1
|
Rappelt L, Held S, Micke F, Wiedenmann T, Deutsch JP, Kleinöder H, Donath L. Handcycling with concurrent lower body low-frequency electromyostimulation significantly increases acute oxygen uptake in elite wheelchair basketball players: an acute crossover trial. J Rehabil Med 2024; 56:jrm40028. [PMID: 38850087 PMCID: PMC11182031 DOI: 10.2340/jrm.v56.40028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wheelchair basketball (WCB) demands high-intensity training due to its intermittent nature. However, acute oxygen uptake (V˙O2) in handcycling is restricted. Combining handcycling with low-frequency electromyostimulation (LF-EMS) may enhance V˙O2 in elite WBC athletes. DESIGN Randomized crossover trail. SUBJECTS Twelve German national team WCB players (age: 25.6 [5.6] years, height: 1.75 [0.16] m, mass: 74.0 [21.7] kg, classification: 2.92 [1.26]). METHOD Participants underwent 2×5 min of handcycling (60 rpm, ¾ bodyweight resistance in watts) (HANDCYCLE) and 2×5 min of handcycling with concurrent LF-EMS (EMS_HANDCYCLE). LF-EMS (4Hz, 350µs, continuous stimulation) targeted gluteal, quadriceps, and calf muscles, adjusted to individual pain thresholds (buttocks: 69.5 [22.3] mA, thighs: 66.8 [20.0] mA, calves: 68.9 [31.5] mA). RESULTS Significant mode-dependent differences between HANDCYCLE and EMS_HANDCYCLE were found in V˙O2 (17.60 [3.57] vs 19.23 [4.37] ml min-1 kg-1, p = 0.001) and oxygen pulse (16.69 [4.51] vs 18.41 [5.17] ml, p = 0.002). ΔLactate was significantly lower in HANDCYCLE (0.04 [0.28] vs 0.31 [0.26] mmol l-1). Although perceived effort did not differ (p = 0.293), discomfort was rated lower in HANDCYCLE (1.44 [1.28] vs 3.94 [2.14], p = 0.002). CONCLUSION LF-EMS applied to the lower extremities increases oxygen demand during submaximal handcycling. Thus, longitudinal application of LF-EMS should be investigated as a potential training stimulus to improve aerobic capacity in wheelchair athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Rappelt
- 1Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Movement and Training Science, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Steffen Held
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Sport and Management, IST University of Applied Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Florian Micke
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Sport and Management, IST University of Applied Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim Wiedenmann
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan-Philip Deutsch
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heinz Kleinöder
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Petrie MA, Dudley-Javoroski S, Johnson KA, Lee J, Dubey O, Shields RK. Low-frequency electrically induced exercise after spinal cord injury: Physiologic challenge to skeletal muscle and feasibility for long-term use. J Spinal Cord Med 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38619192 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2024.2338295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Skeletal muscle has traditionally been considered a "force generator": necessary for purposes of locomotion, but expendable for non-ambulators who use wheelchairs, such as people with a spinal cord injury (SCI). Active skeletal muscle plays an indispensable role in regulating systemic metabolic functions, even in people with paralysis, but because of severe osteoporosis, high tetanic muscle forces induced with high frequency electrical stimulation may be risky for some individuals. The purpose of this study was to compare the physiologic muscle properties incurred by two low force/low frequency repetitive stimulation protocols (1 and 3 Hz); and, to assess the acceptability of each protocol among people with SCI. METHODS Ten individuals with chronic SCI (12.9 years) and 11 individuals without SCI (NonSCI) participated in the study. Participants received either 1 or 3 Hz stimulation to the quadriceps muscle on Day 1, then the converse on Day 2. Each session consisted of 1000 stimulus pulses. RESULTS The initial and maximum forces were similar for the 1 and 3 Hz frequencies. The fatigue index (FI) for SCI and NonSCI groups were lower (P < 0.007) for 3 Hz than for 1 Hz (0.34 ± 0.17 versus 0.65 ± 0.16 and 0.72 ± 0.14 versus 0.87 ± 0.07, respectively). CONCLUSION The 3 Hz stimulation offered the greatest physiological challenge and was perceived as more acceptable for long term use among people with SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Petrie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Shauna Dudley-Javoroski
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kristin A Johnson
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jinhyun Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Olga Dubey
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Richard K Shields
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yen CL, Petrie MA, Suneja M, Shields RK. Neuromuscular and gene signaling responses to passive whole-body heat stress in young adults. J Therm Biol 2023; 118:103730. [PMID: 37890230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether acute passive heat stress 1) decreases muscle Maximal Voluntary Contraction (MVC); 2) increases peripheral muscle fatigue; 3) increases spinal cord excitability, and 4) increases key skeletal muscle gene signaling pathways in skeletal muscle. Examining the biological and physiological markers underlying passive heat stress will assist us in understanding the potential therapeutic benefits. MVCs, muscle fatigue, spinal cord excitability, and gene signaling were examined after control or whole body heat stress in an environmental chamber (heat; 82 °C, 10% humidity for 30 min). Heart Rate (HR), an indicator of stress response, was correlated to muscle fatigue in the heat group (R = 0.59; p < 0.05) but was not correlated to MVC, twitch potentiation, and H reflex suppression. Sixty-one genes were differentially expressed after heat (41 genes >1.5-fold induced; 20 < 0.667 fold repressed). A strong correlation emerged between the session type (control or heat) and principal components (PC1) (R = 0.82; p < 0.005). Cell Signal Transduction, Metabolism, Gene Expression and Transcription, Immune System, DNA Repair, and Metabolism of Proteins were pathway domains with the largest number of genes regulated after acute whole body heat stress. Acute whole-body heat stress may offer a physiological stimulus for people with a limited capacity to exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Ling Yen
