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da Hora Passos R, Barbas CSV, Silva JM, Correa TD, da Silva AA. The Titans' Challenge: The Cross-influence of Heart-Lung and Cerebral Dynamics in Recruitment Maneuver. Neurocrit Care 2024:10.1007/s12028-024-02108-w. [PMID: 39237848 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-024-02108-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Rogerio da Hora Passos
- Department of Critical Care, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Da Vita Tratamento Renal, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - João Manoel Silva
- Department of Critical Care, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kajiki M, Katagiri A, Matsutake R, Lai YF, Hashimoto H, Nishiyasu T, Fujii N. Ingesting carbonated water post-exercise in the heat transiently ameliorates hypotension and enhances mood state. Exp Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39141787 DOI: 10.1113/ep091925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The objective was to assess if post-exercise ingestion of carbonated water in a hot environment ameliorates hypotension, enhances cerebral blood flow and heat loss responses, and positively modulates perceptions and mood states. Twelve healthy, habitually active young adults (five women) performed 60 min of cycling at 45% peak oxygen uptake in a hot climate (35°C). Subsequently, participants consumed 4°C carbonated or non-carbonated (control) water (150 and 100 mL for males and females regardless of drink type) at 20 and 40 min into post-exercise periods. Mean arterial pressure decreased post-exercise at 20 min only (P = 0.032) compared to the pre-exercise baseline. Both beverages transiently (∼1 min) increased mean arterial pressure and middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity (cerebral blood flow index) regardless of post-exercise periods (all P ≤ 0.015). Notably, carbonated water ingestion led to greater increases in mean arterial pressure (2.3 ± 2.8 mmHg vs. 6.6 ± 4.4 mmHg, P < 0.001) and middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity (1.6 ± 2.5 cm/s vs. 3.8 ± 4.1 cm/s, P = 0.046) at 20 min post-exercise period compared to non-carbonated water ingestion. Both beverages increased mouth exhilaration and reduced sleepiness regardless of post-exercise periods, but these responses were more pronounced with carbonated water ingestion at 40 min post-exercise (mouth exhilaration: 3.1 ± 1.4 vs. 4.7 ± 1.7, P = 0.001; sleepiness: -0.7 ± 0.91 vs. -1.9 ± 1.6, P = 0.014). Heat loss responses and other perceptions were similar between the two conditions throughout (all P ≥ 0.054). We show that carbonated water ingestion temporarily ameliorates hypotension and increases the cerebral blood flow index during the early post-exercise phase in a hot environment, whereas it enhances mouth exhilaration and reduces sleepiness during the late post-exercise phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Kajiki
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akira Katagiri
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ryoko Matsutake
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yin-Feng Lai
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- Research & Development Strategy Department, Research & Development Headquarters, Asahi Soft Drinks Co. Ltd, Moriya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishiyasu
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naoto Fujii
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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3
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Korponay C, Janes AC, Frederick BB. Brain-wide functional connectivity artifactually inflates throughout functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:1568-1580. [PMID: 38898230 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a central tool for investigating human brain function, organization and disease. Here, we show that fMRI-based estimates of functional brain connectivity artifactually inflate at spatially heterogeneous rates during resting-state and task-based scans. This produces false positive connection strength changes and spatial distortion of brain connectivity maps. We demonstrate that this artefact is driven by temporal inflation of the non-neuronal, systemic low-frequency oscillation (sLFO) blood flow signal during fMRI scanning and is not addressed by standard denoising procedures. We provide evidence that sLFO inflation reflects perturbations in cerebral blood flow by respiration and heart rate changes that accompany diminishing arousal during scanning, although the mechanisms of this pathway are uncertain. Finally, we show that adding a specialized sLFO denoising procedure to fMRI processing pipelines mitigates the artifactual inflation of functional connectivity, enhancing the validity and within-scan reliability of fMRI findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Korponay
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- McLean Hospital Brain Imaging Center, Belmont, MA, USA.
| | - Amy C Janes
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Blaise B Frederick
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital Brain Imaging Center, Belmont, MA, USA
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Strapazzon G, Taboni A, Dietrichs ES, Luks AM, Brugger H. Avalanche burial pathophysiology - a unique combination of hypoxia, hypercapnia and hypothermia. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39073871 DOI: 10.1113/jp284607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
For often unclear reasons, the survival times of critically buried avalanche victims vary widely from minutes to hours. Individuals can survive and sustain organ function if they can breathe under the snow and maintain sufficient delivery of oxygen and efflux of carbon dioxide. We review the physiological responses of humans to critical avalanche burial, a model which shares similarities and differences with apnoea and accidental hypothermia. Within a few minutes of burial, an avalanche victim is exposed to hypoxaemia and hypercapnia, which have important effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and pose a major threat to the central nervous system. As burial time increases, an avalanche victim also develops hypothermia. Despite progressively reduced metabolism, reduced oxygen and increased carbon dioxide tensions may exacerbate the pathophysiological consequences of hypothermia. Hypercapnia seems to be the main cause of cardiovascular instability, which, in turn, is the major reason for reduced cerebral oxygenation despite reductions in cerebral metabolic activity caused by hypothermia. 'Triple H syndrome' refers to the interaction of hypoxia, hypercapnia and hypothermia in a buried avalanche victim. Future studies should investigate how the respiratory gases entrapped in the porous snow structure influence the physiological responses of buried individuals and how haemoconcentration, blood viscosity and cell deformability affect blood flow and oxygen delivery. Attention should also be devoted to identifying strategies to prolong avalanche survival by either mitigating hypoxia and hypercapnia or reducing core temperature so that neuroprotection occurs before the onset of cerebral hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Strapazzon
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Medicine - DIMEM, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Taboni
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | | | - Andrew M Luks
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hermann Brugger
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
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Park H, Lee CH. The Impact of Pulmonary Disorders on Neurological Health (Lung-Brain Axis). Immune Netw 2024; 24:e20. [PMID: 38974208 PMCID: PMC11224666 DOI: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain and lungs, vital organs in the body, play essential roles in maintaining overall well-being and survival. These organs interact through complex and sophisticated bi-directional pathways known as the 'lung-brain axis', facilitated by their close proximity and neural connections. Numerous studies have underscored the mediation of the lung-brain axis by inflammatory responses and hypoxia-induced damage, which are pivotal to the progression of both pulmonary and neurological diseases. This review aims to delve into how pulmonary diseases, including acute/chronic airway diseases and pulmonary conditions, can instigate neurological disorders such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Additionally, we highlight the emerging research on the lung microbiome which, drawing parallels between the gut and lungs in terms of microbiome contents, may play a significant role in modulating brain health. Ultimately, this review paves the way for exciting avenues of future research and therapeutics in addressing respiratory and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongryeol Park
