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Caloric restriction induces anabolic resistance to resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1155-1164. [PMID: 32236752 PMCID: PMC8233264 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Weight loss can result in the loss of muscle mass and bone mineral density. Resistance exercise is commonly prescribed to attenuate these effects. However, the anabolic endocrine response to resistance exercise during caloric restriction has not been characterized. Methods Participants underwent 3-day conditions of caloric restriction (15 kcal kg FFM−1) with post-exercise carbohydrate (CRC) and with post-exercise protein (CRP), and an energy balance control (40 kcal kg FFM−1) with post-exercise carbohydrate (CON). Serial blood draws were taken following five sets of five repetitions of the barbell back squat exercise on day 3 of each condition. Results In CRC and CRP, respectively, growth hormone peaked at 2.6 ± 0.4 and 2.5 ± 0.9 times the peak concentrations observed during CON. Despite this, insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations declined 18.3 ± 3.4% in CRC and 27.2 ± 3.8% in CRP, which was greater than the 7.6 ± 3.6% decline in CON, over the subsequent 24 h. Sclerostin increased over the first 2 days of each intervention by 19.2 ± 5.6% in CRC, 21.8 ± 6.2% in CRP and 13.4 ± 5.9% in CON, but following the resistance exercise bout, these increases were attenuated and no longer significant. Conclusion During caloric restriction, there is considerable endocrine anabolic resistance to a single bout of resistance exercise which persists in the presence of post-exercise whey protein supplementation. Alternative strategies to restore the sensitivity of insulin-like growth factor-1 to growth hormone need to be explored. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00421-020-04354-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Hymer WC, Kennett MJ, Maji SK, Gosselink KL, McCall GE, Grindeland RE, Post EM, Kraemer WJ. Bioactive growth hormone in humans: Controversies, complexities and concepts. Growth Horm IGF Res 2020; 50:9-22. [PMID: 31809882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To revisit a finding, first described in 1978, which documented existence of a pituitary growth factor that escaped detection by immunoassay, but which was active in the established rat tibia GH bioassay. METHODS We present a narrative review of the evolution of growth hormone complexity, and its bio-detectability, from a historical perspective. RESULTS In humans under the age of 60, physical training (i.e. aerobic endurance and resistance training) are stressors which preferentially stimulate release of bioactive GH (bGH) into the blood. Neuroanatomical studies indicate a) that nerve fibers directly innervate the human anterior pituitary and b) that hind limb muscle afferents, in both humans and rats, also modulate plasma bGH. In the pituitary gland itself, molecular variants of GH, somatotroph heterogeneity and cell plasticity all appear to play a role in regulation of this growth factor. CONCLUSION This review considers more recent findings on this often forgotten/neglected subject. Comparison testing of a) human plasma samples, b) sub-populations of separated rat pituitary somatotrophs or c) purified human pituitary peptides by GH bioassay vs immunoassay consistently yield conflicting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley C Hymer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Mary J Kennett
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Samir K Maji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 4000076, India
| | - Kristin L Gosselink
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM 88001, United States of America
| | - Gary E McCall
- Department of Exercise Science Exercise and Neuroscience Program, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, United States of America
| | - Richard E Grindeland
- Life Science Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, United States of America
| | - Emily M Post
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States of America
| | - William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States of America.
