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Conversion of extracellular ATP into adenosine: a master switch in renal health and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 16:509-524. [PMID: 32641760 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-0304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ATP and its ultimate degradation product adenosine are potent extracellular signalling molecules that elicit a variety of pathophysiological functions in the kidney through the activation of P2 and P1 purinergic receptors, respectively. Extracellular purines can modulate immune responses, balancing inflammatory processes and immunosuppression; indeed, alterations in extracellular nucleotide and adenosine signalling determine outcomes of inflammation and healing processes. The functional activities of ectonucleotidases such as CD39 and CD73, which hydrolyse pro-inflammatory ATP to generate immunosuppressive adenosine, are therefore pivotal in acute inflammation. Protracted inflammation may result in aberrant adenosinergic signalling, which serves to sustain inflammasome activation and worsen fibrotic reactions. Alterations in the expression of ectonucleotidases on various immune cells, such as regulatory T cells and macrophages, as well as components of the renal vasculature, control purinergic receptor-mediated effects on target tissues within the kidney. The role of CD39 as a rheostat that can have an impact on purinergic signalling in both acute and chronic inflammation is increasingly supported by the literature, as detailed in this Review. Better understanding of these purinergic processes and development of novel drugs targeting these pathways could lead to effective therapies for the management of acute and chronic kidney disease.
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Robles RJ, Mukherjee S, Vuerich M, Xie A, Harshe R, Cowan PJ, Csizmadia E, Wu Y, Moss AC, Chen R, Robson SC, Longhi MS. Modulation of CD39 and Exogenous APT102 Correct Immune Dysfunction in Experimental Colitis and Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:818-830. [PMID: 31693091 PMCID: PMC7457187 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS CD39/ENTPD1 scavenges pro-inflammatory nucleotides, to ultimately generate immunosuppressive adenosine, which has a central role in immune homeostasis. Global deletion of Cd39 increases susceptibility to experimental colitis while single nucleotide polymorphisms within the human CD39 promoter, and aberrant patterns of expression during experimental hypoxia, predispose to Crohn's disease. We aimed to define the impact of transgenic human CD39 [hTG] overexpression in experimental colitis and to model therapeutic effects using the recombinant apyrase APT102 in vivo. We also determined the in vitro effects of APT102 on phenotypic and functional properties of regulatory T-lymphocytes derived from patients with Crohn's disease. METHODS Colitis was induced by administration of dextran sulfate sodium in wild-type [WT] or hTG mice, and, in another model, by adoptive transfer of CD45RBhigh cells with or without WT or hTG regulatory T cells [Treg]. In additional experiments, mice were treated with APT102. The effects of APT102 on phenotype and function of Treg and type-1 regulatory T [Tr1] cells were also evaluated, after purification from peripheral blood and lamina propria of Crohn's disease patients [n = 38]. RESULTS Overexpression of human CD39 attenuated experimental colitis and protected from the deleterious effects of systemic hypoxia, pharmacologically induced by deferoxamine. Administration of APT102 in vivo enhanced the beneficial effects of endogenous Cd39 boosted by the administration of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor [AhR] ligand unconjugated bilirubin [UCB]. Importantly, supplemental APT102 restored responsiveness to AhR stimulation by UCB in Treg and Tr1 cells, obtained from Crohn's disease patients. CONCLUSIONS hCD39 overexpression ameliorated experimental colitis and prevented hypoxia-related damage in vivo. Exogenous administration of APT102 boosted AhR-mediated regulatory effects in vivo while enhancing Treg functions in Crohn's disease in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- René J Robles
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samiran Mukherjee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marta Vuerich
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anyan Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rasika Harshe
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter J Cowan
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan C Moss
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Simon C Robson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Correspondence: Maria Serena Longhi, Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Tel: 617 735 2905; Fax: 617 735 2930;
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Zhang Y, Hansson KM, Liu T, Magnell K, Huang Y, Carlson NG, Kishore BK. Genetic deletion of ADP-activated P2Y 12 receptor ameliorates lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 225:e13191. [PMID: 30257062 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM Therapeutic use of lithium in bipolar disorder is limited by the development of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). We reported that pharmacological blockade of P2Y12 receptor (R) with clopidogrel or prasugrel significantly ameliorated lithium-induced NDI in rodents. Using mice genetically lacking P2Y12 -R we evaluated whether the observed amelioration is mediated through P2Y12 -R METHODS: P2ry12-/- mouse line (C57/BL6) was rederived from cryopreserved embryos of the knockout (KO) mice generated by Deltagen Inc. Syngeneic wild type (WT) mice obtained by heterozygous crossing were inbred. Groups of adult WT and KO mice were fed lithium-added (40 mmol LiCl/kg food) or regular diet, and euthanized after 2 or 4 weeks. Twenty-four hour urine samples and terminal blood and kidney samples were analyzed. RESULTS At both time points, lithium-induced polyuria and decrease in aquaporin-2 (AQP2) protein abundance in the kidney medulla were less marked in KO vs WT mice. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that lithium-induced alterations in the cellular disposition of AQP2 protein in the medullary collecting ducts of WT mice were blunted in KO mice. Serum lithium, sodium and osmolality were similar in both genotypes after lithium treatment. After 2 weeks, lithium induced marked increases in urinary excretion of Na, K, and arginine vasopressin in WT mice but not in KO mice. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data show that similar to pharmacological blockade, deletion of P2Y12 -R significantly ameliorates lithium-induced NDI, without reducing serum lithium levels. Hence, targeting P2Y12 -R with currently available drugs in the market offers a novel and safer method for treating NDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Utah Health Sciences Center; Salt Lake City Utah