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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Zapata-Acevedo JF, Mantilla-Galindo A, Vargas-Sánchez K, González-Reyes RE. Blood-brain barrier biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 121:1-88. [PMID: 38797540 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interface that regulates the exchange of molecules and cells between the brain parenchyma and the peripheral blood. The BBB is mainly composed of endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes. The integrity of this structure is essential for maintaining brain and spinal cord homeostasis and protection from injury or disease. However, in various neurological disorders, such as traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis, the BBB can become compromised thus allowing passage of molecules and cells in and out of the central nervous system parenchyma. These agents, however, can serve as biomarkers of BBB permeability and neuronal damage, and provide valuable information for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Herein, we provide an overview of the BBB and changes due to aging, and summarize current knowledge on biomarkers of BBB disruption and neurodegeneration, including permeability, cellular, molecular and imaging biomarkers. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities for developing a biomarker toolkit that can reliably assess the BBB in physiologic and pathophysiologic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Zapata-Acevedo
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Mantilla-Galindo
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Karina Vargas-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Grupo de Neurociencia Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo E González-Reyes
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Hsiung PY, Shih PY, Wu YL, Chen HT, Hsu HH, Lin MW, Cheng YJ, Wu CY. Effects of nonintubated thoracoscopic surgery on postoperative neurocognitive function: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2024; 65:ezad434. [PMID: 38175778 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezad434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Postoperative neurocognitive disorder following thoracoscopic surgery with general anaesthesia may be linked to reduced intraoperative cerebral oxygenation and perioperative inflammation, which can potentially be exacerbated by mechanical ventilation. However, nonintubated thoracoscopic surgery, which utilizes regional anaesthesia and maintains spontaneous breathing, provides a unique model for studying the potential benefits of avoiding mechanical ventilation. This approach allows investigation into the impact on perioperative neurocognitive profiles, inflammatory responses and intraoperative cerebral oxygen levels. METHODS In total, 110 patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery were randomly equally assigned to the intubated group and the nonintubated group. Regional cerebral oxygenation was monitored during surgery. Serum neuroinflammatory biomarkers, including interleukin-6 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, were measured at baseline (before surgery) and 24 h after surgery. Postoperative complication severity was compared using the Comprehensive Complication Index. The primary outcome was perioperative changes in neurocognitive test score, which was assessed at baseline, 24 h and 6 months after surgery. RESULTS Patients in the nonintubated group had higher neurocognitive test scores at 24 h (69.9 ± 10.5 vs 65.3 ± 11.8; P = 0.03) and 6 months (70.6 ± 6.7 vs 65.4 ± 8.1; P < 0.01) after surgery and significantly higher regional cerebral oxygenation over time during one-lung ventilation (P = 0.03). Patients in the intubated group revealed a significantly higher postoperative serum interleukin-6 level (group by time interaction, P = 0.04) and a trend towards a significantly higher serum glial fibrillary acidic protein level (group by time interaction, P = 0.11). Furthermore, patients in the nonintubated group had a significantly lower Comprehensive Complication Index (9.0 ± 8.2 vs 6.1 ± 7.1; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Nonintubated thoracoscopic surgery was associated with improved postoperative neurocognitive recovery, more stable intraoperative cerebral oxygenation, ameliorated perioperative inflammation and attenuated postoperative complication severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Yan Hsiung
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Shih
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Luen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ting Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsao-Hsun Hsu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Wei Lin
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jung Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Lee QN, Chen JE, Wheeler GJ, Fan AP. Characterizing systemic physiological effects on the blood oxygen level dependent signal of resting-state fMRI in time-frequency space using wavelets. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:6537-6551. [PMID: 37950750 PMCID: PMC10681653 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic physiological dynamics, such as heart rate variability (HRV) and respiration volume per time (RVT), are known to account for significant variance in the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI). However, synchrony between these cardiorespiratory changes and the BOLD signal could be due to neuronal (i.e., autonomic activity inducing changes in heart rate and respiration) or vascular (i.e., cardiorespiratory activity facilitating hemodynamic changes and thus the BOLD signal) effects and the contributions of these effects may differ spatially, temporally, and spectrally. In this study, we characterize these brain-body dynamics using a wavelet analysis in rapidly sampled rsfMRI data with simultaneous pulse oximetry and respiratory monitoring of the Human Connectome Project. Our time-frequency analysis across resting-state networks (RSNs) revealed differences in the coherence of the BOLD signal and heartbeat interval (HBI)/RVT dynamics across frequencies, with unique profiles per network. Somatomotor (SMN), visual (VN), and salience (VAN) networks demonstrated the greatest synchrony with both systemic physiological signals when compared to other networks; however, significant coherence was observed in all RSNs regardless of direct autonomic involvement. Our phase analysis revealed distinct frequency profiles of percentage of time with significant coherence between BOLD and systemic physiological signals for different phase offsets across RSNs, suggesting that the phase offset and temporal order of signals varies by frequency. Lastly, our analysis of temporal variability of coherence provides insight on potential influence of autonomic state on brain-body communication. Overall, the novel wavelet analysis enables an efficient characterization of the dynamic relationship between cardiorespiratory activity and the BOLD signal in spatial, temporal, and spectral dimensions to inform our understanding of autonomic states and improve our interpretation of the BOLD signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quimby N. Lee
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California‐Davis, School of MedicineDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jingyuan E. Chen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical ImagingMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of RadiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Gregory J. Wheeler
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California‐DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Audrey P. Fan
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California‐Davis, School of MedicineDavisCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California‐DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
