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Mallardo M, Daniele A, Musumeci G, Nigro E. A Narrative Review on Adipose Tissue and Overtraining: Shedding Light on the Interplay among Adipokines, Exercise and Overtraining. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4089. [PMID: 38612899 PMCID: PMC11012884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle factors, particularly physical inactivity, are closely linked to the onset of numerous metabolic diseases. Adipose tissue (AT) has been extensively studied for various metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and immune system dysregulation due to its role in energy metabolism and regulation of inflammation. Physical activity is increasingly recognized as a powerful non-pharmacological tool for the treatment of various disorders, as it helps to improve metabolic, immune, and inflammatory functions. However, chronic excessive training has been associated with increased inflammatory markers and oxidative stress, so much so that excessive training overload, combined with inadequate recovery, can lead to the development of overtraining syndrome (OTS). OTS negatively impacts an athlete's performance capabilities and significantly affects both physical health and mental well-being. However, diagnosing OTS remains challenging as the contributing factors, signs/symptoms, and underlying maladaptive mechanisms are individualized, sport-specific, and unclear. Therefore, identifying potential biomarkers that could assist in preventing and/or diagnosing OTS is an important objective. In this review, we focus on the possibility that the endocrine functions of AT may have significant implications in the etiopathogenesis of OTS. During physical exercise, AT responds dynamically, undergoing remodeling of endocrine functions that influence the production of adipokines involved in regulating major energy and inflammatory processes. In this scenario, we will discuss exercise about its effects on AT activity and metabolism and its relevance to the prevention and/or development of OTS. Furthermore, we will highlight adipokines as potential markers for diagnosing OTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mallardo
- Department of Molecular and Biotechnological Medicine, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- CEINGE-Biotechnologies Advances S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy;
| | - Aurora Daniele
- Department of Molecular and Biotechnological Medicine, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- CEINGE-Biotechnologies Advances S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ersilia Nigro
- CEINGE-Biotechnologies Advances S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Biological, Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via G. Vivaldi 42, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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2
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Pratt-Phillips S. Effect of Exercise Conditioning on Countering the Effects of Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Horses-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:727. [PMID: 38473112 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an important health concern in horses, along with humans and companion animals. Adipose tissue is an inflammatory organ that alters the insulin-signaling cascade, ultimately causing insulin dysregulation and impaired glucose metabolism. These disruptions can increase the risk of metabolic disease and laminitis in horses and may also impact energy metabolism during exercise. A single bout of exercise, along with chronic exercise conditioning, increases insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal via both contraction- and insulin-mediated glucose uptake pathways. Regular exercise also increases calorie expenditure, which can facilitate weight (as body fat) loss. This paper explores the metabolic pathways affected by adiposity, as well as discusses the impact of exercise on insulin metabolism in horses.
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3
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Ashcroft SP, Stocks B, Egan B, Zierath JR. Exercise induces tissue-specific adaptations to enhance cardiometabolic health. Cell Metab 2024; 36:278-300. [PMID: 38183980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The risk associated with multiple cancers, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and all-cause mortality is decreased in individuals who meet the current recommendations for physical activity. Therefore, regular exercise remains a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases. An acute bout of exercise results in the coordinated interaction between multiple tissues to meet the increased energy demand of exercise. Over time, the associated metabolic stress of each individual exercise bout provides the basis for long-term adaptations across tissues, including the cardiovascular system, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, gut, and brain. Therefore, regular exercise is associated with a plethora of benefits throughout the whole body, including improved cardiorespiratory fitness, physical function, and glycemic control. Overall, we summarize the exercise-induced adaptations that occur within multiple tissues and how they converge to ultimately improve cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Ashcroft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben Stocks
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Diaz-Canestro C, Chen J, Liu Y, Han H, Wang Y, Honoré E, Lee CH, Lam KSL, Tse MA, Xu A. A machine-learning algorithm integrating baseline serum proteomic signatures predicts exercise responsiveness in overweight males with prediabetes. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100944. [PMID: 36787735 PMCID: PMC9975321 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The molecular transducers conferring the benefits of chronic exercise in diabetes prevention remain to be comprehensively investigated. Herein, serum proteomic profiling of 688 inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers in 36 medication-naive overweight and obese men with prediabetes reveals hundreds of exercise-responsive proteins modulated by 12-week high-intensity interval exercise training, including regulators of metabolism, cardiovascular system, inflammation, and apoptosis. Strong associations are found between proteins involved in gastro-intestinal mucosal immunity and metabolic outcomes. Exercise-induced changes in trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) are associated with changes in insulin resistance and fasting insulin, whereas baseline levels of the pancreatic secretory granule membrane major glycoprotein GP2 are related to changes in fasting glucose and glucose tolerance. A hybrid set of 23 proteins including TFF2 are differentially altered in exercise responders and non-responders. Furthermore, a machine-learning algorithm integrating baseline proteomic signatures accurately predicts individualized metabolic responsiveness to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candela Diaz-Canestro
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiarui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eric Honoré
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Labex ICST, Valbonne, France
| | - Chi-Ho Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karen S L Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael Andrew Tse
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Sports and Exercise, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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5
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Barrett MR, Scott Davis M. Conditioning-induced expression of novel glucose transporters in canine skeletal muscle homogenate. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285424. [PMID: 37134107 PMCID: PMC10155965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Athletic conditioning can increase the capacity for insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose uptake through increased sarcolemmal expression of GLUT4 and potentially additional novel glucose transporters. We used a canine model that has previously demonstrated conditioning-induced increases in basal, insulin- and contraction-stimulated glucose uptake to identify whether expression of glucose transporters other than GLUT4 was upregulated by athletic conditioning. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from 12 adult Alaskan Husky racing sled dogs before and after a full season of conditioning and racing, and homogenates from those biopsies were assayed for expression of GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT4, GLUT6, GLUT8, and GLUT12 using western blots. Athletic conditioning resulted in a 1.31 ± 0.70 fold increase in GLUT1 (p <0.0001), 1.80 ± 1.99 fold increase in GLUT4 (p = 0.005), and 2.46 ± 2.39 fold increase in GLUT12 (p = 0.002). The increased expression of GLUT1 helps explain the previous findings of conditioning-induced increases in basal glucose clearance in this model, and the increase in GLUT12 provides an alternative mechanism for insulin- and contraction-mediated glucose uptake and likely contributes to the substantial conditioning-induced increases in insulin sensitivity in highly trained athletic dogs. Furthermore, these results suggest that athletic dogs can serve as a valuable resource for the study of alternative glucose transport mechanisms in higher mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montana Renae Barrett
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States of America
| | - Michael Scott Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States of America
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6
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Tee CCL, Cooke MB, Chong MC, Yeo WK, Camera DM. Mechanisms for Combined Hypoxic Conditioning and Divergent Exercise Modes to Regulate Inflammation, Body Composition, Appetite, and Blood Glucose Homeostasis in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:327-348. [PMID: 36441492 PMCID: PMC9877079 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major global health issue and a primary risk factor for metabolic-related disorders. While physical inactivity is one of the main contributors to obesity, it is a modifiable risk factor with exercise training as an established non-pharmacological treatment to prevent the onset of metabolic-related disorders, including obesity. Exposure to hypoxia via normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude via reduced inspired oxygen fraction), termed hypoxic conditioning, in combination with exercise has been increasingly shown in the last decade to enhance blood glucose regulation and decrease the body mass index, providing a feasible strategy to treat obesity. However, there is no current consensus in the literature regarding the optimal combination of exercise variables such as the mode, duration, and intensity of exercise, as well as the level of hypoxia to maximize fat loss and overall body compositional changes with hypoxic conditioning. In this narrative review, we discuss the effects of such diverse exercise and hypoxic variables on the systematic and myocellular mechanisms, along with physiological responses, implicated in the development of obesity. These include markers of appetite regulation and inflammation, body conformational changes, and blood glucose regulation. As such, we consolidate findings from human studies to provide greater clarity for implementing hypoxic conditioning with exercise as a safe, practical, and effective treatment strategy for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chow Li Tee
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Matthew B Cooke
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Mee Chee Chong
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Wee Kian Yeo
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Donny M Camera
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia.
