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Forrester SJ, Booz GW, Sigmund CD, Coffman TM, Kawai T, Rizzo V, Scalia R, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: An Update on Mechanisms of Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1627-1738. [PMID: 29873596 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is believed to mediate most functions of ANG II in the system. AT1R utilizes various signal transduction cascades causing hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, and end organ damage. Moreover, functional cross-talk between AT1R signaling pathways and other signaling pathways have been recognized. Accumulating evidence reveals the complexity of ANG II signal transduction in pathophysiology of the vasculature, heart, kidney, and brain, as well as several pathophysiological features, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and aging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the ANG II receptor signaling events and their functional significances for potential translation into therapeutic strategies. AT1R remains central to the system in mediating physiological and pathophysiological functions of ANG II, and participation of specific signaling pathways becomes much clearer. There are still certain limitations and many controversies, and several noteworthy new concepts require further support. However, it is expected that rigorous translational research of the ANG II signaling pathways including those in large animals and humans will contribute to establishing effective new therapies against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Forrester
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - George W Booz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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Itani HA, McMaster WG, Saleh MA, Nazarewicz RR, Mikolajczyk TP, Kaszuba AM, Konior A, Prejbisz A, Januszewicz A, Norlander AE, Chen W, Bonami RH, Marshall AF, Poffenberger G, Weyand CM, Madhur MS, Moore DJ, Harrison DG, Guzik TJ. Activation of Human T Cells in Hypertension: Studies of Humanized Mice and Hypertensive Humans. Hypertension 2016; 68:123-32. [PMID: 27217403 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports an important role for T cells in the genesis of hypertension. Because this work has predominantly been performed in experimental animals, we sought to determine whether human T cells are activated in hypertension. We used a humanized mouse model in which the murine immune system is replaced by the human immune system. Angiotensin II increased systolic pressure to 162 versus 116 mm Hg for sham-treated animals. Flow cytometry of thoracic lymph nodes, thoracic aorta, and kidney revealed increased infiltration of human leukocytes (CD45(+)) and T lymphocytes (CD3(+) and CD4(+)) in response to angiotensin II infusion. Interestingly, there was also an increase in the memory T cells (CD3(+)/CD45RO(+)) in the aortas and lymph nodes. Prevention of hypertension using hydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide prevented the accumulation of T cells in these tissues. Studies of isolated human T cells and monocytes indicated that angiotensin II had no direct effect on cytokine production by T cells or the ability of dendritic cells to drive T-cell proliferation. We also observed an increase in circulating interleukin-17A producing CD4(+) T cells and both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that produce interferon-γ in hypertensive compared with normotensive humans. Thus, human T cells become activated and invade critical end-organ tissues in response to hypertension in a humanized mouse model. This response likely reflects the hypertensive milieu encountered in vivo and is not a direct effect of the hormone angiotensin II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana A Itani
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (H.A.I., W.G.M., M.A.S., A.E.N., W.C., M.S.M., D.G.H.), General Surgery (W.G.M.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.H.B.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics (A.F.M., D.J.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (G.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); Divison of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (R.R.N., C.M.W.); Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland (T.P.M., A.M.K., A.K., T.J.G.); Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland (A.M.K., A.P., A.J.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (T.J.G.)
| | - William G McMaster
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (H.A.I., W.G.M., M.A.S., A.E.N., W.C., M.S.M., D.G.H.), General Surgery (W.G.M.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.H.B.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics (A.F.M., D.J.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (G.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); Divison of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (R.R.N., C.M.W.); Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland (T.P.M., A.M.K., A.K., T.J.G.); Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland (A.M.K., A.P., A.J.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (T.J.G.)
| | - Mohamed A Saleh
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (H.A.I., W.G.M., M.A.S., A.E.N., W.C., M.S.M., D.G.H.), General Surgery (W.G.M.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.H.B.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics (A.F.M., D.J.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (G.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); Divison of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (R.R.N., C.M.W.); Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland (T.P.M., A.M.K., A.K., T.J.G.); Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland (A.M.K., A.P., A.J.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (T.J.G.)
| | - Rafal R Nazarewicz
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (H.A.I., W.G.M., M.A.S., A.E.N., W.C., M.S.M., D.G.H.), General Surgery (W.G.M.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.H.B.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics (A.F.M., D.J.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (G.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); Divison of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (R.R.N., C.M.W.); Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland (T.P.M., A.M.K., A.K., T.J.G.); Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland (A.M.K., A.P., A.J.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (T.J.G.)
| | - Tomasz P Mikolajczyk
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (H.A.I., W.G.M., M.A.S., A.E.N., W.C., M.S.M., D.G.H.), General Surgery (W.G.M.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.H.B.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics (A.F.M., D.J.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (G.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); Divison of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (R.R.N., C.M.W.); Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland (T.P.M., A.M.K., A.K., T.J.G.); Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland (A.M.K., A.P., A.J.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (T.J.G.)
| | - Anna M Kaszuba
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (H.A.I., W.G.M., M.A.S., A.E.N., W.C., M.S.M., D.G.H.), General Surgery (W.G.M.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.H.B.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics (A.F.M., D.J.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (G.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); Divison of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (R.R.N., C.M.W.); Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland (T.P.M., A.M.K., A.K., T.J.G.); Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland (A.M.K., A.P., A.J.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (T.J.G.)