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Neuroscience Research Center, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Michael A Petrie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Roy and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Medical Education Building, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Manish Suneja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Richard K Shields
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Roy and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Medical Education Building, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alharbi A, Li J, Womack E, Farrow M, Yarar-Fisher C. The Effect of Lower Limb Combined Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Skeletal Muscle Signaling for Glucose Utilization, Myofiber Distribution, and Metabolic Function after Spinal Cord Injury. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6958. [PMID: 37887696 PMCID: PMC10606374 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20206958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining healthy myofiber type and metabolic function early after spinal cord injury (SCI) may prevent chronic metabolic disorders. This study compares the effects of a 2-5 week combined (aerobic + resistance) neuromuscular electrical stimulation (Comb-NMES) regimen versus a sham control treatment on muscle protein signaling for glucose uptake, myofiber type distribution, and metabolic function. Twenty participants (31 ± 9 years of age) with an SCI (C4-L1, AIS level A-C) within 14 days of the SCI were randomly assigned to control (N = 8) or Comb-NMES (N = 12). Sessions were given three times per week. Fasting blood samples and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected 24-48 h before or after the last session. Western blots were performed to quantify proteins, immunohistochemical analyses determined muscle myofiber distribution, and enzymatic assays were performed to measure serum glucose, insulin, and lipids. Our main findings include a decrease in fasting glucose (p < 0.05) and LDL-C (p < 0.05) levels, an upregulation of CamKII and Hexokinase (p < 0.05), and an increase in type I (+9%) and a decrease in type IIx (-36%) myofiber distribution in response to Comb-NMES. Our findings suggest that maintaining healthy myofiber type and metabolic function may be achieved via early utilization of Comb-NMES.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Alharbi
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Erika Womack
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA;
| | - Matthew Farrow
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Ceren Yarar-Fisher
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.L.); (M.F.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma Y, de Groot S, Vink A, Harmsen W, Smit CA, Stolwijk-Swuste JM, Weijs PJ, Janssen TW. Optimization of Protocols Using Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for Paralyzed Lower-Limb Muscles to Increase Energy Expenditure in People With Spinal Cord Injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2023; 102:489-497. [PMID: 36228281 PMCID: PMC10184805 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000002120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate whether using surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for paralyzed lower-limb muscles results in an increase in energy expenditure and whether the number of activated muscles and duty cycle affect the potential increase. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study. RESULTS Energy expenditure during all NMES protocols was significantly higher than the condition without NMES (1.2 ± 0.2 kcal/min), with the highest increase (+51%; +0.7 kcal/min, 95% confidence interval, 0.3-1.2) for the protocol with more muscles activated and the duty cycle with a shorter rest period. A significant decrease in muscle contraction size during NMES was found with a longer stimulation time, more muscles activated, or the duty cycle with a shorter rest period. CONCLUSION Using NMES for paralyzed lower-limb muscles can significantly increase energy expenditure compared with sitting without NMES, with the highest increase for the protocol with more muscles activated and the duty cycle with a shorter rest period. Muscle fatigue occurred significantly with the more intense NMES protocols, which might cause a lower energy expenditure in a longer protocol. Future studies should further optimize the NMES parameters and investigate the long-term effects of NMES on weight management in people with SCI.
Collapse
|
6
|
Changes in mRNA and miRNA expression in the prelimbic cortex related to depression-like syndrome induced by chronic social defeat stress in mice. Behav Brain Res 2023; 438:114211. [PMID: 36368442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a complex psychiatric disorder with a high prevalence rate worldwide. Previous studies have demonstrated the involvement of the prelimbic cortex (PL) in mediating depressive-like behavior, however, the exact molecular mechanism taking place in the PL remains unclear. In the present study, we conducted high-throughput sequencing of mRNAs and miRNAs in PL tissue harvested from chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) susceptible male mice. We identified 59 differentially expressed mRNAs and 6 differentially expressed miRNAs, in which 40 mRNAs and 3 miRNAs were up-regulated, while 19 mRNAs and 3 miRNAs were down-regulated. Integrated analysis of miRNA-mRNA networks suggested that GPR35 signaling might be involved in CSDS-induced depressive-like behaviors. RT-PCR and western blot assays validated that Abra, Sell and GPR35 were up-regulated. Functionally, inhibition of GPR35 in the PL ameliorated CSDS-induced depressive-like behaviors. Thus, the present study provided a global view of mRNA and miRNA profiles in the PL of male stress susceptible mice, and suggested that GPR35 signaling was associated with CSDS-induced depressive-like behaviors. These results may be valuable for further investigations of the molecular regulatory mechanisms in stress-induced depression.
