods for imaging the BBB in vivo, with a focus on MRI, nuclear imaging, and high-resolution intravital fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William James Harris
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Marie-Claude Asselin
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rainer Hinz
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Laura Michelle Parkes
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart Allan
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Ingo Schiessl
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Herve Boutin
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK.
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Ben Robert Dickie
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Nie Y, Wang L, You X, Wang X, Wu J, Zheng Z. Low dimensional nanomaterials for treating acute kidney injury. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:505. [PMID: 36456976 PMCID: PMC9714216 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most common severe complications among hospitalized patients. In the absence of specific drugs to treat AKI, hemodialysis remains the primary clinical treatment for AKI patients. AKI treatment has received significant attention recently due to the excellent drug delivery capabilities of low-dimensional nanomaterials (LDNs) and their unique therapeutic effects. Diverse LDNs have been proposed to treat AKI, with promising results and the potential for future clinical application. This article aims to provide an overview of the pathogenesis of AKI and the recent advances in the treatment of AKI using different types of LDNs. In addition, it is intended to provide theoretical support for the design of LDNs and implications for AKI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpeng Nie
- grid.511083.e0000 0004 7671 2506Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107 China
| | - Liying Wang
- grid.511083.e0000 0004 7671 2506Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107 China
| | - Xinru You
- grid.511083.e0000 0004 7671 2506Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107 China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou, 511400 China
| | - Jun Wu
- grid.511083.e0000 0004 7671 2506Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107 China ,grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou, 511400 China ,grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhihua Zheng
- grid.511083.e0000 0004 7671 2506Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107 China
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Zhen G, Liang W, Jia H, Zheng X. Melatonin relieves sepsis-induced myocardial injury via regulating JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Minerva Med 2022; 113:983-989. [PMID: 32683850 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.20.06626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the effect of melatonin on myocardial injury of septic rats through regulating the Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway. METHODS Healthy rats were selected as the samples and divided into blank group, sepsis group and sepsis + melatonin group. The difference in the myocardial tissue structure in the three groups of rats was observed via hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression levels of JAK2 and STAT3 in myocardium were compared among groups through fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Western blotting was applied to detect the protein expressions of JAK2, phosphorylated (p)-JAK2, STAT3 and p-STAT3, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was utilized to determine the cell apoptosis in myocardial tissues. Moreover, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in myocardial tissues as well as the activity of serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured and compared. RESULTS There were inflammatory cells in the myocardium in sepsis group, and the pathological changes were milder in sepsis + melatonin group. The mRNA expressions of JAK2 and STAT3 and the protein expressions of JAK2, STAT3, p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 were raised remarkably in sepsis group compared with those in blank group and sepsis + melatonin group. The apoptosis rate in tissues was significantly different among the three groups, and it was the highest in sepsis group, followed by that in sepsis + melatonin group and blank group. There were significant differences in SOD activity and MDA content in myocardial tissues among the three groups, of which the SOD activity was the strongest in blank group, followed by that in sepsis + melatonin group and sepsis group, and the MDA content was the highest in sepsis group, followed by that in sepsis + melatonin group and blank group. Sepsis group had extremely notably increased activity of CK and LDH compared with blank group, while sepsis + melatonin group exhibited evidently decreased activity of CK and LDH in comparison with sepsis group. CONCLUSIONS The JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway is associated with sepsis-induced myocardial injury, and melatonin can relieve sepsis-induced myocardial injury by regulating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genshen Zhen
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China -
| | - Wen Liang
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huimiao Jia
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zheng
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Palladini G, Cagna M, Di Pasqua LG, Adorini L, Croce AC, Perlini S, Ferrigno A, Berardo C, Vairetti M. Obeticholic Acid Reduces Kidney Matrix Metalloproteinase Activation following Partial Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050524. [PMID: 35631351 PMCID: PMC9145209 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) protects the liver via downregulation of hepatic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), which can lead to multiorgan dysfunction. The present study investigated the capacity of OCA to modulate MMPs in distant organs such as the kidney. Male Wistar rats were dosed orally with 10 mg/kg/day of OCA (5 days) and were subjected to 60-min partial hepatic ischemia. After 120-min reperfusion, kidney biopsies (cortex and medulla) and blood samples were collected. Serum creatinine, kidney MMP-2, and MMP-9-dimer, tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP-1, TIMP-2), RECK, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 were monitored. MMP-9-dimer activity in the kidney cortex and medulla increased after hepatic I/R and a reduction was detected in OCA-treated I/R rats. Although not significantly, MMP-2 activity decreased in the cortex of OCA-treated I/R rats. TIMPs and RECK levels showed no significant differences among all groups considered. Serum creatinine increased after I/R and a reduction was detected in OCA-treated I/R rats. The same trend occurred for tissue TNF-alpha and IL-6. Although the underlying mechanisms need further investigation, this is the first study showing, in the kidney, beneficial effects of OCA by reducing TNF-alpha-mediated expression of MMPs after liver I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Palladini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (L.G.D.P.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
- Internal Medicine Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Cagna
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (L.G.D.P.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Laura Giuseppina Di Pasqua
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (L.G.D.P.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
| | | | - Anna Cleta Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Stefano Perlini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (L.G.D.P.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
- Emergency Department Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrigno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (L.G.D.P.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Clarissa Berardo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (L.G.D.P.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (M.V.); Tel.: +39-0382-986877 (C.B.); +39-0382-986398 (M.V.)
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.); (L.G.D.P.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (M.V.); Tel.: +39-0382-986877 (C.B.); +39-0382-986398 (M.V.)
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7
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Alteration of Ethanol Reward by Prior Mephedrone Exposure: The Role of Age and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042122. [PMID: 35216236 PMCID: PMC8877998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mephedrone, a synthetic cathinone, is widely abused by adolescents and young adults. The aim of this study was to determine: (i) whether prior mephedrone exposure would alter ethanol reward and (ii) whether age and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are important in this regard. In our research, male Wistar rats at postnatal day 30 (PND30) received mephedrone at the dose of 10 mg/kg, i.p., 3 times a day for 7 days. To clarify the role of MMP-9 in the mephedrone effects, one mephedrone-treated group received minocycline, as an MMP-9 antagonist. Animals were then assigned to conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure at PND38 (adolescent) or at PND69 (adult). After the CPP test (PND48/79), expression of dopamine D1 receptors (D1R), Cav1.2 (a subtype of L-type calcium channels), and MMP-9 was quantified in the rat ventral striatum (vSTR). The influence of mephedrone administration on the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDAR) subunits (GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B) was then assessed in the vSTR of adult rats (only). These results indicate that, in contrast with adolescent rats, adult rats with prior mephedrone administration appear to be more sensitive to the ethanol effect in the CPP test under the drug-free state. The mephedrone effect in adult rats was associated with upregulation of D1R, NMDAR/GluN2B, MMP-9, and Cav1.2 signaling. MMP-9 appears to contribute to these changes in proteins expression because minocycline pretreatment blocked mephedrone-evoked sensitivity to ethanol reward. Thus, our results suggest that prior mephedrone exposure differentially alters ethanol reward in adolescent and adult rats.
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Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) belong to the metzincin family of zinc-containing multidomain molecules, and can act as soluble or membrane-bound proteases. These enzymes inactivate or activate other soluble or membrane-expressed mediator molecules, which enables them to control developmental processes, tissue remodelling, inflammatory responses and proliferative signalling pathways. The dysregulation of MMPs and ADAMs has long been recognized in acute kidney injury and in chronic kidney disease, and genetic targeting of selected MMPs and ADAMs in different mouse models of kidney disease showed that they can have detrimental and protective roles. In particular, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, ADAM10 and ADAM17 have been shown to have a mainly profibrotic effect and might therefore represent therapeutic targets. Each of these proteases has been associated with a different profibrotic pathway that involves tissue remodelling, Wnt-β-catenin signalling, stem cell factor-c-kit signalling, IL-6 trans-signalling or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling. Broad-spectrum metalloproteinase inhibitors have been used to treat fibrotic kidney diseases experimentally but more targeted approaches have since been developed, including inhibitory antibodies, to avoid the toxic side effects initially observed with broad-spectrum inhibitors. These advances not only provide a solid foundation for additional preclinical studies but also encourage further translation into clinical research.
