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Kelam J, Kelam N, Filipović N, Komić L, Racetin A, Komić D, Kostić S, Kuzmić Prusac I, Vukojević K. Expression of Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT) Candidate Genes EDA2R, PCDH9, and TRAF7 in Normal Human Kidney Development and CAKUT. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:702. [PMID: 38927638 PMCID: PMC11203332 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Approximately half of the cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in childhood are caused by congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Specific genes were identified as having significant importance in regard to the underlying genetic factors responsible for the CAKUT phenotype, and in our research, we focused on analyzing and comparing the expression levels of ectodysplasin A2 receptor (EDA2R), protocadherin9 (PCDH9), and TNF receptor-associated factor 7 (TRAF7) proteins in the cortex and medulla of healthy control kidneys during developmental phases 2, 3, and 4. We also performed an analysis of the area percentages of the mentioned proteins in the cortical and medullary sections of healthy embryonic and fetal kidneys compared to those affected by CAKUT, including duplex kidneys (DK), horseshoe kidneys (HK), hypoplastic kidneys (HYP), and dysplastic kidneys (DYS). We found that the CAKUT candidate gene proteins EDA2R, PCDH9, and TRAF7 are all expressed during normal human kidney development stages. In DYS, the expression of EDA2R was higher than in normal kidneys, likely due to EDA2R's role in apoptosis, which was upregulated in specific cases and could possibly contribute to the formation of DYS. The expression of PCDH9 was lower in HK, which can be attributed to the possible role of PCDH9 in cell migration suppression. Decreased PCDH9 expression is linked to increased cell migration, potentially contributing to the development of HK. The level of TRAF7 expression was reduced in all examined kidney disorders compared to normal kidneys, suggesting that this reduction might be attributed to the crucial role of TRAF7 in the formation of endothelium and ciliogenesis, both of which are essential for normal kidney development. Further research is required to ascertain the function of these proteins in both the typical development of the kidney and in CAKUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kelam
- Department of Family Medicine, Split-Dalmatia County Health Center, 21000 Split, Croatia; (J.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Nela Kelam
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (N.K.); (N.F.); (A.R.); (D.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Natalija Filipović
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (N.K.); (N.F.); (A.R.); (D.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Luka Komić
- Department of Family Medicine, Split-Dalmatia County Health Center, 21000 Split, Croatia; (J.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Anita Racetin
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (N.K.); (N.F.); (A.R.); (D.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Dora Komić
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (N.K.); (N.F.); (A.R.); (D.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Sandra Kostić
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (N.K.); (N.F.); (A.R.); (D.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Ivana Kuzmić Prusac
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Center Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Katarina Vukojević
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (N.K.); (N.F.); (A.R.); (D.K.); (S.K.)
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
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2
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Groh AC, Möller-Kerutt A, Gilhaus K, Höffken V, Nedvetsky P, Kleimann S, Behrens M, Ghosh S, Hansen U, Krahn MP, Ebnet K, Pavenstädt H, Ludwig A, Weide T. PALS1 is a key regulator of the lateral distribution of tight junction proteins in renal epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261303. [PMID: 38265145 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved apical Crumbs (CRB) complex, consisting of the core components CRB3a (an isoform of CRB3), PALS1 and PATJ, plays a key role in epithelial cell-cell contact formation and cell polarization. Recently, we observed that deletion of one Pals1 allele in mice results in functional haploinsufficiency characterized by renal cysts. Here, to address the role of PALS1 at the cellular level, we generated CRISPR/Cas9-mediated PALS1-knockout MDCKII cell lines. The loss of PALS1 resulted in increased paracellular permeability, indicating an epithelial barrier defect. This defect was associated with a redistribution of several tight junction-associated proteins from bicellular to tricellular contacts. PALS1-dependent localization of tight junction proteins at bicellular junctions required its interaction with PATJ. Importantly, reestablishment of the tight junction belt upon transient F-actin depolymerization or upon Ca2+ removal was strongly delayed in PALS1-deficient cells. Additionally, the cytoskeleton regulator RhoA was redistributed from junctions into the cytosol under PALS1 knockout. Together, our data uncover a critical role of PALS1 in the coupling of tight junction proteins to the F-actin cytoskeleton, which ensures their correct distribution along bicellular junctions and the formation of tight epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Groh
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Annika Möller-Kerutt
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kevin Gilhaus
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Verena Höffken
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Pavel Nedvetsky
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Medical Cell Biology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Simon Kleimann
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Malina Behrens
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sujasha Ghosh
- School of Biological Sciences and NTU Institute of Structural Biology (NISB), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Uwe Hansen
- University Hospital of Münster, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine (IMM), Head Core Facility Electron Microscopy, Domagkstraße 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael P Krahn
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Medical Cell Biology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Straße 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences and NTU Institute of Structural Biology (NISB), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Thomas Weide
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
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3
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Cheng T, Agwu C, Shim K, Wang B, Jain S, Mahjoub MR. Aberrant centrosome biogenesis disrupts nephron and collecting duct progenitor growth and fate resulting in fibrocystic kidney disease. Development 2023; 150:dev201976. [PMID: 37982452 PMCID: PMC10753588 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Mutations that disrupt centrosome biogenesis or function cause congenital kidney developmental defects and fibrocystic pathologies. Yet how centrosome dysfunction results in the kidney disease phenotypes remains unknown. Here, we examined the consequences of conditional knockout of the ciliopathy gene Cep120, essential for centrosome duplication, in the nephron and collecting duct progenitor niches of the mouse embryonic kidney. Cep120 loss led to reduced abundance of both cap mesenchyme and ureteric bud populations, due to a combination of delayed mitosis, increased apoptosis and premature differentiation of progenitor cells. These defects resulted in dysplastic kidneys at birth, which rapidly formed cysts, displayed increased interstitial fibrosis and decline in kidney function. RNA sequencing of embryonic and postnatal kidneys from Cep120-null mice identified changes in the pathways essential for development, fibrosis and cystogenesis. Our study defines the cellular and developmental defects caused by centrosome dysfunction during kidney morphogenesis and identifies new therapeutic targets for patients with renal centrosomopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chidera Agwu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kyuhwan Shim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Baolin Wang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Moe R. Mahjoub
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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4
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Oh A, Pardo M, Rodriguez A, Yu C, Nguyen L, Liang O, Chorzalska A, Dubielecka PM. NF-κB signaling in neoplastic transition from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:291. [PMID: 37853467 PMCID: PMC10585759 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01207-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB transcription factors are critical regulators of innate and adaptive immunity and major mediators of inflammatory signaling. The NF-κB signaling is dysregulated in a significant number of cancers and drives malignant transformation through maintenance of constitutive pro-survival signaling and downregulation of apoptosis. Overactive NF-κB signaling results in overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and/or growth factors leading to accumulation of proliferative signals together with activation of innate and select adaptive immune cells. This state of chronic inflammation is now thought to be linked to induction of malignant transformation, angiogenesis, metastasis, subversion of adaptive immunity, and therapy resistance. Moreover, accumulating evidence indicates the involvement of NF-κB signaling in induction and maintenance of invasive phenotypes linked to epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. In this review we summarize reported links of NF-κB signaling to sequential steps of transition from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotypes. Understanding the involvement of NF-κB in EMT regulation may contribute to formulating optimized therapeutic strategies in cancer. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Oh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, One Hoppin St., Coro West, Suite 5.01, RI, 02903, Providence, USA
| | - Makayla Pardo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, One Hoppin St., Coro West, Suite 5.01, RI, 02903, Providence, USA
| | - Anaelena Rodriguez
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, One Hoppin St., Coro West, Suite 5.01, RI, 02903, Providence, USA
| | - Connie Yu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, One Hoppin St., Coro West, Suite 5.01, RI, 02903, Providence, USA
| | - Lisa Nguyen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, One Hoppin St., Coro West, Suite 5.01, RI, 02903, Providence, USA
| | - Olin Liang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, One Hoppin St., Coro West, Suite 5.01, RI, 02903, Providence, USA
| | - Anna Chorzalska
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, One Hoppin St., Coro West, Suite 5.01, RI, 02903, Providence, USA
| | - Patrycja M Dubielecka
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, One Hoppin St., Coro West, Suite 5.01, RI, 02903, Providence, USA.