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Shaw DM, Harrell JW. Integrating physiological monitoring systems in military aviation: a brief narrative review of its importance, opportunities, and risks. ERGONOMICS 2023; 66:2242-2254. [PMID: 36946542 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2023.2194592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Military pilots risk their lives during training and operations. Advancements in aerospace engineering, flight profiles, and mission demands may require the pilot to test the safe limits of their physiology. Monitoring pilot physiology (e.g. heart rate, oximetry, and respiration) inflight is in consideration by several nations to inform pilots of reduced performance capacity and guide future developments in aircraft and life-support system design. Numerous challenges, however, prevent the immediate operationalisation of physiological monitoring sensors, particularly their unreliability in the aerospace environment and incompatibility with pilot clothing and protective equipment. Human performance and behaviour are also highly variable and measuring these in controlled laboratory settings do not mirror the real-world conditions pilots must endure. Misleading or erroneous predictive models are unacceptable as these could compromise mission success and lose operator trust. This narrative review provides an overview of considerations for integrating physiological monitoring systems within the military aviation environment.Practitioner summary: Advancements in military technology can conflictingly enhance and compromise pilot safety and performance. We summarise some of the opportunities, limitations, and risks of integrating physiological monitoring systems within military aviation. Our intent is to catalyse further research and technological development.Abbreviations: AGS: anti-gravity suit; AGSM: anti-gravity straining manoeuvre; A-LOC: almost loss of consciousness; CBF: cerebral blood flow; ECG: electrocardiogram; EEG: electroencephalogram; fNIRS: functional near-infrared spectroscopy; G-forces: gravitational forces; G-LOC: gravity-induced loss of consciousness; HR: heart rate; HRV: heart rate variability; LSS: life-support system; NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation; PE: Physiological Episode; PCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; PO2: partial pressure of oxygen; OBOGS: on board oxygen generating systems; SpO2: peripheral blood haemoglobin-oxygen saturation; STANAG: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Standardisation Agreement; UPE: Unexplained Physiological Episode; WBV: whole body vibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Shaw
- Aviation Medicine Unit, Royal New Zealand Air Force Base Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John W Harrell
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, USA
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Li W, Zhang Z, Li Z, Gui Z, Shang Y. Correlation and asynchronization of electroencephalogram and cerebral blood flow in active and passive stimulations. J Neural Eng 2023; 20:066007. [PMID: 37931297 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad0a02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Real-time brain monitoring is of importance for intraoperative surgeries and intensive care unit, in order to take timely clinical interventions. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a conventional technique for recording neural excitations (e.g. brain waves) in the cerebral cortex, and near infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is an emerging technique that can directly measure the cerebral blood flow (CBF) in microvasculature system. Currently, the relationship between the neural activities and cerebral hemodynamics that reflects the vasoconstriction features of cerebral vessels, especially under both active and passive situation, has not been elucidated thus far, which triggers the motivation of this study.Approach.We used the verbal fluency test as an active cognitive stimulus to the brain, and we manipulated blood pressure changes as a passive challenge to the brain. Under both protocols, the CBF and EEG responses were longitudinally monitored throughout the cerebral stimulus. Power spectrum approaches were applied the EEG signals and compared with CBF responses.Main results.The results show that the EEG response was significantly faster and larger in amplitude during the active cognitive task, when compared to the CBF, but with larger individual variability. By contrast, CBF is more sensitive when response to the passive task, and with better signal stability. We also found that there was a correlation (p< 0.01,r= 0.866,R2= 0.751) between CBF and EEG in initial response during the active task, but no significant correlation (p> 0.05) was found during the passive task. The similar relations were also found between regional brain waves and blood flow.Significance.The asynchronization and correlation between the two measurements indicates the necessity of monitoring both variables for comprehensive understanding of cerebral physiology. Deep exploration of their relationships provides promising implications for DCS/EEG integration in the diagnosis of various neurovascular and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyi Li
- Electronic Information College, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
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Bozkurt S, Bozkurt S. Evaluation of Potential Effects of Increased Outdoor Temperatures Due to Global Warming on Cerebral Blood Flow Rate and Respiratory Function in Chronic Obstructive Disease and Anemia. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2300120. [PMID: 37829676 PMCID: PMC10566812 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202300120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Global warming due to increased outdoor carbon dioxide (CO2) levels may cause several health problems such as headaches, cognitive impairment, or kidney dysfunction. It is predicted that further increases in CO2 levels will increase the morbidity and mortality of patients affected by a variety of diseases. For instance, patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) may suffer cognitive impairments or intracranial bleeding due to an increased cerebral blood flow rate. Predicting the harmful effects of global warming on human health will help to take measures for potential problems. Therefore, the quantification of physiological parameters is an essential step to investigate the effects of global warming on human health. In this study, the effects of increased outdoor temperatures due to climate change on cerebral blood flow rate and respiratory function in healthy subjects and COPD patients with anemia and respiratory acidosis are evaluated utilizing numerical simulations. The numerical model simulates cardiac function and blood circulation in systemic, pulmonary and cerebral circulations, cerebral autoregulatory functions, respiratory function, alveolar gas exchange, oxygen (O2) and CO2 contents, and hemoglobin levels in the blood. The simulation results show that although the cardiovascular function is not significantly altered, the respiratory function and cerebral blood flow rates are altered remarkably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surhan Bozkurt
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dogus University Esenkent Dudullu OSB m. NATO Yolu c. Umraniye Istanbul 34775 Turkey
| | - Selim Bozkurt
- School of Engineering Ulster University 2-24 York Street Belfast BT15 1AP UK
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12
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Sakamoto R, Sato K, Ogoh S, Kamoda T, Neki T, Katayose M, Iwamoto E. Dynamic resistance exercise-induced pressor response does not alter hypercapnia-induced cerebral vasodilation in young adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:781-796. [PMID: 36454281 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Excessive arterial pressure elevation induced by resistance exercise (RE) attenuates peripheral vasodilatory function, but its effect on cerebrovascular function is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the effect of different pressor responses to RE on hypercapnia-induced vasodilation of the internal carotid artery (ICA), an index of cerebrovascular function. To manipulate pressor responses to RE, 15 healthy young adults (11M/4F) performed two RE: high intensity with low repetitions (HL) and low intensity with high repetitions (LH) dynamic knee extension. ICA dilation, induced by 3 min of hypercapnia, was measured before and 10 min after RE using Doppler ultrasound. HL exercise elicited a greater pressor response than LH exercise. In relaxation phases of RE, ICA blood velocity increased in both HL and LH trials. However, ICA shear rate did not significantly increase in either trial (P = 0.06). Consequently, neither exercise altered post-exercise hypercapnia-induced ICA dilation (HL, 3.9 ± 1.9% to 5.1 ± 1.7%; LH, 4.6 ± 1.4% to 4.8 ± 1.8%; P > 0.05 for all). When viewed individually, the changes in ICA shear rate were positively correlated with changes in end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PETCO2) (r = 0.46, P < 0.01) than with mean arterial pressure (r = 0.32, P = 0.02). These findings suggest that the effects of RE-induced pressor response on cerebrovascular function may be different from peripheral arteries. An increase in PETCO2 during the relaxation phase may play a more crucial role than elevated pressure in increasing cerebral shear during dynamic RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Sato
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Kamoda
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toru Neki
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaki Katayose
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Erika Iwamoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan.