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7
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Tardo-Dino PE, Taverny C, Siracusa J, Bourdon S, Baugé S, Koulmann N, Malgoyre A. Effect of heat acclimation on metabolic adaptations induced by endurance training in soleus rat muscle. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14686. [PMID: 34405575 PMCID: PMC8371354 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic training leads to well‐known systemic metabolic and muscular alterations. Heat acclimation may also increase mitochondrial muscle mass. We studied the effects of heat acclimation combined with endurance training on metabolic adaptations of skeletal muscle. Thirty‐two rats were divided into four groups: control (C), trained (T), heat‐acclimated (H), and trained with heat acclimation (H+T) for 6 weeks. Soleus muscle metabolism was studied, notably by the in situ measurement of mitochondrial respiration with pyruvate (Pyr) or palmitoyl‐coenzyme A (PCoA), under phosphorylating conditions (V˙max) or not (V˙0). Aerobic performance increased, and retroperitoneal fat mass decreased with training, independently of heat exposure (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Citrate synthase and hydroxyl‐acyl‐dehydrogenase activity increased with endurance training (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively), without any effect of heat acclimation. Training induced an increase of the V˙0 and V˙max for PCoA (p < .001 and p < .01, respectively), without interference with heat acclimation. The training‐induced increase of V˙0 (p < 0.01) for pyruvate oxidation was limited when combined with heat acclimation (−23%, p < 0.01). Training and heat acclimation independently increased the V˙max for pyruvate (+60% p < 0.001 and +50% p = 0.01, respectively), without an additive effect of the combination. Heat acclimation doubled the training effect on muscle glycogen storage (p < 0.001). Heat acclimation did not improve mitochondrial adaptations induced by endurance training in the soleus muscle, possibly limiting the alteration of carbohydrate oxidation while not facilitating fatty‐acid utilization. Furthermore, the increase in glycogen storage observed after HA combined with endurance training, without the improvement of pyruvate oxidation, appears to be a hypoxic metabolic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Emmanuel Tardo-Dino
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny sur Orge, France.,Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, Paris, France.,EDISS 205, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,LBEPS, Université Evry, IRBA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, 91025, France
| | - Cindy Taverny
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Julien Siracusa
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny sur Orge, France.,LBEPS, Université Evry, IRBA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, 91025, France
| | - Stéphanie Bourdon
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny sur Orge, France.,LBEPS, Université Evry, IRBA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, 91025, France
| | - Stéphane Baugé
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny sur Orge, France.,LBEPS, Université Evry, IRBA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, 91025, France
| | - Nathalie Koulmann
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny sur Orge, France.,Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, Paris, France.,EDISS 205, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,LBEPS, Université Evry, IRBA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, 91025, France
| | - Alexandra Malgoyre
- Unité de Physiologie de l'Exercice et des Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny sur Orge, France.,LBEPS, Université Evry, IRBA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, 91025, France
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Romeres D, Schiavon M, Basu A, Cobelli C, Basu R, Dalla Man C. Exercise effect on insulin-dependent and insulin-independent glucose utilization in healthy individuals and individuals with type 1 diabetes: a modeling study. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E122-E129. [PMID: 33998292 PMCID: PMC8321821 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00084.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exercise effects (EE) on whole body glucose rate of disappearance (Rd) occur through insulin-independent (IIRd) and insulin-dependent (IDRd) mechanisms. Quantifying these processes in vivo would allow a better understanding of the physiology of glucose regulation. This is of particular importance in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) since such a knowledge may help to improve glucose management. However, such a model is still lacking. Here, we analyzed data from six T1D and six nondiabetic (ND) subjects undergoing a labeled glucose clamp study during, before, and after a 60-min exercise session at 65% V̇o2max on three randomized visits: euglycemia-low insulin, euglycemia-high insulin, and hyperglycemia-low insulin. We tested a set of models, all sharing a single-compartment description of glucose kinetics, but differing in how exercise is assumed to modulate glucose disposal. Model selection was based on parsimony criteria. The best model assumed an exercise-induced immediate effect on IIRd and a delayed effect on IDRd. It predicted that exercise increases IIRd, compared with rest, by 66%-82% and 67%-97% in T1D and ND, respectively, not significantly different between the two groups. Conversely, the exercise effect on IDRd ranged between 81% and 155% in T1D and it was significantly higher than ND, which ranged between 10% and 40%. The exaggerated effect observed in IDRd can explain the higher hypoglycemia risk related to individuals with T1D. This novel exercise model could help in informing safe and effective glucose management during and after exercise in individuals with T1D.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we present a new mathematical model describing the effect of moderate physical activity on insulin-mediated and noninsulin-mediated glucose disposal in subjects with and without diabetes. We believe that this represents a step-forward in the knowledge of type 1 diabetes pathophysiology, and an useful tool to design safe and effective insulin-therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Romeres
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Schiavon
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ananda Basu
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Claudio Cobelli
- Department of Woman and Child's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rita Basu
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Chiara Dalla Man
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Takahashi Y, Matsunaga Y, Yoshida H, Shinya T, Sakaguchi R, Hatta H. High Carbohydrate Diet Increased Glucose Transporter Protein Levels in Jejunum but Did Not Lead to Enhanced Post-Exercise Skeletal Muscle Glycogen Recovery. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072140. [PMID: 34206627 PMCID: PMC8308400 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of dietary carbohydrate intake on post-exercise glycogen recovery. Male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were fed moderate-carbohydrate chow (MCHO, 50%cal from carbohydrate) or high-carbohydrate chow (HCHO, 70%cal from carbohydrate) for 10 days. They then ran on a treadmill at 25 m/min for 60 min and administered an oral glucose solution (1.5 mg/g body weight). Compared to the MCHO group, the HCHO group showed significantly higher sodium-D-glucose co-transporter 1 protein levels in the brush border membrane fraction (p = 0.003) and the glucose transporter 2 level in the mucosa of jejunum (p = 0.004). At 30 min after the post-exercise glucose administration, the skeletal muscle and liver glycogen levels were not significantly different between the two diet groups. The blood glucose concentration from the portal vein (which is the entry site of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract) was not significantly different between the groups at 15 min after the post-exercise glucose administration. There was no difference in the total or phosphorylated states of proteins related to glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle. Although the high-carbohydrate diet significantly increased glucose transporters in the jejunum, this adaptation stimulated neither glycogen recovery nor glucose absorption after the ingestion of post-exercise glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Takahashi
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (H.H.)
- Department of Sport Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5963-0238
| | - Yutaka Matsunaga
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Hiroki Yoshida
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Terunaga Shinya
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Ryo Sakaguchi
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (H.H.)