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McNair ED, Bezaire J, Moser M, Mondal P, Conacher J, Franczak A, Sawicki G, Reid D, Khani-Hanjani A. The Association of Matrix Metalloproteinases With Acute Kidney Injury Following CPB-Supported Cardiac Surgery. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2021; 8:20543581211019640. [PMID: 34350005 PMCID: PMC8287351 DOI: 10.1177/20543581211019640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) is an adverse outcome that increases morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures. To date, the use of serum creatinine levels as an early indicator of AKI has limitations because of its slow rise and poor predictive accuracy for renal injury. This delay in diagnosis may lead to prolonged initiation in treatment and increased risk for adverse outcomes. OBJECTIVE This pilot study explores serum and urine matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-2 and MMP-9 and their association, and potentially earlier detection of AKI in patients following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)-supported cardiac surgery. We hypothesize that increased activity of serum and urine levels MMP-2 and/ or MMP-9 are associated with AKI. Furthermore, MMP-2 and/ or MMP-9 may provide earlier identification of AKI as compared with serum levels of creatinine. METHODS During the study period, there were 150 CPB-supported surgeries, 21 of which developed AKI according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria. We then selected a sample of 21 matched cases from those patients who went through the surgery without developing AKI. Primary outcomes were the measurement via gel zymography of the serum and urine activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 drawn at the following intervals: pre-CPB; 10-minute post-CPB; and 4-hour post-CPB time points. Secondary variables were the measurement of serum creatinine, intensive care unit (ICU) fluid balance, and length of ICU stay. RESULTS At the 10-minute and 4-hour post-CPB time points, the serum MMP-2 activity of AKI patients were significantly higher as compared with non-AKI patients (P < .001 and P = .004), respectively. Similarly, at the 10-minute and 4-hour post-CPB time points, the serum MMP-9 activity of AKI patients was significantly higher as compared with non-AKI patients (P = .001 and P = .014), respectively. The activity of urine MMP-2 and MMP-9 of AKI patients was significantly higher as compared with non-AKI patients at all 3 time points (P = .004, P < .001, P < .001), respectively. CONCLUSION Although the pilot study may have limitations, it has demonstrated that the serum and urine levels of activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 are associated with the clinical endpoint of AKI and appear to have earlier rising levels as compared with those of serum creatinine. Furthermore, in depth, exploration is underway with a larger sample size to attempt validation of the analytical performance and reproducibility of the assay for MMP-2 and MMP-9 to aid in earlier diagnosis of AKI following CPB-supported cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick D. McNair
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory
Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Surgery/Division of
Cardiac Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,
Canada
| | - Jennifer Bezaire
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory
Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Michael Moser
- Department of Medicine, College of
Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Prosanta Mondal
- Department of Community Health and
Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,
Canada
| | - Josie Conacher
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory
Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Franczak
- Department of Medicine, College of
Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Greg Sawicki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of
Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - David Reid
- Department of Medicine, College of
Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Abass Khani-Hanjani
- Department of Surgery/Division of
Cardiac Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,
Canada
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Doxycycline treatment reestablishes renal function of Wistar rats in experimental envenomation with Bothrops jararacussu venom. Toxicon 2021; 199:20-30. [PMID: 34058237 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is one of the main complications of ophidian accidents and the leading cause of death in patients who survive the initial damage effects of venom. The hypothesis proposed in this investigation is that the pharmacological repositioning of doxycycline (doxy) attenuates renal injury provoked by Bothrops jararacussu (Bj) venom. Male Wistar rats were subjected or not (control) to experimental envenomation with Bj venom (3.5 mg/kg, im). Doxy (3 mg/kg, ip) was administered 2 h after envenoming. Envenomation with Bj venom promoted tissue damage in the renal cortex (moderate degree, score 3) in 24 h associated with decreased glomerular and tubular function, which promoted proteinuria and polyuria. Doxy treatment prevented the increase in urinary volume in 3 times, the increase in plasma creatinine in 33%, the increase in blood urea-nitrogen accumulation in 65%, the increase in urinary Na+ excretion in 2 times, marked proteinuria and kidney cortex injury induced by Bj envenomation. Bj venom promoted increase in protein content (66%) and reduction of 45% (Na++K+)-ATPase activity in the renal cortex. The enzyme was detected mainly in the luminal membrane. Doxy treatment was effective in preventing the mentioned alterations, maintaining (Na++K+)-ATPase in the basolateral membranes.
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Dunn KW, Molitoris BA, Dagher PC. The Indiana O'Brien Center for Advanced Renal Microscopic Analysis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F671-F682. [PMID: 33682441 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00007.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Indiana O'Brien Center for Advanced Microscopic Analysis is a National Institutes of Health (NIH) P30-funded research center dedicated to the development and dissemination of advanced methods of optical microscopy to support renal researchers throughout the world. The Indiana O'Brien Center was founded in 2002 as an NIH P-50 project with the original goal of helping researchers realize the potential of intravital multiphoton microscopy as a tool for understanding renal physiology and pathophysiology. The center has since expanded into the development and implementation of large-scale, high-content tissue cytometry. The advanced imaging capabilities of the center are made available to renal researchers worldwide via collaborations and a unique fellowship program. Center outreach is accomplished through an enrichment core that oversees a seminar series, an informational website, and a biennial workshop featuring hands-on training from members of the Indiana O'Brien Center and imaging experts from around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Dunn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Pierre C Dagher
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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12
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Cabral-Pacheco GA, Garza-Veloz I, Castruita-De la Rosa C, Ramirez-Acuña JM, Perez-Romero BA, Guerrero-Rodriguez JF, Martinez-Avila N, Martinez-Fierro ML. The Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9739. [PMID: 33419373 PMCID: PMC7767220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling endopeptidases that have the capacity to degrade almost every component of the ECM. The degradation of the ECM is of great importance, since it is related to embryonic development and angiogenesis. It is also involved in cell repair and the remodeling of tissues. When the expression of MMPs is altered, it can generate the abnormal degradation of the ECM. This is the initial cause of the development of chronic degenerative diseases and vascular complications generated by diabetes. In addition, this process has an association with neurodegeneration and cancer progression. Within the ECM, the tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) inhibit the proteolytic activity of MMPs. TIMPs are important regulators of ECM turnover, tissue remodeling, and cellular behavior. Therefore, TIMPs (similar to MMPs) modulate angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. An interruption in the balance between MMPs and TIMPs has been implicated in the pathophysiology and progression of several diseases. This review focuses on the participation of both MMPs (e.g., MMP-2 and MMP-9) and TIMPs (e.g., TIMP-1 and TIMP-3) in physiological processes and on how their abnormal regulation is associated with human diseases. The inclusion of current strategies and mechanisms of MMP inhibition in the development of new therapies targeting MMPs was also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Idalia Garza-Veloz
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (G.AC.-P.); (C.C.-D.l.R.); (J.MR.-A.); (B.AP.-R.); (J.FG.-R.); (N.M.-A.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Margarita L Martinez-Fierro
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (G.AC.-P.); (C.C.-D.l.R.); (J.MR.-A.); (B.AP.-R.); (J.FG.-R.); (N.M.-A.)