Collapse
|
7
|
Petrie MA, Kimball AL, Shields RK. Acute Low Force Electrically Induced Exercise Modulates Post Prandial Glycemic Markers in People with Spinal Cord Injury. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7040089. [PMID: 36278750 PMCID: PMC9624321 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise involves daily muscle contractions helping metabolize up to 70% of daily ingested glucose. Skeletal muscle increases glucose uptake through two distinct pathways: insulin signaling pathway and muscle contraction mediated AMPK pathway. People with paralysis are unable to contract their muscles which atrophy, transform into insulin resistant glycolytic muscle, and develop osteoporosis. Our goal is to determine if low force electrically induced exercise (LFE) will modulate the post prandial insulin and glucose response in people with and without spinal cord injury (SCI). 18 people with SCI and 23 without SCI (Non-SCI) participated in an assessment of metabolic biomarkers during passive sitting (CTL) and a bout of LFE delivered to the quadriceps/hamstring muscle groups after a glucose challenge. Baseline fasting insulin (p = 0.003) and lactate (p = 0.033) levels were higher in people with SCI, but glucose levels (p = 0.888) were similar compared to the non-SCI population. After 1-h of muscle contractions using LFE, heart rate increased (p < 0.001), capillary glucose decreased (p = 0.004), insulin decreased (p < 0.001), and lactate increased (p = 0.001) in the SCI population. These findings support that LFE attenuates certain metabolic blood biomarkers during a glucose challenge and may offer a lifestyle strategy to regulate metabolic responses after eating among people with SCI.
Collapse
|
8
|
Rappelt L, Held S, Donath L. Handcycling with concurrent lower body low-frequency electromyostimulation significantly increases acute oxygen uptake: implications for rehabilitation and prevention. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13333. [PMID: 35607449 PMCID: PMC9123886 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute increases in exercise-induced oxygen uptake (V̇O2) is crucial for aerobic training adaptations and depends on how much muscle mass is involved during exercising. Thus, handcycling is per se limited for higher maximal oxygen uptakes (V̇O2max) due to restricted muscle involvement. Handcycling with additional and simultaneous application of low-frequency electromyostimulation (EMS) to the lower extremities might be a promising stimulus to improve aerobic capacity in disabled and rehabilitative populations. Method Twenty-six healthy young adults (13 female, age: 23.4 ± 4.5 years, height: 1.77 ± 0.09 m, mass: 71.7 ± 16.7 kg) completed 4 ×10 minutes of sitting (SIT), sitting with concurrent EMS (EMS_SIT), handcycling (60 rpm, 1/2 bodyweight as resistance in watts) (HANDCYCLE) and handcycling with concurrent EMS of the lower extremities (EMS_HANDCYCLE). During EMS_SIT and EMS_HANDCYCLE, low frequency EMS (impulse frequency: 4Hz, impulse width: 350 µs, continuous stimulation) was applied to gluteal, quadriceps and calf muscles. The stimulation intensity was selected so that the perceived pain could be sustained for a duration of 10 minutes (gluteus: 80.0 ± 22.7 mA, quadriceps: 94.5 ± 20.5 mA, calves: 77.5 ± 19.1 mA). Results Significant mode-dependent changes of V̇O2 were found (p < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.852). Subsequent post-hoc testing indicated significant difference between SIT vs. EMS_SIT (4.70 ± 0.75 vs. 10.61 ± 4.28 ml min-1 kg-1, p < 0.001), EMS_SIT vs. HANDCYCLE (10.61 ± 4.28 vs. 13.52 ± 1.40 ml min-1 kg-1, p = 0.005), and between HANDCYCLE vs. EMS_HANDCYCLE (13.52 ± 1.40 vs. 18.98 ± 4.89 ml min-1 kg-1, p = 0.001). Conclusion Handcycling with simultaneous lower body low-frequency EMS application elicits notably higher oxygen uptake during rest and moderately loaded handcycling and may serve as an additional cardiocirculatory training stimuli for improvements in aerobic capacity in wheelchair and rehabilitation settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Rappelt
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Steffen Held
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sharlo K, Tyganov SA, Tomilovskaya E, Popov DV, Saveko AA, Shenkman BS. Effects of Various Muscle Disuse States and Countermeasures on Muscle Molecular Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010468. [PMID: 35008893 PMCID: PMC8745071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is capable of changing its structural parameters, metabolic rate and functional characteristics within a wide range when adapting to various loading regimens and states of the organism. Prolonged muscle inactivation leads to serious negative consequences that affect the quality of life and work capacity of people. This review examines various conditions that lead to decreased levels of muscle loading and activity and describes the key molecular mechanisms of muscle responses to these conditions. It also details the theoretical foundations of various methods preventing adverse muscle changes caused by decreased motor activity and describes these methods. A number of recent studies presented in this review make it possible to determine the molecular basis of the countermeasure methods used in rehabilitation and space medicine for many years, as well as to identify promising new approaches to rehabilitation and to form a holistic understanding of the mechanisms of gravity force control over the muscular system.