| | - Anna Konior
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (H.A.I., W.G.M., M.A.S., A.E.N., W.C., M.S.M., D.G.H.), General Surgery (W.G.M.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.H.B.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics (A.F.M., D.J.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (G.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); Divison of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (R.R.N., C.M.W.); Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland (T.P.M., A.M.K., A.K., T.J.G.); Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland (A.M.K., A.P., A.J.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (T.J.G.)
| | - Aleksander Prejbisz
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (H.A.I., W.G.M., M.A.S., A.E.N., W.C., M.S.M., D.G.H.), General Surgery (W.G.M.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.H.B.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics (A.F.M., D.J.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (G.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); Divison of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (R.R.N., C.M.W.); Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland (T.P.M., A.M.K., A.K., T.J.G.); Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland (A.M.K., A.P., A.J.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (T.J.G.)
| | - Andrzej Januszewicz
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (H.A.I., W.G.M., M.A.S., A.E.N., W.C., M.S.M., D.G.H.), General Surgery (W.G.M.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.H.B.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics (A.F.M., D.J.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (G.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); Divison of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (R.R.N., C.M.W.); Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland (T.P.M., A.M.K., A.K., T.J.G.); Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland (A.M.K., A.P., A.J.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (T.J.G.)
| | - Allison E Norlander
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (H.A.I., W.G.M., M.A.S., A.E.N., W.C., M.S.M., D.G.H.), General Surgery (W.G.M.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.H.B.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics (A.F.M., D.J.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (G.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); Divison of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (R.R.N., C.M.W.); Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland (T.P.M., A.M.K., A.K., T.J.G.); Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland (A.M.K., A.P., A.J.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (T.J.G.)
| | - Wei Chen
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (H.A.I., W.G.M., M.A.S., A.E.N., W.C., M.S.M., D.G.H.), General Surgery (W.G.M.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.H.B.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics (A.F.M., D.J.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (G.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); Divison of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (R.R.N., C.M.W.); Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland (T.P.M., A.M.K., A.K., T.J.G.); Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland (A.M.K., A.P., A.J.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (T.J.G.)
| | - Rachel H Bonami
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (H.A.I., W.G.M., M.A.S., A.E.N., W.C., M.S.M., D.G.H.), General Surgery (W.G.M.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.H.B.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics (A.F.M., D.J.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (G.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); Divison of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (R.R.N., C.M.W.); Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland (T.P.M., A.M.K., A.K., T.J.G.); Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland (A.M.K., A.P., A.J.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (T.J.G.)
| | - Andrew F Marshall
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (H.A.I., W.G.M., M.A.S., A.E.N., W.C., M.S.M., D.G.H.), General Surgery (W.G.M.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.H.B.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics (A.F.M., D.J.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (G.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); Divison of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (R.R.N., C.M.W.); Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland (T.P.M., A.M.K., A.K., T.J.G.); Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland (A.M.K., A.P., A.J.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (T.J.G.)
| | - Greg Poffenberger
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (H.A.I., W.G.M., M.A.S., A.E.N., W.C., M.S.M., D.G.H.), General Surgery (W.G.M.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.H.B.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics (A.F.M., D.J.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (G.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); Divison of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (R.R.N., C.M.W.); Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland (T.P.M., A.M.K., A.K., T.J.G.); Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland (A.M.K., A.P., A.J.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (T.J.G.)
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (H.A.I., W.G.M., M.A.S., A.E.N., W.C., M.S.M., D.G.H.), General Surgery (W.G.M.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.H.B.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics (A.F.M., D.J.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (G.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); Divison of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (R.R.N., C.M.W.); Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland (T.P.M., A.M.K., A.K., T.J.G.); Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland (A.M.K., A.P., A.J.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (T.J.G.)
| | - Meena S Madhur
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (H.A.I., W.G.M., M.A.S., A.E.N., W.C., M.S.M., D.G.H.), General Surgery (W.G.M.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.H.B.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics (A.F.M., D.J.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (G.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); Divison of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (R.R.N., C.M.W.); Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland (T.P.M., A.M.K., A.K., T.J.G.); Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland (A.M.K., A.P., A.J.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (T.J.G.)
| | - Daniel J Moore
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (H.A.I., W.G.M., M.A.S., A.E.N., W.C., M.S.M., D.G.H.), General Surgery (W.G.M.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.H.B.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics (A.F.M., D.J.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (G.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); Divison of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (R.R.N., C.M.W.); Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland (T.P.M., A.M.K., A.K., T.J.G.); Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland (A.M.K., A.P., A.J.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (T.J.G.)
| | - David G Harrison
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (H.A.I., W.G.M., M.A.S., A.E.N., W.C., M.S.M., D.G.H.), General Surgery (W.G.M.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.H.B.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics (A.F.M., D.J.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (G.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); Divison of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (R.R.N., C.M.W.); Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland (T.P.M., A.M.K., A.K., T.J.G.); Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland (A.M.K., A.P., A.J.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (T.J.G.).
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (H.A.I., W.G.M., M.A.S., A.E.N., W.C., M.S.M., D.G.H.), General Surgery (W.G.M.), Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.H.B.), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics (A.F.M., D.J.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (G.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); Divison of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (R.R.N., C.M.W.); Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland (T.P.M., A.M.K., A.K., T.J.G.); Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland (A.M.K., A.P., A.J.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (T.J.G.)
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