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13
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Wang Y, Mi Y, Tian J, Qiao X, Su X, Kang J, Wu Z, Wang G, Zhou X, Zhou Y, Li R. Intermedin Alleviates Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Enhances Neovascularization in Wistar Rats. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:4825-4834. [PMID: 33204068 PMCID: PMC7666991 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s253019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) and increases the risk of subsequently developing chronic kidney disease. Angiogenesis has been shown to play an important role in reducing renal injury after ischemia reperfusion. In this study, we investigated whether IMD could reduce renal IRI by promoting angiogenesis. Methods The kidneys of Wistar rats were subjected to 45 min of warm ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion. IMD was overexpressed in vivo using the vector pcDNA3.1-IMD transfected by an ultrasound-mediated system. The renal injury after ischemia reperfusion was assessed by detection of the serum creatinine concentration and histologic examinations of renal tissues stained by PAS and H&E. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to determine the mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Histological examinations were used to assess the expression of CD31, MMP2, MMP9, ET-1, VEGF and VEGFR2 in tissues. Results Renal function and renal histological damage were significantly ameliorated in IMD-transfected rats after ischemia reperfusion. Compared to the IRI, IMD significantly promoted angiogenesis. IMD also upregulated the protein and mRNA expression levels of VEGF and VEGFR2 and downregulated the expression level of MMP2, MMP9 and ET-1. Conclusion IMD could protect the kidney after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by promoting angiogenesis and reducing the destruction of the perivascular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Mi
- Department of Urology, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Dayi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihua Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Qiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaole Su
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijing Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiqing Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongshan Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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14
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Akad Dincer S, Sahin FI, Terzi YK, Gulleroglu K, Baskin E, Haberal M. Impact of Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 2 Gene Polymorphisms on Allograft Rejection in Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2020; 21:333-337. [PMID: 32799785 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2020.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute and chronic allograft rejection have been continuously an important obstacle in the follow-up of renal transplant recipients. During clinical management, several factors acting simultaneously result in acute rejection and chronic allograft nephropathy. Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases are responsible for the organization of the extracellular matrix and play roles in cell proliferation and cellular invasion. Changes in matrix metalloproteinase expression levels have been reported to be associated with renal allograft rejection and interstitial fibrosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate functional polymorphisms of MMP2, MMP9, and TIMP2 genes in pediatric renal transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our study included 68 kidney transplant recipients and 58 control patients. The kidney transplant recipient group was further divided into 2 subgroups: no graft rejection (n = 47) and graft rejection (n =21). MMP2 -735C >T (rs2285053), MMP2 -1306C >T (rs243865), MMP2 -1575G >A (rs243866), MMP9 c.-1562C >T (rs3918242), TIMP2 -418G >C (rs8179090), and TIMP2 303C > T (rs2277698) polymorphisms were analyzed with the use of polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment-length polymorphism methods. Allele prevalence was compared with reference values of the control group, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested. RESULTS Mean ages were 16.7 ± 3.9 years for the study group and 14.8 ± 5.6 years for the control group. The mean follow-up time after transplant was 37.7 ± 7.9 months. We compared allele frequencies in the 2 groups and calculated a statistically significant difference in rs2285053, rs243865, rs243866, rs3918242, rs8179090, and rs2277698 polymorphism frequencies between the transplant recipients and control patients. When the transplant recipient group was compared in itself with regard to allograft rejection, all investigated polymorphisms except TIMP2 -418G >C (rs8179090) revealed a statistically significant difference between those with and without rejection (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors could be important predictive biological markers for the follow-up of kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Akad Dincer
- From the Baskent University Faculty of Medicine Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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TRPM7 mediates kidney injury, endothelial hyperpermeability and mortality during endotoxemia. J Transl Med 2020; 100:234-249. [PMID: 31444399 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is the main cause of mortality in patients admitted to intensive care units. During sepsis, endothelial permeability is severely augmented, contributing to renal dysfunction and patient mortality. Ca2+ influx and the subsequent increase in intracellular [Ca2+]i in endothelial cells (ECs) are key steps in the establishment of endothelial hyperpermeability. Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) ion channels are permeable to Ca2+ and are expressed in a broad range of cell types and tissues, including ECs and kidneys. However, the role of TRPM7 on endothelial hyperpermeability during sepsis has remained elusive. Therefore, we investigated the participation of TRPM7 in renal vascular hyperpermeability, renal dysfunction, and enhanced mortality induced by endotoxemia. Our results showed that endotoxin increases endothelial hyperpermeability and Ca2+ overload through the TLR4/NOX-2/ROS/NF-κB pathway. Moreover, endotoxin exposure was shown to downregulate the expression of VE-cadherin, compromising monolayer integrity and enhancing vascular hyperpermeability. Notably, endotoxin-induced endothelial hyperpermeability was substantially inhibited by pharmacological inhibition and specific suppression of TRPM7 expression. The endotoxin was shown to upregulate the expression of TRPM7 via the TLR4/NOX-2/ROS/NF-κB pathway and induce a TRPM7-dependent EC Ca2+ overload. Remarkably, in vivo experiments performed in endotoxemic animals showed that pharmacological inhibition and specific suppression of TRPM7 expression inhibits renal vascular hyperpermeability, prevents kidney dysfunction, and improves survival in endotoxemic animals. Therefore, our results showed that TRPM7 mediates endotoxemia-induced endothelial hyperpermeability, renal dysfunction, and enhanced mortality, revealing a novel molecular target for treating renal vascular hyperpermeability and kidney dysfunction during endotoxemia, sepsis, and other inflammatory diseases.
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16
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Han SJ, Lee HT. Mechanisms and therapeutic targets of ischemic acute kidney injury. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2019; 38:427-440. [PMID: 31537053 PMCID: PMC6913588 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.19.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) due to renal ischemia reperfusion (IR) is a major clinical problem without effective therapy and is a significant and frequent cause of morbidity and mortality during the perioperative period. Although the pathophysiology of ischemic AKI is not completely understood, several important mechanisms of renal IR-induced AKI have been studied. Renal ischemia and subsequent reperfusion injury initiates signaling cascades mediating renal cell necrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation, leading to AKI. Better understanding of the molecular and cellular pathophysiological mechanisms underlying ischemic AKI will provide more targeted approach to prevent and treat renal IR injury. In this review, we summarize important mechanisms of ischemic AKI, including renal cell death pathways and the contribution of endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and leukocytes to the inflammatory response during ischemic AKI. Additionally, we provide some updated potential therapeutic targets for the prevention or treatment of ischemic AKI, including Toll-like receptors, adenosine receptors, and peptidylarginine deiminase 4. Finally, we propose mechanisms of ischemic AKI-induced liver, intestine, and kidney dysfunction and systemic inflammation mainly mediated by Paneth cell degranulation as a potential explanation for the high mortality observed with AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - H Thomas Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Rat mRNA expression profiles associated with inhibition of ischemic acute kidney injury by losartan. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181774. [PMID: 30877184 PMCID: PMC6454018 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Losartan was reported to inhibit the progression of acute kidney injury (AKI), but little is known about the underlying pharmacological mechanisms. In the present study, the mRNA expression profiles in ischemic AKI rat kidney altered by losartan treatment were analyzed by next-generation deep sequencing technology.Methods: Ischemia and reperfusion treatment was applied to induce AKI in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The urea and creatinine contents in rat blood were measured. H&E staining was performed to evaluate the histological alteration of rat kidney tissues under a microscope. The TUNEL method was applied to analyze apoptosis in rat kidney tissues. The mRNA profiles in rat kidney were analyzed using next-generation deep sequencing. Differential gene expression was confirmed by quantitative qRT-PCR.Results: The rat model of AKI induced by ischemia and reperfusion showed significant increases in urea and creatinine levels, accompanied by a disrupted kidney tubular structure and renal cell apoptosis. Losartan treatment effectively inhibited the changes in urea and creatinine, tubular structure, and apoptosis in AKI rat kidney. A large number of mRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in the kidneys of AKI rats treated with losartan, which are involved in multiple processes and signaling pathways. The expression of nine differentially expressed genes such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) was confirmed by qRT-PCR and Western blot.Conclusion: Losartan caused significant alterations in the gene expression profile in AKI rat kidney, which mediated its anti-AKI effects.
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18
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Haghi-Aminjan H, Baeeri M, Rahimifard M, Alizadeh A, Hodjat M, Hassani S, Asghari MH, Abdollahi A, Didari T, Hosseini R, Sharifzadeh M, Abdollahi M. The role of minocycline in alleviating aluminum phosphide-induced cardiac hemodynamic and renal toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 64:26-40. [PMID: 30290328 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Poisoning with aluminum phosphide (AlP) has been attributed to the high rate of mortality among many Asian countries. It affects several organs, mainly heart and kidney. Numerous literature demonstrated the valuable effect of minocycline in mitigating pathological symptoms of heart and kidney disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the probable protective effect of minocycline on cardiac hemodynamic parameters abnormalities and renal toxicity induced by AlP-poisoning in the rat model. AlP was administered by gavage at 12 mg/kg body weight followed by injection of minocycline for two interval times of 12 and 24 h, at 40, 80, 120 mg/kg body weight. Electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters were monitored, 30 min after AlP gavage for 6 h using an electronic cardiovascular monitoring device. Kidney tissue and serum were collected for the study of histology, mitochondrial complexes I, II, IV, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, ADP/ATP ratio, mitochondrial cytochrome c release, apoptosis, lactate, BUN, and Cr levels. The results demonstrated that AlP induces ECG abnormalities, and failure of heart rate and blood pressure, which improved significantly by minocycline. Minocycline treatment significantly improved complexes I, IV, MPO and LDH activities, and also reduced the ADP/ATP ratio, lactate level, release of cytochrome c, and apoptosis in the kidney following AlP-poisoning. Also, the histological results showed an improvement of kidney injury in minocycline treated groups. In conclusion, the findings of this study showed that minocycline could improve cardiac hemodynamic abnormalities and kidney injury following AlP-poisoning, suggesting minocycline might be a possible candidate for the treatment of AlP-poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Haghi-Aminjan
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Baeeri
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahban Rahimifard
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahad Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Hodjat
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Hassani
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Asghari
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdollahi
- Department of Pathology, Imam Khomeini Complex Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tina Didari
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rohollah Hosseini
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Targeting enhancer of zeste homolog 2 protects against acute kidney injury. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1067. [PMID: 30341286 PMCID: PMC6195522 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite the established oncogenic and profibrotic functions of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a methyltransferase that induces histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), its role in acute kidney injury (AKI) remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that EZH2 and H3K27me3 were upregulated in the murine kidney with AKI induced by either ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) or folic acid (FA). Pharmacologic inhibition of EZH2 with 3-deazaneplanocin A (3-DZNeP) prevented tubular injury in both models as demonstrated by reduced renal dysfunction, diminished neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin expression and decreased renal tubular cell death. Injury to the kidney resulted in reduced expression of E-cadherin and ZO-1, whereas EZH2 inhibition largely preserved their expression. Moreover, 3-DZNep was effective in counteracting the increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, as well as the phosphorylation of Raf-1 and ERK1/2 in the injured kidney. Conversely, blocking EZH2 reversed the decrease of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 and metalloproteinase (TIMP)-3, and Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) in the kidney after acute injury. Similarly, oxidant injury to cultured kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells caused a decrease in the expression of E-cadherin, ZO-1, TIMP-2/-3, and RKIP, as well as an increase in the expression of MMP-2/9 and phosphorylation of Raf-1 ERK1/2. Blocking EZH2 with 3-DZNep or SiRNA hindered these responses. Thus, these results suggest that targeting EZH2 protects against AKI through a mechanism associated with the preservation of adhesion/junctions, reduction of matrix metalloproteinases and attenuation of the Raf-1/ERK1/2 pathway.