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Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Hymer WC, Nindl BC, Fragala MS. Growth Hormone(s), Testosterone, Insulin-Like Growth Factors, and Cortisol: Roles and Integration for Cellular Development and Growth With Exercise. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:33. [PMID: 32158429 PMCID: PMC7052063 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormones are largely responsible for the integrated communication of several physiological systems responsible for modulating cellular growth and development. Although the specific hormonal influence must be considered within the context of the entire endocrine system and its relationship with other physiological systems, three key hormones are considered the "anabolic giants" in cellular growth and repair: testosterone, the growth hormone superfamily, and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) superfamily. In addition to these anabolic hormones, glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol must also be considered because of their profound opposing influence on human skeletal muscle anabolism in many instances. This review presents emerging research on: (1) Testosterone signaling pathways, responses, and adaptations to resistance training; (2) Growth hormone: presents new complexity with exercise stress; (3) Current perspectives on IGF-I and physiological adaptations and complexity these hormones as related to training; and (4) Glucocorticoid roles in integrated communication for anabolic/catabolic signaling. Specifically, the review describes (1) Testosterone as the primary anabolic hormone, with an anabolic influence largely dictated primarily by genomic and possible non-genomic signaling, satellite cell activation, interaction with other anabolic signaling pathways, upregulation or downregulation of the androgen receptor, and potential roles in co-activators and transcriptional activity; (2) Differential influences of growth hormones depending on the "type" of the hormone being assayed and the magnitude of the physiological stress; (3) The exquisite regulation of IGF-1 by a family of binding proteins (IGFBPs 1-6), which can either stimulate or inhibit biological action depending on binding; and (4) Circadian patterning and newly discovered variants of glucocorticoid isoforms largely dictating glucocorticoid sensitivity and catabolic, muscle sparing, or pathological influence. The downstream integrated anabolic and catabolic mechanisms of these hormones not only affect the ability of skeletal muscle to generate force; they also have implications for pharmaceutical treatments, aging, and prevalent chronic conditions such as metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and hypertension. Thus, advances in our understanding of hormones that impact anabolic: catabolic processes have relevance for athletes and the general population, alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: William J. Kraemer
| | - Nicholas A. Ratamess
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, United States
| | - Wesley C. Hymer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Bradley C. Nindl
- Department of Sports Medicine, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Nindl BC. Recovery responses of testosterone, growth hormone, and IGF-1 after resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:549-558. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00599.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity and redundancy of the endocrine pathways during recovery related to anabolic function in the body belie an oversimplistic approach to its study. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of resistance exercise (RE) on the recovery responses of three major anabolic hormones, testosterone, growth hormone(s), and insulin-like growth factor 1. Each hormone has a complexity related to differential pathways of action as well as interactions with binding proteins and receptor interactions. Testosterone is the primary anabolic hormone, and its concentration changes during the recovery period depending on the upregulation or downregulation of the androgen receptor. Multiple tissues beyond skeletal muscle are targeted under hormonal control and play critical roles in metabolism and physiological function. Growth hormone (GH) demonstrates differential increases in recovery with RE based on the type of GH being assayed and workout being used. IGF-1 shows variable increases in recovery with RE and is intimately linked to a host of binding proteins that are essential to its integrative actions and mediating targeting effects. The RE stress is related to recruitment of muscle tissue with the glandular release of hormones as signals to target tissues to support homeostatic mechanisms for metabolism and tissue repair during the recovery process. Anabolic hormones play a crucial role in the body’s response to metabolism, repair, and adaptive capabilities especially in response to anabolic-type RE. Changes of these hormones following RE during recovery in the circulatory biocompartment of blood are reflective of the many mechanisms of action that are in play in the repair and recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas A. Ratamess
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey; and
| | - Bradley C. Nindl