Collapse
|
10
|
Petrie MA, Taylor EB, Suneja M, Shields RK. Genomic and Epigenomic Evaluation of Electrically Induced Exercise in People With Spinal Cord Injury: Application to Precision Rehabilitation. Phys Ther 2021; 102:6413907. [PMID: 34718779 PMCID: PMC8754383 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzab243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical therapists develop patient-centered exercise prescriptions to help overcome the physical, emotional, psychosocial, and environmental stressors that undermine a person's health. Optimally prescribing muscle activity for people with disability, such as a spinal cord injury, is challenging because of their loss of volitional movement control and the deterioration of their underlying skeletal systems. This report summarizes spinal cord injury-specific factors that should be considered in patient-centered, precision prescription of muscle activity for people with spinal cord injury. This report also presents a muscle genomic and epigenomic analysis to examine the regulation of the proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (oxidative) and myostatin (hypertrophy) signaling pathways in skeletal muscle during low-frequency (lower-force) electrically induced exercise versus higher-frequency (higher-force) electrically induced exercise under constant muscle recruitment (intensity). METHODS Seventeen people with spinal cord injury participated in 1 or more unilateral electrically induced exercise sessions using a lower-force (1-, 3-, or 5-Hz) or higher-force (20-Hz) protocol. Three hours after the exercise session, percutaneous muscle biopsies were performed on exercised and nonexercised muscles for genomic and epigenomic analysis. RESULTS We found that low-frequency (low-force) electrically induced exercise significantly increased the expression of PGC-1α and decreased the expression of myostatin, consistent with the expression changes observed with high-frequency (higher-force) electrically induced exercise. Further, we found that low-frequency (lower-force) electrically induced exercise significantly demethylated, or epigenetically promoted, the PGC-1α signaling pathway. A global epigenetic analysis showed that >70 pathways were regulated with low-frequency (lower-force) electrically induced exercise. CONCLUSION These novel results support the notion that low-frequency (low-force) electrically induced exercise may offer a more precise rehabilitation strategy for people with chronic paralysis and severe osteoporosis. Future clinical trials are warranted to explore whether low-frequency (lower-force) electrically induced exercise training affects the overall health of people with chronic spinal cord injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Petrie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Eric B Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Manish Suneja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Quezada ER, Díaz-Vegas A, Jaimovich E, Casas M. Changes in Gene Expression of the MCU Complex Are Induced by Electrical Stimulation in Adult Skeletal Muscle. Front Physiol 2021; 11:601313. [PMID: 33574764 PMCID: PMC7870689 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.601313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The slow calcium transient triggered by low-frequency electrical stimulation (ES) in adult muscle fibers and regulated by the extracellular ATP/IP3/IP3R pathway has been related to muscle plasticity. A regulation of muscular tropism associated with the MCU has also been described. However, the role of transient cytosolic calcium signals and signaling pathways related to muscle plasticity over the regulation of gene expression of the MCU complex (MCU, MICU1, MICU2, and EMRE) in adult skeletal muscle is completely unknown. In the present work, we show that 270 0.3-ms-long pulses at 20-Hz ES (and not at 90 Hz) transiently decreased the mRNA levels of the MCU complex in mice flexor digitorum brevis isolated muscle fibers. Importantly, when ATP released after 20-Hz ES is hydrolyzed by the enzyme apyrase, the repressor effect of 20 Hz on mRNA levels of the MCU complex is lost. Accordingly, the exposure of muscle fibers to 30 μM exogenous ATP produces the same effect as 20-Hz ES. Moreover, the use of apyrase in resting conditions (without ES) increased mRNA levels of MCU, pointing out the importance of extracellular ATP concentration over MCU mRNA levels. The use of xestospongin B (inhibitor of IP3 receptors) also prevented the decrease of mRNA levels of MCU, MICU1, MICU2, and EMRE mediated by a low-frequency ES. Our results show that the MCU complex can be regulated by electrical stimuli in a frequency-dependent manner. The changes observed in mRNA levels may be related to changes in the mitochondria, associated with the phenotypic transition from a fast- to a slow-type muscle, according to the described effect of this stimulation frequency on muscle phenotype. The decrease in mRNA levels of the MCU complex by exogenous ATP and the increase in MCU levels when basal ATP is reduced with the enzyme apyrase indicate that extracellular ATP may be a regulator of the MCU complex. Moreover, our results suggest that this regulation is part of the axes linking low-frequency stimulation with ATP/IP3/IP3R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban R Quezada
- Center for Exercise, Metabolism, and Cancer, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Díaz-Vegas
- Center for Exercise, Metabolism, and Cancer, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Center for Exercise, Metabolism, and Cancer, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Casas
- Center for Exercise, Metabolism, and Cancer, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Benrick A, Pillon NJ, Nilsson E, Lindgren E, Krook A, Ling C, Stener-Victorin E. Electroacupuncture Mimics Exercise-Induced Changes in Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5813905. [PMID: 32232327 PMCID: PMC7185955 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Autonomic nervous system activation mediates the increase in whole-body glucose uptake in response to electroacupuncture but the mechanisms are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying electroacupuncture-induced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle in insulin-resistant overweight/obese women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS In a case-control study, skeletal muscle biopsies were collected from 15 women with PCOS and 14 controls before and after electroacupuncture. Gene expression and methylation was analyzed using Illumina BeadChips arrays. RESULTS A single bout of electroacupuncture restores metabolic and transcriptional alterations and induces epigenetic changes in skeletal muscle. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 180 unique genes (q < 0.05) whose expression was changed by electroacupuncture, with 95% of the changes towards a healthier phenotype. We identified DNA methylation changes at 304 unique sites (q < 0.20), and these changes correlated with altered expression of 101 genes (P < 0.05). Among the 50 most upregulated genes in response to electroacupuncture, 38% were also upregulated in response to exercise. We identified a subset of genes that were selectively altered by electroacupuncture in women with PCOS. For example, MSX1 and SRNX1 were decreased in muscle tissue of women with PCOS and were increased by electroacupuncture and exercise. siRNA-mediated silencing of these 2 genes in cultured myotubes decreased glycogen synthesis, supporting a role for these genes in glucose homeostasis. CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence that electroacupuncture normalizes gene expression in skeletal muscle in a manner similar to acute exercise. Electroacupuncture might therefore be a useful way of assisting those who have difficulties performing exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Benrick
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- School of Health Sciences, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Anna Benrick, University of Gothenburg, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Box 423, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden. E-mail: ; Elisabet Stener-Victorin- reprint requests, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, B5, Solnavägen 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail:
| | - Nicolas J Pillon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Nilsson
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eva Lindgren
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Krook
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Ling
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Stener-Victorin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Anna Benrick, University of Gothenburg, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Box 423, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden. E-mail: ; Elisabet Stener-Victorin- reprint requests, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, B5, Solnavägen 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A Review of Functional Electrical Stimulation Treatment in Spinal Cord Injury. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 22:447-463. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
14
|
Petrie MA, Sharma A, Taylor EB, Suneja M, Shields RK. Impact of short- and long-term electrically induced muscle exercise on gene signaling pathways, gene expression, and PGC1a methylation in men with spinal cord injury. Physiol Genomics 2019; 52:71-80. [PMID: 31869286 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00064.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise attenuates the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Gene signaling pathway analysis offers an opportunity to discover if electrically induced muscle exercise regulates key pathways among people living with spinal cord injury (SCI). We examined short-term and long-term durations of electrically induced skeletal muscle exercise on complex gene signaling pathways, specific gene regulation, and epigenetic tagging of PGC1a, a major transcription factor in skeletal muscle of men with SCI. After short- or long-term electrically induced exercise training, participants underwent biopsies of the trained and untrained muscles. RNA was hybridized to an exon microarray and analyzed by a gene set enrichment analysis. We discovered that long-term exercise training regulated the Reactome gene sets for metabolism (38 gene sets), cell cycle (36 gene sets), disease (27 gene sets), gene expression and transcription (22 gene sets), organelle biogenesis (4 gene sets), cellular response to stimuli (8 gene sets), immune system (8 gene sets), vesicle-mediated transport (4 gene sets), and transport of small molecules (3 gene sets). Specific gene expression included: oxidative catabolism of glucose including PDHB (P < 0.001), PDHX (P < 0.001), MPC1 (P < 0.009), and MPC2 (P < 0.007); Oxidative phosphorylation genes including SDHA (P < 0.006), SDHB (P < 0.001), NDUFB1 (P < 0.002), NDUFA2 (P < 0.001); transcription genes including PGC1α (P < 0.030) and PRKAB2 (P < 0.011); hypertrophy gene MSTN (P < 0.001); and the myokine generating FNDC5 gene (P < 0.008). Long-term electrically induced exercise demethylated the major transcription factor PGC1a. Taken together, these findings support that long-term electrically induced muscle activity regulates key pathways associated with muscle health and systemic metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Petrie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Arpit Sharma
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Eric B Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Manish Suneja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Richard K Shields
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cole KR, Dudley-Javoroski S, Shields RK. Hybrid stimulation enhances torque as a function of muscle fusion in human paralyzed and non-paralyzed skeletal muscle. J Spinal Cord Med 2019; 42:562-570. [PMID: 29923814 PMCID: PMC6758724 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2018.1485312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE After spinal cord injury (SCI), hybrid stimulation patterns that interpose paired-pulse doublets over a constant-frequency background may enhance the metabolic "work" (muscle torque) performed by paralyzed muscle. This study examined the effect of background stimulation frequency on the torque contribution of the doublet before and after fatigue. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Research laboratory in an academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS Five men with chronic sensory and motor-complete SCI and ten non-SCI controls (6 males, 4 females). SCI subjects were recruited from a long-term study of unilateral plantar-flexor training; both limbs were tested for the present study. INTERVENTIONS Subjects underwent plantar flexor stimulation at 5, 7, 9, and 12 Hz. The four background frequencies were overlaid with 6 ms doublets delivered at the start, middle, or at both the start and middle of each train. The 5 Hz and 12 Hz frequencies were analyzed after fatigue. OUTCOME MEASURES Mean torque, peak torque, torque fusion index, doublet torque. RESULTS Trains with doublets at both the start and middle yielded the most consistent enhancement of torque (all P < 0.028). Torque contribution of the doublet was greatest at low stimulus frequencies (all P < 0.016). The low relative fusion of untrained paralyzed muscle preserved the efficacy of the doublet even during fatigue. CONCLUSION Hybrid stimulus trains may be an effective way to increase contractile work in paralyzed muscle, even after fatigue. They may be useful for rehabilitation strategies designed to enhance the metabolic work performed by paralyzed skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith R. Cole