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20
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Xiong C, Zang X, Zhou X, Liu L, Masucci MV, Tang J, Li X, Liu N, Bayliss G, Zhao TC, Zhuang S. Pharmacological inhibition of Src kinase protects against acute kidney injury in a murine model of renal ischemia/reperfusion. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31238-31253. [PMID: 28415724 PMCID: PMC5458204 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of Src kinase has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute brain, liver, and lung injury. However, the role of Src in acute kidney injury (AKI) remains unestablished. To address this, we evaluated the effects of Src inhibition on renal dysfunction and pathological changes in a murine model of AKI induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). I/R injury to the kidney resulted in increased Src phosphorylation at tyrosine 416 (activation). Administration of PP1, a highly selective Src inhibitor, blocked Src phosphorylation, improved renal function and ameliorated renal pathological damage. PP1 treatment also suppressed renal expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and reduced apoptosis in the injured kidney. Moreover, Src inhibition prevented downregulation of several adherens and tight junction proteins, including E-cadherin, ZO-1, and claudins-1/−4 in the kidney after I/R injury as well as in cultured renal proximal tubular cells following oxidative stress. Finally, PP1 inhibited I/R–induced renal expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9, phosphorylation of extracellular signal–regulated kinases1/2, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3, and nuclear factor-κB, and the infiltration of macrophages into the kidney. These data indicate that Src is a pivotal mediator of renal epithelial injury and that its inhibition may have a therapeutic potential to treat AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxiang Xiong
- Departments of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Xiujuan Zang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Lirong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Monica V Masucci
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Jinhua Tang
- Departments of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xuezhu Li
- Departments of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Na Liu
- Departments of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - George Bayliss
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Ting C Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical School, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University, Providence, RI, 02908, USA
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Departments of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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21
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Dunn KW, Sutton TA, Sandoval RM. Live-Animal Imaging of Renal Function by Multiphoton Microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 83:12.9.1-12.9.25. [PMID: 29345326 DOI: 10.1002/cpcy.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy, microscopy of living animals, is a powerful research technique that combines the resolution and sensitivity found in microscopic studies of cultured cells with the relevance and systemic influences of cells in the context of the intact animal. The power of intravital microscopy has recently been extended with the development of multiphoton fluorescence microscopy systems capable of collecting optical sections from deep within the kidney at subcellular resolution, supporting high-resolution characterizations of the structure and function of glomeruli, tubules, and vasculature in the living kidney. Fluorescent probes are administered to an anesthetized, surgically prepared animal, followed by image acquisition for up to 3 hr. Images are transferred via a high-speed network to specialized computer systems for digital image analysis. This general approach can be used with different combinations of fluorescent probes to evaluate processes such as glomerular permeability, proximal tubule endocytosis, microvascular flow, vascular permeability, mitochondrial function, and cellular apoptosis/necrosis. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Dunn
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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22
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Abstract
Kidney cell death plays a key role in the progression of life-threatening renal diseases, such as acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Injured and dying epithelial and endothelial cells take part in complex communication with the innate immune system, which drives the progression of cell death and the decrease in renal function. To improve our understanding of kidney cell death dynamics and its impact on renal disease, a study approach is needed that facilitates the visualization of renal function and morphology in real time. Intravital multiphoton microscopy of the kidney has been used for more than a decade and made substantial contributions to our understanding of kidney physiology and pathophysiology. It is a unique tool that relates renal structure and function in a time- and spatial-dependent manner. Basic renal function, such as microvascular blood flow regulation and glomerular filtration, can be determined in real time and homeostatic alterations, which are linked inevitably to cell death and can be depicted down to the subcellular level. This review provides an overview of the available techniques to study kidney dysfunction and inflammation in terms of cell death in vivo, and addresses how this novel approach can be used to improve our understanding of cell death dynamics in renal disease.
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23
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Ersan S, Tanrısev M, Cavdar Z, Celık A, Unlu M, Kocak A, Kose T. Pretreatment with nebivolol attenuates level and expression of matrix metalloproteinases in a rat model of renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Nephrology (Carlton) 2017; 22:1023-1029. [PMID: 28118507 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Ersan
- Department of Nephrology; Izmir Tepecik Research and Training Hospital; Izmir Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tanrısev
- Department of Nephrology; Izmir Tepecik Research and Training Hospital; Izmir Turkey
| | - Zahide Cavdar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences; Dokuz Eylul University Hospital; Izmir Turkey
| | - Asli Celık
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences; Dokuz Eylul University Hospital; Izmir Turkey
| | - Mehtat Unlu
- Department of Pathology; Dokuz Eylul University Hospital; Izmir Turkey
| | - Ayse Kocak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences; Dokuz Eylul University Hospital; Izmir Turkey
| | - Timur Kose
- Department of Bioistatistics; Ege University Hospital; Izmir Turkey
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Cavdar Z, Ural C, Celik A, Arslan S, Terzioglu G, Ozbal S, Yildiz S, Ergur UB, Guneli E, Camsari T, Akdogan G. Protective effects of taurine against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats by inhibition of gelatinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:524-535. [PMID: 28895768 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1367033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is closely associated with the pathogenesis of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R). The production of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes tissue damage. Increased ROS production causes activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, which participates in gene regulation of MMPs, especially MMP-2 and MMP-9 (gelatinases). Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) in mammalian cells functions in bile acid conjugation, maintenance of calcium homeostasis, osmoregulation, membrane stabilization, and antioxidation, antiinflammatory, and antiapoptotic action. We investigated the effects of taurine and the possible role of p38 MAPK signaling on regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in a renal I/R injury model in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: sham, I/R, and I/R + taurine treated. After a right nephrectomy, I/R was induced by clamping the left renal pedicle for 1 h followed by 6 h reperfusion. Taurine was administered 45 min prior to induction of ischemia. Renal function was assessed by serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Tubule injury and structural changes were evaluated by light microscopy. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity levels were measured using a colorimetric kit. mRNA expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities were measured using a fluorimetric kit. Phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) and total p38 MAPK protein expressions were evaluated by western blot. Taurine pretreatment significantly attenuated renal dysfunction and histologic damage, such as renal tubule dilation and loss of brush borders. The pretreatment also decreased the MDA level and attenuated the reduction of SOD activity in the kidney during I/R. Taurine pretreatment also decreased significantly both MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expression and MMP-9 activity induced by I/R. In addition, the activity of p38 MAPK signaling was down-regulated significantly by taurine administration. Inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and MMP-9 activity caused by taurine may be associated with suppression of p38 MAPK activation during I/R induced renal injury in rats. Therefore, taurine administration may prove to be a strategy for attenuating renal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Cavdar
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir
| | - C Ural
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir
| | - A Celik
- b Department of Laboratory Animal Science , Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir
| | - S Arslan
- c Department of Biology, Faculty of Science , Pamukkale University , Denizli
| | - G Terzioglu
- c Department of Biology, Faculty of Science , Pamukkale University , Denizli
| | - S Ozbal
- d Department of Histology and Embryology , Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir
| | - S Yildiz
- e Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine , Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir
| | - U B Ergur
- d Department of Histology and Embryology , Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir
| | - E Guneli
- b Department of Laboratory Animal Science , Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir
| | - T Camsari
- e Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine , Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir
| | - G Akdogan
- f School of Medicine , Izmir University of Economics , Izmir , Turkey
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Haghi-Aminjan H, Asghari MH, Goharbari MH, Abdollahi M. A systematic review on potential mechanisms of minocycline in kidney diseases. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:602-609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Parrish AR. Matrix Metalloproteinases in Kidney Disease: Role in Pathogenesis and Potential as a Therapeutic Target. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 148:31-65. [PMID: 28662825 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are large family of proteinases. In addition to a fundamental role in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix, they also cleave a number of cell surface proteins and are involved in multiple cellular processes. MMP activity is regulated via numerous mechanisms, including inhibition by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Similar to MMPs, a role for TIMPs has been established in multiple cell signaling pathways. Aberrant expression of MMPs and TIMPS in renal pathophysiology has long been recognized, and with the generation of specific knockout mice, the mechanistic role of several MMPs and TIMPs is becoming more understood and has revealed both pathogenic and protective roles. This chapter will focus on the expression and localization of MMPs and TIMPs in the kidney, as well as summarizing the current information linking these proteins to acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. In addition, we will summarize studies suggesting that MMPs and TIMPs may be biomarkers of renal dysfunction and represent novel therapeutic targets to attenuate kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Parrish
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
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27
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Tetracycline Reduces Kidney Damage Induced by Loxosceles Spider Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9030090. [PMID: 28257106 PMCID: PMC5371845 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9030090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Envenomation by Loxosceles spider can result in two clinical manifestations: cutaneous and systemic loxoscelism, the latter of which includes renal failure. Although incidence of renal failure is low, it is the main cause of death, occurring mainly in children. The sphingomyelinase D (SMase D) is the main component in Loxosceles spider venom responsible for local and systemic manifestations. This study aimed to investigate the toxicity of L. intermedia venom and SMase D on kidney cells, using both In vitro and in vivo models, and the possible involvement of endogenous metalloproteinases (MMP). Results demonstrated that venom and SMase D are able to cause death of human kidney cells by apoptosis, concomitant with activation and secretion of extracellular matrix metalloproteases, MMP-2 and MMP-9. Furthermore, cell death and MMP synthesis and secretion can be prevented by tetracycline. In a mouse model of systemic loxoscelism, Loxosceles venom-induced kidney failure was observed, which was abrogated by administration of tetracycline. These results indicate that MMPs may play an important role in Loxosceles venom-induced kidney injury and that tetracycline administration may be useful in the treatment of human systemic loxoscelism.
