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He LW, Guo XJ, Zhao C, Rao JS. Rehabilitation Training after Spinal Cord Injury Affects Brain Structure and Function: From Mechanisms to Methods. Biomedicines 2023; 12:41. [PMID: 38255148 PMCID: PMC10813763 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious neurological insult that disrupts the ascending and descending neural pathways between the peripheral nerves and the brain, leading to not only functional deficits in the injured area and below the level of the lesion but also morphological, structural, and functional reorganization of the brain. These changes introduce new challenges and uncertainties into the treatment of SCI. Rehabilitation training, a clinical intervention designed to promote functional recovery after spinal cord and brain injuries, has been reported to promote activation and functional reorganization of the cerebral cortex through multiple physiological mechanisms. In this review, we evaluate the potential mechanisms of exercise that affect the brain structure and function, as well as the rehabilitation training process for the brain after SCI. Additionally, we compare and discuss the principles, effects, and future directions of several rehabilitation training methods that facilitate cerebral cortex activation and recovery after SCI. Understanding the regulatory role of rehabilitation training at the supraspinal center is of great significance for clinicians to develop SCI treatment strategies and optimize rehabilitation plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Wei He
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (L.-W.H.); (X.-J.G.)
| | - Xiao-Jun Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (L.-W.H.); (X.-J.G.)
| | - Can Zhao
- Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering, China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Rao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (L.-W.H.); (X.-J.G.)
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2
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Kose S, Kutlu MD, Kara S, Polat S, Akillioglu K. Investigation of the protective effect of long-term exercise on molecular pathways and behaviours in scopolamine induced alzheimer's disease-like condition. Brain Res 2023; 1814:148429. [PMID: 37269967 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite research, the role of exercise in treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases remains unclear. Our study, investigated that protective effect of treadmill exercise on molecular pathways and cognitive behaviours in a scopolamine-induced model of Alzheimer's disease. For that purpose, male Balb/c mice subjected to exercise for 12 weeks. During the last 4 weeks of exercise, mice were given an injection of scopolamine (2 mg/kg). Following injection, open field test and Morris water maze test were used to assess emotional-cognitive behaviour. Hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of mice were isolated, and levels of BDNF, TrkB, and p-GSK3ßSer389 were assessed by western blotting, and levels of APP and Aß-40 were analysed by immunohistochemistry. In our study, scopolamine administration increased anxiety-like behaviour in open field test, while negatively affecting spatial learning and memory in Morris water maze test. We found that exercise had a protective effect against cognitive and emotional decline. Scopolamine decreased levels of p-GSK3ßSer389, BDNF in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.Whereas TrkB decreased in hippocampus and increased in prefrontal cortex. There was an increase in p-GSK3ßSer389, BDNF, TrkB in the hippocampus, and p-GSK3ßSer389, BDNF in the prefrontal cortex in the exercise + scopolamine group. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that scopolamine administration increased APP and Aß-40 in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in neuronal and perineuronal areas whereas Aß-40 and APP were reduced in exercise + scopolamine groups. In conclusion, long-term exercise may have a protective effect against scopolamine-induced impairments in cognitive-emotional behaviour. It can be suggested that this protective effect is mediated by increased BDNF levels and GSK3ßSer389 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Kose
- Cukurova University Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, Division of Neurophysiology, Adana 01330, Turkey.
| | - Meltem Donmez Kutlu
- Cukurova University Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, Division of Neurophysiology, Adana 01330, Turkey
| | - Samet Kara
- Cukurova University Medical Faculty, Department of Histology and Embryology, Adana 01330, Turkey
| | - Sait Polat
- Cukurova University Medical Faculty, Department of Histology and Embryology, Adana 01330, Turkey
| | - Kubra Akillioglu
- Cukurova University Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, Division of Neurophysiology, Adana 01330, Turkey
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DiNicolantonio JJ, McCarty MF, O'Keefe JH. Nutraceutical activation of Sirt1: a review. Open Heart 2022; 9:openhrt-2022-002171. [PMID: 36522127 PMCID: PMC9756291 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2022-002171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The deacetylase sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), activated by calorie restriction and fasting, exerts several complementary effects on cellular function that are favourable to healthspan; it is often thought of as an 'anti-aging' enzyme. Practical measures which might boost Sirt1 activity are therefore of considerable interest. A number of nutraceuticals have potential in this regard. Nutraceuticals reported to enhance Sirt1 synthesis or protein expression include ferulic acid, tetrahydrocurcumin, urolithin A, melatonin, astaxanthin, carnosic acid and neochlorogenic acid. The half-life of Sirt1 protein can be enhanced with the natural nicotinamide catabolite N1-methylnicotinamide. The availability of Sirt1's obligate substrate NAD+ can be increased in several ways: nicotinamide riboside and nicotinamide mononucleotide can function as substrates for NAD+ synthesis; activators of AMP-activated kinase-such as berberine-can increase expression of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, which is rate limiting for NAD+ synthesis; and nutraceutical quinones such as thymoquinone and pyrroloquinoline quinone can boost NAD+ by promoting oxidation of NADH. Induced ketosis-as via ingestion of medium-chain triglycerides-can increase NAD+ in the brain by lessening the reduction of NAD+ mediated by glycolysis. Post-translational modifications of Sirt1 by O-GlcNAcylation or sulfonation can increase its activity, suggesting that administration of glucosamine or of agents promoting hydrogen sulfide synthesis may aid Sirt1 activity. Although resveratrol has poor pharmacokinetics, it can bind to Sirt1 and activate it allosterically-as can so-called sirtuin-activating compound drugs. Since oxidative stress can reduce Sirt1 activity in multiple ways, effective antioxidant supplementation that blunts such stress may also help preserve Sirt1 activity in some circumstances. Combination nutraceutical regimens providing physiologically meaningful doses of several of these agents, capable of activating Sirt1 in complementary ways, may have considerable potential for health promotion. Such measures may also amplify the benefits of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in non-diabetic disorders, as these benefits appear to reflect upregulation of Sirt1 and AMP-activated protein kinase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J DiNicolantonio
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark F McCarty
- Catalytic Longevity Foundation, Encinitas, California, USA
| | - James H O'Keefe
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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Chen S, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Du X, Wang Y, Liu X. Effects of Therapeutic Horseback-Riding Program on Social and Communication Skills in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14449. [PMID: 36361327 PMCID: PMC9655675 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Animal-assisted therapy has become a fast-growing and effective approach for remediating core impairments of children with ASD; however, recent systematic review studies on the effects of AAT in children with ASD have some limitations, including referral to a variety of animal-assisted interventions rather than to horseback-riding therapy alone and the absence of any meta-analysis in systematic reviews. A complete systematic review of the studies that describe the use of THR as an intervention is needed to specifically target the core impairments of children with ASD. The purpose of this study was to employ the systematic review method to synthesize research findings regarding the effects of THR programs on the social interaction and communication skills of children with ASD. We conducted a structured search in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched for potentially relevant studies in five databases (Web of Science, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus) from inception until February 2022. In addition, we manually searched the bibliographies of the included studies to find articles that might otherwise have been missed. We considered articles eligible or ineligible if they satisfied specific inclusion or exclusion criteria. Our results showed that the THR program is an effective direct and alternative therapeutic program that can considerably improve the social behaviors and communication skills of children with ASD and can effectively impact autistic impairments in areas such as social awareness, social cognition, social motivation, and social communication. These findings are in line with those of previous studies; however, we did not find statistical evidence of any effect of THR on the autistic behaviors of irritability, stereotypy, and inappropriate speech. In conclusion, the findings produced by this meta-analysis study provide evidence that THR programs can considerably improve the social behaviors and communication skills of children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Chen
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, Texarkana, TX 75503, USA
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Physical Education Unit, School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Mengxian Zhao
- School of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiru Du
- College of Sport Arts, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Yongtai Wang
- College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Chinese Traditional Regimen Exercise Intervention Research Center, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
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Rezaee Z, Marandi SM, Alaei H. Molecular Mechanisms of Exercise in Brain Disorders: a Focus on the Function of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor-a Narrative Review. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1115-1124. [PMID: 35655062 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The natural aging process as well as many age-related diseases is associated with impaired metabolic adaptation and declined ability to cope with stress. As major causes of disability and morbidity during the aging process, brain disorders, including psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, are likely to increase across the globe in the future decades. This narrative review investigates the link among exercise and brain disorders, aging, and inflammatory biomarkers, along with the function of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. For this study, related manuscript from all databases, Google scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and ISI were assessed. Also, in the search process, the keywords of exercise, neurodegeneration, neurotrophin, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aging were used. Mitochondrial abnormality increases neuronal abnormality and brain disease during the aging process. Stress and inflammatory factors caused by lifestyle and aging also increase brain disorders. Evidences suggest that exercise, as a noninvasive treatment strategy, has antioxidant effects and can reduce neuronal lesions. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression following the exercise can reduce brain symptoms; however, careful consideration should be given to a number of factors affecting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Rezaee
- Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Department of Sport Physiology, University of Isfahan, Azadi Sq, HezarJerib Ave, P.O. Box, Isfahan, 81799-54359, Iran.
| | - Sayed Mohammad Marandi
- Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Department of Sport Physiology, University of Isfahan, Azadi Sq, HezarJerib Ave, P.O. Box, Isfahan, 81799-54359, Iran
| | - Hojjatallah Alaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Isfahan Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Roberts FL, Markby GR. New Insights into Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Adaptation to Exercise; A Review Focusing on Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Mitochondrial Function, Mitophagy and Autophagy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102639. [PMID: 34685618 PMCID: PMC8533934 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise itself is fundamental for good health, and when practiced regularly confers a myriad of metabolic benefits in a range of tissues. These benefits are mediated by a range of adaptive responses in a coordinated, multi-organ manner. The continued understanding of the molecular mechanisms of action which confer beneficial effects of exercise on the body will identify more specific pathways which can be manipulated by therapeutic intervention in order to prevent or treat various metabolism-associated diseases. This is particularly important as exercise is not an available option to all and so novel methods must be identified to confer the beneficial effects of exercise in a therapeutic manner. This review will focus on key emerging molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy and mitophagy in selected, highly metabolic tissues, describing their regulation and contribution to beneficial adaptations to exercise.
