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Rudolph TE, Roths M, Freestone AD, Yap SQ, Michael A, Rhoads RP, White-Springer SH, Baumgard LH, Selsby JT. Biological sex impacts oxidative stress in skeletal muscle in a porcine heat stress model. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 326:R578-R587. [PMID: 38708546 PMCID: PMC11381024 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00268.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to heat stress (HS)-mediated alterations in skeletal muscle; however, the extent to which biological sex mediates oxidative stress during HS remains unknown. We hypothesized muscle from males would be more resistant to oxidative stress caused by HS than muscle from females. To address this, male and female pigs were housed in thermoneutral conditions (TN; 20.8 ± 1.6°C; 62.0 ± 4.7% relative humidity; n = 8/sex) or subjected to HS (39.4 ± 0.6°C; 33.7 ± 6.3% relative humidity) for 1 (HS1; n = 8/sex) or 7 days (HS7; n = 8/sex) followed by collection of the oxidative portion of the semitendinosus. Although HS increased muscle temperature, by 7 days, muscle from heat-stressed females was cooler than muscle from heat-stressed males (0.3°C; P < 0.05). Relative protein abundance of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)-modified proteins increased in HS1 females compared with TN (P = 0.05). Furthermore, malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified proteins and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) concentration, a DNA damage marker, was increased in HS7 females compared with TN females (P = 0.05). Enzymatic activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) remained similar between groups; however, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity decreased in HS7 females compared with TN and HS1 females (P ≤ 0.03) and HS7 males (P = 0.02). Notably, HS increased skeletal muscle Ca2+ deposition (P = 0.05) and was greater in HS1 females compared with TN females (P < 0.05). Heat stress increased sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA)2a protein abundance (P < 0.01); however, Ca2+ ATPase activity remained similar between groups. Overall, despite having lower muscle temperature, muscle from heat-stressed females had increased markers of oxidative stress and calcium deposition than muscle from males following identical environmental exposure.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Heat stress is a global threat to human health and agricultural production. We demonstrated that following 7 days of heat stress, skeletal muscle from females was more susceptible to oxidative stress than muscle from males in a porcine model, despite cooler muscle temperatures. The vulnerability to heat stress-induced oxidative stress in females may be driven, at least in part, by decreased antioxidant capacity and calcium dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori E Rudolph
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Melissa Roths
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Alyssa D Freestone
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Sau Qwan Yap
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Alyona Michael
- Department of Vet Diagnostic & Production Animal Med, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States
| | - Sarah H White-Springer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, Texas, United States
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
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Rudolph TE, Roths M, Freestone AD, White-Springer SH, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH, Selsby JT. Heat stress alters hematological parameters in barrows and gilts. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae123. [PMID: 38706303 PMCID: PMC11141298 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to establish the role biological sex plays in circulating factors following heat stress (HS). Barrows and gilts (36.8 ± 3.7 kg body weight) were kept in either thermoneutral (TN; 20.8 ± 1.6 °C; 62.0% ± 4.7% relative humidity; n = 8/sex) conditions or exposed to HS (39.4 ± 0.6 °C; 33.7% ± 6.3% relative humidity) for either 1 (HS1; n = 8/sex) or 7 (HS7; n = 8/sex) d. Circulating glucose decreased as a main effect of the environment (P = 0.03). Circulating non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) had an environment × sex interaction (P < 0.01) as HS1 barrows had increased NEFA compared to HS1 gilts (P = 0.01) and NEFA from HS7 gilts increased compared to HS1 gilts (P = 0.02) and HS7 barrows (P = 0.04). Cortisol, insulin, glucagon, T3, and T4 were reduced as a main effect of environment (P ≤ 0.01). Creatinine was increased in HS1 and HS7 animals compared to TN (P ≤ 0.01), indicative of decreased glomerular filtration rate. White blood cell populations exhibited differential patterns based on sex and time. Neutrophils and lymphocytes had an environment × sex interaction (P ≤ 0.05) as circulating neutrophils were increased in HS1 barrows compared to TN and HS7 barrows, and HS1 gilts (P ≤ 0.01) and HS7 barrows had less neutrophils compared to TN barrows (P = 0.01), whereas they remained similar in gilts. In contrast, barrow lymphocyte numbers were similar between groups, but in HS7 gilts they were decreased compared to TN and HS1 gilts (P ≤ 0.04). In total, these data demonstrate that HS alters a host of circulating factors and that biological sex mediates, at least in part, the physiological response to HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori E Rudolph
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Melissa Roths
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Alyssa D Freestone
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Sarah H White-Springer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