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10
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Aandahl MH, Noordhof DA, Tjønna AE, Sandbakk Ø. Effect of Carbohydrate Content in a Pre-event Meal on Endurance Performance-Determining Factors: A Randomized Controlled Crossover-Trial. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:664270. [PMID: 34124659 PMCID: PMC8192847 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.664270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the effect of the relative CHO content in a pre-event meal on time to exhaustion (TTE), peak oxygen uptake (V∙O2peak), the 2nd lactate threshold (LT2), onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA), and work economy (WE) and to compare responses between well-trained and recreationally trained individuals. Eleven well-trained and 10 recreationally trained men performed three trials in a randomized cross-over design, in which they performed exercise tests (1) after a high-CHO pre-event meal (3 g · kg−1), (2) a low-CHO pre-event meal (0.5 g · kg−1), or (3) in a fasted-state. The test protocol consisted of five submaximal 5-min constant-velocity bouts of increasing intensity and a graded exercise test (GXT) to measure TTE. A repeated measure ANOVA with a between-subjects factor (well-trained vs. recreational) was performed. A main effect of pre-event meal was found (p = 0.001), with TTE being 8.0% longer following the high-CHO meal compared to the fasted state (p = 0.009) and 7.2% longer compared to the low-CHO meal (p = 0.010). No significant effect of pre-event meal on V∙O2peak, LT2, OBLA, or WE (p ≥ 0.087) was found and no significant interaction effect between training status and pre-event CHO intake was found for TTE or any of the performance-determining variables (p ≥ 0.257). In conclusion, high-CHO content in the pre-event meal led to a longer TTE compared to a meal with a low-CHO content or exercising in a fasted state, both in well-trained and recreationally trained participants. However, the underlying physiological reason for the increased TTE is unclear, as no effect of pre-event meal on the main physiological performance-determining variables was found. Thus, pre-event CHO intake should be standardized when the goal is to assess endurance performance but seems to be of less importance when assessing the main performance-determining variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Holst Aandahl
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dionne A Noordhof
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arnt Erik Tjønna
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Central Administration, St. Olavs Hospital, NeXt Move Core Facility, The University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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11
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Ramos C, Cheng AJ, Kamandulis S, Subocius A, Brazaitis M, Venckunas T, Chaillou T. Carbohydrate restriction following strenuous glycogen-depleting exercise does not potentiate the acute molecular response associated with mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1219-1232. [PMID: 33564963 PMCID: PMC7966224 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04594-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Carbohydrate (CHO) restriction could be a potent metabolic regulator of endurance exercise-induced muscle adaptations. Here, we determined whether post-exercise CHO restriction following strenuous exercise combining continuous cycling exercise (CCE) and sprint interval exercise could affect the gene expression related to mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism in human skeletal muscle. Methods In a randomized cross-over design, 8 recreationally active males performed two cycling exercise sessions separated by 4 weeks. Each session consisted of 60-min CCE and six 30-s all-out sprints, which was followed by ingestion of either a CHO or placebo beverage in the post-exercise recovery period. Muscle glycogen concentration and the mRNA levels of several genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism were determined before, immediately after, and at 3 h after exercise. Results Compared to pre-exercise, strenuous cycling led to a severe muscle glycogen depletion (> 90%) and induced a large increase in PGC1A and PDK4 mRNA levels (~ 20-fold and ~ 10-fold, respectively) during the acute recovery period in both trials. The abundance of the other transcripts was not changed or was only moderately increased during this period. CHO restriction during the 3-h post-exercise period blunted muscle glycogen resynthesis but did not increase the mRNA levels of genes associated with muscle adaptation to endurance exercise, as compared with abundant post-exercise CHO consumption. Conclusion CHO restriction after a glycogen-depleting and metabolically-demanding cycling session is not effective for increasing the acute mRNA levels of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Ramos
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Arthur J Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Andrejus Subocius
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Surgery, Kaunas Clinical Hospital, 47144, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Clinic of Surgery, Republican Hospital of Kaunas, 45130, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Venckunas
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Thomas Chaillou
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
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12
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Abstract
The glucose transporter GLUT4 is critical for skeletal muscle glucose uptake in response to insulin and muscle contraction/exercise. Exercise increases GLUT4 translocation to the sarcolemma and t-tubule and, over the longer term, total GLUT4 protein content. Here, we review key aspects of GLUT4 biology in relation to exercise, with a focus on exercise-induced GLUT4 translocation, postexercise metabolism and muscle insulin sensitivity, and exercise effects on GLUT4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Flores-Opazo
- Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Activity Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, University Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sean L McGee
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds
| | - Mark Hargreaves
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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13
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Murphy NE, Carrigan CT, Margolis LM. High-Fat Ketogenic Diets and Physical Performance: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2020; 12:223-233. [PMID: 32865567 PMCID: PMC7850028 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of high-fat, ketogenic diets (KDs) to support physical performance has grown in popularity over recent years. While these diets enhance fat and reduce carbohydrate oxidation during exercise, the impact of a KD on physical performance remains controversial. The objective of this work was to assess the effect of KDs on physical performance compared with mixed macronutrient diets [control (CON)]. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed and Cochrane Library databases. Randomized and nonrandomized studies were included if participants were healthy (free of chronic disease), nonobese [BMI (kg/m2) <30], trained or untrained men or women consuming KD (<50 g carbohydrate/d or serum or whole-blood β-hydroxybutyrate >0.5 mmol/L) compared with CON (fat, 12-38% of total energy intake) diets for ≥14 d, followed by a physical performance test. Seventeen studies (10 parallel, 7 crossover) with 29 performance (13 endurance, 16 power or strength) outcomes were identified. Of the 13 endurance-type performance outcomes, 3 (1 time trial, 2 time-to-exhaustion) reported lower and 10 (4 time trials, 6 time-to-exhaustion) reported no difference in performance between the KD compared with CON. Of the 16 power or strength performance outcomes, 3 (1 power, 2 strength) reported lower, 11 (4 power, 7 strength) no difference, and 2 (power) enhanced performance in the KD compared with the CON. Risk of bias identified some concern of bias primarily due to studies allowing participants to self-select diet intervention groups and the inability to blind participants to the study intervention. Overall, the majority of null results across studies suggest that a KD does not have a positive or negative impact on physical performance compared with a CON diet. However, discordant results between studies may be due to multiple factors, such as the duration consuming study diets, training status, performance test, and sex differences, which will be discussed in this systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Murphy
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Christopher T Carrigan
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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14
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Dahl MA, Areta JL, Jeppesen PB, Birk JB, Johansen EI, Ingemann-Hansen T, Hansen M, Skålhegg BS, Ivy JL, Wojtaszewski JFP, Overgaard K, Jensen J. Coingestion of protein and carbohydrate in the early recovery phase, compared with carbohydrate only, improves endurance performance despite similar glycogen degradation and AMPK phosphorylation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:297-310. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00817.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance athletes competing consecutive days need optimal dietary intake during the recovery period. We report that coingestion of protein and carbohydrate soon after exhaustive exercise, compared with carbohydrate only, resulted in better performance the following day. The better performance after coingestion of protein and carbohydrate was not associated with a higher rate of glycogen synthesis or activation of anabolic signaling compared with carbohydrate only. Importantly, nitrogen balance was positive after coingestion of protein and carbohydrate, which was not the case after intake of carbohydrate only, suggesting that protein synthesis contributes to the better performance the following day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius A. Dahl
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - José Lisandro Areta
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jesper Bratz Birk
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Egil I. Johansen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Mette Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Steen Skålhegg
- Department of Nutrition, Division for Molecular Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - John L. Ivy
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jørgen F. P. Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Cheng AJ, Chaillou T, Kamandulis S, Subocius A, Westerblad H, Brazaitis M, Venckunas T. Carbohydrates do not accelerate force recovery after glycogen-depleting followed by high-intensity exercise in humans. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:998-1007. [PMID: 32187403 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged low-frequency force depression (PLFFD) induced by fatiguing exercise is characterized by a persistent depression in submaximal contractile force during the recovery period. Muscle glycogen depletion is known to limit physical performance during prolonged low- and moderate-intensity exercise, and accelerating glycogen resynthesis with post-exercise carbohydrate intake can facilitate recovery and improve repeated bout exercise performance. Short-term, high-intensity exercise, however, can cause PLFFD without any marked decrease in glycogen. Here, we studied whether recovery from PLFFD was accelerated by carbohydrate ingestion after 60 minutes of moderate-intensity glycogen-depleting cycling exercise followed by six 30-seconds all-out cycling sprints. We used a randomized crossover study design where nine recreationally active males drank a beverage containing either carbohydrate or placebo after exercise. Blood glucose and muscle glycogen concentrations were determined at baseline, immediately post-exercise, and during the 3-hours recovery period. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the quadriceps muscle was performed to determine the extent of PLFFD by eliciting low-frequency (20 Hz) and high-frequency (100 Hz) stimulations. Muscle glycogen was severely depleted after exercise, with a significantly higher rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis during the 3-hours recovery period in the carbohydrate than in the placebo trials (13.7 and 5.4 mmol glucosyl units/kg wet weight/h, respectively). Torque at 20 Hz was significantly more depressed than 100 Hz torque during the recovery period in both conditions, and the extent of PLFFD (20/100 Hz ratio) was not different between the two trials. In conclusion, carbohydrate supplementation enhances glycogen resynthesis after glycogen-depleting exercise but does not improve force recovery when the exercise also involves all-out cycling sprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Faculty of Health, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas Chaillou