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5
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Lorentzen EM, Henriksen S, Rinaldo CH. Modelling BK Polyomavirus dissemination and cytopathology using polarized human renal tubule epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011622. [PMID: 37639485 PMCID: PMC10491296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Most humans have a lifelong imperceptible BK Polyomavirus (BKPyV) infection in epithelial cells lining the reno-urinary tract. In kidney transplant recipients, unrestricted high-level replication of donor-derived BKPyV in the allograft underlies polyomavirus-associated nephropathy, a condition with massive epithelial cell loss and inflammation causing premature allograft failure. There is limited understanding on how BKPyV disseminates throughout the reno-urinary tract and sometimes causes kidney damage. Tubule epithelial cells are tightly connected and have unique apical and basolateral membrane domains with highly specialized functions but all in vitro BKPyV studies have been performed in non-polarized cells. We therefore generated a polarized cell model of primary renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTECs) and characterized BKPyV entry and release. After 8 days on permeable inserts, RPTECs demonstrated apico-basal polarity. BKPyV entry was most efficient via the apical membrane, that in vivo faces the tubular lumen, and depended on sialic acids. Progeny release started between 48 and 58 hours post-infection (hpi), and was exclusively detected in the apical compartment. From 72 hpi, cell lysis and detachment gradually increased but cells were mainly shed by extrusion and the barrier function was therefore maintained. The decoy-like cells were BKPyV infected and could transmit BKPyV to uninfected cells. By 120 hpi, the epithelial barrier was disrupted by severe cytopathic effects, and BKPyV entered the basolateral compartment mimicking the interstitial space. Addition of BKPyV-specific neutralizing antibodies to this compartment inhibited new infections. Taken together, we propose that during in vivo low-level BKPyV replication, BKPyV disseminates inside the tubular system, thereby causing minimal damage and delaying immune detection. However, in kidney transplant recipients lacking a well-functioning immune system, replication in the allograft will progress and eventually cause denudation of the basement membrane, leading to an increased number of decoy cells, high-level BKPyV-DNAuria and DNAemia, the latter a marker of allograft damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Myrvoll Lorentzen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stian Henriksen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christine Hanssen Rinaldo
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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6
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Stewart BZ, Mamonova T, Sneddon WB, Javorsky A, Yang Y, Wang B, Nolin TD, Humbert PO, Friedman PA, Kvansakul M. Scribble scrambles parathyroid hormone receptor interactions to regulate phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220851120. [PMID: 37252981 PMCID: PMC10266016 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220851120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors, including PTHR, are pivotal for controlling metabolic processes ranging from serum phosphate and vitamin D levels to glucose uptake, and cytoplasmic interactors may modulate their signaling, trafficking, and function. We now show that direct interaction with Scribble, a cell polarity-regulating adaptor protein, modulates PTHR activity. Scribble is a crucial regulator for establishing and developing tissue architecture, and its dysregulation is involved in various disease conditions, including tumor expansion and viral infections. Scribble co-localizes with PTHR at basal and lateral surfaces in polarized cells. Using X-ray crystallography, we show that colocalization is mediated by engaging a short sequence motif at the PTHR C-terminus using Scribble PDZ1 and PDZ3 domain, with binding affinities of 31.7 and 13.4 μM, respectively. Since PTHR controls metabolic functions by actions on renal proximal tubules, we engineered mice to selectively knockout Scribble in proximal tubules. The loss of Scribble impacted serum phosphate and vitamin D levels and caused significant plasma phosphate elevation and increased aggregate vitamin D3 levels, whereas blood glucose levels remained unchanged. Collectively these results identify Scribble as a vital regulator of PTHR-mediated signaling and function. Our findings reveal an unexpected link between renal metabolism and cell polarity signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Z. Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC3086, Australia
| | - Tatyana Mamonova
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15261
| | - W. Bruce Sneddon
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15261
| | - Airah Javorsky
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC3086, Australia
| | - Yanmei Yang
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15261
| | - Bin Wang
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15261
| | - Thomas D. Nolin
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15216
- Department of Medicine Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15216
| | - Patrick O. Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Peter A. Friedman
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15261
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC3086, Australia
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7
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Cheng T, Agwu C, Shim K, Wang B, Jain S, Mahjoub MR. Aberrant centrosome biogenesis disrupts nephron progenitor cell renewal and fate resulting in fibrocystic kidney disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.04.535568. [PMID: 37066373 PMCID: PMC10104032 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.04.535568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutations that disrupt centrosome structure or function cause congenital kidney developmental defects and fibrocystic pathologies. Yet, it remains unclear how mutations in proteins essential for centrosome biogenesis impact embryonic kidney development. Here, we examined the consequences of conditional deletion of a ciliopathy gene, Cep120 , in the two nephron progenitor niches of the embryonic kidney. Cep120 loss led to reduced abundance of both metanephric mesenchyme and ureteric bud progenitor populations. This was due to a combination of delayed mitosis, increased apoptosis, and premature differentiation of progenitor cells. These defects resulted in dysplastic kidneys at birth, which rapidly formed cysts, displayed increased interstitial fibrosis, and decline in filtration function. RNA sequencing of embryonic and postnatal kidneys from Cep120-null mice identified changes in pathways essential for branching morphogenesis, cystogenesis and fibrosis. Our study defines the cellular and developmental defects caused by centrosome dysfunction during kidney development, and identifies new therapeutic targets for renal centrosomopathies. Highlights Defective centrosome biogenesis in nephron progenitors causes:Reduced abundance of metanephric mesenchyme and premature differentiation into tubular structuresAbnormal branching morphogenesis leading to reduced nephron endowment and smaller kidneysChanges in cell-autonomous and paracrine signaling that drive cystogenesis and fibrosisUnique cellular and developmental defects when compared to Pkd1 knockout models.
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8
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Niu H, Bi F, Zhao W, Xu Y, Han Q, Guo W, Chen Y. Smurf1 regulates ameloblast polarization by ubiquitination-mediated degradation of RhoA. Cell Prolif 2022; 56:e13387. [PMID: 36579844 PMCID: PMC10068949 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is essential for ameloblast differentiation and enamel formation. Smurf1 can mediate cell polarization through ubiquitination degradation of specific substrates. But it remains unclear whether Smurf1 could regulate ameloblast polarity and the underlying mechanism. Here, immuno-fluorescence staining and RT-qPCR were applied to detect the expression of Smurf1 and F-actin. A mouse lower incisor defect model was constructed. Scanning electron microscope, rat lower incisor culture, western blot, wound healing assay and trans-well migration assay were performed to detect the influence of Smurf1 knockdown on ameloblast. IF double staining, western blot and co-immunoprecipitation were conducted to detect the interaction between Smurf1 and RhoA. The in vivo experiment was also performed. We found that Smurf1 was mainly expressed in the membrane and cell cortex of ameloblast, similar to F-actin. Smurf1 expression increased along ameloblast polarization and differentiation. After knocking down Smurf1, the cytoskeleton and cell morphology changed and the cell polarity was damaged. Smurf1 regulated ameloblast polarity through ubiquitination degradation of activated RhoA in vitro. Local knockdown of Smurf1 in rat lower incisor ameloblast resulted in ameloblast polarity loss, enamel matrix secretion disorder and chalky enamel, but RhoA inhibitor Y-27632 could reverse this effect. Collectively, Smurf1 could regulate the polarization of ameloblast through ubiquitination degradation of activated RhoA, which contributed to the knowledge of tooth development and provided new research ideas for cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoman Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Oral Pathology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fei Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Oral Pathology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuchan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Oral Pathology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weihua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Oral Pathology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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9
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Kim KP, Williams CE, Lemmon CA. Cell-Matrix Interactions in Renal Fibrosis. KIDNEY AND DIALYSIS 2022; 2:607-624. [PMID: 37033194 PMCID: PMC10081509 DOI: 10.3390/kidneydial2040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a hallmark of end-stage chronic kidney disease. It is characterized by increased accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), which disrupts cellular organization and function within the kidney. Here, we review the bi-directional interactions between cells and the ECM that drive renal fibrosis. We will discuss the cells involved in renal fibrosis, changes that occur in the ECM, the interactions between renal cells and the surrounding fibrotic microenvironment, and signal transduction pathways that are misregulated as fibrosis proceeds. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of cell-ECM crosstalk will identify novel targets to better identify and treat renal fibrosis and associated renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin P. Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Caitlin E. Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Christopher A. Lemmon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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10
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Meng Z, Liu Y, Zhou J, Zheng B, Lv J. Drug transport across the blood-testis barrier. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:6412-6423. [PMID: 36247247 PMCID: PMC9556450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The blood-testis barrier transfers nutrients to spermatogenic tubules to ensure the normal physiological function of the testes. It also restricts the "entry and exit" of biological macromolecules in the testicular lumen and provides a unique microenvironment for spermatogenesis. This makes the testes a safe place for some viruses and tumors, as immune factors cannot function and drugs fail to reach therapeutic concentrations in the testes. This review aimed to describe the factors regulating the structure and physiological function of the blood-testis barrier. By understanding therapeutic mechanisms of action, drugs can be developed to function in the testicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Meng
- Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital (Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University)Suzhou 215124, China
| | - Yawei Liu
- Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital (Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University)Suzhou 215124, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital (Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University)Suzhou 215124, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical UniversitySuzhou 215002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 211166, China
| | - Jinxing Lv
- Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital (Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University)Suzhou 215124, China
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11
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Excoffon KJDA, Avila CL, Alghamri MS, Kolawole AO. The magic of MAGI-1: A scaffolding protein with multi signalosomes and functional plasticity. Biol Cell 2022; 114:185-198. [PMID: 35389514 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MAGI-1 is a critical cellular scaffolding protein with over 110 different cellular and microbial protein interactors. Since the discovery of MAGI-1 in 1997, MAGI-1 has been implicated in diverse cellular functions such as polarity, cell-cell communication, neurological processes, kidney function, and a host of diseases including cancer and microbial infection. Additionally, MAGI-1 has undergone nomenclature changes in response to the discovery of an additional PDZ domain, leading to lack of continuity in the literature. We address the nomenclature of MAGI-1 as well as summarize many of the critical functions of the known interactions. Given the importance of many of the interactors, such as human papillomavirus E6, the Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), and PTEN, the enhancement or disruption of MAGI-based interactions has the potential to affect cellular functions that can potentially be harnessed as a therapeutic strategy for a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina L Avila