- Nephrology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Salt; Lake City Health Care System; Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Kenny M. Hansson
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Utah Health Sciences Center; Salt Lake City Utah
- Nephrology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Salt; Lake City Health Care System; Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Kerstin Magnell
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Yufeng Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Utah Health Sciences Center; Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Noel G. Carlson
- Center on Aging; University of Utah Health Sciences Center; Salt Lake City Utah
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy; University of Utah Health Sciences Center; Salt Lake City Utah
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Salt; Lake City Health Care System; Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Bellamkonda K. Kishore
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Utah Health Sciences Center; Salt Lake City Utah
- Nephrology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Salt; Lake City Health Care System; Salt Lake City Utah
- Center on Aging; University of Utah Health Sciences Center; Salt Lake City Utah
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology; University of Utah College of Health; Salt Lake City Utah
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Kishore BK, Robson SC, Dwyer KM. CD39-adenosinergic axis in renal pathophysiology and therapeutics. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:109-120. [PMID: 29332180 PMCID: PMC5940625 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9596-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP interacts with purinergic type 2 (P2) receptors and elicits many crucial biological functions. Extracellular ATP is sequentially hydrolyzed to ADP and AMP by the actions of defined nucleotidases, such as CD39, and AMP is converted to adenosine, largely by CD73, an ecto-5'-nucleotidase. Extracellular adenosine interacts with P1 receptors and often opposes the effects of P2 receptor activation. The balance between extracellular ATP and adenosine in the blood and extracellular fluid is regulated chiefly by the activities of CD39 and CD73, which constitute the CD39-adenosinergic axis. In recent years, several studies have shown this axis to play critical roles in transport of water/sodium, tubuloglomerular feedback, renin secretion, ischemia reperfusion injury, renal fibrosis, hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, transplantation, inflammation, and macrophage transformation. Important developments include global and targeted gene knockout and/or transgenic mouse models of CD39 or CD73, biological or small molecule inhibitors, and soluble engineered ectonucleotidases to directly impact the CD39-adenosinergic axis. This review presents a comprehensive picture of the multiple roles of CD39-adenosinergic axis in renal physiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutics. Scientific advances and greater understanding of the role of this axis in the kidney, in both health and illness, will direct development of innovative therapies for renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bellamkonda K. Kishore
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, 500 Foothill Drive (151M), Salt Lake City, UT 84148 USA
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology and Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Karen M. Dwyer
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia
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Hatem-Vaquero M, Griera M, Giermakowska W, Luengo A, Calleros L, Gonzalez Bosc LV, Rodríguez-Puyol D, Rodríguez-Puyol M, De Frutos S. Integrin linked kinase regulates the transcription of AQP2 by NFATC3. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2017; 1860:922-935. [PMID: 28736155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Two processes are associated with progressive loss of renal function: 1) decreased aquaporin-2 (AQP2) expression and urinary concentrating capacity (Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus, NDI); and 2) changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, e.g. increased collagen I (Col I) deposition, characteristic of tubule-interstitial fibrosis. AQP2 expression is regulated by both the ECM-to-intracellular scaffold protein integrin-linked kinase (ILK) by NFATc/AP1 and other transcription factors. In the present work, we used in vivo and in vitro approaches to examine ILK participation in NFATc3/AP-1-mediated increases in AQP2 gene expression. Both NFATc3 knock-out mice and ILK conditional-knockdown mice (cKD-ILK) display symptoms of NDI (polyuria and reduced AQP2 expression). NFATc3 is upregulated in the renal medulla tubular cells of cKD-ILK mice but with reduced nuclear localization. Inner medullary collecting duct mIMCD3 cells were subjected to ILK depletion and transfected with reporter plasmids. Pharmacological activators or inhibitors determined the effect of ILK activity on NFATc/AP-1-dependent increases in transcription of AQP2. Finally, mIMCD3 cultured on Col I showed reduced activity of the ILK/GSK3β/NFATc/AQP2 axis, suggesting this pathway is a potential target for therapeutic treatment of NDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Hatem-Vaquero
- Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Reina Sofia de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Griera
- Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Reina Sofia de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Wieslawa Giermakowska
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Alicia Luengo
- Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Reina Sofia de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Calleros
- Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Reina Sofia de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura V Gonzalez Bosc
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Diego Rodríguez-Puyol