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Nhu NT, Cheng YJ, Lee SD. Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Neural Mitochondrial Functions in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1011. [PMID: 34440215 PMCID: PMC8394716 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review sought to determine the effects of treadmill exercise on the neural mitochondrial respiratory deficiency and neural mitochondrial quality-control dysregulation in Parkinson's disease. PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases were searched through March 2020. The English-published animal studies that mentioned the effects of treadmill exercise on neural mitochondria in Parkinson's disease were included. The CAMARADES checklist was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies. Ten controlled trials were included (median CAMARADES score = 5.7/10) with various treadmill exercise durations (1-18 weeks). Seven studies analyzed the neural mitochondrial respiration, showing that treadmill training attenuated complex I deficits, cytochrome c release, ATP depletion, and complexes II-V abnormalities in Parkinson's disease. Nine studies analyzed the neural mitochondrial quality-control, reporting that treadmill exercise improved mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial fusion, and mitophagy in Parkinson's disease. The review findings supported the hypothesis that treadmill training could attenuate both neural mitochondrial respiratory deficiency and neural mitochondrial quality-control dysregulation in Parkinson's disease, suggesting that treadmill training might slow down the progression of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Nhu
- Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho 94117, Vietnam;
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Jung Cheng
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan;
| | - Shin-Da Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan;
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- Department of Physical Therapy, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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Ramis MR, Sarubbo F, Moranta D, Tejada S, Lladó J, Miralles A, Esteban S. Neurochemical and Cognitive Beneficial Effects of Moderate Physical Activity and Catechin in Aged Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040621. [PMID: 33921628 PMCID: PMC8072822 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy aging process is a requirement for good life quality. A relationship between physical activity, the consumption of antioxidants and brain health has been stablished via the activation of pathways that reduce the harmful effects of oxidative stress, by inducing enzymes such as SIRT1, which is a protector of brain function. We analyzed the cognitive and neurochemical effects of applying physical exercise in elderly rats, alone or in combination with the antioxidant catechin. Several tests of spatial and episodic memory and motor coordination were evaluated. In addition, brain monoaminergic neurotransmitters and SIRT1 protein levels were assessed in the brains of the same rats. The results show that physical activity by itself improved age-related memory and learning deficits, correlating with the restoration of brain monoaminergic neurotransmitters and SIRT1 protein levels in the hippocampus. The administration of the antioxidant catechin along with the exercise program enhanced further the monoaminergic pathways, but not the other parameters studied. These results agree with previous reports revealing a neuroprotective effect of physical activity, probably based on its ability to improve the redox status of the brain, demonstrating that exercise at an advanced age, combined with the consumption of antioxidants, could produce favorable effects in terms of brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita R. Ramis
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Biology Department, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.R.R.); (F.S.); (D.M.); (S.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Fiorella Sarubbo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Biology Department, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.R.R.); (F.S.); (D.M.); (S.T.); (A.M.)
- Research Unit, University Hospital Son Llàtzer, Crta. Manacor Km 4, 07198 Palma, Spain
| | - David Moranta
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Biology Department, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.R.R.); (F.S.); (D.M.); (S.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Silvia Tejada
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Biology Department, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.R.R.); (F.S.); (D.M.); (S.T.); (A.M.)
- CIBERON (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Jerònia Lladó
- Department of Biology and University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain;
| | - Antoni Miralles
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Biology Department, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.R.R.); (F.S.); (D.M.); (S.T.); (A.M.)
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Susana Esteban
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Biology Department, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.R.R.); (F.S.); (D.M.); (S.T.); (A.M.)
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-971-173-145
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Hu J, Cai M, Shang Q, Li Z, Feng Y, Liu B, Xue X, Lou S. Elevated Lactate by High-Intensity Interval Training Regulates the Hippocampal BDNF Expression and the Mitochondrial Quality Control System. Front Physiol 2021; 12:629914. [PMID: 33716776 PMCID: PMC7946986 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.629914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is reported to be beneficial to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) biosynthesis. A key element in this may be the existence of lactate, the most obvious metabolic product of exercise. In vivo, this study investigated the effects of a 6-week HIIT on the peripheral and central lactate changes, mitochondrial quality control system, mitochondrial function and BDNF expression in mouse hippocampus. In vitro, primary cultured mice hippocampal cells were used to investigate the role and the underlying mechanisms of lactate in promoting mitochondrial function during HIIT. In vivo studies, we firstly reported that HIIT can potentiate mitochondrial function [boost some of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes expression and ATP production], stimulate BDNF expression in mouse hippocampus along with regulating the mitochondrial quality control system in terms of promoting mitochondrial fusion and biogenesis, and suppressing mitochondrial fission. In parallel to this, the peripheral and central lactate levels elevated immediately after the training. In vitro study, our results revealed that lactate was in charge of regulating mitochondrial quality control system for mitochondrial function and thus may contribute to BDNF expression. In conclusion, our study provided the mitochondrial mechanisms of HIIT enhancing brain function, and that lactate itself can mediate the HIIT effect on mitochondrial quality control system in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Cai
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghui Shang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaorun Li
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Clinical Medicine Department, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiangli Xue
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujie Lou
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Tsai YJ, Jhong YC, Ching SH, Liao YC, Ching CH, Chuang JI. Cold Exposure After Exercise Impedes the Neuroprotective Effects of Exercise on Thermoregulation and UCP4 Expression in an MPTP-Induced Parkinsonian Mouse Model. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:573509. [PMID: 33041765 PMCID: PMC7522410 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.573509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Moderate exercise and mild hypothermia have protective effects against brain injury and neurodegeneration. Running in a cold environment alters exercise-induced hyperthermia and outcomes; however, evaluations of post-exercise cold exposure related to exercise benefits for the brain are relatively rare. We investigated the effects of 4°C cold exposure after exercise on exercise-induced thermal responses and neuroprotection in an MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)-induced Parkinsonian mouse model. Male C57BL/6J mice were pretreated with MPTP for five consecutive days and follow-up treadmill exercise for 4 weeks. After 1-h running at a 22°C temperature, the mice were exposed to a 4°C environment for 2 h. An MPTP injection induced a transient drop in body and brain temperatures, while mild brain hypothermia was found to last for 4 weeks after MPTP treatment. Preventing brain hypothermia by exercise or 4°C exposure was associated with an improvement in MPTP-induced striatal uncoupling protein 4 (UCP4) downregulation and nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration. However, 4°C exposure after exercise abrogated the exercise-induced beneficial effects and thermal responses in MPTP-treated mice, including a low amplitude of exercise-induced brain hyperthermia and body temperature while at rest after exercise. Our findings elucidate that post-exercise thermoregulation and UCP4 expression are important in the neuroprotective effects of exercise against MPTP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Tsai
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Cih Jhong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hong Ching
- The Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Liao
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsin Ching
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Ing Chuang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,The Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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11
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Béland-Millar A, Takimoto M, Hamada T, Messier C. Brain and muscle adaptation to high-fat diets and exercise: Metabolic transporters, enzymes and substrates in the rat cortex and muscle. Brain Res 2020; 1749:147126. [PMID: 32946799 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence suggesting that the effects of diet and physical activity on physical and mental well-being are the result of altered metabolic profiles. Though the central and peripheral systems work in tandem, the interactions between peripheral and central changes that lead to these altered states of well-being remains elusive. We measured changes in the metabolic profile of brain (cortex) and muscle (soleus and plantaris) tissue in rats following 5-weeks of treadmill exercise and/or a high-fat diet to evaluate peripheral and central interactions as well as identify any common adaptive mechanisms. To characterize changes in metabolic profiles, we measured relative changes in key metabolic enzymes (COX IV, hexokinase, LDHB, PFK), substrates (BHB, FFA, glucose, lactate, insulin, glycogen, BDNF) and transporters (MCT1, MCT2, MCT4, GLUT1, GLUT3). In the cortex, there was an increase in MCT1 and a decrease in glycogen following the high-fat diet, suggesting an increased reliance on monocarboxylates. Muscle changes were dependent muscle type. Within the plantaris, a high-fat diet increased the oxidative capacity of the muscle likely supported by increased glycolysis, whereas exercise increased the oxidative capacity of the muscle likely supported via increased glycogen synthesis. There was no effect of diet on soleus measurements, but exercise increased its oxidative capacity likely fueled by endogenous and exogenous monocarboxylates. For both the plantaris and soleus, combining exercise training and high-fat diet mediated results, resulting in a middling effect. Together, these results indicate the variable adaptions of two main metabolic pathways: glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. The results also suggest a dynamic relationship between the brain and body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Béland-Millar
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Masaki Takimoto
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taku Hamada
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Claude Messier
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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12
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Endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction in metabolic diseases and Alzheimer's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 154:303-324. [PMID: 32739009 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endosomal-lysosomal pathways and related autophagic processes are responsible for proteostasis, involving complexes between lysosomes and autophagosomes. Lysosomes are a key component of homeostasis, involved in cell signaling, metabolism, and quality control, and they experience functional compromise in metabolic diseases, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. Many genetic mutations and risk factor genes associated with proteinopathies, as well as with metabolic diseases like diabetes, negatively influence endocytic trafficking and autophagic clearance. In contrast, health-improving exercise induces autophagy-lysosomal degradation, perhaps promoting efficient digestion of injured organelles so that undamaged organelles ensure cellular healthiness. Reductions in lysosomal hydrolases are implicated in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and lysosomal storage diseases, as well as obesity-related pathology, and members of the cathepsin enzyme family are involved in clearing both Aβ42 and α-synuclein. Upregulation of cathepsin hydrolases improves synaptic and memory functions in models of dementia and in exercising humans, thus identifying lysosomal-related systems as vital for healthy cognitive aging.