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Mahmoud S Alghamri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Abimbola O Kolawole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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12
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Berghaus C, Groh AC, Breljak D, Ciarimboli G, Sabolić I, Pavenstädt H, Weide T. Impact of Pals1 on Expression and Localization of Transporters Belonging to the Solute Carrier Family. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:792829. [PMID: 35252349 PMCID: PMC8888964 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.792829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pals1 is part of the evolutionary conserved Crumbs polarity complex and plays a key role in two processes, the formation of apicobasal polarity and the establishment of cell-cell contacts. In the human kidney, up to 1.5 million nephrons control blood filtration, as well as resorption and recycling of inorganic and organic ions, sugars, amino acids, peptides, vitamins, water and further metabolites of endogenous and exogenous origin. All nephron segments consist of polarized cells and express high levels of Pals1. Mice that are functionally haploid for Pals1 develop a lethal phenotype, accompanied by heavy proteinuria and the formation of renal cysts. However, on a cellular level, it is still unclear if reduced cell polarization, incomplete cell-cell contact formation, or an altered Pals1-dependent gene expression accounts for the renal phenotype. To address this, we analyzed the transcriptomes of Pals1-haploinsufficient kidneys and the littermate controls by gene set enrichment analysis. Our data elucidated a direct correlation between TGFβ pathway activation and the downregulation of more than 100 members of the solute carrier (SLC) gene family. Surprisingly, Pals1-depleted nephrons keep the SLC's segment-specific expression and subcellular distribution, demonstrating that the phenotype is not mainly due to dysfunctional apicobasal cell polarization of renal epithelia. Our data may provide first hints that SLCs may act as modulating factors for renal cyst formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Berghaus
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Münster, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Groh
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Münster, Germany
| | - Davorka Breljak
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Giuliano Ciarimboli
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Münster, Germany
| | - Ivan Sabolić
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Weide
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Münster, Germany
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13
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Alubaidi G, Hasan S. Stem cells: Biology, types, polarity, and asymmetric cell division: A review. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF BABYLON 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/mjbl.mjbl_34_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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14
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Santorelli L, Stella M, Chinello C, Capitoli G, Piga I, Smith A, Grasso A, Grasso M, Bovo G, Magni F. Does the Urinary Proteome Reflect ccRCC Stage and Grade Progression? Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:2369. [PMID: 34943605 PMCID: PMC8700730 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due its ability to provide a global snapshot of kidney physiology, urine has emerged as a highly promising, non-invasive source in the search for new molecular indicators of disease diagnosis, prognosis, and surveillance. In particular, proteomics represents an ideal strategy for the identification of urinary protein markers; thus, a urinomic approach could also represent a powerful tool in the investigation of the most common kidney cancer, which is clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC). Currently, these tumors are classified after surgical removal using the TNM and nuclear grading systems and prognosis is usually predicted based upon staging. However, the aggressiveness and clinical outcomes of ccRCC remain heterogeneous within each stratified group, highlighting the need for novel molecular indicators that can predict the progression of these tumors. In our study, we explored the association between the urinary proteome and the ccRCC staging and grading classification. The urine proteome of 44 ccRCC patients with lesions of varying severity was analyzed via label-free proteomics. MS data revealed several proteins with altered abundance according to clinicopathological stratification. Specifically, we determined a panel of dysregulated proteins strictly related to stage and grade, suggesting the potential utility of MS-based urinomics as a complementary tool in the staging process of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Santorelli
- Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano—Bicocca, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy; (L.S.); (M.S.); (C.C.); (I.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Martina Stella
- Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano—Bicocca, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy; (L.S.); (M.S.); (C.C.); (I.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Clizia Chinello
- Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano—Bicocca, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy; (L.S.); (M.S.); (C.C.); (I.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Giulia Capitoli
- Centre of Biostatistics for Clinical Epidemiology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano—Bicocca, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy;
| | - Isabella Piga
- Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano—Bicocca, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy; (L.S.); (M.S.); (C.C.); (I.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrew Smith
- Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano—Bicocca, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy; (L.S.); (M.S.); (C.C.); (I.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Angelica Grasso
- Urology Unit, S. Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Marco Grasso
- Urology Unit, S. Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Giorgio Bovo
- Pathology Unit, Vimercate Hospital, 20871 Vimercate, Italy;
| | - Fulvio Magni
- Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano—Bicocca, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy; (L.S.); (M.S.); (C.C.); (I.P.); (A.S.)
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15
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Recruitment of Polarity Complexes and Tight Junction Proteins to the Site of Apical Bulk Endocytosis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:59-80. [PMID: 33548596 PMCID: PMC8082271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The molecular motor, Myosin Vb (MYO5B), is well documented for its role in trafficking cargo to the apical membrane of epithelial cells. Despite its involvement in regulating apical proteins, the role of MYO5B in cell polarity is less clear. Inactivating mutations in MYO5B result in microvillus inclusion disease (MVID), a disorder characterized by loss of key apical transporters and the presence of intracellular inclusions in enterocytes. We previously identified that inclusions in Myo5b knockout (KO) mice form from invagination of the apical brush border via apical bulk endocytosis. Herein, we sought to elucidate the role of polarity complexes and tight junction proteins during the formation of inclusions. METHODS Intestinal tissue from neonatal control and Myo5b KO littermates was analyzed by immunofluorescence to determine the localization of polarity complexes and tight junction proteins. RESULTS Proteins that make up the apical polarity complexes-Crumbs3 and Pars complexes-were associated with inclusions in Myo5b KO mice. In addition, tight junction proteins were observed to be concentrated over inclusions that were present at the apical membrane of Myo5b-deficient enterocytes in vivo and in vitro. Our mouse findings are complemented by immunostaining in a large animal swine model of MVID genetically engineered to express a human MVID-associated mutation that shows an accumulation of Claudin-2 over forming inclusions. The findings from our swine model of MVID suggest that a similar mechanism of tight junction accumulation occurs in patients with MVID. CONCLUSIONS These data show that apical bulk endocytosis involves the altered localization of apical polarity proteins and tight junction proteins after loss of Myo5b.
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16
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Wong NA, Saier MH. The SARS-Coronavirus Infection Cycle: A Survey of Viral Membrane Proteins, Their Functional Interactions and Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1308. [PMID: 33525632 PMCID: PMC7865831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel epidemic strain of Betacoronavirus that is responsible for the current viral pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a global health crisis. Other epidemic Betacoronaviruses include the 2003 SARS-CoV-1 and the 2009 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), the genomes of which, particularly that of SARS-CoV-1, are similar to that of the 2019 SARS-CoV-2. In this extensive review, we document the most recent information on Coronavirus proteins, with emphasis on the membrane proteins in the Coronaviridae family. We include information on their structures, functions, and participation in pathogenesis. While the shared proteins among the different coronaviruses may vary in structure and function, they all seem to be multifunctional, a common theme interconnecting these viruses. Many transmembrane proteins encoded within the SARS-CoV-2 genome play important roles in the infection cycle while others have functions yet to be understood. We compare the various structural and nonstructural proteins within the Coronaviridae family to elucidate potential overlaps and parallels in function, focusing primarily on the transmembrane proteins and their influences on host membrane arrangements, secretory pathways, cellular growth inhibition, cell death and immune responses during the viral replication cycle. We also offer bioinformatic analyses of potential viroporin activities of the membrane proteins and their sequence similarities to the Envelope (E) protein. In the last major part of the review, we discuss complement, stimulation of inflammation, and immune evasion/suppression that leads to CoV-derived severe disease and mortality. The overall pathogenesis and disease progression of CoVs is put into perspective by indicating several stages in the resulting infection process in which both host and antiviral therapies could be targeted to block the viral cycle. Lastly, we discuss the development of adaptive immunity against various structural proteins, indicating specific vulnerable regions in the proteins. We discuss current CoV vaccine development approaches with purified proteins, attenuated viruses and DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Milton H. Saier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
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17
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Chytła A, Gajdzik-Nowak W, Olszewska P, Biernatowska A, Sikorski AF, Czogalla A. Not Just Another Scaffolding Protein Family: The Multifaceted MPPs. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25214954. [PMID: 33114686 PMCID: PMC7662862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane palmitoylated proteins (MPPs) are a subfamily of a larger group of multidomain proteins, namely, membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs). The ubiquitous expression and multidomain structure of MPPs provide the ability to form diverse protein complexes at the cell membranes, which are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including establishing the proper cell structure, polarity and cell adhesion. The formation of MPP-dependent complexes in various cell types seems to be based on similar principles, but involves members of different protein groups, such as 4.1-ezrin-radixin-moesin (FERM) domain-containing proteins, polarity proteins or other MAGUKs, showing their multifaceted nature. In this review, we discuss the function of the MPP family in the formation of multiple protein complexes. Notably, we depict their significant role for cell physiology, as the loss of interactions between proteins involved in the complex has a variety of negative consequences. Moreover, based on recent studies concerning the mechanism of membrane raft formation, we shed new light on a possible role played by MPPs in lateral membrane organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Chytła
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.C.); (W.G.-N.); (P.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Weronika Gajdzik-Nowak
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.C.); (W.G.-N.); (P.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Paulina Olszewska
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.C.); (W.G.-N.); (P.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Agnieszka Biernatowska