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Andrejus Subocius
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Surgery, Kaunas Clinical Hospital, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Clinic of Surgery, Republican Hospital of Kaunas, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Håkan Westerblad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Venckunas
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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16
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Miya N, Uratani A, Chikamoto K, Naito Y, Terao K, Yoshikawa Y, Yasui H. Effects of exercise on biological trace element concentrations and selenoprotein P expression in rats with fructose-induced glucose intolerance. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2020; 66:124-131. [PMID: 32231408 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.19-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of exercise intended to prevent or treat lifestyle-related diseases on the glucose tolerance, insulin level, lactic acid utilization, muscle glycogen synthesis, hepatic and renal oxidative stress, hepatic selenoprotein P and biological trace element levels in organs of obese, glucose-intolerant rats. We fed normal, healthy rats a 20% casein diet while the glucose-intolerant, obese rats received a high-fructose diet. They were forced to run for one hour per day, six days per week, for ten weeks. Exercise reduced visceral fat and ameliorated glucose tolerance in the high-fructose group, lowered blood lactic acid levels, improved lactic acid usage efficiency, and increased oxidative stress and hepatic levels of Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn in the normal and high-fructose groups. Additionally, exercise significantly upregulated hepatic selenoprotein P expression in both groups, however, its effect was remarkable in healthy group. On the other hand, muscle glycogen synthesis was not markedly enhanced in high-fructose-diet rats but in normal-diet rats in response to exercise. It is concluded that exercise conditions rather than exercise load must be customized and optimized for each health and disease states in advance before starting exercise training intended to prevent or treat lifestyle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namika Miya
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Division of Analytical and Physical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi, Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.,Department of Health Sports and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Kobe Women's University, 4-7-2 Minatojima Nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0046, Japan
| | - Asuka Uratani
- Department of Health Sports and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Kobe Women's University, 4-7-2 Minatojima Nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0046, Japan
| | - Keita Chikamoto
- CycloChem Bio Co., Ltd., 7-4-5 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yuki Naito
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Division of Analytical and Physical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi, Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Keiji Terao
- CycloChem Bio Co., Ltd., 7-4-5 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yoshikawa
- Department of Health Sports and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Kobe Women's University, 4-7-2 Minatojima Nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0046, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasui
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Division of Analytical and Physical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi, Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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17
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Goutianos G, Margaritelis NV, Sparopoulou T, Veskoukis AS, Vrabas IS, Paschalis V, Nikolaidis MG, Kyparos A. Chronic administration of plasma from exercised rats to sedentary rats does not induce redox and metabolic adaptations. J Physiol Sci 2020; 70:3. [PMID: 32039695 PMCID: PMC6995785 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00737-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether endurance exercise-induced changes in blood plasma composition may lead to adaptations in erythrocytes, skeletal muscle and liver. Forty sedentary rats were randomly distributed into two groups: a group that was injected with pooled plasma from rats that swam until exhaustion and a group that was injected with the pooled plasma from resting rats (intravenous administration at a dose of 2 mL/kg body weight for 21 days). Total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls were higher in the plasma collected from the exercised rats compared to the plasma from the resting rats. Νo significant difference was found in blood and tissue redox biomarkers and in tissue metabolic markers between rats that received the "exercised" or the "non-exercised" plasma (P > 0.05). Our results demonstrate that plasma injections from exercised rats to sedentary rats do not induce redox or metabolic adaptations in erythrocytes, skeletal muscle and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Goutianos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece
| | - Nikos V Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece.,Intensive Care Unit, 424 General Military Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodora Sparopoulou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece.,Department of Animal Structure and Function, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aristidis S Veskoukis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Vrabas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece.
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18
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Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Glucose Transport and Glucose Metabolism by Exercise Training. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102432. [PMID: 31614762 PMCID: PMC6835691 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise training and resistance exercise training are both well-known for their ability to improve human health; especially in individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, there are critical differences between these two main forms of exercise training and the adaptations that they induce in the body that may account for their beneficial effects. This article reviews the literature and highlights key gaps in our current understanding of the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise training on the regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis, skeletal muscle glucose transport and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism.
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19
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Gomes FDC, Chuffa LGDA, Fávaro WJ, Scarano WR, Melo‐Neto JS, Pinheiro PFF, Domeniconi RF. Nandrolone decanoate and resistance exercise affect prostate morphology and hormone receptor interface in adult rats with implications for the aging process. Andrology 2019; 8:211-220. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. de C. Gomes
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biosciences University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu SP Brazil
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit (UPGEM) São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP) São José do Rio Preto SP Brasil
| | - L. G. de A. Chuffa
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biosciences University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - W. J. Fávaro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas SP Brazil
| | - W. R. Scarano
- Department of Morphology Institute of Biosciences University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - J. S. Melo‐Neto
- Faculty of Medicine of Marília (FAMEMA) Marília SP Brazil
- Institute of Health Sciences Federal University of Pará (UFPA) Belém PA Brazil
| | - P. F. F. Pinheiro
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biosciences University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - R. F. Domeniconi
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biosciences University of Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu SP Brazil
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20
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Qin Y, Zhang Y, Ma H, Wu X, Xiao S, Li J, Mo R, Yu Z. Comparison of the Biochemical Composition and Nutritional Quality Between Diploid and Triploid Hong Kong Oysters, Crassostrea hongkongensis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1674. [PMID: 30534082 PMCID: PMC6275301 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is the first systematic comparison of the biochemical composition and nutritional quality between diploid and triploid Hong Kong oysters, Crassostrea hongkongensis. Results showed that in the reproductive season, the glycogen content in five tissues (gill, mantle, adductor muscle, labial palps and gonad) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in triploids than in diploids, with odds ratios (ORs) of 96.26, 60.17, 72.59, 53.56, and 128.52%, respectively. In the non-reproductive phase, significant differences in glycogen content (P < 0.05) between diploid and triploid oysters existed only in gill and gonad. In both diploid and triploid Hong Kong oysters, quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the glycogen synthesis gene (ChGS) and glycogen phosphorylase gene (ChGP) showed that the gene expression patterns matched the pattern of variation in glycogen content. Moreover, in both the reproductive and the non-reproductive phases, triploid Hong Kong oysters had a well balance of essential amino acids and were thus a well source of high-quality protein. Surprisingly, in both phases, significantly higher (P < 0.05) percentages of four essential fatty acids (α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid) were observed in triploids than in diploids. Additionally, the ratio of n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was much higher in triploids than that in diploids. Variations in Biochemical composition were consistent with the relative expression of the citrate synthase gene (ChCS) and the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase gene (ChKD), which are key enzyme genes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Overall, the triploid Hong Kong oyster has a better nutritional value and taste than the diploid in terms of glycogen content, protein quality and fatty acid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haitao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Riguan Mo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziniu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Pearen MA, Muscat GEO. The Nuclear Receptor Nor-1 Is a Pleiotropic Regulator of Exercise-Induced Adaptations. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2018; 46:97-104. [PMID: 29346164 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Exercise induces various physical and metabolic changes in skeletal muscle that adaptively reprograms this tissue to current physiological and environmental demands. Underlying these changes are broad modifications to gene expression. We postulate that the nuclear hormone receptor, Nor-1, is activated after exercise, and this transcription factor modifies gene expression to drive the molecular and cellular adaptations associated with contractile reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Pearen
- Hepatic Fibrosis Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland
| | - George E O Muscat
- Hepatic Fibrosis Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland
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22
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Rodrigues MD, Borin SH, Silva CAD. Relações metabólicas em ratos sob o treinamento anaeróbio em escada. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbce.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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23
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Abreu P, Vitzel KF, Monteiro ICCR, Lima TI, Queiroz AN, Leal-Cardoso JH, Hirabara SM, Ceccatto VM. Effects of endurance training on reduction of plasma glucose during high intensity constant and incremental speed tests in Wistar rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 49:e5226. [PMID: 27783805 PMCID: PMC5089229 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of endurance training on
reduction of plasma glucose during high intensity constant and incremental speed
tests in Wistar rats. We hypothesized that plasma glucose might be decreased in the
exercised group during heavy (more intense) exercise. Twenty-four 10-week-old male
Wistar rats were randomly assigned to sedentary and exercised groups. The
prescription of endurance exercise training intensity was determined as 60% of the
maximum intensity reached at the incremental speed test. The animals were trained by
running on a motorized treadmill, five days/week for a total period of 67 weeks.