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Knoerl R, Gilchrist L, Kanzawa-Lee GA, Donohoe C, Bridges C, Lavoie Smith EM. Proactive Rehabilitation for Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. Semin Oncol Nurs 2020; 36:150983. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soncn.2019.150983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Liu Y, Yan T, Chu JMT, Chen Y, Dunnett S, Ho YS, Wong GTC, Chang RCC. The beneficial effects of physical exercise in the brain and related pathophysiological mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases. J Transl Med 2019; 99:943-957. [PMID: 30808929 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence has shown the beneficial influence of exercise on humans. Apart from classic cardioprotection, numerous studies have demonstrated that different exercise regimes provide a substantial improvement in various brain functions. Although the underlying mechanism is yet to be determined, emerging evidence for neuroprotection has been established in both humans and experimental animals, with most of the valuable findings in the field of mental health, neurodegenerative diseases, and acquired brain injuries. This review will discuss the recent findings of how exercise could ameliorate brain function in neuropathological states, demonstrated by either clinical or laboratory animal studies. Simultaneously, state-of-the-art molecular mechanisms underlying the exercise-induced neuroprotective effects and comparison between different types of exercise will be discussed in detail. A majority of reports show that physical exercise is associated with enhanced cognition throughout different populations and remains as a fascinating area in scientific research because of its universal protective effects in different brain domain functions. This article is to review what we know about how physical exercise modulates the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Tim Yan
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - John Man-Tak Chu
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Sophie Dunnett
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yuen-Shan Ho
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Gordon Tin-Chun Wong
- Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. .,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.
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15
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Liu W, Wang Z, Xia Y, Kuang H, Liu S, Li L, Tang C, Yin D. The balance of apoptosis and autophagy via regulation of the AMPK signal pathway in aging rat striatum during regular aerobic exercise. Exp Gerontol 2019; 124:110647. [PMID: 31255733 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to analyze the effects of aerobic exercise on aging striatum stress resistance, and the adaptive mechanisms related to neurodegenerative diseases, and the occurrence, and development of neural degeneration. The 10-weeks of regular moderate-intensity aerobic exercise intervention were carried out in the aerobic exercise runner Sprague-Dawley rats. Apoptotic nuclei appeared in the striatum of aged rats, showing a tendency to relate to aging. The apoptotic index of the striatum in young, middle-aged, and old-aged rats of the aerobic exercise groups increased by 205.56%, 57%, and 68.24%. Autophagy markers Beclin l and LC 3-II expression, AMPKα1 and pAMPKα1 expression increased significantly in all age-exercise groups. The ratio of AMPKα1/pAMPKα1 increased after exercise, and the tendency of exercise to alter autophagy and cell apoptosis increased with aging. Then SirT2 mRNA was significantly upregulated in the aerobic exercise runner groups. In conclusion, we showed that the balance of autophagy and apoptosis were closely regulated by regular aerobic exercise, which affected the development of aging, and via regulation of the AMPK/SirT2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Yan Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Heyu Kuang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Shaopeng Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Health & Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA
| | - Changfa Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China.
| | - Dazhong Yin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China; Qingyuan People's Hospital, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511500, China.
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16
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Liu W, Xia Y, Kuang H, Wang Z, Liu S, Tang C, Yin D. Proteomic Profile of Carbonylated Proteins Screen the Regulation of Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases-AMPK-Beclin1 in Aerobic Exercise-Induced Autophagy in Middle-Aged Rat Hippocampus. Gerontology 2019; 65:620-633. [PMID: 31242498 DOI: 10.1159/000500742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonylation is an oxidative modification of the proteins and a marker of oxidative stress. The accumulation of toxic carbonylated proteins might be one of the onsets of pathogenesis in hippocampal aging or neurodegeneration. Enormous evidence indicates that regular aerobic exercise might alleviate the dysfunction of carbonylated proteins, but the adaptational mechanisms in response to exercise are unclear. OBJECTIVE This study explored the carbonyl stress mechanism in the hippocampus using proteomics and the role of calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CAMK)-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-Beclin1 signaling pathways in alleviating aging or improving function with regular aerobic exercise. METHODS Twenty-four healthy 13-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (average 693.21 ± 68.85 g) were randomly divided into middle-aged sedentary control group (M-SED, n = 12) and middle-aged aerobic exercise runner group (M-EX, n = 12). The M-EX group participated in regular aerobic exercise - treadmill running - with exercise intensity increasing gradually from 50-55% to 65-70% of maximum oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) over 10 weeks. The targeted proteins of oxidative modification were profiled by avidin magnetic beads and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-TOF-MS). Western blots were used to test for molecular targets. RESULTS Regular aerobic exercise restores the intersessional habituation and rescues the hippocampus morphological structure in middle-aged rats. -ESI-Q-TOF-MS screened 56 carbonylated proteins only found in M-SED and 16 carbonylated proteins only found in M-EX, indicating aerobic exercise decreased carbonyl stress. Intriguingly, Ca2+/CAMK II alpha (CAMKIIα) was carbonylated only in the M-SED group at the oxidative modification site of 4-hydroxynonenal adducts, while regular aerobic exercise alleviated CAMKIIα carbonylation. Regular aerobic exercise significantly increased the expression and phosphorylated, active levels of CAMKIIα and AMPKα1. It also upregulated the expression of Beclin1 and microtubule-associated protein1-light chain 3 in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION Quantification of CAMKIIα carbonylation may be a potential biomarker of the hippocampal senescence. Additionally, regular aerobic exercise-induced autophagy via the activation of CAMK-AMPK-Beclin1 signaling pathway may mitigate the hippocampal neurodegeneration or pathological changes by alleviating protein carbonylation (carbonyl stress).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China, .,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA,
| | - Yan Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Heyu Kuang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Shaopeng Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Changfa Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Dazhong Yin
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Narita H, Tanji K, Miki Y, Mori F, Wakabayashi K. Trehalose intake and exercise upregulate a glucose transporter, GLUT8, in the brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:672-677. [PMID: 31078265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise influences cognitive function through a cascade of cellular processes that promote angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Autophagy is a cellular degradation system that is capable of producing energy in response to various conditions such as starvation, physical exercise and several treatments. Our previous report demonstrated that a disaccharide, trehalose, induced autophagy in the brain and reduced the levels of potentially toxic proteins. To achieve more efficient induction of autophagy in the brain, in this study, we examined the effect of disaccharide intake combined with exercise on autophagy in vivo. Consistent with the results of previous studies, our biochemical analyses demonstrated that trehalose increased the level of lipidated LC3 (LC3II) in the brain and liver of adult mice. However, contrary to our expectation, treadmill exercise reduced the level of LC3II in the brain and liver. Interestingly, glycogen storage was preserved in the liver of trehalose-intake mice even after exercise. Moreover, the trehalose transporter GLUT8 was increased in the liver by trehalose or in the brain by trehalose together with exercise. In contrast, the level of GLUT4 remained stable in the liver and brain even after exercise. These findings suggest that trehalose and GLUT8 coordinately contribute to energy supply in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemi Narita
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hirosaki University of Health and Welfare, 3-18-1 Sampinai, Hirosaki, 036-8102, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Tanji
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Miki
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Mori
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Koichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
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18
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Wheeler MJ, Dunstan DW, Smith B, Smith KJ, Scheer A, Lewis J, Naylor LH, Heinonen I, Ellis KA, Cerin E, Ainslie PN, Green DJ. Morning exercise mitigates the impact of prolonged sitting on cerebral blood flow in older adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1049-1055. [PMID: 30730813 PMCID: PMC6485691 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00001.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventing declines in cerebral blood flow is important for maintaining optimal brain health with aging. We compared the effects of a morning bout of moderate-intensity exercise, with and without subsequent light-intensity walking breaks from sitting, on cerebral blood velocity over 8 h in older adults. In a randomized crossover trial, overweight/obese older adults ( n = 12, 70 ± 7 yr; 30.4 ± 4.3 kg/m2), completed three acute conditions (6-day washout); SIT: prolonged sitting (8 h, control); EX+SIT: sitting (1 h), moderate-intensity walking (30 min), followed by uninterrupted sitting (6.5 h); and EX + BR: sitting (1 h), moderate-intensity walking (30 min), followed by sitting (6.5 h) interrupted with 3 min of light-intensity walking every 30 min. Bilateral middle cerebral artery velocities (MCAv) were determined using transcranial Doppler at 13 time points across the day. The temporal pattern and average MCAv over 8 h was determined. The pattern of MCAv over 8 h was a negative linear trend in SIT ( P < 0.001), but a positive quadratic trend in EX + SIT ( P < 0.001) and EX + BR ( P < 0.01). Afternoon time points in SIT were lower than baseline within condition ( P ≤ 0.001 for all). A morning dip in MCAv was observed in EX + SIT and EX + BR ( P < 0.05 relative to baseline), but afternoon time points were not significantly lower than baseline. The average MCAv over 8 h was higher in EX + SIT than SIT ( P = 0.007) or EX + BR ( P = 0.024). Uninterrupted sitting should be avoided, and moderate-intensity exercise should be encouraged for the daily maintenance of cerebral blood flow in older adults. The clinical implications of maintaining adequate cerebral blood flow include the delivery of vital oxygen and nutrients to the brain. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to measure the combined effects of an exercise bout with breaks in sitting on cerebral blood velocity in older adults. Using frequent recordings over an 8-h period, we have performed a novel analysis of the pattern of cerebral blood velocity, adjusting for concurrent measures of mean arterial pressure and other potential confounders in a linear mixed effects regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wheeler
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia , Perth, Western Australia , Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| | - David W Dunstan
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia , Perth, Western Australia , Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| | - Brianne Smith
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia , Perth, Western Australia , Australia
| | - Kurt J Smith
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia , Perth, Western Australia , Australia
- School of Kinesiology, Lakehead University, Thunderbay, Ontario , Canada
| | - Anna Scheer
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia , Australia
| | - Jaye Lewis
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia , Perth, Western Australia , Australia
| | - Louise H Naylor
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia , Perth, Western Australia , Australia
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku , Finland
- Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, School of Engineering and Science (ETN), Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Kathryn A Ellis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| | - Ester Cerin