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Fennel ZJ, Ducharme JB, Berkemeier QN, Specht JW, McKenna ZJ, Simpson SE, Nava RC, Escobar KA, Hafen PS, Deyhle MR, Amorim FT, Mermier CM. Effect of heat stress on heat shock protein expression and hypertrophy-related signaling in the skeletal muscle of trained individuals. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 325:R735-R749. [PMID: 37842742 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00031.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Muscle mass is balanced between hypertrophy and atrophy by cellular processes, including activation of the protein kinase B-mechanistic target of rapamycin (Akt-mTOR) signaling cascade. Stressors apart from exercise and nutrition, such as heat stress, can stimulate the heat shock protein A (HSPA) and C (HSPC) families alongside hypertrophic signaling factors and muscle growth. The effects of heat stress on HSP expression and Akt-mTOR activation in human skeletal muscle and their magnitude of activation compared with known hypertrophic stimuli are unclear. Here, we show a single session of whole body heat stress following resistance exercise increases the expression of HSPA and activation of the Akt-mTOR cascade in skeletal muscle compared with resistance exercise in a healthy, resistance-trained population. Heat stress alone may also exert similar effects, though the responses are notably variable and require further investigation. In addition, acute heat stress in C2C12 muscle cells enhanced myotube growth and myogenic fusion, albeit to a lesser degree than growth factor-mediated hypertrophy. Though the mechanisms by which heat stress stimulates hypertrophy-related signaling and the potential mechanistic role of HSPs remain unclear, these findings provide additional evidence implicating heat stress as a novel growth stimulus when combined with resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle and alone in isolated murine muscle cells. We believe these findings will help drive further applied and mechanistic investigation into how heat stress influences muscular hypertrophy and atrophy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that acute resistance exercise followed by whole body heat stress increases the expression of HSPA and increases activation of the Akt-mTOR cascade in a physically active and resistance-trained population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Fennel
- Department of Health, Exercise & Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Jeremy B Ducharme
- Department of Health, Exercise & Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Quint N Berkemeier
- Department of Health, Exercise & Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Jonathan W Specht
- Department of Health, Exercise & Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Zachary J McKenna
- Department of Health, Exercise & Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Shandy E Simpson
- Department of Health, Exercise & Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Roberto C Nava
- Fulcrum Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Kurt A Escobar
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California, United States
| | - Paul S Hafen
- Division of Science, Indiana University Purdue University Columbus, Columbus, Indiana, United States
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Michael R Deyhle
- Department of Health, Exercise & Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Fabiano T Amorim
- Department of Health, Exercise & Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Christine M Mermier
- Department of Health, Exercise & Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
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Kjertakov M, Chandrasiri S, Petersen A. Hot water immersion as a potential substitute for strength training during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1103609. [PMID: 36846340 PMCID: PMC9947235 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1103609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shavin Chandrasiri
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Aaron Petersen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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AlSabagh AT, Rao MS, Renno WM. The impact of heat therapy on neuromuscular function and muscle atrophy in diabetic rats. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1039588. [PMID: 36685197 PMCID: PMC9849254 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1039588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is the most common metabolic disease worldwide and is associated with many systemic complications. Muscle atrophy is one of the significant complications in DM patients, making routine tasks laborious as atrophy continues. It is known that heat stress stimulates heat shock proteins and other proteins that maintain muscle mass; however, it is not thoroughly studied in diabetic conditions. This study addressed whether heat therapy can attenuate muscle atrophy in STZ-induced diabetic rats and explored its mechanism of action on specific muscle proteins. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into short-term (3 weeks) and long-term (6 weeks) experiments. In each experiment rats were divided into control, heat therapy, diabetic and diabetic + heat therapy groups. Rats in heat therapy groups were exposed to heat therapy for 30 min daily for three or six weeks in a temperature-controlled (42°C) chamber. Results: The attenuation of neuromuscular functions assessed by Rotarod, Kondziella's inverted screen, and extensor postural thrust tests showed that diabetic rats exposed to heat therapy performed significantly better than diabetic controls. Muscle cross sectional area data established that heat therapy reduced muscle atrophy by 34.3% within 3 weeks and 44.1% within 6 weeks in the diabetic groups. Further, heat therapy significantly decreased muscle atrophy markers (CD68, KLF, and MAFbx) and significantly elevated muscle hypertrophy markers (AKT, mTOR, and HSP70). Conclusions: This study shows the relevance and clinical significance of utilizing heat therapy as a viable treatment to attenuate muscle atrophy in diabetic patients.