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13
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Bloomfield PM, Green H, Fisher JP, Gant N. Carbon dioxide protects simulated driving performance during severe hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023:10.1007/s00421-023-05151-1. [PMID: 36952086 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to determine the effect of acute severe hypoxia, with and without concurrent manipulation of carbon dioxide (CO2), on complex real-world psychomotor task performance. METHODS Twenty-one participants completed a 10-min simulated driving task while breathing room air (normoxia) or hypoxic air (PETO2 = 45 mmHg) under poikilocapnic, isocapnic, and hypercapnic conditions (PETCO2 = not manipulated, clamped at baseline, and clamped at baseline + 10 mmHg, respectively). Driving performance was assessed using a fixed-base motor vehicle simulator. Oxygenation in the frontal cortex was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS Speed limit exceedances were greater during the poikilocapnic than normoxic, hypercapnic, and isocapnic conditions (mean exceedances: 8, 4, 5, and 7, respectively; all p ≤ 0.05 vs poikilocapnic hypoxia). Vehicle speed was greater in the poikilocapnic than normoxic and hypercapnic conditions (mean difference: 0.35 km h-1 and 0.67 km h-1, respectively). All hypoxic conditions similarly decreased cerebral oxyhaemoglobin and increased deoxyhaemoglobin, compared to normoxic baseline, while total hemoglobin remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that supplemental CO2 can confer a neuroprotective effect by offsetting impairments in complex psychomotor task performance evoked by severe poikilocapnic hypoxia; however, differences in performance are unlikely to be linked to measurable differences in cerebral oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Michael Bloomfield
- Exercise Neurometabolism Laboratory, University of Auckland, Building 907, 368 Khyber Pass Road, Newmarket, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Hayden Green
- Exercise Neurometabolism Laboratory, University of Auckland, Building 907, 368 Khyber Pass Road, Newmarket, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - James P Fisher
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Manaaki Mānawa-The Centre for Heart Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Gant
- Exercise Neurometabolism Laboratory, University of Auckland, Building 907, 368 Khyber Pass Road, Newmarket, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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14
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Ogoh S, Watanabe H, Saito S, Fisher JP, Iwamoto E. Can Alterations in Cerebrovascular CO 2 Reactivity Be Identified Using Transfer Function Analysis without the Requirement for Carbon Dioxide Inhalation? J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12062441. [PMID: 36983441 PMCID: PMC10051076 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the validity of a novel method to assess cerebrovascular carbon dioxide (CO2) reactivity (CVR) that does not require a CO2 inhalation challenge, e.g., for use in patients with respiratory disease or the elderly, etc. In twenty-one healthy participants, CVR responses to orthostatic stress (50° head-up tilt, HUT) were assessed using two methods: (1) the traditional CO2 inhalation method, and (2) transfer function analysis (TFA) between middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCA V) and predicted arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) during spontaneous respiration. During HUT, MCA V steady-state (i.e., magnitude) and MCA V onset (i.e., time constant) responses to CO2 inhalation were decreased (p < 0.001) and increased (p = 0.001), respectively, indicative of attenuated CVR. In contrast, TFA gain in the very low-frequency range (VLF, 0.005-0.024 Hz) was unchanged, while the TFA phase in the VLF approached zero during HUT (-0.38 ± 0.59 vs. 0.31 ± 0.78 radians, supine vs. HUT; p = 0.003), indicative of a shorter time (i.e., improved) response of CVR. These findings indicate that CVR metrics determined by TFA without a CO2 inhalation do not track HUT-evoked reductions in CVR identified using CO2 inhalation, suggesting that enhanced cerebral blood flow response to a change in CO2 using CO2 inhalation is necessary to assess CVR adequately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK
| | - Hironori Watanabe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan
| | - Shotaro Saito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan
| | - James P Fisher
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Erika Iwamoto
- School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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15
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Reeder EL, O'Connell CJ, Collins SM, Traubert OD, Norman SV, Cáceres RA, Sah R, Smith DW, Robson MJ. Increased Carbon Dioxide Respiration Prevents the Effects of Acceleration/Deceleration Elicited Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuroscience 2023; 509:20-35. [PMID: 36332692 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Acceleration/deceleration forces are a common component of various causes of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and result in strain and shear forces on brain tissue. A small quantifiable volume dubbed the compensatory reserve volume (CRV) permits energy transmission to brain tissue during acceleration/deceleration events. The CRV is principally regulated by cerebral blood flow (CBF) and CBF is primarily determined by the concentration of inspired carbon dioxide (CO2). We hypothesized that experimental hypercapnia (i.e. increased inspired concentration of CO2) may act to prevent and mitigate the actions of acceleration/deceleration-induced TBI. To determine these effects C57Bl/6 mice underwent experimental hypercapnia whereby they were exposed to medical-grade atmospheric air or 5% CO2 immediately prior to an acceleration/deceleration-induced mTBI paradigm. mTBI results in significant increases in righting reflex time (RRT), reductions in core body temperature, and reductions in general locomotor activity-three hours post injury (hpi). Experimental hypercapnia immediately preceding mTBI was found to prevent mTBI-induced increases in RRT and reductions in core body temperature and general locomotor activity. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing conducted four hpi revealed that CO2 exposure prevented mTBI-induced transcriptional alterations of several targets related to oxidative stress, immune, and inflammatory signaling. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed the prevention of mTBI-induced increases in mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 6 and metallothionein-2. These initial proof of concept studies reveal that increases in inspired CO2 mitigate the detrimental contributions of acceleration/deceleration events in mTBI and may feasibly be translated in the future to humans using a medical device seeking to prevent mTBI among high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Reeder
- University of Cincinnati James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Christopher J O'Connell
- University of Cincinnati James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Sean M Collins
- University of Cincinnati James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Owen D Traubert
- University of Cincinnati College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Sophia V Norman
- University of Cincinnati College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Román A Cáceres
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Renu Sah
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | | | - Matthew J Robson
- University of Cincinnati James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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16
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Wiese BM, Alvarez Reyes A, Vanderah TW, Largent-Milnes TM. The endocannabinoid system and breathing. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1126004. [PMID: 37144090 PMCID: PMC10153446 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1126004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent changes in cannabis accessibility have provided adjunct therapies for patients across numerous disease states and highlights the urgency in understanding how cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid (EC) system interact with other physiological structures. The EC system plays a critical and modulatory role in respiratory homeostasis and pulmonary functionality. Respiratory control begins in the brainstem without peripheral input, and coordinates the preBötzinger complex, a component of the ventral respiratory group that interacts with the dorsal respiratory group to synchronize burstlet activity and drive inspiration. An additional rhythm generator: the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group drives active expiration during conditions of exercise or high CO2. Combined with the feedback information from the periphery: through chemo- and baroreceptors including the carotid bodies, the cranial nerves, stretch of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, lung tissue, and immune cells, and the cranial nerves, our respiratory system can fine tune motor outputs that ensure we have the oxygen necessary to survive and can expel the CO2 waste we produce, and every aspect of this process can be influenced by the EC system. The expansion in cannabis access and potential therapeutic benefits, it is essential that investigations continue to uncover the underpinnings and mechanistic workings of the EC system. It is imperative to understand the impact cannabis, and exogenous cannabinoids have on these physiological systems, and how some of these compounds can mitigate respiratory depression when combined with opioids or other medicinal therapies. This review highlights the respiratory system from the perspective of central versus peripheral respiratory functionality and how these behaviors can be influenced by the EC system. This review will summarize the literature available on organic and synthetic cannabinoids in breathing and how that has shaped our understanding of the role of the EC system in respiratory homeostasis. Finally, we look at some potential future therapeutic applications the EC system has to offer for the treatment of respiratory diseases and a possible role in expanding the safety profile of opioid therapies while preventing future opioid overdose fatalities that result from respiratory arrest or persistent apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth M. Wiese
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Angelica Alvarez Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Todd W. Vanderah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Tally M. Largent-Milnes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: Tally M. Largent-Milnes,
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17
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Ingestion of carbonated water increases middle cerebral artery blood velocity and improves mood states in resting humans exposed to ambient heat stress. Physiol Behav 2022; 255:113942. [PMID: 35964802 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sugar-free carbonated water is consumed worldwide. The consumption of carbonated water is high in summer, when the heat loss responses of sweating and skin vasodilation are activated, and thermal perceptions (thermal sensation and comfort) and mood states are negatively modulated. However, whether ingesting carbonated water under ambient heat exposure modulates cerebral blood flow index, heat loss responses, thermal perceptions, and mood states remains to be determined. In this study, 17 healthy, habitually active, young adults (eight women) ingested 4 °C noncarbonated or carbonated water under 37 °C ambient heat-stressed resting conditions. Both drinks increased the middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity, an index of cerebral blood flow, and mean arterial pressure, with carbonated water exhibiting higher elevations than noncarbonated water (P < 0.05). However, the heart rate, sweat rate, and skin blood flow during and after drinking remained unchanged between the two conditions (P > 0.05). The thermal sensation and comfort after drinking remained unchanged between the two conditions (P > 0.05); but, a drink-induced reduction in sleepiness was higher, and drink-induced elevations in motivation and exhilaration were higher after ingesting carbonated water than those after ingesting noncarbonated water (P < 0.05). The analyses suggest that in humans under ambient heat-stressed resting conditions, ingestion of cold carbonated water increases the cerebral blood flow index, blood pressure, motivation, and exhilaration, whereas it decreases sleepiness relative to ingestion of noncarbonated cold water. However, ingestion of cold carbonated water fails to modulate thermoregulatory responses and thermal perception as opposed to noncarbonated cold water.