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.C.); (W.G.-N.); (P.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Aleksander F. Sikorski
- Research and Development Center, Regional Specialist Hospital, Kamieńskiego 73a, 51-154 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksander Czogalla
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.C.); (W.G.-N.); (P.O.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71375-6356
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18
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Meng X, Maurel P, Lam I, Heffernan C, Stiffler MA, McBeath G, Salzer JL. Necl-4/Cadm4 recruits Par-3 to the Schwann cell adaxonal membrane. Glia 2019; 67:884-895. [PMID: 30585357 PMCID: PMC7138615 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between axons and Schwann cells are essential for the acquisition of Schwann cell radial and longitudinal polarity and myelin sheath assembly. In the internode, the largest of these longitudinal domains, axon-Schwann cell interactions are mediated by the Nectin-like (Necl) cell adhesion proteins, also known as SynCAMs or Cadms. In particular, Necl-1/Cadm3 expressed on the axon surface binds to Necl-4/Cadm4 expressed along the adaxonal membrane of myelinating Schwann cells. Necl-4 promotes myelination in vitro and is required for the timely onset of myelination and the fidelity of the organization of the myelin sheath and the internode in vivo. A key question is the identity of the downstream effectors of Necl-4 that mediate its effects. The cytoplasmic terminal region (CTR) of Necl-4 contains a PDZ-domain binding motif. Accordingly, we used the CTR of Necl-4 in an unbiased proteomic screen of PDZ-domain proteins. We identify Par-3, a multi-PDZ domain containing protein of the Par-aPKC polarity complex previously implicated in myelination, as an interacting protein. Necl-4 and Par-3 are colocalized along the inner Schwann cell membrane and coprecipitate from Schwann cell lysates. The CTR of Necl-4 binds to the first PDZ domain of Par-3 thereby recruiting Par-3 to sites of Necl-4/Necl-1 interaction. Knockdown of Necl-4 perturbs Par-3 localization to the inner membrane of Schwann cells in myelinating co-cultures. These findings implicate interactions of Necl-1/Necl-4 in the recruitment of Par-3 to the Schwann cell adaxonal membrane and the establishment of Schwann cell radial polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Meng
- Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neurology,
the Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - Patrice Maurel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, Newark, NJ
07102
| | - Isabel Lam
- Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Corey Heffernan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, Newark, NJ
07102
| | | | - Gavin McBeath
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA 02115
| | - James L. Salzer
- Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neurology,
the Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
- Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neurology,
the Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
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19
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Sivakumar A, Kurpios NA. Transcriptional regulation of cell shape during organ morphogenesis. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2987-3005. [PMID: 30061107 PMCID: PMC6122985 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging field of transcriptional regulation of cell shape changes aims to address the critical question of how gene expression programs produce a change in cell shape. Together with cell growth, division, and death, changes in cell shape are essential for organ morphogenesis. Whereas most studies of cell shape focus on posttranslational events involved in protein organization and distribution, cell shape changes can be genetically programmed. This review highlights the essential role of transcriptional regulation of cell shape during morphogenesis of the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. We emphasize the evolutionary conservation of these processes across different model organisms and discuss perspectives on open questions and research avenues that may provide mechanistic insights toward understanding birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Sivakumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Natasza A Kurpios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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20
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Association of crumbs homolog-2 with mTORC1 in developing podocyte. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202400. [PMID: 30125302 PMCID: PMC6101391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The evidence that gene mutations in the polarity determinant Crumbs homologs-2 (CRB2) cause congenital nephrotic syndrome suggests the functional importance of this gene product in podocyte development. Because another isoform, CRB3, was reported to repress the mechanistic/mammalian target of the rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, we examined the role of CRB2 function in developing podocytes in relation to mTORC1. In HEK-293 and MDCK cells constitutively expressing CRB2, we found that the protein localized to the apicolateral side of the cell plasma membrane and that this plasma membrane assembly required N-glycosylation. Confocal microscopy of the neonate mouse kidney revealed that both the tyrosine-phosphorylated form and non-phosphorylated form of CRB2 commence at the S-shaped body stage at the apicolateral side of podocyte precursor cells and move to foot processes in a capillary tuft pattern. The pattern of phosphorylated mTOR in developing podocytes was similar to that of CRB2 tyrosine phosphorylation. Additionally, the lack of a tyrosine phosphorylation site on CRB2 led to the reduced sensitivity of mTORC1 activation in response to energy starvation. CRB2 may play an important role in the mechanistic pathway of developing podocytes through tyrosine phosphorylation by associating with mTORC1 activation.
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21
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Forbes TA, Howden SE, Lawlor K, Phipson B, Maksimovic J, Hale L, Wilson S, Quinlan C, Ho G, Holman K, Bennetts B, Crawford J, Trnka P, Oshlack A, Patel C, Mallett A, Simons C, Little MH. Patient-iPSC-Derived Kidney Organoids Show Functional Validation of a Ciliopathic Renal Phenotype and Reveal Underlying Pathogenetic Mechanisms. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:816-831. [PMID: 29706353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing diagnostic rate of genomic sequencing, the genetic basis of more than 50% of heritable kidney disease remains unresolved. Kidney organoids differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of individuals affected by inherited renal disease represent a potential, but unvalidated, platform for the functional validation of novel gene variants and investigation of underlying pathogenetic mechanisms. In this study, trio whole-exome sequencing of a prospectively identified nephronophthisis (NPHP) proband and her parents identified compound-heterozygous variants in IFT140, a gene previously associated with NPHP-related ciliopathies. IFT140 plays a key role in retrograde intraflagellar transport, but the precise downstream cellular mechanisms responsible for disease presentation remain unknown. A one-step reprogramming and gene-editing protocol was used to derive both uncorrected proband iPSCs and isogenic gene-corrected iPSCs, which were differentiated to kidney organoids. Proband organoid tubules demonstrated shortened, club-shaped primary cilia, whereas gene correction rescued this phenotype. Differential expression analysis of epithelial cells isolated from organoids suggested downregulation of genes associated with apicobasal polarity, cell-cell junctions, and dynein motor assembly in proband epithelial cells. Matrigel cyst cultures confirmed a polarization defect in proband versus gene-corrected renal epithelium. As such, this study represents a "proof of concept" for using proband-derived iPSCs to model renal disease and illustrates dysfunctional cellular pathways beyond the primary cilium in the setting of IFT140 mutations, which are established for other NPHP genotypes.
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22
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Xu D, Lv J, He L, Fu L, Hu R, Cao Y, Mei C. Scribble influences cyst formation in autosomal‐dominant polycystic kidney disease by regulating Hippo signaling pathway. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701376rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dechao Xu
- Department of NephrologyKidney Institute of the People's Liberation ArmyChangzheng HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiayi Lv
- Department of NephrologyKidney Institute of the People's Liberation ArmyChangzheng HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Liangliang He
- Department of NephrologyKidney Institute of the People's Liberation ArmyChangzheng HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lili Fu
- Department of NephrologyKidney Institute of the People's Liberation ArmyChangzheng HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ruikun Hu
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologySchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongi UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ying Cao
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologySchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongi UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Changlin Mei
- Department of NephrologyKidney Institute of the People's Liberation ArmyChangzheng HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
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23
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Abstract
The Crumbs proteins are evolutionarily conserved apical transmembrane proteins. Drosophila Crumbs was discovered via its crucial role in epithelial polarity during fly embryogenesis. Crumbs proteins have variable extracellular domains but a highly conserved intracellular domain that can bind FERM and PDZ domain proteins. Mammals have three Crumbs genes and this review focuses on Crumbs3, the major Crumbs isoform expressed in mammalian epithelial cells. Although initial work has highlighted the role of Crumbs3 in polarity, more recent studies have found it has an important role in tissue morphogenesis functioning as a linker between the apical membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. In addition, recent publications have linked Crumbs3 to growth control via regulation of the Hippo/Yap pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Margolis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5680
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24
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Polgar N, Fogelgren B. Regulation of Cell Polarity by Exocyst-Mediated Trafficking. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a031401. [PMID: 28264817 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One requirement for establishing polarity within a cell is the asymmetric trafficking of intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane. This tightly regulated process creates spatial and temporal differences in both plasma membrane composition and the membrane-associated proteome. Asymmetric membrane trafficking is also a critical mechanism to regulate cell differentiation, signaling, and physiology. Many eukaryotic cell types use the eight-protein exocyst complex to orchestrate polarized vesicle trafficking to certain membrane locales. Members of the exocyst were originally discovered in yeast while screening for proteins required for the delivery of secretory vesicles to the budding daughter cell. The same eight exocyst genes are conserved in mammals, in which the specifics of exocyst-mediated trafficking are highly cell-type-dependent. Some exocyst members bind to certain Rab GTPases on intracellular vesicles, whereas others localize to the plasma membrane at the site of exocytosis. Assembly of the exocyst holocomplex is responsible for tethering these vesicles to the plasma membrane before their soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-mediated exocytosis. In this review, we will focus on the role and regulation of the exocyst complex in targeted vesicular trafficking as related to the establishment and maintenance of cellular polarity. We will contrast exocyst function in apicobasal epithelial polarity versus front-back mesenchymal polarity, and the dynamic regulation of exocyst-mediated trafficking during cell phenotype transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Polgar
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
| | - Ben Fogelgren
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
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25
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Marziali F, Bugnon Valdano M, Brunet Avalos C, Moriena L, Cavatorta AL, Gardiol D. Interference of HTLV-1 Tax Protein with Cell Polarity Regulators: Defining the Subcellular Localization of the Tax-DLG1 Interaction. Viruses 2017; 9:E355. [PMID: 29168728 PMCID: PMC5744130 DOI: 10.3390/v9120355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-1 Tax (Tax) protein is very important in viral replication and cell transformation. Tax localizes in the nucleus and cytoplasm in association with organelles. Some activities of Tax depend on interactions with PDZ (PSD-95/Discs Large/Z0-1) domain-containing proteins such as Discs large protein 1 (DLG1) which is involved in cell polarity and proliferation. The DLG1 interaction results in a cytoplasmic co-localization pattern resembling vesicular aggregates, the nature of which is still unknown. To further explore the role of PDZ proteins in HTLV-1 cell transformation, we deeply investigated the Tax-DLG1 association. By fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), we detected, for the first time, the direct binding of Tax to DLG1 within the cell. We showed that the interaction specifically affects the cellular distribution of not only DLG1, but also Tax. After studying different cell structures, we demonstrated that the aggregates distribute into the Golgi apparatus in spatial association with the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). This study contributes to understand the biological significance of Tax-PDZ interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Marziali