Plasma glucose during the constant speed test in the exercised group at 20 m/min was
reduced at the 14th, 21st and 28th min compared to the sedentary group, as well at 25
m/min at the 21st and 28th min. Plasma glucose during the incremental speed test was
decreased in the exercised group at the moment of exhaustion (48th min) compared to
the sedentary group (27th min). Endurance training positively modulates the
mitochondrial activity and capacity of substrate oxidation in muscle and liver. Thus,
in contrast to other studies on high load of exercise, the effects of endurance
training on the decrease of plasma glucose during constant and incremental speed
tests was significantly higher in exercised than in sedentary rats and associated
with improved muscle and hepatic oxidative capacity, constituting an important
non-pharmacological intervention tool for the prevention of insulin resistance,
including type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Abreu
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - K F Vitzel
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - I C C R Monteiro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - T I Lima
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - A N Queiroz
- Hospital e Maternidade José Martiniano de Alencar, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - J H Leal-Cardoso
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - S M Hirabara
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esporte, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - V M Ceccatto
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
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Kristensen M, Pötzelsberger B, Scheiber P, Bergdahl A, Hansen CN, Andersen JL, Narici M, Salvioli S, Conte M, Müller E, Dela F. Alpine Skiing With total knee ArthroPlasty (ASWAP): metabolism, inflammation, and skeletal muscle fiber characteristics. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25 Suppl 2:40-8. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kristensen
- Xlab; Center for Healthy Ageing; Department of Biomedicine; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - B. Pötzelsberger
- Department of Sport Science; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - P. Scheiber
- Department of Sport Science; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - A. Bergdahl
- Department of Exercise Science; Concordia University; Montreal Canada
| | - C. N. Hansen
- Xlab; Center for Healthy Ageing; Department of Biomedicine; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. L. Andersen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen; Center for Healthy Ageing; Bispebjerg University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. Narici
- School of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - S. Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - M. Conte
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - E. Müller
- Department of Sport Science; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - F. Dela
- Xlab; Center for Healthy Ageing; Department of Biomedicine; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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25
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Glade MJ, Smith K. A glance at … exercise and glucose uptake. Nutrition 2015; 31:893-7. [PMID: 25933500 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyl Smith
- Progressive Laboratories Inc., Irving, Texas
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26
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Husak JF, Keith AR, Wittry BN. Making Olympic lizards: the effects of specialised exercise training on performance. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:899-906. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.114975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Exercise training is well known to affect a suite of physiological and performance traits in mammals, but effects of training in other vertebrate tetrapod groups have been inconsistent. We examined performance and physiological differences among green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis) that were trained for sprinting or endurance, using an increasingly rigorous training regimen over 8 weeks. Lizards trained for endurance had significantly higher post-training endurance capacity compared with the other treatment groups, but groups did not show post-training differences in sprint speed. Although acclimation to the laboratory environment and training explain some of our results, mechanistic explanations for these results correspond with the observed performance differences. After training, endurance-trained lizards had higher haematocrit and larger fast glycolytic muscle fibres. Despite no detectable change in maximal performance of sprint-trained lizards, we detected that they had significantly larger slow oxidative muscle fibre areas compared with the other treatments. Treatment groups did not differ in the proportion of number of fibre types, nor in the mass of most limb muscles or the heart. Our results offer some caveats for investigators conducting training research on non-model organisms and they reveal that muscle plasticity in response to training may be widespread phylogenetically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry F. Husak
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, St Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Allison R. Keith
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, St Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Beth N. Wittry
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, St Paul, MN 55105, USA
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27
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Lailvaux SP, Husak JF. The life history of whole-organism performance. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2015; 89:285-318. [PMID: 25510077 DOI: 10.1086/678567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
For almost 40 years, studies of whole-organism performance have formed a cornerstone of evolutionary physiology. Although its utility as a heuristic guide is beyond question, and we have learned much about morphological evolution from its application, the ecomorphological paradigm has frequently been applied to performance evolution in ways that range from unsatisfactory to inappropriate. More importantly, the standard ecomorphological paradigm does not account for tradeoffs among performance and other traits, nor between performance traits that are mediated by resource allocation. A revised paradigm that includes such tradeoffs, and the possible ways that performance and fitness-enhancing traits might affect each other, could potentially revivify the study of phenotypic evolution and make important inroads into understanding the relationships between morphology and performance and between performance and Darwinian fitness. We describe such a paradigm, and discuss the various ways that performance and key life-history traits might interact with and affect each other. We emphasize both the proximate mechanisms potentially linking such traits, and the likely ultimate factors driving those linkages, as well as the evolutionary implications for the overall, multivariate phenotype. Finally, we highlight several research directions that will shed light on the evolution and ecology of whole-organism performance and related life-history traits.
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28
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de Melo Neto JS, de Campos Gomes F, Pinheiro PFF, Pereira S, Scarano WR, Fávaro WJ, Domeniconi RF. The effects of high doses of nandrolone decanoate and exercise on prostate microvasculature of adult and older rats. Life Sci 2015; 121:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gejl KD, Hvid LG, Frandsen U, Jensen K, Sahlin K, Ørtenblad N. Muscle glycogen content modifies SR Ca2+ release rate in elite endurance athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:496-505. [PMID: 24091991 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of muscle glycogen content on sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) function and peak power output (Wpeak) in elite endurance athletes. METHODS Fourteen highly trained male triathletes (VO2max = 66.5 ± 1.3 mL O2·kg·min), performed 4 h of glycogen-depleting cycling exercise (HRmean = 73% ± 1% of maximum). During the first 4 h of recovery, athletes received either water (H2O) or carbohydrate (CHO), separating alterations in muscle glycogen content from acute changes affecting SR function and performance. Thereafter, all subjects received CHO-enriched food for the remaining 20-h recovery period. RESULTS Immediately after exercise, muscle glycogen content and SR Ca release rate was reduced to 32% ± 4% (225 ± 28 mmol·kg dw) and 86% ± 2% of initial levels, respectively (P < 0.01). Glycogen markedly recovered after 4 h of recovery with CHO (61% ± 2% of preexercise) and SR Ca release rate returned to preexercise level. However, in the absence of CHO during the first 4 h of recovery, glycogen and SR Ca release rate remained depressed, with the normalization of both parameters at the end of the 24 h of recovery after receiving a CHO-enriched diet. Linear regression demonstrated a significant correlation between SR Ca release rate and muscle glycogen content (P < 0.01, r = 0.30). The 4 h of cycling exercise reduced Wpeak by 5.5%-8.9% at different cadences (P < 0.05), and Wpeak was normalized after 4 h of recovery with CHO, whereas Wpeak remained depressed (P < 0.05) after water provision. Wpeak was fully recovered after 24 h in both the H2O and the CHO group. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the present results suggest that low muscle glycogen depresses muscle SR Ca release rate, which may contribute to fatigue and delayed recovery of Wpeak 4 h postexercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Degn Gejl
- 1Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DENMARK; 2Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, SWEDEN; and 3The Åstrand Laboratory, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, SWEDEN
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Basu
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
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31
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High intensity training improves health and physical function in middle aged adults. BIOLOGY 2014; 3:333-44. [PMID: 24833513 PMCID: PMC4085611 DOI: 10.3390/biology3020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High intensity training (HIT) is effective at improving health; however, it is unknown whether HIT also improves physical function. This study aimed to determine whether HIT improves metabolic health and physical function in untrained middle aged individuals. Fourteen (three male and eleven female) untrained individuals were recruited (control group n = 6: age 42 ± 8 y, weight 64 ± 10 kg, BMI 24 ± 2 kg·m−2 or HIT group n = 8: age 43 ± 8 y, weight 80 ± 8 kg, BMI 29 ± 5 kg·m−2). Training was performed twice weekly, consisting of 10 × 6-second sprints with a one minute recovery between each sprint. Metabolic health (oral glucose tolerance test), aerobic capacity (incremental time to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer) and physical function (get up and go test, sit to stand test and loaded 50 m walk) were determined before and after training. Following eight weeks of HIT there was a significant improvement in aerobic capacity (8% increase in VO2 peak; p < 0.001), physical function (11%–27% respectively; p < 0.05) and a reduction in blood glucose area under the curve (6% reduction; p < 0.05). This study demonstrates for the first time the potential of HIT as a training intervention to improve skeletal muscle function and glucose clearance as we age.