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Sheikholeslami-Vatani D, Ahmadi S, Salavati R. Comparison of the Effects of Resistance Exercise Orders on Number of Repetitions, Serum IGF-1, Testosterone and Cortisol Levels in Normal-Weight and Obese Men. Asian J Sports Med 2016; 7:e30503. [PMID: 27217934 PMCID: PMC4870831 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.30503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise order affects repetition performance and acute hormonal responses to resistance training (RT) programs. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of two different resistance exercise orders (REO) on number of repetitions and serum Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), testosterone and cortisol levels in normal-weight and obese men. Materials and Methods: 25 untrained college-aged men were assigned to either obese (n = 11) or normal-weight (n = 15) groups. Subjects performed two REO protocols in 2 exercise groups. In the first group subjects began with large-muscle group and progressed to small-muscle group (Protocol A), while in the other group subjects performed the same exercise but in reverse sequence (Protocol B). Each activity was performed in 3 consecutive sets of 10 repetitions maximum to near fatigue. Results: REOs did not affect number of repetitions in none of the groups. The average rating of perceived exertion was higher for protocol B in both groups. IGF-1 and testosterone increased immediately post exercise for both protocols and in both groups, however immediately post exercise increase in IGF-1 and testosterone were lower in obese group. Cortisol response to REO was weaker in obese group. Conclusions: Performing large muscle group exercises first in RE training and progressing to small muscle group produced greater anabolic hormonal response relative to reverse sequence in normal-weight young adult men. Anabolic hormonal response to REOs was blunted in the obese group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Slahadin Ahmadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Slahadin Ahmadi, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran. Tel: +87-31827399, Fax: +87-33664654, E-mail:
| | - Rashad Salavati
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, IR Iran
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Luk HY, Kraemer WJ, Szivak TK, Flanagan SD, Hooper DR, Kupchak BR, Comstock BA, Dunn-Lewis C, Vingren JL, DuPont WH, Hymer WC. Acute resistance exercise stimulates sex-specific dimeric immunoreactive growth hormone responses. Growth Horm IGF Res 2015; 25:136-140. [PMID: 25934139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to determine if an acute heavy resistance exercise test (AHRET) would elicit sex-specific responses in circulating growth hormone (GH), with untreated serum and serum treated with a reducing agent to break disulfide-bindings between GH dimers. METHODS 19 untrained participants (nine men and ten women) participated in an acute heavy resistance exercise test using the back squat. Blood samples were drawn before exercise (Pre), immediate post (IP), +15 min (+15), and +30 min (+30) afterwards. Serum samples were chemically reduced using glutathione (GSH). ELISAs were then used to compare immunoreactive GH concentrations in reduced (+GSH) and non-reduced (-GSH) samples. Data were analyzed using a three-way (2 sex × 2 treatment × 4 time) mixed methods ANOVA, with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS GSH reduction resulted in increased immunoreactive GH concentrations when compared to non-reduced samples at Pre (1.68 ± 0.33 μg/L vs 1.25 ± 0.25 μg/L), IP (7.69 ± 1.08 μg/L vs 5.76 ± 0.80 μg/L), +15 min (4.39 ± 0.58 μg/L vs 3.24 ± 0.43 μg/L), and +30 min (2.35 ± 0.49 μg/L vs 1.45 ± 0.23 μg/L). Also, women demonstrated greater GH responses compared to men, and this was not affected by reduction. CONCLUSIONS Heavy resistance exercise increases immunoreactive GH dimer concentrations in men and women, with larger increases in women and more sustained response in men. The physiological significance of a sexually dimorphic GH response adds to the growing literature on aggregate GH and may be explained by differences in sex hormones and the structure of the GH cell network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ying Luk
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Tunde K Szivak
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David R Hooper
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brian R Kupchak
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Brett A Comstock
- Division of Kinesiology and Sport Science, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Courtenay Dunn-Lewis
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Science and Engineering, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA, USA
| | - Jakob L Vingren
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - William H DuPont
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wesley C Hymer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Rubin DA, Pham HN, Adams ES, Tutor AR, Hackney AC, Coburn JW, Judelson DA. Endocrine response to acute resistance exercise in obese versus lean physically active men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:1359-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Comstock BA, Thomas GA, Dunn-Lewis C, Volek JS, Szivak TK, Hooper DR, Kupchak BR, Flanagan SD, Denegar CR, Kraemer WJ. Effects of acute resistance exercise on muscle damage and perceptual measures between men who are lean and obese. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 27:3488-94. [PMID: 23478480 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31828f8202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to assess indices of muscle damage and psychological stress between young, untrained, lean, and obese men. Using a between-subject design, 19 young men (9 lean men [age, 20.1 ± 2.1 years; body mass, 71.7 ± 5.8 kg; height, 177.8 ± 8.7 cm; body fat (BF), 14.7 ± 3.5%], 5 World Health Organization [WHO] class 1 obese men [age, 21.6 ± 2.5 years; body mass, 97.8 ± 8.6 kg; height, 176.3 ± 3.7 cm; BF, 34.7 ± 3.0%], and 5 WHO class 2 or 3 men [age, 20.0 ± 1.4 years; body mass, 120.8 ± 10.5 kg; height, 177.7 ± 5.2 cm; BF, 40.5 ± 5.8%]) volunteered and completed an acute resistance exercise (RE) protocol (6 exercises performed for 3 sets of 10 repetitions at an intensity of 85-95% of a 10 repetition maximum). Plasma myoglobin and serum creatine kinase were obtained before and immediately after exercise, and in recovery (at +110 minutes and +24 hours). Perceptual measures including rating of perceived exertion, pain and soreness, fatigue, and general soreness were assessed at different time points (during exercise for rating of perceived exertion, and for the fatigue and soreness measures before, immediately after, and at 24 hours of recovery from exercise). The primary findings of this investigation were that lean and obese, sedentary, young men do not significantly differ from each other in terms of indirect, humoral measures of muscle damage, or perceptual scales in response to a moderate-intensity acute RE bout, despite using significantly more exercise volume relative to fat mass (FM). We conclude that excess FM during daily activities of life provides a protective effect for muscle damage. When strength training individuals who are obese, practitioners should be aware of how excess FM affects muscle damage and total volume. But these considerations do not preclude individuals who are obese from using well-designed RE workouts which use free-weight, multijoint movements that stimulate all of the major muscle groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Comstock
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Thomas GA, Kraemer WJ, Comstock BA, Dunn-Lewis C, Maresh CM, Volek JS. Obesity, growth hormone and exercise. Sports Med 2014; 43:839-49. [PMID: 23812873 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is regulated, suppressed and stimulated by numerous physiological stimuli. However, it is believed that obesity disrupts the physiological and pathological factors that regulate, suppress or stimulate GH release. Pulsatile GH has been potently stimulated in healthy subjects by both aerobic and resistance exercise of the right intensity and duration. GH modulates fuel metabolism, reduces total fat mass and abdominal fat mass, and could be a potent stimulus of lipolysis when administered to obese individuals exogenously. Only pulsatile GH has been shown to augment adipose tissue lipolysis and, therefore, increasing pulsatile GH response may be a therapeutic target. This review discusses the factors that cause secretion of GH, how obesity may alter GH secretion and how both aerobic and resistance exercise stimulates GH, as well as how exercise of a specific intensity may be used as a stimulus for GH release in individuals who are obese. Only five prior studies have investigated exercise as a stimulus of endogenous GH in individuals who are obese. Based on prior literature, resistance exercise may provide a therapeutic target for releasing endogenous GH in individuals who are obese if specific exercise programme variables are utilized. Biological activity of GH indicates that this may be an important precursor to beneficial changes in body fat and lean tissue mass in obese individuals. However, additional research is needed including what molecular GH variants are acutely released and involved at target tissues as a result of different exercise stimuli and what specific exercise programme variables may serve to stimulate GH in individuals who are obese.
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Kim HH, Kim YJ, Lee SY, Jeong DW, Lee JG, Yi YH, Cho YH, Choi EJ, Kim HJ. Interactive effects of an isocaloric high-protein diet and resistance exercise on body composition, ghrelin, and metabolic and hormonal parameters in untrained young men: A randomized clinical trial. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 5:242-7. [PMID: 24843767 PMCID: PMC4023590 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION The interactive effects of resistance training and dietary protein on hormonal responses in adults are not clear and remain controversial. We tested the effect of an isocaloric high-protein diet on body composition, ghrelin, and metabolic and hormonal parameters during a 12-week resistance training program in untrained healthy young men. MATERIAL AND METHODS We randomized 18 healthy young men to a standard diet (ST group) or an isocaloric high protein diet (HP group). Both groups participated in a 12-week resistance exercise program. We measured body composition, lipid profile, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) indices, total ghrelin, and exercise-related hormones at baseline and 12 weeks. RESULTS In the HP group, lean body mass (LBM), total ghrelin, growth hormone, testosterone and cortisol levels showed an increase, whereas body fat percentage and HOMA-IR showed a decrease at 12 weeks, compared with baseline (P ≤ 0.05). In the ST group, no changes in these parameters were observed during the 12-week period. During the 12-week period, significant differences in the pattern of change of LBM (P = 0.032), total ghrelin (P = 0.037), HOMA-IR (P = 0.040) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.011) over time were observed between the groups. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study suggest that an isocaloric high-protein diet can ameliorate body composition, metabolic profiles and energy metabolism during a 12-week scheduled resistance training program in untrained healthy young men. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (no. NCT01714700).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ho Kim