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28
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Widmeier E, Tan W, Airik M, Hildebrandt F. A small molecule screening to detect potential therapeutic targets in human podocytes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 312:F157-F171. [PMID: 27760769 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00386.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
WIDMEIER E, TAN W, AIRIK M, HILDEBRANDT F A small molecule screening to detect potential therapeutic targets in human podocytes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 312: F157-F171, 2017. First published October 19, 2016; doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00386.2016. Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) inevitably progresses to end-stage kidney disease, requiring dialysis or transplantation for survival. However, treatment modalities and drug discovery remain limited. Mutations in over 30 genes have been discovered as monogenic causes of SRNS. Most of these genes are predominantly expressed in the glomerular epithelial cell, the podocyte, placing it at the center of the pathogenesis of SRNS. Podocyte migration rate (PMR) represents a relevant intermediate phenotype of disease in monogenic causes of SRNS. We therefore adapted PMR in a high-throughput manner to screen small molecules as potential therapeutic targets for SRNS. We performed a high-throughput drug screening of a National Institutes of Health Clinical Collection (NCC) library (n = 725 compounds) measuring PMR by videomicroscopy. We used the Woundmaker to perform individual 96-well scratch wounds and screened compounds using a quantitative kinetic live cell imaging migration assay using IncuCyte ZOOM technology. Using a normal distribution for the average PMR in wild-type podocytes with a vehicle control (DMSO), we applied a 90% confidence interval to define "distinct" compounds (5% faster/slower PMR) and found that 12 of 725 compounds (at 10 μM) reduced PMR. Clusters of drugs that alter PMR included actin/tubulin modulators such as the azole class of antifungals and antineoplastic vinca-alkaloids. We hereby identify compounds that alter PMR. The PMR assay provides a new avenue to test therapeutics for nephrotic syndrome. Positive results may reveal novel pathways in the study of glomerular diseases such as SRNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Widmeier
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and.,Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Weizhen Tan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Merlin Airik
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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29
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Stabilization of endogenous Nrf2 by minocycline protects against Nlrp3-inflammasome induced diabetic nephropathy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34228. [PMID: 27721446 PMCID: PMC5056367 DOI: 10.1038/srep34228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While a plethora of studies support a therapeutic benefit of Nrf2 activation and ROS inhibition in diabetic nephropathy (dNP), the Nrf2 activator bardoxolone failed in clinical studies in type 2 diabetic patients due to cardiovascular side effects. Hence, alternative approaches to target Nrf2 are required. Intriguingly, the tetracycline antibiotic minocycline, which has been in clinical use for decades, has been shown to convey anti-inflammatory effects in diabetic patients and nephroprotection in rodent models of dNP. However, the mechanism underlying the nephroprotection remains unknown. Here we show that minocycline protects against dNP in mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, while caspase -3,-6,-7,-8 and -10 inhibition is insufficient, indicating a function of minocycline independent of apoptosis inhibition. Minocycline stabilizes endogenous Nrf2 in kidneys of db/db mice, thus dampening ROS-induced inflammasome activation in the kidney. Indeed, minocycline exerts antioxidant effects in vitro and in vivo, reducing glomerular markers of oxidative stress. Minocycline reduces ubiquitination of the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2 and increases its protein levels. Accordingly, minocycline mediated Nlrp3 inflammasome inhibition and amelioration of dNP are abolished in diabetic Nrf2−/− mice. Taken together, we uncover a new function of minocycline, which stabilizes the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2, thus protecting from dNP.
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30
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Turunen AJ, Lindgren L, Salmela KT, Kyllönen LE, Andersson S, Pesonen E. Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Graft Preservation Injury in Clinical Renal Transplantation. Transplant Proc 2016; 47:2831-5. [PMID: 26707297 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deleterious effects of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) have been established in experimental renal ischemia-reperfusion models but not in clinical renal transplantation thus far. METHODS We studied MMP-9 and its physiological inhibitor tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) in 45 consecutive patients of a larger trial in renal transplantation: perioperative anti-thymocyte globulin (group A, n = 15), perioperative basiliximab (group B, n = 16), and conventional triple therapy (group C, n = 14). In addition to systemic blood samples, local blood samples were obtained simultaneously at 1 and 5 minutes after reperfusion from iliac artery and graft vein for calculation of transrenal changes. Because anti-thymocyte globulin activates inflammation, group A was analyzed separately. Groups B and C were pooled (group BC). RESULTS Anti-thymocyte globulin infusion caused a robust rise of MMP-9 in the systemic circulation in group A. No significant transrenal difference of MMP-9 or TIMP-1 occurred in either group during graft reperfusion. In group BC, strong transrenal release of MMP-9 at 1 minute after reperfusion correlated with cold ischemia time (R = 0.66, P = .0001) and was associated with delayed graft function (P = .052). CONCLUSIONS Renal production of MMP-9 on graft reperfusion is associated with cold ischemia time and emergence of delayed graft function. MMP inhibition may offer a means to reduce reperfusion injury in renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Turunen
- Department of Surgery, Kanta-Häme Central Hospital, Hämeenlinna, Finland
| | - L Lindgren
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - K T Salmela
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L E Kyllönen
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Andersson
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Pesonen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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31
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Schießl IM, Castrop H. Deep insights: intravital imaging with two-photon microscopy. Pflugers Arch 2016; 468:1505-16. [PMID: 27352273 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Intravital multiphoton microscopy is widely used to assess the structure and function of organs in live animals. Although different tissues vary in their accessibility for intravital multiphoton imaging, considerable progress has been made in the imaging quality of all tissues due to substantial technical improvements in the relevant imaging components, such as optics, excitation laser, detectors, and signal analysis software. In this review, we provide an overview of the technical background of intravital multiphoton microscopy. Then, we note a few seminal findings that were made through the use of multiphoton microscopy. Finally, we address the technical limitations of the method and provide an outlook for how these limitations may be overcome through future technical developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Maria Schießl
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Hayo Castrop
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
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32
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Patschan D, Kribben A, Müller GA. Postischemic microvasculopathy and endothelial progenitor cell-based therapy in ischemic AKI: update and perspectives. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F382-94. [PMID: 27194716 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00232.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) dramatically increases mortality of hospitalized patients. Incidences have been increased in recent years. The most frequent cause is transient renal hypoperfusion or ischemia which induces significant tubular cell dysfunction/damage. In addition, two further events take place: interstitial inflammation and microvasculopathy (MV). The latter evolves within minutes to hours postischemia and may result in permanent deterioration of the peritubular capillary network, ultimately increasing the risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the long term. In recent years, our understanding of the molecular/cellular processes responsible for acute and sustained microvasculopathy has increasingly been expanded. The methodical approaches for visualizing impaired peritubular blood flow and increased vascular permeability have been optimized, even allowing the depiction of tissue abnormalities in a three-dimensional manner. In addition, endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of MV, has increasingly been recognized as an inductor of both vascular malfunction and interstitial inflammation. In this regard, so-called regulated necrosis of the endothelium could potentially play a role in postischemic inflammation. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), represented by at least two major subpopulations, have been shown to promote vascular repair in experimental AKI, not only in the short but also in the long term. The discussion about the true biology of the cells continues. It has been proposed that early EPCs are most likely myelomonocytic in nature, and thus they may simply be termed proangiogenic cells (PACs). Nevertheless, they reliably protect certain types of tissues/organs from ischemia-induced damage, mostly by modulating the perivascular microenvironment in an indirect manner. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge on postischemic MV and EPC-mediated renal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Patschan
- Clinic of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - A Kribben
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - G A Müller