- Department of Physical Therapy and Health Care Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shauna Dudley-Javoroski
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Richard K. Shields
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA,Correspondence to: Richard K. Shields, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, The University of Iowa, 1-252 Medical Education Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gorgey AS, Witt O, O’Brien L, Cardozo C, Chen Q, Lesnefsky EJ, Graham ZA. Mitochondrial health and muscle plasticity after spinal cord injury. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 119:315-331. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-4039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
17
|
Yarar-Fisher C, Polston KFL, Eraslan M, Henley KY, Kinikli GI, Bickel CS, Windham ST, McLain AB, Oster RA, Bamman MM. Paralytic and nonparalytic muscle adaptations to exercise training versus high-protein diet in individuals with long-standing spinal cord injury. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:64-72. [PMID: 29494292 PMCID: PMC6086973 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01029.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compares the effects of an 8-wk isocaloric high-protein (HP) diet versus a combination exercise (Comb-Ex) regimen on paralytic vastus lateralis (VL) and nonparalytic deltoid muscle in individuals with long-standing spinal cord injury (SCI). Fiber-type distribution, cross-sectional area (CSA), levels of translation initiation signaling proteins (Erk-1/2, Akt, p70S6K1, 4EBP1, RPS6, and FAK), and lean thigh mass were analyzed at baseline and after the 8-wk interventions. A total of 11 participants (C5-T12 levels, 21.8 ± 6.3 yr postinjury; 6 Comb-Ex and 5 HP diet) completed the study. Comb-Ex training occurred 3 days/wk and consisted of upper body resistance training (RT) in addition to neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)-induced-RT for paralytic VL muscle. Strength training was combined with high-intensity arm-cranking exercises (1-min intervals at 85-90%, V̇o2peak) for improving cardiovascular endurance. For the HP diet intervention, protein and fat each comprised 30%, and carbohydrate comprised 40% of total energy. Clinical tests and muscle biopsies were performed 24 h before and after the last exercise or diet session. The Comb-Ex intervention increased Type IIa myofiber distribution and CSA in VL muscle and Type I and IIa myofiber CSA in deltoid muscle. In addition, Comb-Ex increased lean thigh mass, V̇o2peak, and upper body strength ( P < 0.05). These results suggest that exercise training is required to promote favorable changes in paralytic and nonparalytic muscles in individuals with long-standing SCI, and adequate dietary protein consumption alone may not be sufficient to ameliorate debilitating effects of paralysis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to directly compare the effects of an isocaloric high-protein diet and combination exercise training on clinical and molecular changes in paralytic and nonparalytic muscles of individuals with long-standing spinal cord injury. Our results demonstrated that muscle growth and fiber-type alterations can best be achieved when the paralyzed muscle is sufficiently loaded via neuromuscular electrical stimulation-induced resistance training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Yarar-Fisher
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Keith F L Polston
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Mualla Eraslan
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kathryn Y Henley
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Gizem I Kinikli
- Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - C Scott Bickel
- Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Samford University , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Samuel T Windham
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Amie B McLain
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Robert A Oster
- Department of Medicine/Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Marcas M Bamman
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Birmingham VA Medical Center , Birmingham, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Otzel DM, Lee J, Ye F, Borst SE, Yarrow JF. Activity-Based Physical Rehabilitation with Adjuvant Testosterone to Promote Neuromuscular Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061701. [PMID: 29880749 PMCID: PMC6032131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular impairment and reduced musculoskeletal integrity are hallmarks of spinal cord injury (SCI) that hinder locomotor recovery. These impairments are precipitated by the neurological insult and resulting disuse, which has stimulated interest in activity-based physical rehabilitation therapies (ABTs) that promote neuromuscular plasticity after SCI. However, ABT efficacy declines as SCI severity increases. Additionally, many men with SCI exhibit low testosterone, which may exacerbate neuromusculoskeletal impairment. Incorporating testosterone adjuvant to ABTs may improve musculoskeletal recovery and neuroplasticity because androgens attenuate muscle loss and the slow-to-fast muscle fiber-type transition after SCI, in a manner independent from mechanical strain, and promote motoneuron survival. These neuromusculoskeletal benefits are promising, although testosterone alone produces only limited functional improvement in rodent SCI models. In this review, we discuss the (1) molecular deficits underlying muscle loss after SCI; (2) independent influences of testosterone and locomotor training on neuromuscular function and musculoskeletal integrity post-SCI; (3) hormonal and molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of these strategies; and (4) evidence supporting a multimodal strategy involving ABT with adjuvant testosterone, as a potential means to promote more comprehensive neuromusculoskeletal recovery than either strategy alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Otzel
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Fan Ye
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Stephen E Borst
- Department of Applied Physiology, Kinesiology and University of Florida College of Health and Human Performance, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.