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Fennel ZJ, Amorim FT, Deyhle MR, Hafen PS, Mermier CM. The Heat Shock Connection: Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R133-R148. [PMID: 35536704 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00048.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is an integral tissue system that plays a crucial role in the physical function of all vertebrates and is a key target for maintaining or improving health and performance across the lifespan. Based largely on cellular and animal models, there is some evidence that various forms of heat stress with or without resistance exercise may enhance skeletal muscle growth or reduce its loss. It is not clear whether these stimuli are similarly effective in humans or meaningful in comparison to exercise alone across various heating methodologies. Furthermore, the magnitude by which heat stress may influence whole body thermoregulatory responses and the connection to skeletal muscle adaptation remains ambiguous. Finally, the underlying mechanisms, which may include interaction between relevant heat shock proteins and intracellular hypertrophy and atrophy related factors, remain unclear. In this narrative mini-review we examine the relevant literature regarding heat stress alone or in combination with resistance exercise emphasizing skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy across cellular and animal models, as well as human investigations. Additionally, we present working mechanistic theories for heat shock protein mediated signaling effects regarding hypertrophy and atrophy related signaling processes. Importantly, continued research is necessary to determine the practical effects and mechanisms of heat stress with and without resistance exercise on skeletal muscle function via growth and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul Samuel Hafen
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Indiana University School of Medicine Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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7
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Two hours of heat stress induces MAP-kinase signaling and autophagasome accumulation in C2C12 myotubes. Cell Biochem Biophys 2022; 80:367-373. [PMID: 35122618 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Short bouts of heat can induce a hormetic stress response, whereas prolonged or excessive exposure can elicit detrimental effects. We previously demonstrated an increase in autophagic signaling in C2C12 myotubes in response to 1 h of heat at 40 °C. In opposition, longer durations of heat exposure (e.g., 12 and 24 h) lead to an accumulation of autophagasomes and elevations in markers of cellular inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Whether a longer, yet moderate, duration of 2 h of heat further enhances autophagic flux and attenuates stress and inflammatory signaling, or transitions the cell toward a dysregulation of autophagy is unclear. In this study, C2C12 myotubes were maintained at 37 °C or exposed to 40 °C (HT) for 2 h, and harvested immediately or following 2, 8, or 24 h of recovery. Two hours of HT immediately increased pAMPK (T172; p = 0.001), and subsequently increased pULK1 (S555) at 2 h of recovery (p = 0.028). LC3 II was increased at 8 h (p = 0.043) and 24 h (p = 0.015) of recovery, whereas p62 was elevated at 2 h (p = 0.002) and 8 h (p < 0.001) of recovery, but returned to baseline by 24 h. In Bafilomycin A1 treated cells, p62 was further increased immediately following HT (p = 0.041). There was also a significant elevation in p-p38 (Thr180/Try182), pJNK (Thr183/Tyr185), and pNFκB (Ser536). These findings suggest that as short as 2 h of heat exposure contributes to cell stress and accumulation of autophagasomes in skeletal muscle.