- Clinic of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; and
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33
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Yang Y, Song M, Liu Y, Liu H, Sun L, Peng Y, Liu F, Venkatachalam MA, Dong Z. Renoprotective approaches and strategies in acute kidney injury. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 163:58-73. [PMID: 27108948 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major renal disease associated with high mortality rate and increasing prevalence. Decades of research have suggested numerous chemical and biological agents with beneficial effects in AKI. In addition, cell therapy and molecular targeting have been explored for reducing kidney tissue damage and promoting kidney repair or recovery from AKI. Mechanistically, these approaches may mitigate oxidative stress, inflammation, cell death, and mitochondrial and other organellar damage, or activate cytoprotective mechanisms such as autophagy and pro-survival factors. However, none of these findings has been successfully translated into clinical treatment of AKI. In this review, we analyze these findings and propose experimental strategies for the identification of renoprotective agents or methods with clinical potential. Moreover, we propose the consideration of combination therapy by targeting multiple targets in AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Meifang Song
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Youming Peng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fuyou Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | | | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
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34
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Shah AP, Shen JI, Wang Y, Tong L, Pak Y, Andalibi A, LaPage JA, Adler SG. Effects of Minocycline on Urine Albumin, Interleukin-6, and Osteoprotegerin in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152357. [PMID: 27019421 PMCID: PMC4809491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We tested minocycline as an anti-proteinuric adjunct to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) in diabetic nephropathy (DN) and measured urinary biomarkers to evaluate minocycline’s biological effects. Methods Design: Prospective, single center, randomized, placebo-controlled, intention-to-treat pilot trial. Inclusion. Type 2 diabetes/DN; Baseline creatinine clearance > 30 mL/min; proteinuria ≥ 1.0 g/day; Age ≥30 years; BP <150/95 mm Hg; intolerant of/at maximum RAASi dose. Protocol. 3-wk screening; Baseline randomization; Urine and blood measures at months 1, 2, 4, and Month 6 study completion. Urine interleukin-6 (IL-6) and osteoprotegerin were measured in a subset. Primary outcome. Natural log of urine protein/creatinine (ln U P:Cr) ratio at Month 6 vs Baseline. Results 30 patients completed the study. The 15% decline in U P: Cr in minocycline patients (6 month P:Cr ÷ Baseline P:Cr, 0.85 vs. 0.92) was not significant (p = 0.27). Creatinine clearance did not differ in the 2 groups. Urine IL-6:Cr (p = 0.03) and osteoprotegerin/Cr (p = 0.046) decrements were significant. Minocycline modified the relationship between urine IL-6 and proteinuria, suggesting a protective biological effect. Conclusions Although the decline in U P:Cr in minocycline patients was not statistically significant, the significant differences in urine IL-6 and osteoprotegerin suggest that minocycline may confer cytoprotection in patients with DN, providing a rationale for further study. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01779089
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja P. Shah
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA, 90509, United States of America
| | - Jenny I. Shen
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA, 90509, United States of America
| | - Ying Wang
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA, 90509, United States of America
| | - Lili Tong
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA, 90509, United States of America
| | - Youngju Pak
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA, 90509, United States of America
| | - Ali Andalibi
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA, 90509, United States of America
| | - Janine A. LaPage
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA, 90509, United States of America
| | - Sharon G. Adler
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA, 90509, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Fu Z, Ye Q, Zhang Y, Zhong Z, Xiong Y, Wang Y, Hu L, Wang W, Huang W, Ko DSC. Hypothermic Machine Perfusion Reduced Inflammatory Reaction by Downregulating the Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 in a Reperfusion Model of Donation After Cardiac Death. Artif Organs 2016; 40:E102-11. [PMID: 26813475 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The exact mechanism by which hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) improves the graft quality in kidney transplantation of donation after cardiac death (DCD) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and inflammatory reaction in kidney ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury injury followed by cold storage (CS) or HMP model of DCD. New Zealand white rabbit kidneys were subjected to 35 min of warm ischemia and 1 h reperfusion, then preserved by either 1 h reperfusion (sham-operated group), 4 h CS or 4 h HMP in vivo. Kidneys were reperfused 24 h followed by further analysis. No treatment was given to rabbits in the normal control group. The expression of MMP-9, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and MMP-2 mRNA were detected by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). MMP-9 was located by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence methods. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by kits for each groups. Compared with the CS group, the expression of MMP-9 and NF-κB mRNA were downregulated in HMP group (P < 0.05). In contrast, expression of MMP-2 mRNA had no statistical significance between CS group and HMP group (P > 0.05). In normal control and sham-operated groups, a low level of MMP-9 expression was detected in glomeruli. However, positive signals of MMP-9 were mostly located in the tubulointerstitium and the vascular wall of CS and HMP groups. Expression of TNF-α, IL-6, MDA, and activity of MPO decreased while activity of SOD in the HMP group increased in contrast to the CS group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, inflammatory cytokines mediated MMP-9 expression through NF-κB band to MMP-9 promoter region, resulting in renal injury. Therefore, HMP reduced inflammatory reaction by downregulating the expression of MMP-9, which may be the mechanism of kidney protection in I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Fu
- The 3rd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qifa Ye
- The 3rd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- The 3rd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zibiao Zhong
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Long Hu
- The 3rd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The 3rd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dicken Shiu-Chung Ko
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Verma SK, Molitoris BA. Renal endothelial injury and microvascular dysfunction in acute kidney injury. Semin Nephrol 2015; 35:96-107. [PMID: 25795503 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is comprised of heterogeneous cell populations that function together to perform a number of tightly controlled, complex and interdependent processes. Renal endothelial cells contribute to vascular tone, regulation of blood flow to local tissue beds, modulation of coagulation and inflammation, and vascular permeability. Both ischemia and sepsis have profound effects on the renal endothelium, resulting in microvascular dysregulation resulting in continued ischemia and further injury. In recent years, the concept of the vascular endothelium as an organ that is both the source of and target for inflammatory injury has become widely appreciated. Here we revisit the renal endothelium in the light of ever evolving molecular advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Kumar Verma
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, The Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, The Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, IN.
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Garrido-Mesa N, Zarzuelo A, Gálvez J. Minocycline: far beyond an antibiotic. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:337-52. [PMID: 23441623 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 627] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Minocycline is a second-generation, semi-synthetic tetracycline that has been in therapeutic use for over 30 years because of its antibiotic properties against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is mainly used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and some sexually transmitted diseases. Recently, it has been reported that tetracyclines can exert a variety of biological actions that are independent of their anti-microbial activity, including anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities, and inhibition of proteolysis, angiogenesis and tumour metastasis. These findings specifically concern to minocycline as it has recently been found to have multiple non-antibiotic biological effects that are beneficial in experimental models of various diseases with an inflammatory basis, including dermatitis, periodontitis, atherosclerosis and autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Of note, minocycline has also emerged as the most effective tetracycline derivative at providing neuroprotection. This effect has been confirmed in experimental models of ischaemia, traumatic brain injury and neuropathic pain, and of several neurodegenerative conditions including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury. Moreover, other pre-clinical studies have shown its ability to inhibit malignant cell growth and activation and replication of human immunodeficiency virus, and to prevent bone resorption. Considering the above-mentioned findings, this review will cover the most important topics in the pharmacology of minocycline to date, supporting its evaluation as a new therapeutic approach for many of the diseases described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Garrido-Mesa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red - Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-EHD), Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, Granada, Spain.