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Marina Bugnon Valdano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Clarisse Brunet Avalos
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Lucía Moriena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Ana Laura Cavatorta
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Daniela Gardiol
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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26
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Vasileva E, Sluysmans S, Bochaton-Piallat ML, Citi S. Cell-specific diversity in the expression and organization of cytoplasmic plaque proteins of apical junctions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1405:160-176. [PMID: 28617990 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tight and adherens junctions play critical roles in the barrier, adhesion, and signaling functions of epithelial and endothelial cells. How the molecular organization of these junctions is tuned to the widely diverse physiological requirements of each tissue type is not well understood. Here, we address this question by examining the expression, localization, and interactions of major cytoplasmic plaque proteins of tight and adherens junctions in different cultured epithelial and endothelial cell lines. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analyses show that the expression profiles of cingulin, paracingulin, ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3, PLEKHA7, afadin, PDZD11, p120-catenin, and α-catenin, as well as the transmembrane junctional proteins occludin, E-cadherin, and VE-cadherin, are significantly diverse when comparing kidney cells (MDCK, mCCD), keratinocytes (HaCaT), lung carcinoma (A427, A549), and endothelium-derived cells (bEnd.3, meEC, H5V). Proximity ligation and co-immunoprecipitation assays show that PLEKHA7 and PDZD11 are significantly more associated with the tight junction proteins cingulin and ZO-1 in aortic endothelium-derived (meEC) cells but not kidney collecting duct epithelial (mCCD) cells. These results provide evidence that the cytoplasmic plaques of tight and adherens junctions are diverse in their composition and molecular architecture and establish a conceptual framework by which we can rationally address the mechanisms of tissue-dependent junction physiology and signaling by cytoplasmic junctional proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Vasileva
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Sluysmans
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Sandra Citi
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Geneva, Switzerland
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27
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Weide T, Vollenbröker B, Schulze U, Djuric I, Edeling M, Bonse J, Hochapfel F, Panichkina O, Wennmann DO, George B, Kim S, Daniel C, Seggewiß J, Amann K, Kriz W, Krahn MP, Pavenstädt H. Pals1 Haploinsufficiency Results in Proteinuria and Cyst Formation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:2093-2107. [PMID: 28154200 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016040474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The nephron is the basic physiologic subunit of the mammalian kidney and is made up of several apicobasally polarized epithelial cell types. The process of apicobasal polarization in animal cells is controlled by the evolutionarily conserved Crumbs (CRB), Partitioning-defective, and Scribble protein complexes. Here, we investigated the role of protein associated with LIN-7 1 (Pals1, also known as Mpp5), a core component of the apical membrane-determining CRB complex in the nephron. Pals1 interacting proteins, including Crb3 and Wwtr1/Taz, have been linked to renal cyst formation in mice before. Immunohistologic analysis revealed Pals1 expression in renal tubular cells and podocytes of human kidneys. Mice lacking one Pals1 allele (functionally haploid for Pals1) in nephrons developed a fully penetrant phenotype, characterized by cyst formation and severe defects in renal barrier function, which led to death within 6-8 weeks. In Drosophila nephrocytes, deficiency of the Pals1 ortholog caused alterations in slit-diaphragm-like structures. Additional studies in epithelial cell culture models revealed that Pals1 functions as a dose-dependent upstream regulator of the crosstalk between Hippo- and TGF-β-mediated signaling. Furthermore, Pals1 haploinsufficiency in mouse kidneys associated with the upregulation of Hippo pathway target genes and marker genes of TGF-β signaling, including biomarkers of renal diseases. These findings support a link between apical polarity proteins and renal diseases, especially renal cyst diseases. Further investigation of the Pals1-linked networks is required to decipher the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Weide
- Internal Medicine D, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany;
| | | | - Ulf Schulze
- Internal Medicine D, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ivona Djuric
- Internal Medicine D, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Maria Edeling
- Internal Medicine D, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jakob Bonse
- Internal Medicine D, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Florian Hochapfel
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Olga Panichkina
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Britta George
- Internal Medicine D, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Nephropathology Department, Institute of Pathology, Erlangen-Nürnberg University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Seggewiß
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Munster, Germany; and
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Nephropathology Department, Institute of Pathology, Erlangen-Nürnberg University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Kriz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael P Krahn
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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28
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Vasilevska J, De Souza GA, Stensland M, Skrastina D, Zhulenvovs D, Paplausks R, Kurena B, Kozlovska T, Zajakina A. Comparative protein profiling of B16 mouse melanoma cells susceptible and non-susceptible to alphavirus infection: Effect of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:1035-1050. [PMID: 27636533 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1219813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphavirus vectors are promising tools for cancer treatment. However, relevant entry mechanisms and interactions with host cells are still not clearly understood. The first step toward a more effective therapy is the identification of novel intracellular alterations that could be associated with cancer aggressiveness and could affect the therapeutic potential of these vectors. In this study, we observed that alphaviruses efficiently infected B16 mouse melanoma tumors/tumor cells in vivo, whereas their transduction efficiency in B16 cells under in vitro conditions was blocked. Therefore, we further aimed to understand the mechanisms pertaining to the differential transduction efficacy of alphaviruses in B16 tumor cells under varying growth conditions. We hypothesized that the tumor microenvironment might alter gene expression in B16 cells, leading to an up-regulation of the expression of virus-binding receptors or factors associated with virus entry and replication. To test our hypothesis, we performed a proteomics analysis of B16 cells cultured in vitro and of B16 cells isolated from tumors, and we identified 277 differentially regulated proteins. A further in-depth analysis to identify the biological and molecular functions of the detected proteins revealed a set of candidate genes that could affect virus infectivity. Importantly, we observed a decrease in the expression of interferon α (IFN-α) in tumor-isolated cells that resulted in the suppression of several IFN-regulated genes, thereby abrogating host cell antiviral defense. Additionally, differences in the expression of genes that regulate cytoskeletal organization caused significant alterations in cell membrane elasticity. Taken together, our findings demonstrated favorable intracellular conditions for alphavirus transduction/replication that occurred during tumor transformation. These results pave the way for optimizing the development of strategies for the application of alphaviral vectors as a potent cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Vasilevska
- a Department of Protein Engineering , Biomedical Research and Study Center , Riga , Latvia
| | | | - Maria Stensland
- b Department of Immunology , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Dace Skrastina
- a Department of Protein Engineering , Biomedical Research and Study Center , Riga , Latvia
| | - Dmitry Zhulenvovs
- a Department of Protein Engineering , Biomedical Research and Study Center , Riga , Latvia
| | | | - Baiba Kurena
- a Department of Protein Engineering , Biomedical Research and Study Center , Riga , Latvia
| | - Tatjana Kozlovska
- a Department of Protein Engineering , Biomedical Research and Study Center , Riga , Latvia
| | - Anna Zajakina
- a Department of Protein Engineering , Biomedical Research and Study Center , Riga , Latvia
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29
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Gao Y, Lui WY, Lee WM, Cheng CY. Polarity protein Crumbs homolog-3 (CRB3) regulates ectoplasmic specialization dynamics through its action on F-actin organization in Sertoli cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28589. [PMID: 27358069 PMCID: PMC4928075 DOI: 10.1038/srep28589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Crumbs homolog 3 (or Crumbs3, CRB3) is a polarity protein expressed by Sertoli and germ cells at the basal compartment in the seminiferous epithelium. CRB3 also expressed at the blood-testis barrier (BTB), co-localized with F-actin, TJ proteins occludin/ZO-1 and basal ES (ectoplasmic specialization) proteins N-cadherin/β-catenin at stages IV-VII only. The binding partners of CRB3 in the testis were the branched actin polymerization protein Arp3, and the barbed end-capping and bundling protein Eps8, illustrating its possible role in actin organization. CRB3 knockdown (KD) by RNAi in Sertoli cells with an established tight junction (TJ)-permeability barrier perturbed the TJ-barrier via changes in the distribution of TJ- and basal ES-proteins at the cell-cell interface. These changes were the result of CRB3 KD-induced re-organization of actin microfilaments, in which actin microfilaments were truncated, and extensively branched, thereby destabilizing F-actin-based adhesion protein complexes at the BTB. Using Polyplus in vivo-jetPEI as a transfection medium with high efficiency for CRB3 KD in the testis, the CRB3 KD testes displayed defects in spermatid and phagosome transport, and also spermatid polarity due to a disruption of F-actin organization. In summary, CRB3 is an actin microfilament regulator, playing a pivotal role in organizing actin filament bundles at the ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, 10065, New York, USA
| | - Wing-Yee Lui
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Will M Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, 10065, New York, USA
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30
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Forteza R, Figueroa Y, Mashukova A, Dulam V, Salas PJ. Conditional knockout of polarity complex (atypical) PKCι reveals an anti-inflammatory function mediated by NF-κB. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2186-97. [PMID: 27226486 PMCID: PMC4945138 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-02-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical PKC, Par6, and Par3 constitute a conserved complex signaling cell asymmetry. In contrast to its role in other tissues, atypical PKC inhibits NF-κB activation in epithelia and may function in maintaining low levels of inflammation in addition to establishing apicobasal polarity. The conserved proteins of the polarity complex made up of atypical PKC (aPKC, isoforms ι and ζ), Par6, and Par3 determine asymmetry in several cell types, from Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes to vertebrate epithelia and neurons. We previously showed that aPKC is down-regulated in intestinal epithelia under inflammatory stimulation. Further, expression of constitutively active PKCι decreases NF-κB activity in an epithelial cell line, the opposite of the effect reported in other cells. Here we tested the hypothesis that aPKC has a dual function in epithelia, inhibiting the NF-κB pathway in addition to having a role in apicobasal polarity. We achieved full aPKC down-regulation in small intestine villi and colon surface epithelium using a conditional epithelium-specific knockout mouse. The results show that aPKC is dispensable for polarity after cell differentiation, except for known targets, including ROCK and ezrin, claudin-4 expression, and barrier permeability. The aPKC defect resulted in increased NF-κB activity, which could be rescued by IKK and ROCK inhibitors. It also increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast, expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10 decreased. We conclude that epithelial aPKC acts upstream of multiple mechanisms that participate in the inflammatory response in the intestine, including, but not restricted to, NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radia Forteza