| | - Joshua F Yarrow
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Woelfel JR, Kimball AL, Yen CL, Shields RK. Low-Force Muscle Activity Regulates Energy Expenditure after Spinal Cord Injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:870-878. [PMID: 28009786 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Reduced physical activity is a primary risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality. People with spinal cord injury (SCI) have reduced activity for a lifetime, as they cannot volitionally activate affected skeletal muscles. We explored whether low-force and low-frequency stimulation is a viable strategy to enhance systemic energy expenditure in people with SCI. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effects of low stimulation frequency (1 and 3 Hz) and stimulation intensity (50 and 100 mA) on energy expenditure in people with SCI. We also examined the relationship between body mass index and visceral adipose tissue on energy expenditure during low-frequency stimulation. METHODS Ten individuals with complete SCI underwent oxygen consumption monitoring during electrical activation of the quadriceps and hamstrings at 1 and 3 Hz and at 50 and 100 mA. We calculated the difference in energy expenditure between stimulation and rest and estimated the number of days that would be necessary to burn 1 lb of body fat (3500 kcal) for each stimulation protocol (1 vs 3 Hz). RESULTS Both training frequencies induced a significant increase in oxygen consumption above a resting baseline level (P < 0.05). Energy expenditure positively correlated with stimulus intensity (muscle recruitment) and negatively correlated with adiposity (reflecting the insulating properties of adipose tissue). We estimated that 1 lb of body fat could be burned more quickly with 1 Hz training (58 d) as compared with 3 Hz training (87 d) if an identical number of pulses were delivered. CONCLUSION Low-frequency stimulation increased energy expenditure per pulse and may be a feasible option to subsidize physical activity to improve metabolic status after SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Woelfel
- 1Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; and 2Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gollie JM, Herrick JE, Keyser RE, Chin LMK, Collins JP, Shields RK, Panza GS, Guccione AA. Fatigability, oxygen uptake kinetics and muscle deoxygenation in incomplete spinal cord injury during treadmill walking. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1989-2000. [PMID: 28744558 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to characterize hypothesized relationships among fatigability and cardiorespiratory fitness in individuals with chronic motor-incomplete SCI (iSCI) during treadmill walking. The theoretical framework was that exacerbated fatigability would occur concomitantly with diminished cardiorespiratory fitness in people with iSCI. METHODS Subjects with iSCI (n = 8) and an able-bodied reference group (REF) (n = 8) completed a 6-min walking bout followed by a walking bout of 30-min or until volitional exhaustion, both at a self-selected walking speed. Fatigability was assessed using both perceived fatigability and performance fatigability measures. Pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics (VO2 on-kinetics) was measured breath-by-breath and changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin concentration (∆[HHb]) of the lateral gastrocnemius was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. Adjustment of VO2 and ∆[HHb] on-kinetics were modeled using a mono-exponential equation. RESULTS Perceived fatigability and performance fatigability were 52% and 44% greater in the iSCI group compared to the REF group (p = 0.003 and p = 0.004). Phase II time constant (τp) of VO2 on-kinetics and ∆[HHb] ½ time during resting arterial occlusion were 55.4% and 16.3% slower in iSCI vs REF (p < 0.01 and p = 0.047, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study may suggest that compromised O2 delivery and/or utilization may have contributed to the severity of fatigability in these individuals with iSCI. The understanding of the extent to which fatigability and VO2 and Δ[HHb] on-kinetics impacts locomotion after iSCI will assist in the future development of targeted interventions to enhance function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared M Gollie
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive MS2G7, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
| | - Jeffrey E Herrick
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive MS2G7, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Randall E Keyser
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive MS2G7, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Lisa M K Chin
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive MS2G7, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - John P Collins
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive MS2G7, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Richard K Shields
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | - Gino S Panza
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive MS2G7, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Andrew A Guccione
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive MS2G7, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gorgey AS, Graham ZA, Bauman WA, Cardozo C, Gater DR. Abundance in proteins expressed after functional electrical stimulation cycling or arm cycling ergometry training in persons with chronic spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2017; 40:439-448. [PMID: 27735783 PMCID: PMC5537961 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2016.1229397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal design. OBJECTIVES The study determined the effects of two forms of exercise training on the abundance of two proteins, (glucose transporter-4 [GLUT-4], adenosine monophosphate kinase [AMPK]) involved in glucose utilization and the transcriptional coactivator that regulates the genes involved in energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) coactivator 1 alpha [PGC-1α]), in muscles in men with chronic motor-complete spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTINGS Clinical trial at a Medical Center. METHODS Nine men with chronic motor-complete SCI participated in functional electrical stimulation lower extremity cycling (FES-LEC; n = 4) or arm cycling ergometer (arm-cycling ergometer [ACE]; n = 5) 5 days/week for 16 weeks. Whole body composition was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. An intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed to measure glucose effectiveness (Sg) and insulin sensitivity (Si). Muscle biopsies of the right vastus lateralis (VL) and triceps muscles were collected one week prior to and post the exercise training intervention. RESULTS Neither training intervention altered body composition or carbohydrate metabolism. GLUT-4 increased by 3.8 fold in the VL after FES training and increased 0.6 fold in the triceps after ACE training. PGC-1α increased by 2.3 fold in the VL after FES training and 3.8 fold in the triceps after ACE training. AMPK increased by 3.4 fold in the VL after FES training and in the triceps after ACE training. CONCLUSION FES-LEC and ACE training were associated with greater protein expressions in the trained muscles by effectively influencing the abundance of GLUT-4, AMPK and PGC-1α. Thus, FES-LEC training of paralyzed muscle can modulate protein expression similar to that of trained and innervated muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S. Gorgey
- Spinal Cord Injury Service and Disorders; Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Correspondence to: Ashraf S. Gorgey, Director of Spinal Cord Injury Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, Hunter Holmes McGuire Medical Center, Spinal Cord Injury & Disorders Service, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA 23249.