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Molitoris BA. Therapeutic translation in acute kidney injury: the epithelial/endothelial axis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2355-63. [PMID: 24892710 PMCID: PMC4089444 DOI: 10.1172/jci72269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a major clinical event with rising incidence, severity, and cost; it now has a morbidity and mortality exceeding acute myocardial infarction. There is also a documented conversion to and acceleration of chronic kidney disease to end-stage renal disease. The multifactorial nature of AKI etiologies and pathophysiology and the lack of diagnostic techniques have hindered translation of preclinical success. An evolving understanding of epithelial, endothelial, and inflammatory cell interactions and individualization of care will result in the eventual development of effective therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on epithelial and endothelial injury mediators, interactions, and targets for therapy.
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Tilakaratne A, Soory M. Anti-inflammatory Actions of Adjunctive Tetracyclines and Other Agents in Periodontitis and Associated Comorbidities. Open Dent J 2014; 8:109-24. [PMID: 24976875 PMCID: PMC4073587 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601408010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-antimicrobial properties of tetracyclines such as anti-inflammatory, proanabolic and anti-catabolic actions make them effective pharmaceuticals for the adjunctive management of chronic inflammatory diseases. An over-exuberant inflammatory response to an antigenic trigger in periodontitis and other chronic inflammatory diseases could contribute to an autoimmune element in disease progression. Their adjunctive use in managing periodontitis could have beneficial effects in curbing excessive inflammatory loading from commonly associated comorbidities such as CHD, DM and arthritis. Actions of tetracyclines and their derivatives include interactions with MMPs, tissue inhibitors of MMPs, growth factors and cytokines. They affect the sequence of inflammation with implications on immunomodulation, cell proliferation and angiogenesis; these actions enhance their scope, in treating a range of disease entities. Non-antimicrobial chemically modified tetracyclines (CMTs) sustain their diverse actions in organ systems which include anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-proteolytic actions, inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. A spectrum of biological actions in dermatitis, periodontitis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, malignancy and prevention of bone resorption is particularly relevant to minocycline. Experimental models of ischemia indicate their specific beneficial effects. Parallel molecules with similar functions, improved Zn binding and solubility have been developed for reducing excessive MMP activity. Curbing excessive MMP activity is particularly relevant to periodontitis, and comorbidities addressed here, where specificity is paramount. Unique actions of tetracyclines in a milieu of excessive inflammatory stimuli make them effective therapeutic adjuncts in the management of chronic inflammatory disorders. These beneficial actions of tetracyclines are relevant to the adjunctive management of periodontitis subjects presenting with commonly prevalent comorbidities addressed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruni Tilakaratne
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri-Lanka
| | - Mena Soory
- Periodontology King's College London Dental Institute, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RW, UKB
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40
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Symons JM. Moving beyond supportive care--current status of specific therapies in pediatric acute kidney injury. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:173-81. [PMID: 23407998 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a significant challenge, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and medical costs. Therapy for AKI to this point has largely been supportive; specific interventions to treat established AKI have had minimal effect. Review of the pathogenesis of AKI reveals complex, interacting mechanisms, including changes in microcirculation, the immune system, and inflammation, and cell death from both necrosis and apoptosis. Past definitions of AKI have been imprecise; newer methods for AKI identification and classification, including novel biomarkers and improved criteria for defining AKI, may permit earlier intervention with greater potential for success. With improved understanding of pathophysiology and the opportunity for intervention before AKI is fully established, clinicians may be able to move beyond supportive care and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Symons
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA,
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Abcouwer SF, Lin CM, Shanmugam S, Muthusamy A, Barber AJ, Antonetti DA. Minocycline prevents retinal inflammation and vascular permeability following ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:149. [PMID: 24325836 PMCID: PMC3866619 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many retinal diseases are associated with vascular dysfunction accompanied by neuroinflammation. We examined the ability of minocycline (Mino), a tetracycline derivative with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, to prevent vascular permeability and inflammation following retinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, a model of retinal neurodegeneration with breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). Methods Male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to 45 min of pressure-induced retinal ischemia, with the contralateral eye serving as control. Rats were treated with Mino prior to and following IR. At 48 h after reperfusion, retinal gene expression, cellular inflammation, Evan’s blue dye leakage, tight junction protein organization, caspase-3 activation, and DNA fragmentation were measured. Cellular inflammation was quantified by flow-cytometric evaluation of retinal tissue using the myeloid marker CD11b and leukocyte common antigen CD45 to differentiate and quantify CD11b+/CD45low microglia, CD11b+/CD45hi myeloid leukocytes and CD11bneg/CD45hi lymphocytes. Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) immunoreactivity was used to determine the inflammatory state of these cells. Results Mino treatment significantly inhibited IR-induced retinal vascular permeability and disruption of tight junction organization. Retinal IR injury significantly altered mRNA expression for 21 of 25 inflammation- and gliosis-related genes examined. Of these, Mino treatment effectively attenuated IR-induced expression of lipocalin 2 (LCN2), serpin peptidase inhibitor clade A member 3 N (SERPINA3N), TNF receptor superfamily member 12A (TNFRSF12A), monocyte chemoattractant-1 (MCP-1, CCL2) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). A marked increase in leukostasis of both myeloid leukocytes and lymphocytes was observed following IR. Mino treatment significantly reduced retinal leukocyte numbers following IR and was particularly effective in decreasing the appearance of MHCII+ inflammatory leukocytes. Surprisingly, Mino did not significantly inhibit retinal cell death in this model. Conclusions IR induces a retinal neuroinflammation within hours of reperfusion characterized by inflammatory gene expression, leukocyte adhesion and invasion, and vascular permeability. Despite Mino significantly inhibiting these responses, it failed to block neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Abcouwer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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Zhao JJ, Liu JL, Liu L, Jia HY. Protection of mesenchymal stem cells on acute kidney injury. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:91-6. [PMID: 24220681 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the protection of allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on an ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R)‑induced acute kidney injury (AKI) rat model and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. The BMSCs were isolated and cultured from adult Sprague‑Dawley (SD) rats and the I/R‑induced AKI model was established by bilateral clamping of renal pedicles for 60 min. Following successfully establishing the AKI model, 1x106 BMSCs were administered by intrarenal injection. All animals were randomly divided into four groups (n=10 in each): 1 (sham control), 2 (I/R), 3 (I/R+culture medium) and 4 (I/R+BMSCs). Serum levels of creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured in all four groups at 24 and 72 h. Three days post‑surgery, the level of inflammatory factors, including interleukin‑6 (IL‑6), tumour necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the kidney was analysed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Three days following surgery, mRNA expression levels of IL‑6 and TNF‑α were significantly lower, however, the expression level of VEGF was significantly higher in group 4 compared with groups 2 and 3 (P<0.05). By contrast, the immunofluorescence results showed that the injected BMSCs differentiated into vascular endothelial cells. In conclusion, the present study identified that intrarenal administration of BMSCs improved I/R‑induced AKI through the anti‑inflammatory effect and a paracrine mechanism and therefore, may be hypothesised for the use in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jie Zhao
- Clinical Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
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Cavdar Z, Ozbal S, Celik A, Ergur BU, Guneli E, Ural C, Camsari T, Guner GA. The effects of alpha-lipoic acid on MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities in a rat renal ischemia and re-perfusion model. Biotech Histochem 2013; 89:304-14. [PMID: 24160412 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2013.847498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes that are responsible for degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM); they are involved in the pathogenesis of ischemia-re-perfusion (I-R) injury. We investigated the possible preventive effect of alpha-lipoic acid (LA) in a renal I-R injury model in rats by assessing its reducing effect on the expression and activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 induced by I-R. Rats were assigned to four groups: control, sham-operated, I-R (saline, i.p.) and I-R+ LA (100 mg/kg, i.p.). After a right nephrectomy, I-R was induced by clamping the left renal pedicle for 1 h, followed by 6 h re-perfusion. In the sham group, a right nephrectomy was performed and left renal pedicles were dissected without clamping and the entire left kidney was excised after 6 h. LA pretreatment was started 30 min prior to induction of ischemia. Injury to tubules was evaluated using light and electron microscopy. The expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were determined by immunohistochemistry and their activities were analyzed by gelatin zymography. Serum creatinine was measured using a quantitative kit based on the Jaffe colorimetric technique. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 and TIMP-1 were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). I-R caused tubular dilatation and brush border loss. LA decreased both renal dysfunction and abnormal levels of MDA and GSH during I-R. Moreover, LA decreased significantly both MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions and activations during I-R. TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 levels were increased significantly by LA administration. LA modulated increased MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities and decreased TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 levels during renal I-R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Cavdar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Health Sciences Institute