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18
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Bozkurt S, Ayten UE. ln silico simulation of the interaction among autoregulatory mechanisms regulating cerebral blood flow rate in the healthy and systolic heart failure conditions during exercise. Med Biol Eng Comput 2022; 60:1863-1879. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Weston ME, Barker AR, Tomlinson OW, Coombes JS, Bailey TG, Bond B. The effect of exercise intensity and cardiorespiratory fitness on the kinetic response of middle cerebral artery blood velocity during exercise in healthy adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:214-222. [PMID: 35708705 PMCID: PMC9291408 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00862.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the kinetic response of middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) to moderate- and heavy-intensity cycling in adults, and explore the relationship between maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) and MCAv kinetics. Seventeen healthy adults (23.8 ± 2.4 yr, 9 females) completed a ramp incremental test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer to determine V̇o2max and the gas exchange threshold (GET). Across six separate visits, participants completed three 6-min transitions at a moderate intensity (90% GET) and three at a heavy intensity (40% of the difference between GET and V̇o2max). Bilateral MCAv was measured using transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography and analyzed using a monoexponential model with a time delay. The time constant (τ) of the MCAv response was not different between moderate- and heavy-intensity cycling (25 ± 10 vs. 26 ± 8 s, P = 0.82), as was the time delay (29 ± 11 vs. 29 ± 10 s, P = 0.95). The amplitude of the exponential increase in MCAv from baseline was greater during heavy-intensity cycling (23.9 ± 10.0 cm·s-1, 34.1 ± 14.4%) compared with moderate-intensity cycling (12.7 ± 4.4 cm·s-1, 18.7 ± 7.5%; P < 0.01). Following the exponential increase, a greater fall in MCAv was observed during heavy-intensity exercise compared with moderate-intensity exercise (9.5 ± 6.9 vs. 2.8 ± 3.8 cm·s-1, P < 0.01). MCAv after 6 min of exercise remained elevated during heavy-intensity exercise compared with moderate-intensity exercise (85.2 ± 9.6 vs. 79.3 ± 7.7 cm·s-1, P ≤ 0.01). V̇o2max was not correlated with MCAv τ or amplitude (r = 0.11-0.26, P > 0.05). These data suggest that the intensity of constant-work rate exercise influences the amplitude, but not time-based, response parameters of MCAv in healthy adults, and found no relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and MCAv kinetics.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to model the MCAv kinetic response to moderate- and heavy-intensity cycling in healthy adults. This study found that the amplitude of the exponential rise in MCAv at exercise onset was greater during heavy-intensity exercise (∼34%) compared with moderate-intensity exercise (∼19%), but the time-based characteristics of the responses were similar between intensities. Higher cardiorespiratory fitness was not associated with a greater or faster MCAv response to moderate- or heavy-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max E Weston
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Owen W Tomlinson
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tom G Bailey
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Nursing Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bert Bond
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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20
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Clough RH, Minhas JS, Haunton VJ, Hanby MF, Robinson TG, Panerai RB. Dynamics of the cerebral autoregulatory response to paced hyperventilation assessed using sub-component and time-varying analyses. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:311-319. [PMID: 35736950 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00100.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) can be altered by a change in partial pressure of arterial CO2 (pCO2), being reduced during hyperventilation (HPV). Critical closing pressure (CrCP) and resistance area product (RAP) are parameters which can be studied to understand this change, but their dynamic response has not been investigated during paced HPV (PHPV). Seventy five participants had recordings at rest and during PHPV. Blood pressure (BP) (Finometer), bilateral CBF velocity (CBFV) (transcranial Doppler), end-tidal CO2 (capnography) and heart rate (HR) were recorded continuously. Subcomponent analysis (SCA) and time-varying CrCP, RAP and dynamic cerebral autoregulation (Autoregulation Index, ARI) were estimated comparing PHPV to poikilocapnia. PHPV caused a change in CBFV (p<0.01), EtCO2, (p<0.01), HR (p<0.001) and RAP (p<0.01). SCA demonstrated RAP was the main parameter explaining the changes in CBFV due to PHPV. The time-varying step responses for CBFV and RAP during PHPV demonstrated considerable non-stationarity compared to poikilocapnia (p<0.00001). Although time-varying ARI was temporarily depressed, after 60 s of PHPV it was significantly higher (6.81 ± 1.88) (p<0.0001) than in poikilocapnia (5.08 ± 1.86). The mean plateau of the RAP step response was -98.3 ± 58.8 % 60 s after the onset of PHPV but -71.7 ± 45.0 % for poikilocapnia (p=0.0026), with no corresponding changes in CrCP (p=0.6). Further work is needed to assess the role of sex and aging in our findings, and the potential for using RAP and CrCP to improve the sensitivity and specificity of CO2 reactivity studies in cerebrovascular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca H Clough
- Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHiASM) Research Group, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Jatinder S Minhas
- Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHiASM) Research Group, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria J Haunton
- Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHiASM) Research Group, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Martha Frances Hanby
- Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHiASM) Research Group, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Thompson G Robinson
- Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHiASM) Research Group, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ronney B Panerai
- Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHiASM) Research Group, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
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21
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Use of real-time phase-contrast MRI to quantify the effect of spontaneous breathing on the cerebral arteries. Neuroimage 2022; 258:119361. [PMID: 35688317 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of the effect of breathing on the cerebral circulation provides a better mechanistic understanding of the brain's circulatory system and is important in the early diagnosis of certain neurological diseases. However, conventional cine phase-contrast (CINE-PC) MRI cannot be used in this field of study because it only provides an average cardiac cycle flow curve reconstructed from multiple cardiac cycles. Unlike CINE-PC, phase-contrast echo-planar imaging (EPI-PC) can be used to quantify the blood flow rate in "real-time" and thus assess the effect of breathing on blood flow. Here, we first used post-processing software (developed in-house) to determine the feasibility of quantifying cerebral arterial blood flow with EPI-PC (relative to CINE-PC) in 16 participants. In a second step, we developed a new time-domain method for quantifying the intensity and the phase shift of the effects of breathing on the mean flow rate, stroke volume, cardiac period and amplitude of cerebral blood flow (in 10 participants). Our results showed that EPI-PC can quantify cerebral arterial blood flow rate with much the same degree of accuracy as CINE-PC but is more strongly influenced by differences in magnetic susceptibility. We found that breathing affected the mean flow rate, stroke volume and cardiac period of cerebral arterial blood flow.