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Goyaram V, Kohn TA, Ojuka EO. Suppression of the GLUT4 adaptive response to exercise in fructose-fed rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E275-83. [PMID: 24326422 PMCID: PMC3920014 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00342.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced increase in skeletal muscle GLUT4 expression is associated with hyperacetylation of histone H3 within a 350-bp DNA region surrounding the myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) element on the Glut4 promoter and increased binding of MEF2A. Previous studies have hypothesized that the increase in MEF2A binding is a result of improved accessibility of this DNA segment. Here, we investigated the impact of fructose consumption on exercise-induced GLUT4 adaptive response and directly measured the accessibility of the above segment to nucleases. Male Wistar rats (n = 30) were fed standard chow or chow + 10% fructose or maltodextrin drinks ad libitum for 13 days. In the last 6 days five animals per group performed 3 × 17-min bouts of intermittent swimming daily and five remained untrained. Triceps muscles were harvested and used to measure 1) GLUT4, pAMPK, and HDAC5 contents by Western blot, 2) accessibility of the DNA segment from intact nuclei using nuclease accessibility assays, 3) acetylation level of histone H3 and bound MEF2A by ChIP assays, and 4) glycogen content. Swim training increased GLUT4 content by ∼66% (P < 0.05) but fructose and maltodextrin feeding suppressed the adaptation. Accessibility of the DNA region to MNase and DNase I was significantly increased by swimming (∼2.75- and 5.75-fold, respectively) but was also suppressed in trained rats that consumed fructose or maltodextrin. Histone H3 acetylation and MEF2A binding paralleled the accessibility pattern. These findings indicate that both fructose and maltodextrin modulate the GLUT4 adaptive response to exercise by mechanisms involving chromatin remodeling at the Glut4 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeraj Goyaram
- University of Capetown/Medical Research Center, Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Rosenkilde M, Reichkendler MH, Auerbach P, Bonne TC, Sjödin A, Ploug T, Stallknecht BM. Changes in peak fat oxidation in response to different doses of endurance training. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013; 25:41-52. [PMID: 24350597 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of different doses of endurance training on the capacity to oxidize fat during exercise in sedentary, overweight men and assessment of variables associated with changes in peak fat oxidation (PFO) were evaluated. Young, sedentary, overweight men were randomized to either the high-dose (HIGH, 600 kcal/day, n = 17) or moderate-dose (MOD, 300 kcal/day, n = 18) endurance training groups or controls (CON, n = 15). PFO and peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) were measured using indirect calorimetry, body composition using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and protein levels of mitochondrial enzymes determined by Western blotting. PFO increased in both MOD [1.2 mg/kg fat-free mass (FFM)/min, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.08:2.3, P = 0.03] and HIGH (1.8 mg/kg FFM/min, CI: 0.6:2.9, P < 0.001) compared with CON. Skeletal muscle expression of citrate synthase, β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial oxphos complexes II-V increased similarly in MOD and HIGH. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis with backward elimination of individual variables correlated with changes in PFO revealed increases in cycling efficiency, FFM, and VO2 peak as the remaining associated variables. In conclusion, PFO during exercise increased with both moderate- and high-dose endurance training. Increases in PFO were mainly predicted by changes in VO2 peak, FFM, and cycling efficiency, and less with skeletal muscle mitochondrial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Holloszy JO. Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and GLUT4 expression by exercise. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:921-40. [PMID: 23737207 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endurance exercise training can induce large increases mitochondria and the GLUT4 isoform of the glucose transporter in skeletal muscle. For a long time after the discovery in the 1960s that exercise results in an increase in muscle mitochondria, there was no progress in elucidation of the mechanisms involved. The reason for this lack of progress was that nothing was known regarding how expression of the genes-encoding mitochondrial proteins is coordinately regulated. This situation changed rapidly after discovery of transcription factors that control transcription of genes-encoding mitochondrial proteins and, most importantly, the discovery of peroxisome proliferator-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). This transcription coactivator binds to and activates transcription factors that regulate transcription of genes-encoding mitochondrial proteins. Thus, PGC-1α activates and coordinates mitochondrial biogenesis. It is now known that exercise rapidly activates and induces increased expression of PGC-1α. The exercise-generated signals that lead to PGC-1α activation and increased expression are the increases in cytosolic Ca(2+) and decreases in ATP and creatine phosphate (∼P). Ca(2+) mediates its effect by activating CAMKII, while the decrease in ∼P mediates its effect via activation of AMPK. Expression of the GLUT4 isoform of the glucose transporter is regulated in parallel with mitochondrial biogenesis via the same signaling pathways. This review describes what is known regarding the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and GLUT4 expression by exercise. A major component of this review deals with the physiological and metabolic consequences of the exercise-induced increase in mitochondria and GLUT4.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Holloszy
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Abstract
Glucose is an important fuel for contracting muscle, and normal glucose metabolism is vital for health. Glucose enters the muscle cell via facilitated diffusion through the GLUT4 glucose transporter which translocates from intracellular storage depots to the plasma membrane and T-tubules upon muscle contraction. Here we discuss the current understanding of how exercise-induced muscle glucose uptake is regulated. We briefly discuss the role of glucose supply and metabolism and concentrate on GLUT4 translocation and the molecular signaling that sets this in motion during muscle contractions. Contraction-induced molecular signaling is complex and involves a variety of signaling molecules including AMPK, Ca(2+), and NOS in the proximal part of the signaling cascade as well as GTPases, Rab, and SNARE proteins and cytoskeletal components in the distal part. While acute regulation of muscle glucose uptake relies on GLUT4 translocation, glucose uptake also depends on muscle GLUT4 expression which is increased following exercise. AMPK and CaMKII are key signaling kinases that appear to regulate GLUT4 expression via the HDAC4/5-MEF2 axis and MEF2-GEF interactions resulting in nuclear export of HDAC4/5 in turn leading to histone hyperacetylation on the GLUT4 promoter and increased GLUT4 transcription. Exercise training is the most potent stimulus to increase skeletal muscle GLUT4 expression, an effect that may partly contribute to improved insulin action and glucose disposal and enhanced muscle glycogen storage following exercise training in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Richter
- Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Schiavon M, Hinshaw L, Mallad A, Dalla Man C, Sparacino G, Johnson M, Carter R, Basu R, Kudva Y, Cobelli C, Basu A. Postprandial glucose fluxes and insulin sensitivity during exercise: a study in healthy individuals. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E557-66. [PMID: 23820621 PMCID: PMC3891224 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00182.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the effect size of acute exercise on insulin sensitivity (SI(exercise)) and simultaneous measurement of glucose disappearance (R(d)), endogenous glucose production (EGP), and meal glucose appearance in the postprandial state has not been developed in humans. To do so, we studied 12 healthy subjects [5 men, age 37.1 ± 3.1 yr, body mass index 24.1 ± 1.1 kg/m², fat-free mass (FFM) 50.9 ± 3.9 kg] during moderate exercise at 50% V(O₂max) for 75 min, 120-195 min after a triple-tracer mixed meal consumed at time 0. Tracer infusion rates were adjusted to achieve constant tracer-to-tracee ratio and minimize non-steady-state errors. Glucose turnover was estimated by accounting for the nonstationary kinetics introduced by exercise. Insulin sensitivity index was calculated in each subject both in the absence [time (t) = 0-120 min, SI(rest)] and presence (t = 0-360 min, SI(exercise)) of physical activity. EGP at t = 0 min (13.4 ± 1.1 μM·kg FFM⁻¹·min⁻¹) fell at t = 120 min (2.4 ± 0.4 μM·kg FFM⁻¹·min⁻¹) and then rapidly rose almost eightfold at t = 180 min (18.2 ± 2.6 μM·kg FFM⁻¹·min⁻¹) before gradually falling at t = 360 min (10.6 ± 0.9 μM·kg FFM⁻¹·min⁻¹). R(d) rapidly peaked at t = 120 min at the start of exercise (89.5 ± 11.6 μM·kg FFM⁻¹·min⁻¹) and then gradually declined at t = 195 min (26.4 ± 3.3 μM·kg FFM⁻¹·min⁻¹) before returning to baseline at t = 360 min. SI(exercise) was significantly higher than SI(rest) (21.6 ± 3.7 vs. 12.5 ± 2.0 10⁻⁴ dl·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ per μU/ml, P < 0.0005). Glucose turnover was estimated for the first time during exercise with the triple-tracer technique. Our results, applying state-of-the-art techniques, show that moderate exercise almost doubles postprandial insulin sensitivity index in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Schiavon
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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Six weeks of aerobic training improves VO2max and MLSS but does not improve the time to fatigue at the MLSS. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:965-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Meier P, Renga M, Hoppeler H, Baum O. The impact of antioxidant supplements and endurance exercise on genes of the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle of mice. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 31:51-9. [PMID: 22865599 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To ascertain whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to training-induced adaptation of skeletal muscle, we administered ROS-scavenging antioxidants (AOX; 140 mg/l of ascorbic acid, 12 mg/l of coenzyme Q10 and 1% N-acetyl-cysteine) via drinking water to 16 C57BL/6 mice. Sixteen other mice received unadulterated tap water (CON). One cohort of both groups (CON(EXE) and AOX(EXE) ) was subjected to treadmill exercise for 4 weeks (16-26 m/min, incline of 5°-10°). The other two cohorts (CON(SED) and AOX(SED) ) remained sedentary. In skeletal muscles of the AOX(EXE) mice, GSSG and the expression levels of SOD-1 and PRDX-6 were significantly lower than those in the CON(EXE) mice after training, suggesting disturbance of ROS levels. The peak power related to the body weight and citrate synthase activity was not significantly influenced in mice receiving AOX. Supplementation with AOX significantly altered the mRNA levels of the exercise-sensitive genes HK-II, GLUT-4 and SREBF-1c and the regulator gene PGC-1alpha but not G6PDH, glycogenin, FABP-3, MCAD and CD36 in skeletal muscle. Although the administration of AOX during endurance exercise alters the expression of particular genes of the ROS metabolism, it does not influence peak power or generally shift the metabolism, but it modulates the expression of specific genes of the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and PGC-1alpha within murine skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Meier