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Cayabyab FS, Gowribai K, Walz W. Involvement of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 in the formation of a lacuna-like cerebral cavity. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:920-33. [PMID: 23606560 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We used a modified pial vessel disruption (PVD) protocol with adult male Wistar rats to mimic small-vessel stroke in the cerebral cortex. Within 3 weeks, this lesion develops into a single lacuna-like cavity, which is fluid-filled and encapsulated by reactive astrocytes. Minocycline treatment that commences 1 hr after lesion and continues for 6 days prevents the cavitation and causes a filling of the lesion with reactive astrocytes and no barrier. Here, we determined whether inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (MMPs) mediates this minocycline action. Confocal microscopy revealed increased punctate staining of MMPs inside the lesion sites after 2 days of PVD. Astrocytes lined the lesion border but showed sparse localization inside the lesion. In contrast, increased MMP levels inside the lesion coincided with increased ED1 or OX-42 immunostaining, suggesting that MMP elevation reflected increased secretions from microglia/macrophages. Imaging analyses also revealed that minocycline administered for 2 days before animal euthanasia, significantly decreased MMP levels within the lesion. Moreover, Western blot analysis of cortical tissue extracts showed a significant 30-40% upregulation of MMPs 2 days after lesion. Minocycline administered 2 hr before the lesion significantly inhibited both MMP-9 and MMP-2 levels by ∼40%. In contrast, minocycline administered 1 hr after the lesion only decreased MMP-9 levels by ∼30%. Because MMP inhibition with batimastat injection also prevented cavity formation at 21 days, we conclude that minocycline prevented the creation of a lacuna-like cyst in the cerebral cortex by inhibiting the MMP secretion from microglia in the affected tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco S Cayabyab
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Kaneko T, Shimizu A, Mii A, Fujita E, Fujino T, Kunugi S, Du X, Akimoto T, Tsuruoka S, Ohashi R, Masuda Y, Iino Y, Katayama Y, Fukuda Y. Role of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in recovery after tubular damage in acute kidney injury in mice. Nephron Clin Pract 2013; 122:23-35. [PMID: 23548779 DOI: 10.1159/000346569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc endopeptidases that degrade extracellular matrix and are involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic damage in acute kidney injury (AKI). In the present study, we analyzed the role of MMP-2 in the repair process in ischemic AKI. METHODS AKI was induced in MMP-2 wild-type (MMP-2(+/+)) and MMP-2-deficient (MMP-2(-/-)) mice by 90-min renal artery clamping followed by reperfusion. Renal histology and the activity and distribution of MMP-2 were examined from day 1 to day 14. During the recovery from AKI, MMP-2(+/+) mice were also treated with MMP-2/MMP-9 inhibitor. RESULTS In both MMP-2(+/+) and MMP-2(-/-) mice, AKI developed on day 1 after ischemia/reperfusion with widespread acute tubular injury, but subsequent epithelial cell proliferation was evident on days 3-7. During the repair process, active MMP-2 and MMP-9 increased in regenerating tubular epithelial cells in MMP-2(+/+) mice on days 7-14, and the tubular repair process was almost complete by day 14. On the other hand, in MMP-2(-/-) mice, less prominent proliferation of tubular epithelial cells was evident on days 3 and 7, and damaged tubules that were covered with elongated and immature regenerated epithelial cells were identified on days 7 and 14. Incomplete recovery of injured microvasculature was also noted with persistent macrophage infiltration. Similarly, treatment with MMP-2/MMP-9 inhibitor resulted in impaired recovery in MMP-2(+/+) mice. CONCLUSION MMP-2 is involved in tubular repair after AKI. The use of the MMP-2/MMP-9 inhibitor was a disadvantage when it was administered during the repair stage of ischemic AKI. Treatment with MMP inhibitor for AKI needs to be modified to enhance recovery from AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kaneko
- Division of Neurology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Dunn KW, Sutton TA, Sandoval RM. Live-animal imaging of renal function by multiphoton microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Chapter 12:Unit12.9. [PMID: 23042524 DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy1209s62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy, microscopy of living animals, is a powerful research technique that combines the resolution and sensitivity found in microscopic studies of cultured cells with the relevance and systemic influences of cells in the context of the intact animal. The power of intravital microscopy has recently been extended with the development of multiphoton fluorescence microscopy systems capable of collecting optical sections from deep within the kidney at subcellular resolution, supporting high-resolution characterizations of the structure and function of glomeruli, tubules, and vasculature in the living kidney. Fluorescent probes are administered to an anesthetized, surgically prepared animal, followed by image acquisition for up to 3 hr. Images are transferred via a high-speed network to specialized computer systems for digital image analysis. This general approach can be used with different combinations of fluorescent probes to evaluate processes such as glomerular permeability, proximal tubule endocytosis, microvascular flow, vascular permeability, mitochondrial function, and cellular apoptosis/necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Dunn
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Fluctuating roles of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:920595. [PMID: 23365550 PMCID: PMC3556887 DOI: 10.1155/2013/920595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One hallmark of cancer is the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is caused by proteinases. In oral cancers, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-9, are associated with this degradation. MMPs break down the ECM allowing cancer to spread; they also release various factors from their cryptic sites, including cytokines. These factors modulate cell behavior and enhance cancer progression by regulating angiogenesis, migration, proliferation, and invasion. The development of early metastases is typical for oral cancer, and increased MMP-9 expression is associated with a poor disease prognosis. However, many studies fail to relate MMP-9 expression with metastasis formation. Contrary to earlier models, recent studies show that MMP-9 plays a protective role in oral cancers. Therefore, the role of MMP-9 is complicated and may fluctuate throughout the different types and stages of oral cancers.
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Matrix metalloprotease 8-dependent extracellular matrix cleavage at the blood-CSF barrier contributes to lethality during systemic inflammatory diseases. J Neurosci 2012; 32:9805-16. [PMID: 22815495 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0967-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a highly mortal inflammatory disease, associated with systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction. SIRS can have a sterile cause or can be initiated by an infection, called sepsis. The prevalence is high, and available treatments are ineffective and mainly supportive. Consequently, there is an urgent need for new treatments. The brain is one of the first organs affected during SIRS, and sepsis and the consequent neurological complications, such as encephalopathy, are correlated with decreased survival. The choroid plexus (CP) that forms the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) is thought to act as a brain "immune sensor" involved in the communication between the peripheral immune system and the CNS. Nevertheless, the involvement of BCSFB integrity in systemic inflammatory diseases is seldom investigated. We report that matrix metalloprotease-8 (MMP8) depletion or inhibition protects mice from death and hypothermia in sepsis and renal ischemia/reperfusion. This effect could be attributed to MMP8-dependent leakage of the BCSFB, caused by collagen cleavage in the extracellular matrix of CP cells, which leads to a dramatic change in cellular morphology. Disruption of the BCSFB results in increased CSF cytokine levels, brain inflammation, and downregulation of the brain glucocorticoid receptor. This receptor is necessary for dampening the inflammatory response. Consequently, MMP8(+/+) mice, in contrast to MMP8(-/-) mice, show no anti-inflammatory response and this results in high mortality. In conclusion, we identify MMP8 as an essential mediator in SIRS and, hence, a potential drug target. We also propose that the mechanism of action of MMP8 involves disruption of the BCSFB integrity.
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Brunswick AS, Hwang BY, Appelboom G, Hwang RY, Piazza MA, Connolly ES. Serum biomarkers of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage induced secondary brain injury. J Neurol Sci 2012; 321:1-10. [PMID: 22857988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating form of stroke associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. It is now believed that much of this damage occurs in the subacute period following the initial insult via a cascade of complex pathophysiologic pathways that continues to be investigated. Increased levels of certain serum proteins have been identified as biomarkers that may reflect or directly participate in the inflammation, blood brain barrier disruption, endothelial dysfunction, and neuronal and glial toxicity that occur during this secondary period of cerebral injury. Some of these biomarkers have the potential to serve as therapeutic targets or surrogate endpoints for future research or clinical trials. Others may someday augment current clinical techniques in diagnosis, risk-stratification, prognostication, treatment decision and measurement of therapeutic efficacy. While much work remains to be done, biomarkers show significant potential to expand clinical options and improve clinical management, thereby reducing mortality and improving functional outcomes in ICH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Brunswick
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Basile DP, Sutton TA. Activated pericytes and the inhibition of renal vascular stability: obstacles for kidney repair. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:767-9. [PMID: 22499585 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012030282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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