- Department of Family MedicinePusan National University School of MedicineYangsanKorea
| | - Yun Jin Kim
- Department of Family MedicinePusan National University School of MedicineYangsanKorea
| | - Sang Yeoup Lee
- Medical Education Unit and Medical Research InstitutePusan National University School of MedicineYangsanKorea
- Family Medicine Clinic and Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and TechnologyPusan National University Yangsan HospitalYangsanKorea
| | - Dong Wook Jeong
- Family Medicine Clinic and Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and TechnologyPusan National University Yangsan HospitalYangsanKorea
| | - Jeong Gyu Lee
- Department of Family MedicinePusan National University School of MedicineYangsanKorea
| | - Yu Hyone Yi
- Department of Family MedicinePusan National University School of MedicineYangsanKorea
| | - Young Hye Cho
- Department of Family MedicinePusan National University School of MedicineYangsanKorea
- Family Medicine Clinic and Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and TechnologyPusan National University Yangsan HospitalYangsanKorea
| | - Eun Jung Choi
- Department of Family MedicinePusan National University School of MedicineYangsanKorea
- Family Medicine Clinic and Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and TechnologyPusan National University Yangsan HospitalYangsanKorea
| | - Hyun Jun Kim
- Department of Physical EducationKyungnam University College of EducationMasanKorea
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Garten A, Schuster S, Kiess W. The insulin-like growth factors in adipogenesis and obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2012; 41:283-95, v-vi. [PMID: 22682631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue has been recognized as a major target of growth hormone (GH) action. GH was shown to inhibit adipocyte differentiation but stimulated preadipocyte proliferation in vitro. GH acts directly via its receptor or via upregulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, which is a critical mediator of preadipocyte proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Results from clinical studies on GH treatment in patients with GH deficiency or GH insensitivity syndrome can be used to dissect GH and IGF as well as IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) actions in vivo. In this article, changes of the GH/IGF system during adipocyte differentiation in vitro as well as related signaling pathways and their impact on adipose tissue growth and function are discussed. Clinical considerations include the effects of GH and IGF-I on adipose tissue during treatment of GH deficiency, differences in the IGF system between visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots as well as the recently emerging role for adipose tissue in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garten
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, University Hospitals, Liebigstraße 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Thomas GA, Kraemer WJ, Comstock BA, Dunn-Lewis C, Volek JS, Denegar CR, Maresh CM. Effects of resistance exercise and obesity level on ghrelin and cortisol in men. Metabolism 2012; 61:860-8. [PMID: 22146097 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Resistance exercise (RE) is increasingly recommended by health organizations as a weight management tool. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an acute high-volume, whole-body RE protocol on the glucoregulatory and ghrelin response in sedentary obese and lean men. Five World Health Organization (WHO) class 1 obese (body mass index [BMI], 30.00-34.99) (age, 21.6 ± 2.5 years; height, 176.3 ± 3.7 cm; body mass, 97.8 ± 8.58 kg; body fat, 34.7% ± 2.95%), 5 WHO 2 (BMI, 35-39.99)/WHO 3 (BMI, ≥40) obese (age, 20.0 ± 1.4 years; height, 177.7 ± 5.15 cm; body mass, 120.8 ± 10.49 kg; body fat, 40.5% ± 5.82 %), and 9 lean men (age, 20.1 ± 2.1 years; height, 177.8 ± 8.7 cm; body mass, 71.7 ± 5.8 kg; body fat, 14.7% ± 3.54 %) completed an acute RE testing protocol (6 exercises, 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 85%-95% 10-repetition maximum with 120- and 90-second rest periods); and blood samples were collected pre-, mid-, and immediately postexercise and during recovery (+50, +70, and +110). Resistance exercise produced differences over time in cortisol, insulin, and glucose. Group differences were observed for ghrelin, with the WHO class 2/3 group having significantly greater ghrelin levels than the lean group (d = 0.28, P = .009) and the WHO class 1 group (d = 0.39, P = .002). Higher ghrelin was significantly associated with lower cortisol only in obese individuals. In addition, higher growth hormone was associated with lower ghrelin in lean individuals. Results suggest that glucoregulatory homeostasis is altered with increasing levels of obesity and that these alterations may mediate the response of cortisol and ghrelin in response to RE.
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Hansen D, Meeusen R, Mullens A, Dendale P. Effect of Acute Endurance and Resistance Exercise on Endocrine Hormones Directly Related to Lipolysis and Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis in Adult Individuals with Obesity. Sports Med 2012; 42:415-31. [DOI: 10.2165/11599590-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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