- Instituto Reina Sofia de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Foundation and Nephrology Department, Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Puyol
- Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Reina Sofia de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergio De Frutos
- Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Reina Sofia de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Menzies RI, Tam FW, Unwin RJ, Bailey MA. Purinergic signaling in kidney disease. Kidney Int 2016; 91:315-323. [PMID: 27780585 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotides are key subunits for nucleic acids and provide energy for intracellular metabolism. They can also be released from cells to act physiologically as extracellular messengers or pathologically as danger signals. Extracellular nucleotides stimulate membrane receptors in the P2 and P1 family. P2X are ATP-activated cation channels; P2Y and P1 are G-protein coupled receptors activated by ATP, ADP, UTP, and UDP in the case of P2 or adenosine for P1. Renal P2 receptors influence both vascular contractility and tubular function. Renal cells also express ectonucleotidases that rapidly hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides. These enzymes integrate this multireceptor purinergic-signaling complex by determining the nucleotide milieu to titrate receptor activation. Purinergic signaling also regulates immune cell function by modulating the synthesis and release of various cytokines such as IL1-β and IL-18 as part of inflammasome activation. Abnormal or excessive stimulation of this intricate paracrine system can be pro- or anti-inflammatory, and is also linked to necrosis and apoptosis. Kidney tissue injury causes a localized increase in ATP concentration, and sustained activation of P2 receptors can lead to renal glomerular, tubular, and vascular cell damage. Purinergic receptors also regulate the activity and proliferation of fibroblasts, promoting both inflammation and fibrosis in chronic disease. In this short review we summarize some of the recent findings related to purinergic signaling in the kidney. We focus predominantly on the P2X7 receptor, discussing why antagonists have so far disappointed in clinical trials and how advances in our understanding of purinergic signaling might help to reposition these compounds as potential treatments for renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert I Menzies
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Frederick W Tam
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Robert J Unwin
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden; UCL Centre for Nephrology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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Zhang Y, Peti-Peterdi J, Heiney KM, Riquier-Brison A, Carlson NG, Müller CE, Ecelbarger CM, Kishore BK. Clopidogrel attenuates lithium-induced alterations in renal water and sodium channels/transporters in mice. Purinergic Signal 2015; 11:507-18. [PMID: 26386699 PMCID: PMC4648798 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium (Li) administration causes deranged expression and function of renal aquaporins and sodium channels/transporters resulting in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). Extracellular nucleotides (ATP/ADP/UTP), via P2 receptors, regulate these transport functions. We tested whether clopidogrel bisulfate (CLPD), an antagonist of ADP-activated P2Y(12) receptor, would affect Li-induced alterations in renal aquaporins and sodium channels/transporters. Adult mice were treated for 14 days with CLPD and/or Li and euthanized. Urine and kidneys were collected for analysis. When administered with Li, CLPD ameliorated polyuria, attenuated the rise in urine prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and resulted in significantly higher urinary arginine vasopressin (AVP) and aldosterone levels as compared to Li treatment alone. However, urine sodium excretion remained elevated. Semi-quantitative immunoblotting revealed that CLPD alone increased renal aquaporin 2 (AQP2), Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2), Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC), and the subunits of the epithelial Na channel (ENaC) in medulla by 25-130 %. When combined with Li, CLPD prevented downregulation of AQP2, Na-K-ATPase, and NKCC2 but was less effective against downregulation of cortical α- or γ-ENaC (70 kDa band). Thus, CLPD primarily attenuated Li-induced downregulation of proteins involved in water conservation (AVP-sensitive), with modest effects on aldosterone-sensitive proteins potentially explaining sustained natriuresis. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy revealed strong labeling for P2Y(12)-R in proximal tubule brush border and blood vessels in the cortex and less intense labeling in medullary thick ascending limb and the collecting ducts. Therefore, there is the potential for CLPD to be directly acting at the tubule sites to mediate these effects. In conclusion, P2Y(12)-R may represent a novel therapeutic target for Li-induced NDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health Sciences Center & Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, 500 Foothill Drive (151M), Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
| | - János Peti-Peterdi
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, ZNI 313, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Kristina M Heiney
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health Sciences Center & Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, 500 Foothill Drive (151M), Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
| | - Anne Riquier-Brison
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, ZNI 313, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Noel G Carlson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and Center on Aging Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), University of Utah Health Sciences Center & Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, 500 Foothill Drive (151B), Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carolyn M Ecelbarger
- Department of Medicine, Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging, and Disease, Georgetown University, 4000 Reservoir Road NW Bldg D, Rm 392, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Bellamkonda K Kishore
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health Sciences Center & Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, 500 Foothill Drive (151M), Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA.