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia , Perth, Western Australia , Australia
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19
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FANG GUOLIANG, ZHANG DACHUAN, ZHANG LI, ZHAO JIEXIU, LI LIANG, LI PENGFEI. LONG-TERM AEROBIC EXERCISE REDUCES TAU PHOSPHORYLATION BY ACTIVATING THE PI3K/AKT PATHWAY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF APP/PS1 MICE. J MECH MED BIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519418400262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many studies suggest that regular physical activity can reduce the opportunity of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and slow its onset and progression. However, the exact mechanism is still unclear. Clinically, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the two characterizations of AD, which are associated with amyloid-[Formula: see text] and tau hyperphosphorylation, respectively. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway regulates tau phosphorylation and has a pivotal role in the development of pathology in AD. Therefore, we try to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on tau phosphorylation and examine whether these effects were mediated by the PI3K/Akt pathway in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 and C57BL/6J mice. 40 male APP/PS1 mice and 40 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups respectively: sedentary group, exercise group, sedentary with GNE-317 treatment group and exercise with GNE-317 treatment group. The mice in the exercise group and exercise with GNE-317 treatment group were given exercise training on a treadmill for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of treadmill exercise, the morris water maze, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis were performed. We found out that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise enhanced PI3K expression and increased p-Akt[Formula: see text], p-Akt[Formula: see text] and p-GSK3[Formula: see text]. Furthermore, 8 weeks of aerobic exercise reduced tau phosphorylation at multiple sites including Ser202, Thr231 and Ser396. In the morris water maze, the exercise group showed a reduced escape time and distance compared with those of the sedentary group, suggesting that aerobic exercise improved the cognitive ability in mouse. While the above-mentioned results were attenuated in the PI3K/Akt inhibitor GNE-317 treatment groups. Our study demonstrated that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise could reduce tau phosphorylation and improve cognitive functions by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 and C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- GUOLIANG FANG
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, P. R. China
| | | | - LI ZHANG
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, P. R. China
| | - JIEXIU ZHAO
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, P. R. China
| | - LIANG LI
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, P. R. China
| | - PENGFEI LI
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, P. R. China
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20
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Zucker IH, Musch TI. Benefits of exercise training on cardiovascular dysfunction: molecular and integrative. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1027-H1031. [PMID: 30074833 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00516.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise training has been shown to ameliorate a wide variety of cardiovascular disorders. The mechanisms by which long-term benefits of exercise training are mediated remains incomplete, despite intense research in this area. Exactly how the act of chronic exercise improves function in every tissue is unknown, but many of the cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms are becoming progressively clearer. This "Perspectives" article reviews the contributions of 15 articles published in the American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology in response to a Call for Papers in this area. Here, we summarize the contributions of these studies at the cardiac, vascular, immune, and molecular levels. We discuss the translational benefit of these studies and conclude that the beneficial effects of exercise training in cardiovascular disease is due to a large interplay of cellular and molecular mediators in the heart and peripheral vasculature as well as changes in neural elements that regulate blood pressure and blood flow. Readers are encouraged to evaluate and learn from this collection of novel studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving H Zucker
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Timothy I Musch
- Departments of Kinesiology, Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
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21
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Pietrelli A, Matković L, Vacotto M, Lopez-Costa JJ, Basso N, Brusco A. Aerobic exercise upregulates the BDNF-Serotonin systems and improves the cognitive function in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 155:528-542. [PMID: 29800645 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise (AE) benefits brain health and behavior. Serotonin (5-HT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are known to mediate and shape cognitive processes. Both systems share some actions: BDNF is involved in the maturation and function of 5-HT neurons. In turn, 5-HT is involved in neuroplasticity phenomena mediated by BDNF and stimulated by exercise. The aim of this work was to study the long-term effects of AE on BDNF- 5-HT systems and cognitive function in rats at different ages. A lifelong moderate-intensity aerobic training program was designed, in which aerobically exercised (E) and sedentary control (C) rats were studied at middle (8 months) and old age (18 months) by means of biochemical, immunohistochemical and behavioral assays. The levels and expression of BDNF, 5-HT, serotonin transporter (SERT) and 5-HT1A receptor were determined in selected brain areas involved in memory and learning. Immunopositive cells to neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN) in the hippocampus CA1 area were also quantified. The cognitive function was evaluated by the object recognition test (ORT). Results indicate that AE enhanced spatial and non-spatial memory systems, modulated by age. This outcome temporarily correlated with a significant upregulation of cortical, hippocampal and striatal BDNF levels in parallel with an increase in the number of hippocampal CA1-mature neurons. AE also increased brain and raphe 5-HT levels, as well as the expression of SERT and 5-HT1A receptor in the cortex and hippocampus. Old AE rats showed a highly conserved response, indicating a remarkable protective effect of exercise on both systems. In summary, lifelong AE positively affects BDNF-5-HT systems, improves cognitive function and protects the brain against the deleterious effects of sedentary life and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pietrelli
- Universidad de Ciencias Empresariales y Sociales (UCES), Departamento de Investigación en Ciencia Básica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - L Matković
- Universidad de Ciencias Empresariales y Sociales (UCES), Departamento de Investigación en Ciencia Básica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Vacotto
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J J Lopez-Costa
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Basso
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiopatología Cardiovascular (INFICA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Brusco
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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22
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Fattoretti P, Malatesta M, Cisterna B, Milanese C, Zancanaro C. Modulatory Effect of Aerobic Physical Activity on Synaptic Ultrastructure in the Old Mouse Hippocampus. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:141. [PMID: 29867450 PMCID: PMC5964889 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic physical exercise (APE) leads to improved brain functions. To better understand the beneficial effect of APE on the aging brain, a morphometric study was carried out of changes in hippocampal synapses of old (>27 months) Balb/c mice undergoing treadmill training (OTT) for 4 weeks in comparison with old sedentary (OS), middle-aged sedentary (MAS) and middle-aged treadmill training (MATT) mice. The inner molecular layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (IMLDG) and the molecular stratum of Ammon’s horn1 neurons (SMCA1) were investigated. The number of synapses per cubic micron of tissue (numeric density, Nv), overall synaptic area per cubic micron of tissue (surface density, Sv), average area of synaptic contact zones (S), and frequency (%) of perforated synapses (PS) were measured in electron micrographs of ethanol-phosphotungstic acid (E-PTA) stained tissue. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA). In IMLDG, an effect of age was found for Nv and Sv, but not S and %PS. Similar results were found for exercise and the interaction of age and exercise. In post hoc analysis Nv was higher (60.6% to 75.1%; p < 0.001) in MATT vs. MAS, OS and OTT. Sv was higher (32.3% to 54.6%; p < 0.001) in MATT vs. MAS, OS and OTT. In SMCA1, age affected Nv, Sv and %PS, but not S. The effect of exercise was significant for Sv only. The interaction of age and exercise was significant for Nv, Sv and %PS. In post hoc analysis Nv was lower in OS vs. MAS, MATT and OTT (−26.1% to −32.1%; p < 0.038). MAS and OTT were similar. Sv was lower in OS vs. MAS, MATT and OTT (−23.4 to −30.3%, p < 0.004). MAS and OTT were similar. PS frequency was higher in OS vs. MAS, MATT and OTT (48.3% to +96.6%, p < 0.023). APE positively modulated synaptic structural dynamics in the aging hippocampus, possibly in a region-specific way. The APE-associated reduction in PS frequency in SMCA1 of old mice suggests that an increasing complement of PS is a compensatory phenomenon to maintain synaptic efficacy. In conclusion, the modulation of synaptic plasticity by APE gives quantitative support to the concept that APE protects from neurodegeneration and improves learning and memory in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Fattoretti
- Cellular Bioenergetics Laboratory, Center for Neurobiology of Aging, Istituto Nazionale di Riposo e Cura per Anziani (INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Manuela Malatesta
- Anatomy and Histology Section, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Cisterna
- Anatomy and Histology Section, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Anatomy and Histology Section, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Carlo Zancanaro
- Anatomy and Histology Section, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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23
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Roles of autophagy in controlling stem cell identity: a perspective of self-renewal and differentiation. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:205-216. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2829-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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Azimi M, Gharakhanlou R, Naghdi N, Khodadadi D, Heysieattalab S. Moderate treadmill exercise ameliorates amyloid-β-induced learning and memory impairment, possibly via increasing AMPK activity and up-regulation of the PGC-1α/FNDC5/BDNF pathway. Peptides 2018; 102:78-88. [PMID: 29309801 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with loss of memory and cognitive abilities. Previous evidence suggested that exercise ameliorates learning and memory deficits by increasing brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and activating downstream pathways in AD animal models. However, upstream pathways related to increase BDNF induced by exercise in AD animal models are not well known. We investigated the effects of moderate treadmill exercise on Aβ-induced learning and memory impairment as well as the upstream pathway responsible for increasing hippocampal BDNF in an animal model of AD. Animals were divided into five groups: Intact, Sham, Aβ1-42, Sham-exercise (Sham-exe) and Aβ1-42-exercise (Aβ-exe). Aβ was microinjected into the CA1 area of the hippocampus and then animals in the exercise groups were subjected to moderate treadmill exercise (for 4 weeks with 5 sessions per week) 7 days after microinjection. In the present study the Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to assess spatial learning and memory. Hippocampal mRNA levels of BDNF, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 (FNDC5) as well as protein levels of AMPK-activated protein kinase (AMPK), PGC-1α, BDNF, phosphorylation of AMPK were measured. Our results showed that intra-hippocampal injection of Aβ1-42 impaired spatial learning and memory which was accompanied by reduced AMPK activity (p-AMPK/total-AMPK ratio) and suppression of the PGC-1α/FNDC5/BDNF pathway in the hippocampus of rats. In contrast, moderate treadmill exercise ameliorated the Aβ1-42-induced spatial learning and memory deficit, which was accompanied by restored AMPK activity and PGC-1α/FNDC5/BDNF levels. Our results suggest that the increased AMPK activity and up-regulation of the PGC-1α/FNDC5/BDNF pathway by exercise are likely involved in mediating the beneficial effects of exercise on Aβ-induced learning and memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azimi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Gharakhanlou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nasser Naghdi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 13164, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davar Khodadadi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soomaayeh Heysieattalab