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Yolanda Figueroa
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Anastasia Mashukova
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 Department of Physiology, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314
| | - Vipin Dulam
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Pedro J Salas
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
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31
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Salas PJ, Forteza R, Mashukova A. Multiple roles for keratin intermediate filaments in the regulation of epithelial barrier function and apico-basal polarity. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1178368. [PMID: 27583190 PMCID: PMC4993576 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1178368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As multicellular organisms evolved a family of cytoskeletal proteins, the keratins (types I and II) expressed in epithelial cells diversified in more than 20 genes in vertebrates. There is no question that keratin filaments confer mechanical stiffness to cells. However, such a number of genes can hardly be explained by evolutionary advantages in mechanical features. The use of transgenic mouse models has revealed unexpected functional relationships between keratin intermediate filaments and intracellular signaling. Accordingly, loss of keratins or mutations in keratins that cause or predispose to human diseases, result in increased sensitivity to apoptosis, regulation of innate immunity, permeabilization of tight junctions, and mistargeting of apical proteins in different epithelia. Precise mechanistic explanations for these phenomena are still lacking. However, immobilization of membrane or cytoplasmic proteins, including chaperones, on intermediate filaments (“scaffolding”) appear as common molecular mechanisms and may explain the need for so many different keratin genes in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Salas
- Department of Cell Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, FL, USA
| | - Radia Forteza
- Department of Cell Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anastasia Mashukova
- Department of Cell Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Physiology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
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32
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Koehler S, Tellkamp F, Niessen CM, Bloch W, Kerjaschki D, Schermer B, Benzing T, Brinkkoetter PT. Par3A is dispensable for the function of the glomerular filtration barrier of the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F112-9. [PMID: 27122542 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00171.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarity signaling through the atypical PKC (aPKC)-Par polarity complex is essential for the development and maintenance of the podocyte architecture and the function of the glomerular filtration barrier of the kidney. To study the contribution of Par3A in this complex, we generated a novel Pard3 podocyte-specific knockout mouse model by targeting exon 6 of the Pard3 gene. Genetic deletion of Pard3a did not impair renal function, neither at birth nor later in life. Even challenging the animals did not result in glomerular disease. Despite its well-established role in aPKC-mediated signaling, Par3A appears to be dispensable for the function of the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, its homolog Pard3b, and not Pard3a, is the dominant Par3 gene expressed in podocytes and found at the basis of the slit diaphragm, where it partially colocalizes with podocin. In conclusion, Par3A function is either dispensable for slit diaphragm integrity, or compensatory mechanisms and a high redundancy of the different polarity proteins, including Par3B, Lgl, or PALS1, maintain the function of the glomerular filtration barrier, even in the absence of Par3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Koehler
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frederik Tellkamp
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carien M Niessen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany, and
| | - Dontscho Kerjaschki
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul T Brinkkoetter
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany;
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Worzfeld T, Schwaninger M. Apicobasal polarity of brain endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:340-62. [PMID: 26661193 PMCID: PMC4759676 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15608644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Normal brain homeostasis depends on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier that controls the access of nutrients, humoral factors, and immune cells to the CNS. The blood-brain barrier is composed mainly of brain endothelial cells. Forming the interface between two compartments, they are highly polarized. Apical/luminal and basolateral/abluminal membranes differ in their lipid and (glyco-)protein composition, allowing brain endothelial cells to secrete or transport soluble factors in a polarized manner and to maintain blood flow. Here, we summarize the basic concepts of apicobasal cell polarity in brain endothelial cells. To address potential molecular mechanisms underlying apicobasal polarity in brain endothelial cells, we draw on investigations in epithelial cells and discuss how polarity may go awry in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Worzfeld
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research, DZHK, Lübeck, Germany
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34
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Park JY, Hughes LJ, Moon UY, Park R, Kim SB, Tran K, Lee JS, Cho SH, Kim S. The apical complex protein Pals1 is required to maintain cerebellar progenitor cells in a proliferative state. Development 2015; 143:133-46. [PMID: 26657772 DOI: 10.1242/dev.124180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Through their biased localization and function within the cell, polarity complex proteins are necessary to establish the cellular asymmetry required for tissue organization. Well-characterized germinal zones, mitogenic signals and cell types make the cerebellum an excellent model for addressing the crucial function of polarity complex proteins in the generation and organization of neural tissues. Deletion of the apical polarity complex protein Pals1 in the developing cerebellum results in a remarkably undersized cerebellum with disrupted layers in poorly formed folia and strikingly reduced granule cell production. We demonstrate that Pals1 is not only essential for cerebellum organogenesis, but also for preventing premature differentiation and thus maintaining progenitor pools in cerebellar germinal zones, including cerebellar granule neuron precursors in the external granule layer. In the Pals1 mouse mutants, the expression of genes that regulate the cell cycle was diminished, correlating with the loss of the proliferating cell population of germinal zones. Furthermore, enhanced Shh signaling through activated Smo cannot overcome impaired cerebellar cell generation, arguing for an epistatic role of Pals1 in proliferation capacity. Our study identifies Pals1 as a novel intrinsic factor that regulates the generation of cerebellar cells and Pals1 deficiency as a potential inhibitor of overactive mitogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Park
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Lucinda J Hughes
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Uk Yeol Moon
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Raehee Park
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Sang-Bae Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Khoi Tran
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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35
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Abu-Siniyeh A, Owen DM, Benzing C, Rinkwitz S, Becker TS, Majumdar A, Gaus K. The aPKC/Par3/Par6 Polarity Complex and Membrane Order Are Functionally Interdependent in Epithelia During Vertebrate Organogenesis. Traffic 2015; 17:66-79. [PMID: 26456025 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The differential distribution of lipids between apical and basolateral membranes is necessary for many epithelial cell functions, but how this characteristic membrane organization is integrated within the polarity network during ductal organ development is poorly understood. Here we quantified membrane order in the gut, kidney and liver ductal epithelia in zebrafish larvae at 3-11 days post fertilization (dpf) with Laurdan 2-photon microscopy. We then applied a combination of Laurdan imaging, antisense knock-down and analysis of polarity markers to understand the relationship between membrane order and apical-basal polarity. We found a reciprocal relationship between membrane order and the cell polarity network. Reducing membrane condensation by exogenously added oxysterol or depletion of cholesterol reduced apical targeting of the polarity protein, aPKC. Conversely, using morpholino knock down in zebrafish, we found that membrane order was dependent upon the Crb3 and Par3 polarity protein expression in ductal epithelia. Hence our data suggest that the biophysical property of membrane lipid packing is a regulatory element in apical basal polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abu-Siniyeh
- School of Medical Sciences, ARC Centre for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Australia.,Present address: Department of Chemistry and Medical Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa' Applied University, Al-Salt, 19117, Jordan
| | - Dylan M Owen
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, UK
| | - Carola Benzing
- School of Medical Sciences, ARC Centre for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Silke Rinkwitz
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School and Department of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas S Becker
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School and Department of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Arindam Majumdar
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Katharina Gaus
- School of Medical Sciences, ARC Centre for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Australia
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36
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Mruk DD, Cheng CY. The Mammalian Blood-Testis Barrier: Its Biology and Regulation. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:564-91. [PMID: 26357922 PMCID: PMC4591527 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is the cellular process by which spermatogonia develop into mature spermatids within seminiferous tubules, the functional unit of the mammalian testis, under the structural and nutritional support of Sertoli cells and the precise regulation of endocrine factors. As germ cells develop, they traverse the seminiferous epithelium, a process that involves restructuring of Sertoli-germ cell junctions, as well as Sertoli-Sertoli cell junctions at the blood-testis barrier. The blood-testis barrier, one of the tightest tissue barriers in the mammalian body, divides the seminiferous epithelium into 2 compartments, basal and adluminal. The blood-testis barrier is different from most other tissue barriers in that it is not only comprised of tight junctions. Instead, tight junctions coexist and cofunction with ectoplasmic specializations, desmosomes, and gap junctions to create a unique microenvironment for the completion of meiosis and the subsequent development of spermatids into spermatozoa via spermiogenesis. Studies from the past decade or so have identified the key structural, scaffolding, and signaling proteins of the blood-testis barrier. More recent studies have defined the regulatory mechanisms that underlie blood-testis barrier function. We review here the biology and regulation of the mammalian blood-testis barrier and highlight research areas that should be expanded in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores D Mruk
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065
| | - C Yan Cheng
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065
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37
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Manninen A. Epithelial polarity – Generating and integrating signals from the ECM with integrins. Exp Cell Res 2015; 334:337-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Recent advances in elucidating the genetic mechanisms of nephrogenesis using zebrafish. Cells 2015; 4:218-33. [PMID: 26024215 PMCID: PMC4493457 DOI: 10.3390/cells4020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is comprised of working units known as nephrons, which are epithelial tubules that contain a series of specialized cell types organized into a precise pattern of functionally distinct segment domains. There is a limited understanding of the genetic mechanisms that establish these discrete nephron cell types during renal development. The zebrafish embryonic kidney serves as a simplified yet conserved vertebrate model to delineate how nephron segments are patterned from renal progenitors. Here, we provide a concise review of recent advances in this emerging field, and discuss how continued research using zebrafish genetics can be applied to gain insightsabout nephrogenesis.