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Irimia JM, Rovira J, Nielsen JN, Guerrero M, Wojtaszewski JFP, Cussó R. Hexokinase 2, glycogen synthase and phosphorylase play a key role in muscle glycogen supercompensation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42453. [PMID: 22860128 PMCID: PMC3409157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycogen-depleting exercise can lead to supercompensation of muscle glycogen stores, but the biochemical mechanisms of this phenomenon are still not completely understood. Methods Using chronic low-frequency stimulation (CLFS) as an exercise model, the tibialis anterior muscle of rabbits was stimulated for either 1 or 24 hours, inducing a reduction in glycogen of 90% and 50% respectively. Glycogen recovery was subsequently monitored during 24 hours of rest. Results In muscles stimulated for 1 hour, glycogen recovered basal levels during the rest period. However, in those stimulated for 24 hours, glycogen was supercompensated and its levels remained 50% higher than basal levels after 6 hours of rest, although the newly synthesized glycogen had fewer branches. This increase in glycogen correlated with an increase in hexokinase-2 expression and activity, a reduction in the glycogen phosphorylase activity ratio and an increase in the glycogen synthase activity ratio, due to dephosphorylation of site 3a, even in the presence of elevated glycogen stores. During supercompensation there was also an increase in 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, correlating with a stable reduction in ATP and total purine nucleotide levels. Conclusions Glycogen supercompensation requires a coordinated chain of events at two levels in the context of decreased cell energy balance: First, an increase in the glucose phosphorylation capacity of the muscle and secondly, control of the enzymes directly involved in the synthesis and degradation of the glycogen molecule. However, supercompensated glycogen has fewer branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Irimia
- Department of Physiological Sciences I, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Rovira
- Department of Physiological Sciences I, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jakob N. Nielsen
- Molecular Physiology Group, Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mario Guerrero
- Department of Physiological Sciences I, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jørgen F. P. Wojtaszewski
- Molecular Physiology Group, Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roser Cussó
- Department of Physiological Sciences I, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Iwasaki H, Naka A, Iida KT, Nakagawa Y, Matsuzaka T, Ishii KA, Kobayashi K, Takahashi A, Yatoh S, Yahagi N, Sone H, Suzuki H, Yamada N, Shimano H. TFE3 regulates muscle metabolic gene expression, increases glycogen stores, and enhances insulin sensitivity in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E896-902. [PMID: 22297304 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00204.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of transcription factor E3 (TFE3), a bHLH transcription factor, in immunology and cancer has been well characterized. Recently, we reported that TFE3 activates hepatic IRS-2 and hexokinase, participates in insulin signaling, and ameliorates diabetes. However, the effects of TFE3 in other organs are poorly understood. Herein, we examined the effects of TFE3 on skeletal muscle, an important organ involved in glucose metabolism. We generated transgenic mice that selectively express TFE3 in skeletal muscles. These mice exhibit a slight acceleration in growth prior to adulthood as well as a progressive increase in muscle mass. In TFE3 transgenic muscle, glycogen stores were more than twofold than in wild-type mice, and this was associated with an upregulation of genes involved in glucose metabolism, specifically glucose transporter 4, hexokinase II, and glycogen synthase. Consequently, exercise endurance capacity was enhanced in this transgenic model. Furthermore, insulin sensitivity was enhanced in transgenic mice and exhibited better improvement after 4 wk of exercise training, which was associated with increased IRS-2 expression. The effects of TFE3 on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle were different from that in the liver, although they did, in part, overlap. The potential role of TFE3 in regulating metabolic genes and glucose metabolism within skeletal muscle suggests that it may be used for treating metabolic diseases as well as increasing endurance in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Iwasaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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41
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Hedayati M, Saghebjoo M, Ghanbari-Niaki A. Effects of circuit resistance training intensity on the plasma ghrelin to obestatin ratios in healthy young women. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 10:475-9. [PMID: 23843807 PMCID: PMC3693612 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.2459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin and obestatin are orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides, respectively. It appears that an accurate balance between theses peptides is important for regulating energy homeostasis and body weight. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to identify the possible mechanisms by which circuit resistance training influences energy homeostasis and weight control. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-seven female students with the mean age of 22 ± 1.54 years and mean body mass index (BMI) of 20.76 ± 1.86 kg/m(2) were selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Subjects performed circuit resistance training with 40% and 80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) for 4 weeks. Total plasma ghrelin, obestatin, and glucose levels and the ghrelin to obestatin ratio were measured for all subjects before and after training. RESULTS One-way ANOVA tests showed that, the plasma ghrelin to obestatin ratio increased significantly in the 80% 1RM group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant reduction of the plasma obestatin level was found in this group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS It appears that an energy deficit caused by circuit resistance training in 80% of the 1RM group resulted in the ghrelin precursor being increasingly used for ghrelin production. Thus, obestatin secretion decreased and the ghrelin to obestatin ratio increased in order to stimulate food intake and lost energy resource consumption to eventually restore the energy balance in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Hedayati
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Mehdi Hedayati, Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel.: +98-2122432500, Fax: +98-2122416264, E-mail:
| | - Marziyeh Saghebjoo
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, IR Iran
| | - Abbass Ghanbari-Niaki
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Mazandaran University, Mazandaran, IR Iran
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Jensen J, Rustad PI, Kolnes AJ, Lai YC. The role of skeletal muscle glycogen breakdown for regulation of insulin sensitivity by exercise. Front Physiol 2011; 2:112. [PMID: 22232606 PMCID: PMC3248697 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in mammals. In humans the majority of glycogen is stored in skeletal muscles (∼500 g) and the liver (∼100 g). Food is supplied in larger meals, but the blood glucose concentration has to be kept within narrow limits to survive and stay healthy. Therefore, the body has to cope with periods of excess carbohydrates and periods without supplementation. Healthy persons remove blood glucose rapidly when glucose is in excess, but insulin-stimulated glucose disposal is reduced in insulin resistant and type 2 diabetic subjects. During a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, 70-90% of glucose disposal will be stored as muscle glycogen in healthy subjects. The glycogen stores in skeletal muscles are limited because an efficient feedback-mediated inhibition of glycogen synthase prevents accumulation. De novo lipid synthesis can contribute to glucose disposal when glycogen stores are filled. Exercise physiologists normally consider glycogen's main function as energy substrate. Glycogen is the main energy substrate during exercise intensity above 70% of maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) and fatigue develops when the glycogen stores are depleted in the active muscles. After exercise, the rate of glycogen synthesis is increased to replete glycogen stores, and blood glucose is the substrate. Indeed insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis is elevated after exercise, which, from an evolutional point of view, will favor glycogen repletion and preparation for new "fight or flight" events. In the modern society, the reduced glycogen stores in skeletal muscles after exercise allows carbohydrates to be stored as muscle glycogen and prevents that glucose is channeled to de novo lipid synthesis, which over time will causes ectopic fat accumulation and insulin resistance. The reduction of skeletal muscle glycogen after exercise allows a healthy storage of carbohydrates after meals and prevents development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
An active lifestyle increases general health and is protects from a number of different conditions, including exercise and obesity. There is emerging evidence that exercise by itself exerts clinically beneficial effects in both lean and obese subjects, even in the absence of effects on weight.1 Recent results have brought an increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise at the level of metabolism and changes in gene expression. There is a significant dose-response to the effect of exercise, and the current guidelines regarding exercise amount may need to be revised upwards. Furthermore, this treatment option should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal J O'Gorman