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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25
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Jeong JH, Kang EB. Effects of treadmill exercise on PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway and tau protein in high-fat diet-fed rats. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2018; 22:9-14. [PMID: 29673239 PMCID: PMC5909075 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2018.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study aimed to clearly evaluate the effects of obesity on cerebral health. Thus, we induced obesity in rats using a long-term high-fat diet (HFD), then investigated its effects on insulin signaling and tau hyperphosphorylation. Additionally, we examined the effects of 8 weeks of treadmill exercise (TE) on insulin signaling and tau hyperphosphorylation. [Methods] Rats were separated into Normal Diet-Control, HFD-Control, and HFD-TE groups. TE loads were gradually increased. A passive avoidance test was used to evaluate cognitive function. Western blots were used to examine the abundance of the insulin receptor,phosphoinositide 3-kinase, protein kinase B, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, and tau proteins in the cerebral cortex; immunohistochemical analyses were used to examine the abundance of hyperphosphorylated tau in the cerebral cortex. [Results] TE in HFD-fed rats resulted in a significant lowering of bodyweight, abdominal visceral fat (AVF), the area under the glucose response curve, and the homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance index, while it improved working memory. In addition, TE in HFD-fed rats decreased tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation, while increasing insulin signaling-related protein activity. [Conclusion] After a 20-week HFD, the experimental animals exhibited increased weight, as well as impaired insulin resistance and blood glucose metabolism. HFD rats demonstrated abnormal insulin signaling and tau hyperphosphorylation in the cerebral cortex, as well as memory impairments that suggested reduced cerebral function. However, TE reduced AVF, improved insulin resistance in the peripheral tissues by increasing insulin sensitivity, and alleviated memory impairments by restoring insulin signaling and reducing tau hyperphosphorylation in the cerebral cortex.
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26
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Wang Y, Yin S, Xue H, Yang Y, Zhang N, Zhao P. Mid-gestational sevoflurane exposure inhibits fetal neural stem cell proliferation and impairs postnatal learning and memory function in a dose-dependent manner. Dev Biol 2018; 435:185-197. [PMID: 29410165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in fetal intervention procedures have led to increases in the number of pregnant women undergoing general anesthesia during the second trimester-a period characterized by extensive proliferation of fetal neural stem cells (NSCs). However, few studies have investigated the effects of mid-gestational sevoflurane exposure on fetal NSC proliferation or postnatal learning and memory function. In the present study, pregnant rats were randomly assigned to a control group (C group), a low sevoflurane concentration group (2%; L group), a high sevoflurane concentration group (3.5%; H group), a high sevoflurane concentration plus lithium chloride group (H + Li group), and a lithium chloride group (Li group) at gestational day 14. Rats received different concentrations of sevoflurane anesthesia for 2 h. The offspring rats were weaned at 28 days for behavioral testing (i.e., Morris Water Maze [MWM]), and fetal brains or postnatal hippocampal tissues were harvested for immunofluorescence staining, real-time PCR, and Western blotting analyses in order to determine the effect of sevoflurane exposure on NSC proliferation and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Our results indicated that maternal exposure to 3.5% sevoflurane (H group) during the mid-gestational period impaired the performance of offspring rats in the MWM test, reduced NSC proliferation, and increased protein levels of fetal glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β). Such treatment also decreased levels of β-catenin protein, CD44 RNA, and Cyclin D1 RNA relative to those observed in the C group. However, these effects were transiently attenuated by treatment with lithium chloride. Conversely, maternal exposure to 2% sevoflurane (L group) did not influence NSC proliferation or the Wnt signaling pathway. Our results suggest that sevoflurane exposure during the second trimester inhibits fetal NSC proliferation via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and impairs postnatal learning and memory function in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Shaowei Yin
- Department of Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Hang Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yating Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neuroendocrine Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
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Farzanegi P, Abbaszadeh H, Abbassi Daloii A, Kazemi M, Sabbaghian M, Shoeibi A, Nabipour R, Abuhosseini Z, Azarbayjani MA. Effects of aerobic exercise on histopathology and toxicology of ZnO and nano ZnO in male rats. TOXICOLOGICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2018; 100:103-114. [DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2018.1430233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Farzanegi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - Hajar Abbaszadeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - Asieh Abbassi Daloii
- Exercise Physiology Department, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Kazemi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Sabbaghian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Shoeibi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - Roya Nabipour
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - Zohreh Abuhosseini
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
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28
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Morgan JA, Singhal G, Corrigan F, Jaehne EJ, Jawahar MC, Baune BT. The effects of aerobic exercise on depression-like, anxiety-like, and cognition-like behaviours over the healthy adult lifespan of C57BL/6 mice. Behav Brain Res 2018; 337:193-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Mehdizadeh H, Pourahmad J, Taghizadeh G, Vousooghi N, Yoonessi A, Naserzadeh P, Behzadfar L, Rouini MR, Sharifzadeh M. Mitochondrial impairments contribute to spatial learning and memory dysfunction induced by chronic tramadol administration in rat: Protective effect of physical exercise. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:426-433. [PMID: 28757160 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the worldwide use of tramadol, few studies have been conducted about its effects on memory and mitochondrial function, and controversial results have been reported. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in physical exercise as a protective approach to neuronal and cognitive impairments. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of physical exercise on spatial learning and memory and brain mitochondrial function in tramadol-treated rats. After completion of 2-week (short-term) and 4-week (long-term) treadmill exercise regimens, male Wistar rats received tramadol (20, 40, 80mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally for 30days. Then spatial learning and memory was assessed by Morris water maze test (MWM). Moreover, brain mitochondrial function was evaluated by determination of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial swelling and cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Chronic administration of tramadol impaired spatial learning and memory as well as brain mitochondrial function as indicated by increased ROS level, MMP collapse, increased mitochondrial swelling and cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Conversely, treadmill exercise significantly attenuated the impairments of spatial learning and memory and brain mitochondrial dysfunction induced by tramadol. The results revealed that chronic tramadol treatment caused memory impairments through induction of brain mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, pre-exposure to physical exercise markedly mitigated these impairments through its positive effects on brain mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Mehdizadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Pourahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghorban Taghizadeh
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Vousooghi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Genetics Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Yoonessi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Naserzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Behzadfar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rouini
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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30
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Loos B, Klionsky DJ, Wong E. Augmenting brain metabolism to increase macro- and chaperone-mediated autophagy for decreasing neuronal proteotoxicity and aging. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 156:90-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Safakhah HA, Moradi Kor N, Bazargani A, Bandegi AR, Gholami Pourbadie H, Khoshkholgh-Sima B, Ghanbari A. Forced exercise attenuates neuropathic pain in chronic constriction injury of male rat: an investigation of oxidative stress and inflammation. J Pain Res 2017; 10:1457-1466. [PMID: 28721088 PMCID: PMC5499951 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s135081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Initial peripheral/central nerve injuries, such as chronic constriction injury (CCI)/spinal cord injury, are often compounded by secondary mechanisms, including inflammation and oxidative stress, which may lead to chronic neuropathic pain characterized by hyperalgesia or allodynia. On the other hand, exercise as a behavioral and non-pharmacological treatment has been shown to alleviate chronic neuropathic pain. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine whether or not exercise reduces neuropathic pain through modifying oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar male rats weighing 200±20 g were randomly divided into five groups (normal, sham, CCI, pre-CCI exercise, and post-CCI exercise group). Sciatic nerve of anesthetized rats was loosely ligated to induce CCI, and they were then housed in separate cages. The rats ran on treadmill at a moderate speed for 3 weeks. Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were determined using von Frey filament and plantar test, respectively. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) assayed in the cerebrospinal fluid, malondialdehyde, and total antioxidant capacity were measured in the serum using Western blot test, thiobarbituric acid, and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), respectively. RESULTS The mechanical allodynia (P=0.024) and thermal hyperalgesia (P=0.002) in the CCI group were higher than those in the sham group. Exercise after CCI reduced (P=0.004) mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia (P=0.025) compared with the CCI group. Moreover, the level of FRAP in the CCI group was (P=0.001) lower than that in the sham group, and post-CCI exercise reversed FRAP amount toward the control level (P=0.019). The amount of malondialdehyde did not differ between groups. Level of TNF-α increased in the CCI group (P=0.0002) compared with sham group and post-CCI exercise could reverse it toward the level of control (P=0.005). CONCLUSION Post CCI-exercise but not pre CCI-exercise reduces CCI-induced neuropathic pain. One of the possible involved mechanisms is increasing the total antioxidant capacity and reducing the amount of TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ali Safakhah
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Research Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Nasroallah Moradi Kor
- Research Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Atiyeh Bazargani
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Bandegi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | | | | - Ali Ghanbari
- Research Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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32
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Fang G, Zhao J, Li P, Li L, Yu T, Yang X, He Z, Tian Y. Long-term treadmill exercise inhibits neuronal cell apoptosis and reduces tau phosphorylation in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of aged rats. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:755-757. [PMID: 36659268 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Fang
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Jiexiu Zhao
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Liang Li
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Tao Yu
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Xingya Yang
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Zihong He
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Ye Tian
- China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing 100029, China.