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22
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Watanabe H, Saito S, Washio T, Bailey DM, Ogoh S. Acute Gravitational Stress Selectively Impairs Dynamic Cerebrovascular Reactivity in the Anterior Circulation Independent of Changes to the Central Respiratory Chemoreflex. Front Physiol 2022; 12:749255. [PMID: 35069233 PMCID: PMC8770752 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.749255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) to changes in the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) is an important mechanism that maintains CO2 or pH homeostasis in the brain. To what extent this is influenced by gravitational stress and corresponding implications for the regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) remain unclear. The present study examined the onset responses of pulmonary ventilation (V̇E) and anterior middle (MCA) and posterior (PCA) cerebral artery mean blood velocity (Vmean) responses to acute hypercapnia (5% CO2) to infer dynamic changes in the central respiratory chemoreflex and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), in supine and 50° head-up tilt (HUT) positions. Each onset response was evaluated using a single-exponential regression model consisting of the response time latency [CO2-response delay (t0)] and time constant (τ). Onset response of V̇E and PCA Vmean to changes in CO2 was unchanged during 50° HUT compared with supine (τ: V̇E, p = 0.707; PCA Vmean, p = 0.071 vs. supine) but the MCA Vmean onset response was faster during supine than during 50° HUT (τ: p = 0.003 vs. supine). These data indicate that gravitational stress selectively impaired dynamic CVR in the anterior cerebral circulation, whereas the posterior circulation was preserved, independent of any changes to the central respiratory chemoreflex. Collectively, our findings highlight the regional heterogeneity underlying CBF regulation that may have translational implications for the microgravity (and hypercapnia) associated with deep-space flight notwithstanding terrestrial orthostatic diseases that have been linked to accelerated cognitive decline and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Watanabe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Shotaro Saito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Takuro Washio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Damian Miles Bailey
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Neurovascular Research Laboratory, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
| | - Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Japan.,Neurovascular Research Laboratory, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
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23
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Wijnant SRA, Bos D, Brusselle G, Grymonprez M, Rietzschel E, Vernooij MW, Terzikhan N, Lahousse L. Comparison of cerebral blood flow in subjects with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the population-based Rotterdam Study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e053671. [PMID: 34921083 PMCID: PMC8685943 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk of cerebrovascular disease, which might be associated with decreases in cerebral blood flow. Since studies examining cerebral blood flow in COPD remain scarce and are limited by sample size, we aimed to study cerebral blood flow in participants with and without COPD. DESIGN Observational cohort study. SETTING Population-based Rotterdam Study. PARTICIPANTS 4177 participants (age 68.0±8.5 years; 53% females) with and without COPD. PREDICTOR VARIABLE Spirometry and pulmonary diffusing capacity. OUTCOME MEASURES Cerebral blood flow by two-dimensional phase-contrast cerebral MRI. RESULTS Compared with subjects with normal spirometry (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ≥0.7 and FEV1 ≥80%), multivariable adjusted cerebral blood flow (mL/min) was preserved in subjects with COPD Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD1) (FEV1/FVC <0.7 and FEV1 ≥80%), but significantly lower in subjects with COPD GOLD2-3 (FEV1/FVC <0.7 and FEV1 <80%), even after adjustment for cardiovascular comorbidities. In sex-stratified analyses, this difference in cerebral blood flow was statistically significant in women but not in men. Cerebral blood flow was lowest in subjects with FEV1, FVC and diffusion lung capacity for carbon monoxide % predicted values in the lowest quintile, even after adjustment for cardiovascular comorbidities and cardiac function. CONCLUSION We observed a lowered cerebral blood flow in subjects with COPD GOLD2-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R A Wijnant
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Daniel Bos
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guy Brusselle
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ernst Rietzschel
- Department of Cardiology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natalie Terzikhan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lies Lahousse
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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Bascom R, Dhingra R, Francomano CA. Respiratory manifestations in the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2021; 187:533-548. [PMID: 34811894 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Persons with the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) report a wide range of respiratory symptoms, most commonly shortness of breath, exercise limitation, and cough. Also reported are noisy breathing attributed to asthma, difficulty with deep inhalation, and inspiratory thoracic pain. The literature consists of case reports and small cross-sectional and cohort studies. One case-control study estimated twofold to threefold greater respiratory disease burden among persons with EDS as compared to controls. The differential diagnosis for symptoms is broad. Structural alterations include pectus deformities, scoliosis, recurrent rib subluxations, and tracheobronchomalacia, associated with varying degrees of physiologic impairment. Those with vascular EDS have an increased risk of pneumothorax, intrapulmonary bleeding, cysts, and nonmalignant fibrous nodules. Functional aerodigestive manifestations such as inducible laryngeal obstruction may be misdiagnosed as asthma, with gastro-esophageal dysmotility and reflux as common contributing factors. Inflammatory manifestations include costochondritis, bronchiectasis, and localized respiratory allergic and nonallergic mast cell activation. Cranio-cervical instability can dysregulate respiratory control pathways. There is a need for careful phenotyping using standardized clinical tools and patient-reported outcomes and continuing collaboration with aerodigestive specialists including otolaryngologists and gastroenterologists. Also needed is further evaluation of respiratory symptoms in persons with hypermobility spectrum disorders. Personalized monitoring strategies are invaluable for interpretation and long-term management of respiratory symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Bascom
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Radha Dhingra
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Clair A Francomano
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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25
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Weston ME, Barker AR, Tomlinson OW, Coombes JS, Bailey TG, Bond B. Differences in cerebrovascular regulation and ventilatory responses during ramp incremental cycling in children, adolescents, and adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1200-1210. [PMID: 34435503 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00182.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cerebral blood flow during exercise in youth is poorly understood. This study investigated the cerebrovascular and ventilatory responses to a ramp incremental cycle test to exhaustion in 14 children (means ± SD age: 9.4 ± 0.9 yr), 14 adolescents (12.4 ± 0.4 yr), and 19 adults (23.4 ± 2.5 yr). Middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv), partial pressure of end-tidal CO2 ([Formula: see text]), and ventilatory parameters were analyzed at baseline, gas exchange threshold (GET), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and exhaustion. The increase in minute ventilation relative to CO2 production during exercise was also calculated (V̇e/V̇co2 slope). Relative change from baseline (Δ%) in MCAv was lower in children, compared with adolescents and adults at GET [15 ± 10% vs. 26 ± 14%, and 24 ± 10%, respectively, P ≤ 0.03, effect size (d) = 0.9] and RCP (13 ± 11% vs. 24 ± 16% and 27 ± 15%, respectively, P ≤ 0.05, d ≥ 0.8). Δ%MCAv was similar in adults and adolescents at all intensities and similar in all groups at exhaustion. The magnitude of the V̇E/V̇co2 slope was negatively associated with Δ%MCAv at GET and RCP across all participants (P ≤ 0.01, r = -0.37 to -0.48). Δ%[Formula: see text] was smaller in children and adolescents compared with adults at GET and RCP (P ≤ 0.05, d ≥ 0.6). In children, Δ%[Formula: see text] and Δ%MCAv were not associated from baseline-GET (r¯ = 0.14) and were moderately associated from RCP-exhaustion (r¯ = 0.49). These relationships strengthened with increasing age and were stronger in adolescents (baseline-GET: r¯ = 0.47, RCP-exhaustion: r¯ = 0.62) and adults (baseline-GET: r¯ = 0.66, RCP-exhaustion: r¯ = 0.78). These findings provide the first evidence on the development of the regulatory role of [Formula: see text] on MCAv during exercise in children, adolescents, and adults.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to observe similar increases in cerebral blood flow during incremental exercise in adolescents and adults. Increases in cerebral blood flow during exercise were smaller in children compared with adolescents and adults and were associated with a greater V̇E/V̇co2 slope. This study also provides the first evidence on the progressive development of the regulatory role of end-tidal CO2 on cerebral blood flow during exercise during the transition from childhood to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max E Weston