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Patterson R, Potteiger JA. A comparison of normal versus low dietary carbohydrate intake on substrate oxidation during and after moderate intensity exercise in women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:3143-50. [PMID: 21479654 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1950-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We compared the effects of consuming a 2-day low-carbohydrate (CHO) diet (low-CHO; 20% CHO, 40% protein, 40% fat) versus an isocaloric 2-day moderate-CHO diet (mod-CHO; 55% CHO, 15% protein, 30% fat) on substrate oxidation during and after exercise in ten active, young women. Subjects were 24.9 ± 6.2% body fat with a VO(2max) of 68.8 ± 13.8 ml/kg FFM/min. For 2 days prior to exercise, subjects consumed either the mod-CHO or the low-CHO diet and then completed treadmill exercise at 55% of VO(2max) until 350 kcal of energy was expended. During exercise and for 2 h post-exercise, expired gases were analyzed to determine oxidation rates for CHO (CHO-OX) and fat (FAT-OX). Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between diets for CHO-OX and FAT-OX (mg/kg FFM/min) during exercise, 1 h post-ex, and 2 h post-ex. During exercise, FAT-OX was higher (low-CHO 8.7 ± 2.2 vs. mod-CHO 6.2 ± 2.2) and CHO-OX was lower (low-CHO 25.1 ± 5.6 vs. mod-CHO 31.1 ± 6.2) following the low-CHO diet. A similar trend was observed during 1 h post-ex for FAT-OX (low-CHO 2.2 ± 0.5 vs. mod-CHO 1.6 ± 0.5) and CHO-OX (low-CHO 2.5 ± 1.2 vs. mod-CHO 4.1 ± 1.9), as well as 2 h post-ex for FAT-OX (low-CHO vs. 1.9 ± 0.5 mod-CHO 1.7 ± 0.4) and CHO-OX (low-CHO 2.5 ± 0.9 vs. mod-CHO 3.1 ± 1.1). Significant positive correlations were observed between VO(2max) and CHO-OX during exercise and post-exercise, as well as significant negative correlations between VO(2max) and FAT-OX post-exercise in the low-CHO condition. Waist circumference and FAT-OX exhibited a significant negative correlation during exercise in the low-CHO condition. Dietary macronutrient intake influenced substrate oxidation in active young women during and after moderate intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Patterson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
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45
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Little JP, Safdar A, Wilkin GP, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ. A practical model of low-volume high-intensity interval training induces mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle: potential mechanisms. J Physiol 2010. [PMID: 20100740 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.181743.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIT) induces skeletal muscle metabolic and performance adaptations that resemble traditional endurance training despite a low total exercise volume. Most HIT studies have employed 'all out', variable-load exercise interventions (e.g. repeated Wingate tests) that may not be safe, practical and/or well tolerated by certain individuals. Our purpose was to determine the performance, metabolic and molecular adaptations to a more practical model of low-volume HIT. Seven men (21 + or - 0.4 years, V(O2peak) = 46 + or - 2 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) performed six training sessions over 2 weeks. Each session consisted of 8-12 x 60 s intervals at approximately 100% of peak power output elicited during a ramp V(O2) peak test (355 + or - 10 W) separated by 75 s of recovery. Training increased exercise capacity, as assessed by significant improvements on both 50 kJ and 750 kJ cycling time trials (P < 0.05 for both). Skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis) biopsy samples obtained before and after training revealed increased maximal activity of citrate synthase (CS) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) as well as total protein content of CS, COX subunits II and IV, and the mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) (P < 0.05 for all). Nuclear abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha) was approximately 25% higher after training (P < 0.05), but total PGC-1alpha protein content remained unchanged. Total SIRT1 content, a proposed activator of PGC-1alpha and mitochondrial biogenesis, was increased by approximately 56% following training (P < 0.05). Training also increased resting muscle glycogen and total GLUT4 protein content (both P < 0.05). This study demonstrates that a practical model of low volume HIT is a potent stimulus for increasing skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity and improving exercise performance. The results also suggest that increases in SIRT1, nuclear PGC-1alpha, and Tfam may be involved in coordinating mitochondrial adaptations in response to HIT in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Little
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
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46
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Effets de différentes méthodes d’entraînement sur les paramètres lactiques. Sci Sports 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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Little JP, Safdar A, Wilkin GP, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ. A practical model of low-volume high-intensity interval training induces mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle: potential mechanisms. J Physiol 2010; 588:1011-22. [PMID: 20100740 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.181743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIT) induces skeletal muscle metabolic and performance adaptations that resemble traditional endurance training despite a low total exercise volume. Most HIT studies have employed 'all out', variable-load exercise interventions (e.g. repeated Wingate tests) that may not be safe, practical and/or well tolerated by certain individuals. Our purpose was to determine the performance, metabolic and molecular adaptations to a more practical model of low-volume HIT. Seven men (21 + or - 0.4 years, V(O2peak) = 46 + or - 2 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) performed six training sessions over 2 weeks. Each session consisted of 8-12 x 60 s intervals at approximately 100% of peak power output elicited during a ramp V(O2) peak test (355 + or - 10 W) separated by 75 s of recovery. Training increased exercise capacity, as assessed by significant improvements on both 50 kJ and 750 kJ cycling time trials (P < 0.05 for both). Skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis) biopsy samples obtained before and after training revealed increased maximal activity of citrate synthase (CS) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) as well as total protein content of CS, COX subunits II and IV, and the mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) (P < 0.05 for all). Nuclear abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha) was approximately 25% higher after training (P < 0.05), but total PGC-1alpha protein content remained unchanged. Total SIRT1 content, a proposed activator of PGC-1alpha and mitochondrial biogenesis, was increased by approximately 56% following training (P < 0.05). Training also increased resting muscle glycogen and total GLUT4 protein content (both P < 0.05). This study demonstrates that a practical model of low volume HIT is a potent stimulus for increasing skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity and improving exercise performance. The results also suggest that increases in SIRT1, nuclear PGC-1alpha, and Tfam may be involved in coordinating mitochondrial adaptations in response to HIT in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Little
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
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Nybo L, Pedersen K, Christensen B, Aagaard P, Brandt N, Kiens B. Impact of carbohydrate supplementation during endurance training on glycogen storage and performance. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2009; 197:117-27. [PMID: 19432594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2009.01996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Glucose ingestion may improve exercise endurance, but it apparently also influences the transcription rate of several metabolic genes and it alters muscle metabolism during an acute exercise bout. Therefore, we investigated how chronic training responses are affected by glucose ingestion. METHODS In previously untrained males performance and various muscular adaptations were evaluated before and after 8 weeks of supervised endurance training conducted either with (n = 8; CHO group) or without (n = 7; placebo) glucose supplementation. RESULTS The two groups achieved similar improvements in maximal oxygen uptake and peak power output during incremental cycling (both parameters elevated by 17% on average) and both groups lost approximately 3 kg of fat mass during the 8 weeks of training. An equal reduction in respiratory exchange ratio (0.02 units) during submaximal exercise was observed in both groups. Beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase activity was increased in both groups, however, to a larger extent in the placebo group (45 +/- 11%) than CHO (23 +/- 9%, P < 0.05). GLUT-4 protein expression increased by 74 +/- 14% in the placebo group and 45 +/- 14% in CHO (both P < 0.05), while resting muscle glycogen increased (P < 0.05) to a larger extent in the placebo group (96 +/- 4%) than CHO (33 +/- 2%). CONCLUSION These results show that carbohydrate supplementation consumed during exercise training influences various muscular training adaptations, but improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and reductions in fat mass are not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nybo
- Institute of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Devries MC, Tarnopolsky MA. Muscle Physiology in Healthy Men and Women and Those with Metabolic Myopathies. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2009; 20:101-31, viii-ix. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Abstract
Lifestyle intervention programs encompassing exercise and healthy diets are an option for the treatment and management of obesity and type 2 diabetes and have long been known to exert beneficial effects on whole-body metabolism, in particular leading to enhanced insulin-sensitivity. Obesity is associated with increased risk of several illnesses and premature mortality. However, physical inactivity is itself associated with a number of similar risks, independent of body-mass index, and is an independent risk factor for more than 25 chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This article addresses the debate regarding the relative effects of physical exercise itself and the effect of exercise-induced weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal J O'Gorman
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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