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Zhang Y, Robson SC, Morris KL, Heiney KM, Dwyer KM, Kishore BK, Ecelbarger CM. Impaired natriuretic response to high-NaCl diet plus aldosterone infusion in mice overexpressing human CD39, an ectonucleotidase (NTPDase1). Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F1398-408. [PMID: 25877509 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00125.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides acting through P2 receptors facilitate natriuresis. To define how purinergic mechanisms are involved in sodium homeostasis, we used transgenic (TG) mice that globally overexpress human CD39 (hCD39, NTPDase1), an ectonucleotidase that hydrolyzes extracellular ATP/ADP to AMP, resulting in an altered extracellular purine profile. On a high-sodium diet (HSD, 3.5% Na(+)), urine volume and serum sodium were significantly higher in TG mice but sodium excretion was unaltered. Furthermore, TG mice showed an attenuated fall in urine aldosterone with HSD. Western blot analysis revealed significantly lower densities (∼40%) of the β-subunit of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in medulla, and the major band (85-kDa) of γ-ENaC in TG mice cortex. To evaluate aldosterone-independent differences, in a second experiment, aldosterone was clamped by osmotic minipump at 20 μg/day, and mice were fed either an HSD or a low-sodium diet (LSD, 0.03% Na(+)). Here, no differences in urine volume or osmolality, or serum aldosterone were found, but TG mice showed a modest, yet significant impairment in late natriuresis (days 3 and 4). Several major sodium transporters or channel subunits were differentially expressed between the genotypes. HSD caused a downregulation of Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) in both genotypes; and had higher cortical levels of NCC, Na-K-ATPase (α-1 subunit), and α- and γ-ENaC. The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) was downregulated by HSD in wild-type mice, but it increased in TG mice. In summary, our data support the concept that extracellular nucleotides facilitate natriuresis; they also reveal an aldosterone-independent downregulation of major renal sodium transporters and channel subunits by purinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Nephrology Research, Department of Veterans Administration Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Simon C Robson
- Transplant Institute and Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kaiya L Morris
- Nephrology Research, Department of Veterans Administration Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kristina M Heiney
- Nephrology Research, Department of Veterans Administration Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Karen M Dwyer
- Immunology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Bellamkonda K Kishore
- Nephrology Research, Department of Veterans Administration Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah; Center on Aging, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah;
| | - Carolyn M Ecelbarger
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; and Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging, and Disease, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
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Nørregaard R, Tao S, Nilsson L, Woodgett JR, Kakade V, Yu ASL, Howard C, Rao R. Glycogen synthase kinase 3α regulates urine concentrating mechanism in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F650-60. [PMID: 25608967 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00516.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3 comprises GSK3α and GSK3β isoforms. GSK3β has been shown to play a role in the ability of kidneys to concentrate urine by regulating vasopressin-mediated water permeability of collecting ducts, whereas the role of GSK3α has yet to be discerned. To investigate the role of GSK3α in urine concentration, we compared GSK3α knockout (GSK3αKO) mice with wild-type (WT) littermates. Under normal conditions, GSK3αKO mice had higher water intake and urine output. GSK3αKO mice also showed reduced urine osmolality and aquaporin-2 levels but higher urinary vasopressin. When water deprived, they failed to concentrate their urine to the same level as WT littermates. The addition of 1-desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin to isolated inner medullary collecting ducts increased the cAMP response in WT mice, but this response was reduced in GSK3αKO mice, suggesting reduced responsiveness to vasopressin. Gene silencing of GSK3α in mpkCCD cells also reduced forskolin-induced aquaporin-2 expression. When treated with LiCl, an isoform nonselective inhibitor of GSK3 and known inducer of polyuria, WT mice developed significant polyuria within 6 days. However, in GSK3αKO mice, the polyuric response was markedly reduced. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that GSK3α could play a crucial role in renal urine concentration and suggest that GSK3α might be one of the initial targets of Li(+) in LiCl-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Nørregaard
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shixin Tao
- The Kidney Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Line Nilsson
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - James R Woodgett
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Vijayakumar Kakade
- The Kidney Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Alan S L Yu
- The Kidney Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Christiana Howard
- The Kidney Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Reena Rao
- The Kidney Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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