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Owen W Tomlinson
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tom G Bailey
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bert Bond
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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26
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Doppmann P, Meuli L, Sollid SJM, Filipovic M, Knapp J, Exadaktylos A, Albrecht R, Pietsch U. End-tidal to arterial carbon dioxide gradient is associated with increased mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury: a retrospective observational study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10391. [PMID: 34001982 PMCID: PMC8129079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Early definitive airway protection and normoventilation are key principles in the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury. These are currently guided by end tidal CO2 as a proxy for PaCO2. We assessed whether the difference between end tidal CO2 and PaCO2 at hospital admission is associated with in-hospital mortality. We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study of consecutive patients with traumatic brain injury who were intubated and transported by Helicopter Emergency Medical Services to a Level 1 trauma center between January 2014 and December 2019. We assessed the association between the CO2 gap-defined as the difference between end tidal CO2 and PaCO2-and in-hospital mortality using multivariate logistic regression models. 105 patients were included in this study. The mean ± SD CO2 gap at admission was 1.64 ± 1.09 kPa and significantly greater in non-survivors than survivors (2.26 ± 1.30 kPa vs. 1.42 ± 0.92 kPa, p < .001). The correlation between EtCO2 and PaCO2 at admission was low (Pearson's r = .287). The mean CO2 gap after 24 h was only 0.64 ± 0.82 kPa, and no longer significantly different between non-survivors and survivors. The multivariate logistic regression model showed that the CO2 gap was independently associated with increased mortality in this cohort and associated with a 2.7-fold increased mortality for every 1 kPa increase in the CO2 gap (OR 2.692, 95% CI 1.293 to 5.646, p = .009). This study demonstrates that the difference between EtCO2 and PaCO2 is significantly associated with in-hospital mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury. EtCO2 was significantly lower than PaCO2, making it an unreliable proxy for PaCO2 when aiming for normocapnic ventilation. The CO2 gap can lead to iatrogenic hypoventilation when normocapnic ventilation is aimed and might thereby increase in-hospital mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Doppmann
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Cantonal Hospital St, Rorschacher Strasse 95, 9007, GallenSt. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Meuli
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Miodrag Filipovic
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Cantonal Hospital St, Rorschacher Strasse 95, 9007, GallenSt. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Knapp
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aristomenis Exadaktylos
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, FreiburgstrasseBern, Switzerland
| | - Roland Albrecht
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Cantonal Hospital St, Rorschacher Strasse 95, 9007, GallenSt. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, FreiburgstrasseBern, Switzerland
- Swiss Air-Ambulance, Rega (RettungsFlugwacht/Guarde Aérienne), Postfach 1414, 8058, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Pietsch
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Cantonal Hospital St, Rorschacher Strasse 95, 9007, GallenSt. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, FreiburgstrasseBern, Switzerland.
- Swiss Air-Ambulance, Rega (RettungsFlugwacht/Guarde Aérienne), Postfach 1414, 8058, Zurich, Switzerland.
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27
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Zhou D, Ye Y, Kong Y, Li Z, Shi G, Zhou J. The effect of mild hypercapnia on hospital mortality after cardiac arrest may be modified by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 44:78-84. [PMID: 33582612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main objective was to evaluate the effect of carbon dioxide on hospital mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and non-COPD patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). METHODS We conducted a retrospective observational study in OHCA patients from the eICU database (eicu-crd.mit.edu). The main exposure was the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2). The proportion of time spent (PTS) within four predefined PaCO2 ranges (hypocapnia: <35 mmHg, normocapnia: 35-45 mmHg, mild hypercapnia: 46-55 mmHg, and severe hypercapnia: >55 mmHg) were calculated respectively. The primary outcome was hospital mortality. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed to assess the independent relationship between PTS within PaCO2 range and hospital mortality, and the interaction between PTS within PaCO2 range and COPD was explored. RESULTS A total of 1721 OHCA patients were included, of which 272 (15.8%) had COPD. After adjusted for the confounders, the PTS within mild hypercapnia was associated with lower odds ratio for hospital mortality in COPD patients (OR 0.923; 95% CI 0.857-0.992; P = 0.036); however, it was associated with higher odds ratio for hospital mortality in non-COPD patients (OR 1.053; 95% CI 1.012-1.097; P = 0.012; Pinteraction = 0.008). The PTS within normocapnia was not associated with hospital mortality in COPD patients (OR 0.987; 95% CI 0.914-1.067; P = 0.739); however, it was associated with lower odds ratio for hospital mortality in non-COPD patients (OR 0.944; 95% CI 0.916-0.973; P < 0.001; Pinteraction = 0.113). CONCLUSIONS The effect of carbon dioxide on hospital mortality differed between COPD and non-COPD patients. Mild hypercapnia was associated with increased hospital mortality for non-COPD patients but reduced hospital mortality for COPD patients. It would be reasonable to adjust PaCO2 targets in OHCA patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Ye
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueyue Kong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Shi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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28
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Caldwell HG, Howe CA, Chalifoux CJ, Hoiland RL, Carr JMJR, Brown CV, Patrician A, Tremblay JC, Panerai RB, Robinson TG, Minhas JS, Ainslie PN. Arterial carbon dioxide and bicarbonate rather than pH regulate cerebral blood flow in the setting of acute experimental metabolic alkalosis. J Physiol 2021; 599:1439-1457. [DOI: 10.1113/jp280682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G. Caldwell
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health School of Health and Exercise Sciences University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna BC Canada
| | - Connor A. Howe
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health School of Health and Exercise Sciences University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna BC Canada
| | - Carter J. Chalifoux
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health School of Health and Exercise Sciences University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna BC Canada
| | - Ryan L. Hoiland
- Department of Anesthesiology Pharmacology and Therapeutics Vancouver General Hospital University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Jay M. J. R. Carr
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health School of Health and Exercise Sciences University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna BC Canada
| | - Courtney V. Brown
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health School of Health and Exercise Sciences University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna BC Canada
| | - Alexander Patrician
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health School of Health and Exercise Sciences University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna BC Canada
| | - Joshua C. Tremblay
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health School of Health and Exercise Sciences University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna BC Canada
| | - Ronney B. Panerai
- Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHIASM) Research Group Leicester Biomedical Research Centre University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | - Thompson G. Robinson
- Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHIASM) Research Group Leicester Biomedical Research Centre University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | - Jatinder S. Minhas
- Cerebral Haemodynamics in Ageing and Stroke Medicine (CHIASM) Research Group Leicester Biomedical Research Centre University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | - Philip N. Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health School of Health and Exercise Sciences University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna BC Canada