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Zihni C, Balda MS, Matter K. Signalling at tight junctions during epithelial differentiation and microbial pathogenesis. J Cell Sci 2015; 127:3401-13. [PMID: 25125573 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.145029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions are a component of the epithelial junctional complex, and they form the paracellular diffusion barrier that enables epithelial cells to create cellular sheets that separate compartments with different compositions. The assembly and function of tight junctions are intimately linked to the actomyosin cytoskeleton and, hence, are under the control of signalling mechanisms that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics. Tight junctions not only receive signals that guide their assembly and function, but transmit information to the cell interior to regulate cell proliferation, migration and survival. As a crucial component of the epithelial barrier, they are often targeted by pathogenic viruses and bacteria, aiding infection and the development of disease. In this Commentary, we review recent progress in the understanding of the molecular signalling mechanisms that drive junction assembly and function, and the signalling processes by which tight junctions regulate cell behaviour and survival. We also discuss the way in which junctional components are exploited by pathogenic viruses and bacteria, and how this might affect junctional signalling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceniz Zihni
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Maria S Balda
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Karl Matter
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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40
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Schlingmann B, Molina SA, Koval M. Claudins: Gatekeepers of lung epithelial function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:47-57. [PMID: 25951797 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The lung must maintain a proper barrier between airspaces and fluid filled tissues in order to maintain lung fluid balance. Central to maintaining lung fluid balance are epithelial cells which create a barrier to water and solutes. The barrier function of these cells is mainly provided by tight junction proteins known as claudins. Epithelial barrier function varies depending on the different needs within the segments of the respiratory tree. In the lower airways, fluid is required to maintain mucociliary clearance, whereas in the terminal alveolar airspaces a thin layer of surfactant enriched fluid lowers surface tension to prevent airspace collapse and is critical for gas exchange. As the epithelial cells within the segments of the respiratory tree differ, the composition of claudins found in these epithelial cells is also different. Among these differences is claudin-18 which is uniquely expressed by the alveolar epithelial cells. Other claudins, notably claudin-4 and claudin-7, are more ubiquitously expressed throughout the respiratory epithelium. Claudin-5 is expressed by both pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cells. Based on in vitro and in vivo model systems and histologic analysis of lungs from human patients, roles for specific claudins in maintaining barrier function and protecting the lung from the effects of acute injury and disease are being identified. One surprising finding is that claudin-18 and claudin-4 control lung cell phenotype and inflammation beyond simply maintaining a selective paracellular permeability barrier. This suggests claudins have more nuanced roles for the control of airway and alveolar physiology in the healthy and diseased lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schlingmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Samuel A Molina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Michael Koval
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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Slavotinek A, Kaylor J, Pierce H, Cahr M, DeWard S, Schneidman-Duhovny D, Alsadah A, Salem F, Schmajuk G, Mehta L. CRB2 mutations produce a phenotype resembling congenital nephrosis, Finnish type, with cerebral ventriculomegaly and raised alpha-fetoprotein. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:162-9. [PMID: 25557780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report five fetuses and a child from three families who shared a phenotype comprising cerebral ventriculomegaly and echogenic kidneys with histopathological findings of congenital nephrosis. The presenting features were greatly elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) or amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein (AFAFP) levels or abnormalities visualized on ultrasound scan during the second trimester of pregnancy. Exome sequencing revealed deleterious sequence variants in Crumbs, Drosophila, Homolog of, 2 (CRB2) consistent with autosomal-recessive inheritance. Two fetuses with cerebral ventriculomegaly and renal microcysts were compound heterozygotes for p.Asn800Lys and p.Trp759Ter, one fetus with renal microcysts was a compound heterozygote for p.Glu643Ala and p.Asn800Lys, and one child with cerebral ventriculomegaly, periventricular heterotopias, echogenic kidneys, and renal failure was homozygous for p.Arg633Trp in CRB2. Examination of the kidneys in one fetus showed tubular cysts at the corticomedullary junction and diffuse effacement of the epithelial foot processes and microvillous transformation of the renal podocytes, findings that were similar to those reported in congenital nephrotic syndrome, Finnish type, that is caused by mutations in nephrin (NPHS1). Loss of function for crb2b and nphs1 in Danio rerio were previously shown to result in loss of the slit diaphragms of the podocytes, leading to the hypothesis that nephrosis develops from an inability to develop a functional glomerular barrier. We conclude that the phenotype associated with CRB2 mutations is pleiotropic and that the condition is an important consideration in the evaluation of high MSAFP/AFAFP where a renal cause is suspected.
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42
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Wilmes A, Bielow C, Ranninger C, Bellwon P, Aschauer L, Limonciel A, Chassaigne H, Kristl T, Aiche S, Huber CG, Guillou C, Hewitt P, Leonard MO, Dekant W, Bois F, Jennings P. Mechanism of cisplatin proximal tubule toxicity revealed by integrating transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and biokinetics. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 30:117-27. [PMID: 25450742 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of solid tumours. The major dose-limiting factor is nephrotoxicity, in particular in the proximal tubule. Here, we use an integrated omics approach, including transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics coupled to biokinetics to identify cell stress response pathways induced by cisplatin. The human renal proximal tubular cell line RPTEC/TERT1 was treated with sub-cytotoxic concentrations of cisplatin (0.5 and 2 μM) in a daily repeat dose treating regime for up to 14 days. Biokinetic analysis showed that cisplatin was taken up from the basolateral compartment, transported to the apical compartment, and accumulated in cells over time. This is in line with basolateral uptake of cisplatin via organic cation transporter 2 and bioactivation via gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase located on the apical side of proximal tubular cells. Cisplatin affected several pathways including, p53 signalling, Nrf2 mediated oxidative stress response, mitochondrial processes, mTOR and AMPK signalling. In addition, we identified novel pathways changed by cisplatin, including eIF2 signalling, actin nucleation via the ARP/WASP complex and regulation of cell polarization. In conclusion, using an integrated omic approach together with biokinetics we have identified both novel and established mechanisms of cisplatin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Wilmes
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | - Chris Bielow
- Institute of Computer Science, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Christina Ranninger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Patricia Bellwon
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Lydia Aschauer
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Alice Limonciel
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Hubert Chassaigne
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Chemical Assessment and Testing Unit, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Theresa Kristl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Stephan Aiche
- Institute of Computer Science, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Christian G Huber
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Claude Guillou
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Chemical Assessment and Testing Unit, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Philipp Hewitt
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono, Nonclinical Safety, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Martin O Leonard
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazard, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Wolfgang Dekant
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Frederic Bois
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne Cedex 60205, France
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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Gerlach GF, Wingert RA. Zebrafish pronephros tubulogenesis and epithelial identity maintenance are reliant on the polarity proteins Prkc iota and zeta. Dev Biol 2014; 396:183-200. [PMID: 25446529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish pronephros provides an excellent in vivo system to study the mechanisms of vertebrate nephron development. When and how renal progenitors in the zebrafish embryo undergo tubulogenesis to form nephrons is poorly understood, but is known to involve a mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) and the acquisition of polarity. Here, we determined the precise timing of these events in pronephros tubulogenesis. As the ternary polarity complex is an essential regulator of epithelial cell polarity across tissues, we performed gene knockdown studies to assess the roles of the related factors atypical protein kinase C iota and zeta (prkcι, prkcζ). We found that prkcι and prkcζ serve partially redundant functions to establish pronephros tubule epithelium polarity. Further, the loss of prkcι or the combined knockdown of prkcι/ζ disrupted proximal tubule morphogenesis and podocyte migration due to cardiac defects that prevented normal fluid flow to the kidney. Surprisingly, tubule cells in prkcι/ζ morphants displayed ectopic expression of the transcription factor pax2a and the podocyte-associated genes wt1a, wt1b, and podxl, suggesting that prkcι/ζ are needed to maintain renal epithelial identity. Knockdown of genes essential for cardiac contractility and vascular flow to the kidney, such as tnnt2a, or elimination of pronephros fluid output through knockdown of the intraflagellar transport gene ift88, was not associated with ectopic pronephros gene expression, thus suggesting a unique role for prkcι/ζ in maintaining tubule epithelial identity separate from the consequence of disruptions to renal fluid flow. Interestingly, knockdown of pax2a, but not wt1a, was sufficient to rescue ectopic tubule gene expression in prkcι/ζ morphants. These data suggest a model in which the redundant activities of prkcι and prkcζ are essential to establish tubule epithelial polarity and also serve to maintain proper epithelial cell type identity in the tubule by inhibiting pax2a expression. These studies provide a valuable foundation for further analysis of MET during nephrogenesis, and have implications for understanding the pathways that affect nephron epithelial cells during kidney disease and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary F Gerlach
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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Glomerular development--shaping the multi-cellular filtration unit. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 36:39-49. [PMID: 25153928 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The glomerulus represents a highly structured filtration unit, composed of glomerular endothelial cells, mesangial cells, podocytes and parietal epithelial cells. During glomerulogenesis an intricate network of signaling pathways involving transcription factors, secreted factors and cell-cell communication is required to guarantee accurate evolvement of a functional, complex 3-dimensional glomerular architecture. Here, we want to provide an overview on the critical steps and relevant signaling cascades of glomerular development.