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33
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Viana SD, Pita IR, Lemos C, Rial D, Couceiro P, Rodrigues-Santos P, Caramelo F, Carvalho F, Ali SF, Prediger RD, Fontes Ribeiro CA, Pereira FC. The effects of physical exercise on nonmotor symptoms and on neuroimmune RAGE network in experimental parkinsonism. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:161-171. [PMID: 28385921 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01120.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) prodromal stages comprise neuropsychiatric perturbations that critically compromise a patient's quality of life. These nonmotor symptoms (NMS) are associated with exacerbated innate immunity, a hallmark of overt PD. Physical exercise (PE) has the potential to improve neuropsychiatric deficits and to modulate immune network including receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in distinct pathological settings. Accordingly, the present study aimed to test the hypothesis that PE 1) alleviates PD NMS and 2) modulates neuroimmune RAGE network in experimental PD. Adult Wistar rats subjected to long-term mild treadmill were administered intranasally with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and probed for PD NMS before the onset of motor abnormalities. Twelve days after MPTP, neuroimmune RAGE network transcriptomics (real-time quantitative PCR) was analyzed in frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. Untrained MPTP animals displayed habit-learning and motivational deficits without gross motor impairments (cued version of water-maze, splash, and open-field tests, respectively). A suppression of RAGE and neuroimmune-related genes was observed in frontal cortex on chemical and physical stressors (untrained MPTP: RAGE, TLR5 and -7, and p22 NADPH oxidase; saline-trained animals: RAGE, TLR1 and -5 to -11, TNF-α, IL-1β, and p22 NADPH oxidase), suggesting the recruitment of compensatory mechanisms to restrain innate inflammation. Notably, trained MPTP animals displayed normal cognitive/motivational performances. Additionally, these animals showed normal RAGE expression and neuroprotective PD-related DJ-1 gene upregulation in frontal cortex when compared with untrained MPTP animals. These findings corroborate PE efficacy in improving PD NMS and newly identify RAGE network as a neural substrate for exercise intervention. Additional research is warranted to unveil functional consequences of PE-induced modulation of RAGE/DJ-1 transcriptomics in PD premotor stages.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study newly shows that physical exercise (PE) corrects nonmotor symptoms of the intranasal 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of experimental parkinsonism. Additionally, we show that suppression of neuroimmune receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) network occurs in frontal cortex on chemical (MPTP) and physical (PE) interventions. Finally, PE normalizes frontal cortical RAGE transcriptomics and upregulates the neuroprotective DJ-1 gene in the intranasal MPTP model of experimental parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia D Viana
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Coimbra-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês R Pita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Lemos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniel Rial
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Couceiro
- Immunology and Oncology Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Rodrigues-Santos
- Immunology and Oncology Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Caramelo
- Laboratory of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, Rede de Química e Tecnologia, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; and
| | - Syed F Ali
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center of Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Rui D Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Fontes Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Frederico C Pereira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; .,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Grabowska W, Sikora E, Bielak-Zmijewska A. Sirtuins, a promising target in slowing down the ageing process. Biogerontology 2017; 18:447-476. [PMID: 28258519 PMCID: PMC5514220 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is a plastic process and can be successfully modulated by some biomedical approaches or pharmaceutics. In this manner it is possible to delay or even prevent some age-related pathologies. There are some defined interventions, which give promising results in animal models or even in human studies, resulting in lifespan elongation or healthspan improvement. One of the most promising targets for anti-ageing approaches are proteins belonging to the sirtuin family. Sirtuins were originally discovered as transcription repressors in yeast, however, nowadays they are known to occur in bacteria and eukaryotes (including mammals). In humans the family consists of seven members (SIRT1-7) that possess either mono-ADP ribosyltransferase or deacetylase activity. It is believed that sirtuins play key role during cell response to a variety of stresses, such as oxidative or genotoxic stress and are crucial for cell metabolism. Although some data put in question direct involvement of sirtuins in extending human lifespan, it was documented that proper lifestyle including physical activity and diet can influence healthspan via increasing the level of sirtuins. The search for an activator of sirtuins is one of the most extensive and robust topic of research. Some hopes are put on natural compounds, including curcumin. In this review we summarize the involvement and usefulness of sirtuins in anti-ageing interventions and discuss the potential role of curcumin in sirtuins regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Grabowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur Str. 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sikora
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur Str. 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Bielak-Zmijewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur Str. 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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So JH, Huang C, Ge M, Cai G, Zhang L, Lu Y, Mu Y. Intense Exercise Promotes Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis But Not Spatial Discrimination. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:13. [PMID: 28197080 PMCID: PMC5281566 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neurogenesis persists throughout adult life and plays an important role in learning and memory. Although the influence of physical exercise on neurogenesis has been intensively studied, there is controversy in regard to how the impact of exercise may vary with its regime. Less is known about how distinct exercise paradigms may differentially affect the learning behavior. Here we found that, chronic moderate treadmill running led to an increase of cell proliferation, survival, neuronal differentiation, and migration. In contrast, intense running only promoted neuronal differentiation and migration, which was accompanied with lower expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, and erythropoietin. In addition, the intensely but not mildly exercised animals exhibited a lower mitochondrial activity in the dentate gyrus. Correspondingly, neurogenesis induced by moderate but not intense exercise was sufficient to improve the animal’s ability in spatial pattern separation. Our data indicate that the effect of exercise on spatial learning is intensity-dependent and may involve mechanisms other than a simple increase in the number of new neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji H So
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Minyan Ge
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Guangyao Cai
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Lanqiu Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Integrative Medicine for Acute Abdominal Disease, Nankai Hospital Tianjin, China
| | - Yisheng Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China; Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Yangling Mu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China; Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
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Taghizadeh G, Pourahmad J, Mehdizadeh H, Foroumadi A, Torkaman-Boutorabi A, Hassani S, Naserzadeh P, Shariatmadari R, Gholami M, Rouini MR, Sharifzadeh M. Protective effects of physical exercise on MDMA-induced cognitive and mitochondrial impairment. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:11-19. [PMID: 27451936 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Debate continues about the effect of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on cognitive and mitochondrial function through the CNS. It has been shown that physical exercise has an important protective effect on cellular damage and death. Therefore, we investigated the effect of physical exercise on MDMA-induced impairments of spatial learning and memory as well as MDMA effects on brain mitochondrial function in rats. Male wistar rats underwent short-term (2 weeks) or long-term (4 weeks) treadmill exercise. After completion of exercise duration, acquisition and retention of spatial memory were evaluated by Morris water maze (MWM) test. Rats were intraperitoneally (I.P) injected with MDMA (5, 10, and 15mg/kg) 30min before the first training trial in 4 training days of MWM. Different parameters of brain mitochondrial function were measured including the level of ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial swelling, mitochondrial outermembrane damage, the amount of cytochrome c release from the mitochondria, and ADP/ATP ratio. MDMA damaged the spatial learning and memory in a dose-dependent manner. Brain mitochondria isolated from the rats treated with MDMA showed significant increase in ROS formation, collapse of MMP, mitochondrial swelling, and outer membrane damage, cytochrome c release from the mitochondria, and finally increased ADP/ATP ratio. This study also found that physical exercise significantly decreased the MDMA-induced impairments of spatial learning and memory and also mitochondrial dysfunction. The results indicated that MDMA-induced neurotoxicity leads to brain mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent oxidative stress is followed by cognitive impairments. However, physical exercise could reduce these deleterious effects of MDMA through protective effects on brain mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghorban Taghizadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Science and Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Pourahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hajar Mehdizadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Science and Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anahita Torkaman-Boutorabi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Science and Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Hassani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Naserzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Shariatmadari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Gholami
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rouini
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Science and Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Isla AG, Vázquez-Cuevas FG, Peña-Ortega F. Exercise Prevents Amyloid-β-Induced Hippocampal Network Disruption by Inhibiting GSK3β Activation. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 52:333-43. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo G. Isla
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | | | - Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
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Cigarroa I, Lalanza JF, Caimari A, del Bas JM, Capdevila L, Arola L, Escorihuela RM. Treadmill Intervention Attenuates the Cafeteria Diet-Induced Impairment of Stress-Coping Strategies in Young Adult Female Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153687. [PMID: 27099927 PMCID: PMC4839746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current prevalence of diet-induced overweight and obesity in adolescents and adults is continuously growing. Although the detrimental biochemical and metabolic consequences of obesity are widely studied, its impact on stress-coping behavior and its interaction with specific exercise doses (in terms of intensity, duration and frequency) need further investigation. To this aim, we fed adolescent rats either an obesogenic diet (cafeteria diet, CAF) or standard chow (ST). Each group was subdivided into four subgroups according to the type of treadmill intervention as follows: a sedentary group receiving no manipulation; a control group exposed to a stationary treadmill; a low-intensity treadmill group trained at 12 m/min; and a higher intensity treadmill group trained at 17 m/min. Both the diet and treadmill interventions started at weaning and lasted for 8 weeks. Subjects were tested for anxiety-like behavior in the open field test and for coping strategies in the two-way active avoidance paradigm at week 7 and were sacrificed at week 8 for biometric and metabolic characterization. CAF feeding increased the weight gain, relative retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (RWAT %), and plasma levels of glucose, insulin, triglycerides and leptin and decreased the insulin sensitivity. Treadmill intervention partially reversed the RWAT% and triglyceride alterations; at higher intensity, it decreased the leptin levels of CAF-fed animals. CAF feeding decreased the motor activity and impaired the performance in a two-way active avoidance assessment. Treadmill intervention reduced defecation in the shuttle box, suggesting diminished anxiety. CAF feeding combined with treadmill training at 17 m/min increased the time spent in the center of the open field and more importantly, partially reversed the two-way active avoidance deficit. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that at doses that decreased anxiety-like behavior, treadmill exercise partially improved the coping strategy in terms of active avoidance behavior in the CAF-fed animals. This effect was not observed at lower doses of treadmill training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Cigarroa
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Carrera de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Los Ángeles, región del Bio-Bio, Chile
| | - Jaume F. Lalanza
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Caimari
- Grup de Recerca en Nutrició i Salut (GRNS). Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS), TECNIO, CEICS, Reus, Spain
| | - Josep M. del Bas
- Grup de Recerca en Nutrició i Salut (GRNS). Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS), TECNIO, CEICS, Reus, Spain
| | - Lluís Capdevila
- Laboratori de Psicologia de l’Esport, Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Arola
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS), TECNIO, CEICS, Reus, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Escorihuela
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Obesity Reduces Cognitive and Motor Functions across the Lifespan. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2473081. [PMID: 26881095 PMCID: PMC4737453 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2473081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a sedentary lifestyle, more and more people are becoming obese nowadays. In addition to health-related problems, obesity can also impair cognition and motor performance. Previous results have shown that obesity mainly affects cognition and motor behaviors through altering brain functions and musculoskeletal system, respectively. Many factors, such as insulin/leptin dysregulation and inflammation, mediate the effect of obesity and cognition and motor behaviors. Substantial evidence has suggested exercise to be an effective way to improve obesity and related cognitive and motor dysfunctions. This paper aims to discuss the association of obesity with cognition and motor behaviors and its underlying mechanisms. Following this, mechanisms of exercise to improve obesity-related dysfunctions are described. Finally, implications and future research direction are raised.