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29
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Aebi MR, Bourdillon N, Kunz A, Bron D, Millet GP. Specific effect of hypobaria on cerebrovascular hypercapnic responses in hypoxia. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14372. [PMID: 32097541 PMCID: PMC7058173 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains unknown whether hypobaria plays a role on cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 (CVR). The present study evaluated the putative effect of hypobaria on CVR and its influence on cerebral oxygen delivery (cDO2) in five randomized conditions (i.e., normobaric normoxia, NN, altitude level of 440 m; hypobaric hypoxia, HH at altitude levels of 3,000 m and 5,500 m; normobaric hypoxia, NH, altitude simulation of 5,500 m; and hypobaric normoxia, HN). CVR was assessed in nine healthy participants (either students in aviation or pilots) during a hypercapnic test (i.e., 5% CO2). We obtained CVR by plotting middle cerebral artery velocity versus end‐tidal CO2 pressure (PETCO2) using a sigmoid model. Hypobaria induced an increased slope in HH (0.66 ± 0.33) compared to NH (0.35 ± 0.19) with a trend in HN (0.46 ± 0.12) compared to NN (0.23 ± 0.12, p = .069). PETCO2 was decreased (22.3 ± 2.4 vs. 34.5 ± 2.8 mmHg and 19.9 ± 1.3 vs. 30.8 ± 2.2 mmHg, for HN vs. NN and HH vs. NH, respectively, p < .05) in hypobaric conditions when compared to normobaric conditions with comparable inspired oxygen pressure (141 ± 1 vs. 133 ± 3 mmHg and 74 ± 1 vs. 70 ± 2 mmHg, for NN vs. HN and NH vs. HH, respectively) During hypercapnia, cDO2 was decreased in 5,500 m HH (p = .046), but maintained in NH when compared to NN. To conclude, CVR seems more sensitive (i.e., slope increase) in hypobaric than in normobaric conditions. Moreover, hypobaria potentially affected vasodilation reserve (i.e., MCAv autoregulation) and brain oxygen delivery during hypercapnia. These results are relevant for populations (i.e., aviation pilots; high‐altitude residents as miners; mountaineers) occasionally exposed to hypobaric normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias R Aebi
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Aeromedical Center (AeMC), Swiss Air Force, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bourdillon
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Becare SA, Renens, Switzerland
| | - Andres Kunz
- Aeromedical Center (AeMC), Swiss Air Force, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Denis Bron
- Aeromedical Center (AeMC), Swiss Air Force, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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30
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Ogoh S, Shibata S, Ito G, Miyamoto T. Dynamic characteristics of cerebrovascular reactivity or ventilatory response to change in carbon dioxide. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1515-1523. [PMID: 32700812 DOI: 10.1113/ep088800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What are the dynamic characteristics of cerebrovascular carbon dioxide reactivity and the central respiratory chemoreflex? What is the main finding and its importance? The transfer function gain from the end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide to cerebral blood flow or ventilation decreased in the high frequency range at rest and during exercise. These findings indicate that the dynamic characteristics of both systems were not constant in all frequency ranges, and this trend was not modified by exercise. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the dynamic characteristics of cerebrovascular reactivity and ventilatory response to change in arterial CO2 in all frequency ranges at rest using frequency domain analysis, and also to examine whether this is modified by dynamic exercise as with the traditionally determined cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity. In nine healthy young subjects, at rest and during exercise (cycling exercise at constant predetermined work rate corresponding to a V ̇ O 2 level of 0.90 l min-1 ), the dynamic characteristics of cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity and the central respiratory chemoreflex were assessed by transfer function analysis using a binary white-noise sequence (0-7% inspired CO2 fraction) from the end-tidal partial pressure of CO2 ( P ETC O 2 ) to the mean middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity (MCA Vm ) or minute ventilation ( V ̇ E ), respectively. In the high frequency range, both transfer function gains decreased but, interestingly, the cut-off frequency in the transfer function gain from P ETC O 2 to MCA Vm response was higher than that from P ETC O 2 to V ̇ E response at rest (0.024 vs. 0.015 Hz) and during exercise (0.030 vs. 0.011 Hz), indicating that cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity or central respiratory chemoreflex was not constant in all frequency ranges, and this trend was not modified by exercise. These findings suggest that dynamic characteristics of the cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity or central chemoreflex need to be assessed to identify the whole system because the traditional method cannot identify the property of time response of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama, 350-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeki Shibata
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka, Tokyo, Tokyo, 181-8621, Japan
| | - Go Ito
- Department of Sport and Health Sciemce, Osaka Sangyo University, 3-1-1 Nakagaito, Osaka, Osaka, 574-8530, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Miyamoto
- Department of Sport and Health Sciemce, Osaka Sangyo University, 3-1-1 Nakagaito, Osaka, Osaka, 574-8530, Japan
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31
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Sheel AW, Bailey EF. Mechanisms of respiratory modulation of cardiovascular control. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:212-213. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00537.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. William Sheel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - E. Fiona Bailey
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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32
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Ogoh S, Suzuki K, Washio T, Tamiya K, Saito S, Bailey TG, Shibata S, Ito G, Miyamoto T. Does respiratory drive modify the cerebral vascular response to changes in end-tidal carbon dioxide? Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1363-1370. [PMID: 31264258 DOI: 10.1113/ep087744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? There is an interaction between the regulatory systems of respiration and cerebral blood flow, because the mediator (CO2 ) is the same for both physiological systems. We examined whether the traditional method for determining cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 is modified by changes in respiration. What is the main finding and its importance? Cerebrovascular reactivity was modified by voluntary changes in respiration during hypercapnia. This finding suggests that an alteration in the respiratory system may result in under- or overestimation of cerebrovascular reactivity determined by traditional methods in healthy adults. ABSTRACT The cerebral vasculature is sensitive to changes in the arterial partial pressure of CO2 . This physiological mechanism has been well established as a cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 (CVR). However, arterial CO2 may not be an independent variable in the traditional method for assessment of CVR, because the cerebral blood flow response is also affected by the activation of respiratory drive or higher centres in the brain. We hypothesized that CVR is modified by changes in respiration. To test our hypothesis, in the present study, 10 young, healthy subjects performed hyper- or hypoventilation to change end-tidal CO2 ( P ET , C O 2 ) with different concentrations of CO2 in the inhaled gas (0, 2.0 and 3.5%). We measured middle cerebral artery mean blood flow velocity by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography to identify the cerebral blood flow response to change in P ET , C O 2 during each set of conditions. In each set of conditions, P ET , C O 2 was significantly altered by changes in ventilation, and middle cerebral artery mean blood flow velocity changed accordingly. However, the relationship between changes in middle cerebral artery mean blood flow velocity and P ET , C O 2 as a response curve of CVR was reset upwards and downwards by hypo- and hyperventilation, respectively, compared with CVR during normal ventilation. The findings of the present study suggest the possibility that an alteration in respiration might lead to under- or overestimation of CVR determined by the traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe-Shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuya Suzuki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe-Shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takuro Washio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe-Shi, Saitama, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tamiya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe-Shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shotaro Saito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe-Shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tom G Bailey
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shigeki Shibata
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Go Ito
- Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
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