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Lu R, Johnson DL, Stewart L, Waite K, Elliott D, Wilson JM. Rab14 regulation of claudin-2 trafficking modulates epithelial permeability and lumen morphogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1744-54. [PMID: 24694596 PMCID: PMC4038501 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-12-0724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial permeability is regulated by targeted insertion and recycling of tight junction proteins. Rab14 regulates the lysosomal targeting of the leaky claudin, claudin-2, and depletion of Rab14 results in increased transepithelial resistance and aberrant morphogenesis in three-dimensional culture. Regulation of epithelial barrier function requires targeted insertion of tight junction proteins that have distinct selectively permeable characteristics. The insertion of newly synthesized proteins and recycling of internalized tight junction components control both polarity and junction function. Here we show that the small GTPase Rab14 regulates tight junction structure. In Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II cells, Rab14 colocalizes with junctional proteins, and knockdown of Rab14 results in increased transepithelial resistance. In cells without Rab14, there are small changes in the trafficking of claudin-1 and occludin. In addition, there is substantial depletion of the leaky claudin, claudin-2, but not other tight junction components. The loss of claudin-2 is complemented by inhibition of lysosomal function, suggesting that Rab14 sorts claudin-2 out of the lysosome-directed pathway. MDCK I cells lack claudin-2 endogenously, and knockdown of Rab14 in these cells does not result in a change in transepithelial resistance, suggesting that the effect is specific to claudin-2 trafficking. Furthermore, leaky claudins have been shown to be required for epithelial morphogenesis, and knockdown of Rab14 results in failure to form normal single-lumen cysts in three-dimensional culture. These results implicate Rab14 in specialized trafficking of claudin-2 from the recycling endosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Lu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Debra L Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Lorraine Stewart
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Kelsey Waite
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - David Elliott
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Jean M Wilson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724
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Kim ST, Ahn SY, Swat W, Miner JH. DLG1 influences distal ureter maturation via a non-epithelial cell autonomous mechanism involving reduced retinoic acid signaling, Ret expression, and apoptosis. Dev Biol 2014; 390:160-9. [PMID: 24699546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The absence of Discs-large 1 (DLG1), the mouse ortholog of the Drosophila discs-large tumor suppressor, results in congenital hydronephrosis characterized by urinary tract abnormalities, reduced ureteric bud branching, and delayed disconnection of the ureter from the common nephric duct (CND). To define the specific cellular requirements for Dlg1 expression during urogenital development, we used a floxed Dlg1 allele and Pax2-Cre, Pax3-Cre, Six2-Cre, and HoxB7-Cre transgenes to generate cell type-restricted Dlg1 mutants. In addition, we used Ret(GFP) knockin and retinoic acid response element-lacZ transgenic mice to determine the effects of Dlg1 mutation on the respective morphogenetic signaling pathways. Mutation of Dlg1 in urothelium and collecting ducts (via HoxB7-Cre or Pax2-Cre) and in nephron precursors (via Pax2-Cre and Six2-Cre) resulted in no apparent abnormalities in ureteric bud branching or in distal ureter maturation, and no hydronephrosis. Mutation in nephrons, ureteric smooth muscle, and mesenchyme surrounding the lower urinary tract (via the Pax3-Cre transgene) resulted in congenital hydronephrosis accompanied by reduced branching, abnormal distal ureter maturation and insertion, and smooth muscle orientation defects, phenotypes very similar to those in Dlg1 null mice. Dlg1 null mice showed reduced Ret expression and apoptosis during ureter maturation and evidence of reduced retinoic acid signaling in the kidney. Taken together, these results suggest that Dlg1 expression in ureter and CND-associated mesenchymal cells is essential for ensuring distal ureter maturation by facilitating retinoic acid signaling, Ret expression, and apoptosis of the urothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Tae Kim
- Renal Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sun-Young Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Children׳s National Medical Center and the George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Wojciech Swat
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Renal Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Weaver SA, Wolters B, Ito N, Woskowicz AM, Kaneko K, Shitomi Y, Seiki M, Itoh Y. Basal localization of MT1-MMP is essential for epithelial cell morphogenesis in 3D collagen matrix. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:1203-13. [PMID: 24463815 PMCID: PMC4117704 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.135236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The membrane-anchored collagenase membrane type 1 matrix metalloprotease (MT1-MMP) has been shown to play an essential role during epithelial tubulogenesis in 3D collagen matrices; however, its regulation during tubulogenesis is not understood. Here, we report that degradation of collagen in polarized epithelial cells is post-translationally regulated by changing the localization of MT1-MMP from the apical to the basal surface. MT1-MMP predominantly localizes at the apical surface in inert polarized epithelial cells, whereas treatment with HGF induced basal localization of MT1-MMP followed by collagen degradation. The basal localization of MT1-MMP requires the ectodomains of the enzyme because deletion of the MT-loop region or the hemopexin domain inhibited basal localization of the enzyme. TGFβ is a well-known inhibitor of tubulogenesis and our data indicate that its mechanism of inhibition is, at least in part, due to inhibition of MT1-MMP localization to the basal surface. Interestingly, however, the effect of TGFβ was found to be bi-phasic: at high doses it effectively inhibited basal localization of MT1-MMP, whereas at lower doses tubulogenesis and basal localization of MT1-MMP was promoted. Taken together, these data indicate that basal localization of MT1-MMP is a key factor promoting the degradation of extracellular matrix by polarized epithelial cells, and that this is an essential part of epithelial morphogenesis in 3D collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Weaver
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
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Facciuto F, Bugnon Valdano M, Marziali F, Massimi P, Banks L, Cavatorta AL, Gardiol D. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-18 E6 oncoprotein interferes with the epithelial cell polarity Par3 protein. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:533-43. [PMID: 24462519 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the principal risk factor for the development of cervical cancer. The HPV E6 oncoprotein has the ability to target and interfere with several PSD-95/DLG/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-containing proteins that are involved in the control of cell polarity. This function can be significant for E6 oncogenic activity because a deficiency in cell polarisation is a marker of tumour progression. The establishment and control of polarity in epithelial cells depend on the correct asymmetrical distribution of proteins and lipids at the cell borders and on specialised cell junctions. In this report, we have investigated the effects of HPV E6 protein on the polarity machinery, with a focus on the PDZ partitioning defective 3 (Par3) protein, which is a key component of tight junctions (TJ) and the polarity network. We demonstrate that E6 is able to bind and induce the mislocalisation of Par3 protein in a PDZ-dependent manner without significant reduction in Par3 protein levels. In addition, the high-risk HPV-18 E6 protein promotes a delay in TJ formation when analysed by calcium switch assays. Taken together, the data presented in this study contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanism by which HPVs induce the loss of cell polarity, with potential implications for the development and progression of HPV-associated tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Facciuto
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Area Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Suipacha 531, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marina Bugnon Valdano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Area Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Suipacha 531, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Federico Marziali
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Area Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Suipacha 531, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Paola Massimi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ana Laura Cavatorta
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Area Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Suipacha 531, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Daniela Gardiol
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Area Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Suipacha 531, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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Zihni C, Munro PM, Elbediwy A, Keep NH, Terry SJ, Harris J, Balda MS, Matter K. Dbl3 drives Cdc42 signaling at the apical margin to regulate junction position and apical differentiation. J Cell Biol 2014; 204:111-27. [PMID: 24379416 PMCID: PMC3882792 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201304064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells develop morphologically characteristic apical domains that are bordered by tight junctions, the apical-lateral border. Cdc42 and its effector complex Par6-atypical protein kinase c (aPKC) regulate multiple steps during epithelial differentiation, but the mechanisms that mediate process-specific activation of Cdc42 to drive apical morphogenesis and activate the transition from junction formation to apical differentiation are poorly understood. Using a small interfering RNA screen, we identify Dbl3 as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is recruited by ezrin to the apical membrane, that is enriched at a marginal zone apical to tight junctions, and that drives spatially restricted Cdc42 activation, promoting apical differentiation. Dbl3 depletion did not affect junction formation but did affect epithelial morphogenesis and brush border formation. Conversely, expression of active Dbl3 drove process-specific activation of the Par6-aPKC pathway, stimulating the transition from junction formation to apical differentiation and domain expansion, as well as the positioning of tight junctions. Thus, Dbl3 drives Cdc42 signaling at the apical margin to regulate morphogenesis, apical-lateral border positioning, and apical differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceniz Zihni
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, England, UK
| | - Peter M.G. Munro
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, England, UK
| | - Ahmed Elbediwy
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, England, UK
| | - Nicholas H. Keep
- Crystallography, Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, England, UK
| | - Stephen J. Terry
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, England, UK
| | - John Harris
- Nikon Imaging Centre, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, England, UK
| | - Maria S. Balda
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, England, UK
| | - Karl Matter
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, England, UK
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Szaszi K, Amoozadeh Y. New Insights into Functions, Regulation, and Pathological Roles of Tight Junctions in Kidney Tubular Epithelium. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 308:205-71. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800097-7.00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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