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Marques-Aleixo I, Santos-Alves E, Balça MM, Moreira PI, Oliveira PJ, Magalhães J, Ascensão A. Physical exercise mitigates doxorubicin-induced brain cortex and cerebellum mitochondrial alterations and cellular quality control signaling. Mitochondrion 2015; 26:43-57. [PMID: 26678157 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a highly effective anti-neoplastic agent, whose clinical use is limited by a dose-dependent mitochondrial toxicity in non-target tissues, including the brain. Here we analyzed the effects of distinct exercise modalities (12-week endurance treadmill-TM or voluntary free-wheel activity-FW) performed before and during sub-chronic DOX treatment on brain cortex and cerebellum mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress, permeability transition pore (mPTP), and proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, apoptosis and auto(mito)phagy. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into saline-sedentary (SAL+SED), DOX-sedentary (DOX+SED; 7-week DOX (2 mg · kg(-1)per week)), DOX+TM and DOX+FW. Animal behavior and post-sacrifice mitochondrial function were assessed. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) subunits, oxidative stress markers or related proteins (SIRT3, p66shc, UCP2, carbonyls, MDA, -SH, aconitase, Mn-SOD), as well as proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC1α and TFAM) were evaluated. Apoptotic signaling was followed through caspases 3, 8 and 9-like activities, Bax, Bcl2, CypD, ANT and cofilin expression. Mitochondrial dynamics (Mfn1, Mfn2, OPA1 and DRP1) and auto(mito)phagy (LC3II, Beclin1, Pink1, Parkin and p62)-related proteins were measured by semi-quantitative Western blotting. DOX impaired behavioral performance, mitochondrial function, including lower resistance to mPTP and increased apoptotic signaling, decreased the content in OXPHOS complex subunits and increased oxidative stress in brain cortex and cerebellum. Molecular markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics and autophagy were also altered by DOX treatment in both brain subareas. Generally, TM and FW were able to mitigate DOX-related impairments in brain cortex and cerebellum mitochondrial activity, mPTP and apoptotic signaling. We conclude that the alterations in mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics and autophagy markers induced by exercise performed before and during treatment may contribute to the observed protective brain cortex and cerebellum mitochondrial phenotype, which is more resistant to oxidative damage and apoptotic signaling in sub-chronically DOX treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Marques-Aleixo
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal.
| | - E Santos-Alves
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - M M Balça
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - P I Moreira
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - P J Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - J Magalhães
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - A Ascensão
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
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41
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Kang EB, Cho JY. Effect of treadmill exercise on PI3K/AKT/mTOR, autophagy, and Tau hyperphosphorylation in the cerebral cortex of NSE/htau23 transgenic mice. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2015; 19:199-209. [PMID: 26527331 PMCID: PMC4624121 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2015.15090806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Neurofibrillary tangles, one of pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease, are produced by the hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of tau protein. This study aimed to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise on PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal transmission, autophagy, and cognitive ability that are involved in the hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of tau protein. Methods Experimental animals (NSE/htau23 mice) were divided into non-transgenic control group (Non-Tg-Control; CON; n = 7), transgenic control group (Tg-CON; n = 7), and transgenic exercise group (Tg-Treadmill Exercise; TE; n = 7). The Tg-TE group was subjected to treadmill exercise for 12 weeks. After the treadmill exercise was completed, the cognitive ability was determined by conducting underwater maze tests. Western blot was conducted to determine the phosphorylation status of PI3K/AKT/mTOR proteins and autophagy-related proteins (Beclin-1, p62, LC3-B); hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of tau protein (Ser199/202, Ser404, Thr231, PHF-1); and phosphorylation of GSK-3β, which is involved in the phosphorylation of tau protein in the cerebral cortex of experimental animals. Results In the Tg-TE group that was subjected to treadmill exercise for 12 weeks, abnormal mTOR phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT proteins was improved via increased phosphorylation and its activity was inhibited by increased GSK-3β phosphorylation compared with those in the Tg-CON group, which was used as the control group. In addition, the expression of Beclin-1 protein involved in autophagosome formation was increased in the Tg-TE group compared with that in the Tg-CON group, whereas that of p62 protein was reduced in the Tg-TE group compared with that in the Tg-CON group. Autophagy was activated owing to the increased expression of LC3-B that controls the completion of autophagosome formation. The hyperphosphorylation and aggregation (Ser199/202, Ser404, Thr231, PHF-1) of tau protein was found to be reduced in the Tg-TE group compared with that in the Tg-CON group. Furthermore, in the underwater maze test, the Tg-TE group showed a reduced escape time and distance compared with those of the Tg-CON group, suggesting that learning and cognitive ability were improved. Conclusion These findings suggest that aerobic exercise such as treadmill exercise might be an effective approach to ameliorate the pathological features (or neurofibrillary tangles) of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Bum Kang
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Cho
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Heinonen I, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC, Duncker DJ, Nuutila P, Knuuti J. Organ-specific physiological responses to acute physical exercise and long-term training in humans. Physiology (Bethesda) 2015; 29:421-36. [PMID: 25362636 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00067.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtually all tissues in the human body rely on aerobic metabolism for energy production and are therefore critically dependent on continuous supply of oxygen. Oxygen is provided by blood flow, and, in essence, changes in organ perfusion are also closely associated with alterations in tissue metabolism. In response to acute exercise, blood flow is markedly increased in contracting skeletal muscles and myocardium, but perfusion in other organs (brain and bone) is only slightly enhanced or is even reduced (visceral organs). Despite largely unchanged metabolism and perfusion, repeated exposures to altered hemodynamics and hormonal milieu produced by acute exercise, long-term exercise training appears to be capable of inducing effects also in tissues other than muscles that may yield health benefits. However, the physiological adaptations and driving-force mechanisms in organs such as brain, liver, pancreas, gut, bone, and adipose tissue, remain largely obscure in humans. Along these lines, this review integrates current information on physiological responses to acute exercise and to long-term physical training in major metabolically active human organs. Knowledge is mostly provided based on the state-of-the-art, noninvasive human imaging studies, and directions for future novel research are proposed throughout the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Cardiology, Division of Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarna C Hannukainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; and
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Physical exercise improves brain cortex and cerebellum mitochondrial bioenergetics and alters apoptotic, dynamic and auto(mito)phagy markers. Neuroscience 2015; 301:480-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Neuroprotection of Early Locomotor Exercise Poststroke: Evidence From Animal Studies. Can J Neurol Sci 2015; 42:213-20. [PMID: 26041314 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2015.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Early locomotor exercise after stroke has attracted a great deal of attention in clinical and animal research in recent years. A series of animal studies showed that early locomotor exercise poststroke could protect against ischemic brain injury and improve functional outcomes through the promotion of angiogenesis, inhibition of acute inflammatory response and neuron apoptosis, and protection of the blood-brain barrier. However, to date, the clinical application of early locomotor exercise poststroke was limited because some clinicians have little confidence in its effectiveness. Here we review the current progress of early locomotor exercise poststroke in animal models. We hope that a comprehensive awareness of the early locomotor exercise poststroke may help to implement early locomotor exercise more appropriately in treatment for ischemic stroke.