| | - Zachary A. Graham
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA,Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - William A. Bauman
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA,Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Cardozo
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA,Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - David R. Gater
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
O’Brien LC, Gorgey AS. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial health and spinal cord injury. World J Orthop 2016; 7:628-637. [PMID: 27795944 PMCID: PMC5065669 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v7.i10.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the main source of cellular energy production and are dynamic organelles that undergo biogenesis, remodeling, and degradation. Mitochondrial dysfunction is observed in a number of disease states including acute and chronic central or peripheral nervous system injury by traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury (SCI), and neurodegenerative disease as well as in metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance, type II diabetes and obesity. Mitochondrial dysfunction is most commonly observed in high energy requiring tissues like the brain and skeletal muscle. In persons with chronic SCI, changes to skeletal muscle may include remarkable atrophy and conversion of muscle fiber type from oxidative to fast glycolytic, combined with increased infiltration of intramuscular adipose tissue. These changes contribute to a proinflammatory environment, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. The loss of metabolically active muscle combined with inactivity predisposes individuals with SCI to type II diabetes and obesity. The contribution of skeletal muscle mitochondrial density and electron transport chain activity to the development of the aforementioned comorbidities following SCI is unclear. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle mitochondrial dynamics is imperative to designing and testing effective treatments for this growing population. The current editorial will review ways to study mitochondrial function and the importance of improving skeletal muscle mitochondrial health in clinical populations with a special focus on chronic SCI.
Collapse
|
23
|
Petrie MA, Kimball AL, McHenry CL, Suneja M, Yen CL, Sharma A, Shields RK. Distinct Skeletal Muscle Gene Regulation from Active Contraction, Passive Vibration, and Whole Body Heat Stress in Humans. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160594. [PMID: 27486743 PMCID: PMC4972309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle exercise regulates several important metabolic genes in humans. We know little about the effects of environmental stress (heat) and mechanical stress (vibration) on skeletal muscle. Passive mechanical stress or systemic heat stress are often used in combination with many active exercise programs. We designed a method to deliver a vibration stress and systemic heat stress to compare the effects with active skeletal muscle contraction. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine whether active mechanical stress (muscle contraction), passive mechanical stress (vibration), or systemic whole body heat stress regulates key gene signatures associated with muscle metabolism, hypertrophy/atrophy, and inflammation/repair. Methods: Eleven subjects, six able-bodied and five with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) participated in the study. The six able-bodied subjects sat in a heat stress chamber for 30 minutes. Five subjects with SCI received a single dose of limb-segment vibration or a dose of repetitive electrically induced muscle contractions. Three hours after the completion of each stress, we performed a muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis or soleus) to analyze mRNA gene expression. Results: We discovered repetitive active muscle contractions up regulated metabolic transcription factors NR4A3 (12.45 fold), PGC-1α (5.46 fold), and ABRA (5.98 fold); and repressed MSTN (0.56 fold). Heat stress repressed PGC-1α (0.74 fold change; p < 0.05); while vibration induced FOXK2 (2.36 fold change; p < 0.05). Vibration similarly caused a down regulation of MSTN (0.74 fold change; p < 0.05), but to a lesser extent than active muscle contraction. Vibration induced FOXK2 (p < 0.05) while heat stress repressed PGC-1α (0.74 fold) and ANKRD1 genes (0.51 fold; p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings support a distinct gene regulation in response to heat stress, vibration, and muscle contractions. Understanding these responses may assist in developing regenerative rehabilitation interventions to improve muscle cell development, growth, and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Petrie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Kimball
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Colleen L. McHenry
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Manish Suneja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Chu-Ling Yen
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Arpit Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Richard K. Shields
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Electrical stimulation influences chronic intermittent hypoxia-hypercapnia induction of muscle fibre transformation by regulating the microRNA/Sox6 pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26415. [PMID: 27199002 PMCID: PMC4873781 DOI: 10.1038/srep26415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can cause muscle fibre transformation due to chronic intermittent hypoxia-hypercapnia (CIHH). Studies have shown that high expression of Sox6 in muscle could suppress type-I fibres through downregulating the PPARβ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β)/ERRγ (oestrogen-related receptor γ)/microRNA pathway. However, whether this pathway is involved in CIHH-induced muscle fibre transformation is unknown. Electrical stimulation (ES) is an effective approach to ameliorate muscle dysfunction. Here, we explored the effects of ES on CIHH-induced muscle fibre transformation and the microRNA/Sox6 pathway. After CIHH exposure, both the soleus (SOL) and gastrocnemius (GC) muscles showed decreased type-I fibres. The PPARβ/ERRγ/mir-499&208b (PEM, for GC) and PPARβ/mir-499&208b (PM, for SOL) signalling cascades were suppressed, followed by elevated Sox6 expression. Low frequency electrical stimulation (LFES) activated the PEM/PM pathway and enhanced type-I fibre numbers through suppressing Sox6 in SOL and GC. High frequency electrical stimulation (HFES) promoted type-I fibre expression through activating the PEM pathway in GC. Although PPARβ expression and type-I fibres were suppressed in SOL after HFES, no significant change was found in mir-499&208b/Sox6 expression. These results suggest that the microRNA/Sox6 pathway is disturbed after CIHH. Both low and high frequency electrical stimulations induce muscle fibre transformation partly through regulating the microRNA/Sox6 pathway.
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhorne R, Dudley-Javoroski S, Shields RK. Skeletal muscle activity and CNS neuro-plasticity. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:69-70. [PMID: 26981083 PMCID: PMC4774230 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.169623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Zhorne
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Shauna Dudley-Javoroski
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Richard K Shields
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|