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Ohia-Nwoko O, Montazari S, Lau YS, Eriksen JL. Long-term treadmill exercise attenuates tau pathology in P301S tau transgenic mice. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:54. [PMID: 25432085 PMCID: PMC4280713 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that modifying lifestyle by increasing physical activity could be a non-pharmacological approach to improving symptoms and slowing disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease and other tauopathies. Previous studies have shown that exercise reduces tau hyperphosphorylation, however, it is not known whether exercise reduces the accumulation of soluble or insoluble tau aggregates and neurofibrillary tangles, which are both neuropathological hallmarks of neurodegenerative tauopathy. In this study, 7-month old P301S tau transgenic mice were subjected to 12-weeks of forced treadmill exercise and evaluated for effects on motor function and tau pathology at 10 months of age. Results Exercise improved general locomotor and exploratory activity and resulted in significant reductions in full-length and hyperphosphorylated tau in the spinal cord and hippocampus as well as a reduction in sarkosyl-insoluble AT8-tau in the spinal cord. Exercise did not attenuate significant neuron loss in the hippocampus or cortex. Key proteins involved in autophagy—microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3 and p62/sequestosome 1 —were also measured to assess whether autophagy is implicated in the exercised-induced reduction of aggregated tau protein. There were no significant effects of forced treadmill exercise on autophagy protein levels in P301S mice. Conclusions Our results suggest that forced treadmill exercise differently affects the brain and spinal cord of aged P301S tau mice, with greater benefits observed in the spinal cord versus the brain. Our work adds to the growing body of evidence that exercise is beneficial in tauopathy, however these benefits may be more limited at later stages of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jason L Eriksen
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, 521 Science and Research Building 2, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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Dobson JL, McMillan J, Li L. Benefits of exercise intervention in reducing neuropathic pain. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:102. [PMID: 24772065 PMCID: PMC3983517 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is a widespread and potentially incapacitating pathological condition that encompasses more than 100 different forms and manifestations of nerve damage. The diverse pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathy affects autonomic, motor and/or sensory neurons, and the symptoms that typify the condition are abnormal cutaneous sensation, muscle dysfunction and, most notably, chronic pain. Chronic neuropathic pain is difficult to treat and is often characterized by either exaggerated responses to painful stimuli (hyperalgesia) or pain resulting from stimuli that would not normally provoke pain (allodynia). The objective of this review is to provide an overview of some pathways associated with the development of peripheral neuropathy and then discuss the benefits of exercise interventions. The development of neuropathic pain is a highly complex and multifactorial process, but recent evidence indicates that the activation of spinal glial cells via the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase 3 and increases in the production of both pro-inflammatory cytokines and brain derived neurotropic factor are crucial steps. Since many of the most common causes of peripheral neuropathy cannot be fully treated, it is critical to understand that routine exercise may not only help prevent some of those causes, but that it has also proven to be an effective means of alleviating some of the condition’s most distressing symptoms. More research is required to elucidate the typical mechanisms of injury associated with peripheral neuropathy and the exercise-induced benefits to those mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Dobson
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Jim McMillan
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University Statesboro, GA, USA ; Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport Shanghai, China
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Takimoto M, Hamada T. Acute exercise increases brain region-specific expression of MCT1, MCT2, MCT4, GLUT1, and COX IV proteins. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:1238-50. [PMID: 24610532 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01288.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is capable of oxidizing lactate and ketone bodies through monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). We examined the protein expression of MCT1, MCT2, MCT4, glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), and cytochrome-c oxidase subunit IV (COX IV) in the rat brain within 24 h after a single exercise session. Brain samples were obtained from sedentary controls and treadmill-exercised rats (20 m/min, 8% grade). Acute exercise resulted in an increase in lactate in the cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus, but not the brainstem, and an increase in β-hydroxybutyrate in the cortex alone. After a 2-h exercise session MCT1 increased in the cortex and hippocampus 5 h postexercise, and the effect lasted in the cortex for 24 h postexercise. MCT2 increased in the cortex and hypothalamus 5-24 h postexercise, whereas MCT2 increased in the hippocampus immediately after exercise, and remained elevated for 10 h postexercise. Regional upregulation of MCT2 after exercise was associated with increases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine-related kinase B proteins, but not insulin-like growth factor 1. MCT4 increased 5-10 h postexercise only in the hypothalamus, and was associated with increased hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression. However, none of the MCT isoforms in the brainstem was affected by exercise. Whereas GLUT 1 in the cortex increased only at 18 h postexercise, COX IV in the hippocampus increased 10 h after exercise and remained elevated for 24 h postexercise. These results suggest that acute prolonged exercise induces the brain region-specific upregulation of MCT1, MCT2, MCT4, GLUT1, and COX IV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Takimoto
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
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Kang EB, Cho JY. Effects of treadmill exercise on brain insulin signaling and β-amyloid in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced-memory impairment in rats. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2014; 18:89-96. [PMID: 25566443 PMCID: PMC4241930 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2014.18.1.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of the study is to explore effect of 6 weeks treadmill exercise on brain insulin signaling and β-amyloid(Aβ). [Methods] The rat model of Alzheimer’s disease(AD) used in the present study was induced by the intracerebroventricular(ICV) streptozotocin(STZ). To produce the model of animal with AD, STZ(1.5mg/kg) was injected to a cerebral ventricle of both cerebrums of Sprague-Dawley rat(20 weeks). The experimental animals were divided into ICV-Sham(n=7), ICV-STZ CON(n=7), ICV-STZ EXE(n=7). Treadmill exercise was done for 30 min a day, 5 days a week for 6 weeks. Passive avoidance task was carried out before and after treadmill exercise. [Results] The results of this study show that treadmill exercise activated Protein kinase B(AKT)/ Glycogen synthase kinase 3α (GSK3α), possibly via activation of insulin receptor(IR) and insulin receptor substrate(IRS) and reduced Aβ in the brain of ICV-STZ rats. More interestingly, treadmill exercise improved cognitive function of ICV-STZ rats. Finally, physical exercise or physical activity gave positive influences on brain insulin signaling pathway. [Conclusion] Therefore, treadmill exercise can be applied to improve AD as preventive and therapeutic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Bum Kang
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Yong Cho
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
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Physical exercise improves synaptic dysfunction and recovers the loss of survival factors in 3xTg-AD mouse brain. Neuropharmacology 2014; 81:55-63. [PMID: 24486380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise has become a potentially beneficial therapy for reducing neurodegeneration symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. Previous studies have shown that cognitive deterioration, anxiety and the startle response observed in 7-month-old 3xTg-AD mice were ameliorated after 6 months of free access to a running wheel. Also, alterations in synaptic response to paired-pulse stimulation were improved. The present study further investigated some molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of 6 months of voluntary exercise on synaptic plasticity in 7-month-old 3xTg-AD mice. Changes in binding parameters of [(3)H]-flunitrazepam to GABAA receptor and of [(3)H]-MK-801 to NMDA receptor in cerebral cortex of 3xTgAD mice were restored by voluntary exercise. In addition, reduced expression levels of NMDA receptor NR2B subunit were reestablished. The synaptic proteins synaptophysin and PSD-95 and the neuroprotective proteins GDNF and SIRT1 were downregulated in 3xTgAD mice and were recovered by exercise treatment. Overall, in this paper we highlight the fact that different interrelated mechanisms are involved in the beneficial effects of exercise on synaptic plasticity alterations in the 3xTg-AD mouse model.
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50
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Bayod S, Mennella I, Menella I, Sanchez-Roige S, Lalanza JF, Escorihuela RM, Camins A, Pallàs M, Canudas AM. Wnt pathway regulation by long-term moderate exercise in rat hippocampus. Brain Res 2013; 1543:38-48. [PMID: 24183784 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An active lifestyle involving regular exercise reduces the deleterious effects of the aging process. At the cerebral level, both synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis are modulated by exercise, although the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are not clearly understood. In the mature nervous system, the canonical Wnt (Wnt/β-catenin) signaling pathway is implicated in neuroprotection and synaptic plasticity. Here, we examined whether the Wnt pathway could be modulated in adult male rat hippocampus by long-term moderate exercise (treadmill running) or enrichment (handling/environmental stimulation). Sedentary animals showed higher protein levels of the Wnt antagonist, Dkk-1, the lowest levels being found in the exercised group. Although there was no evidence of any changes in activation of the LRP6 receptor, the total levels of LRP6 were higher in exercised and enriched animals. Analysis of some of the components implicated in the phosphorylation of β-catenin, which leads ultimately to its proteasomal degradation, revealed higher levels and activation of Axin1 and GSK-3α/β respectively in sedentary animals. However neither different phosphorylated forms nor total β-catenin protein levels differed between the experimental groups. Higher protein levels of Axin2 and the antiapoptotic protein, Bcl-2, were found with exercise and handling, whereas the proapototic, Bax, was unaffected. Thus, our results suggest activation of the Wnt pathway not only with moderate exercise, but also with the handling of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bayod
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia. Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona. Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes. 08028 Barcelona. Spain; Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | | | - I Menella
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia. Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona. Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes. 08028 Barcelona. Spain; Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - S Sanchez-Roige
- Dept de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J F Lalanza
- Dept de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R M Escorihuela
- Dept de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A Camins
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia. Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona. Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes. 08028 Barcelona. Spain; Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - M Pallàs
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia. Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona. Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes. 08028 Barcelona. Spain; Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - A M Canudas
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia. Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona. Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes. 08028 Barcelona. Spain; Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.
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