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Patrick RP, Johnson TL. Sauna use as a lifestyle practice to extend healthspan. Exp Gerontol 2021; 154:111509. [PMID: 34363927 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sauna use, sometimes referred to as "sauna bathing," is characterized by short-term passive exposure to high temperatures, typically ranging from 45 °C to 100 °C (113 °F to 212 °F), depending on modality. This exposure elicits mild hyperthermia, inducing a thermoregulatory response involving neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and cytoprotective mechanisms that work in a synergistic fashion in an attempt to maintain homeostasis. Repeated sauna use acclimates the body to heat and optimizes the body's response to future exposures, likely due to the biological phenomenon known as hormesis. In recent decades, sauna bathing has emerged as a probable means to extend healthspan, based on compelling data from observational, interventional, and mechanistic studies. Of particular interest are the findings from large, prospective, population-based cohort studies of health outcomes among sauna users that identified strong dose-dependent links between sauna use and reduced morbidity and mortality. This review presents an overview of sauna practices; elucidates the body's physiological response to heat stress and the molecular mechanisms that drive the response; enumerates the myriad health benefits associated with sauna use; and describes sauna use concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa L Johnson
- TLJ Communications, LLC, 36 Creek Harbour Blvd., Freeport, FL 32439, USA.
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9
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Hirunsai M, Srikuea R. Autophagy-lysosomal signaling responses to heat stress in tenotomy-induced rat skeletal muscle atrophy. Life Sci 2021; 275:119352. [PMID: 33771521 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The autophagy-lysosomal system plays a crucial role in maintaining muscle proteostasis. Excessive stimulation of the autophagic machinery is a major contributor to muscle atrophy induced by tendon transection. Hyperthermia is known to attenuate muscle protein loss during disuse conditions; however, little is known regarding the response of the autophagy pathway to heat stress following tenotomy-induced muscle atrophy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether heat stress would have a beneficial impact on the activation of autophagy in tenotomized soleus and plantaris muscles. MAIN METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into control, control plus heat stress, tenotomy, and tenotomy plus heat stress groups. The effects of tenotomy were evaluated at 8 and 14 days with heat treatment applied using thermal blankets (30 min. day-1, at 40.5-41.5 °C, for 7 days). KEY FINDINGS Heat stress could normalize tenotomy-induced muscle loss and over-activation of autophagy-lysosomal signaling; this effect was evidently observed in soleus muscle tenotomized for 14 days. The autophagy-related proteins LC3B-II and LC3B-II/I tended to decrease, and lysosomal cathepsin L protein expression was significantly suppressed. While p62/SQSTM1 was not altered in response to intermittent heat exposure in tenotomized soleus muscle at day 14. Phosphorylation of the 4E-BP1 protein was significantly increased in tenotomized plantaris muscle; whereas heat stress had no impact on phosphorylation of Akt and FoxO3a proteins in both tenotomized muscles examined. SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide evidence that heat stress associated attenuation of tenotomy-induced muscle atrophy is mediated through limiting over-activation of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway in oxidative and glycolytic muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthita Hirunsai
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand.
| | - Ratchakrit Srikuea
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Rudolph TE, Mayorga EJ, Roths M, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH, Selsby JT. The effect of Mitoquinol (MitoQ) on heat stressed skeletal muscle from pigs, and a potential confounding effect of biological sex. J Therm Biol 2021; 97:102900. [PMID: 33863453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) poses a major threat to human health and agricultural production. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction appear to play key roles in muscle injury caused by HS. We hypothesized that mitoquinol (MitoQ), would alleviate oxidative stress and cellular dysfunction in skeletal muscle during HS. To address this, crossbred barrows (male pigs) were treated with placebo or MitoQ (40 mg/d) and were then exposed to thermoneutral (TN; 20 °C) or HS (35 °C) conditions for 24 h. Pigs were euthanized following the environmental challenge and the red portion of the semitendinosus (STR) was collected for analysis. Unexpectedly, malondialdehyde concentration, an oxidative stress marker, was similar between environmental and supplement treatments. Heat stress decreased LC3A/B-I (p < 0.05) and increased the ratio of LC3A/B-II/I (p < 0.05), while p62 was similar among groups suggesting increased degradation of autophagosomes during HS. These outcomes were in disagreement with our previous results in muscle from gilts (female pigs). To probe the impact of biological sex on HS-mediated injury in skeletal muscle, we compared STR from these barrows to archived STR from gilts subjected to a similar environmental intervention. We confirmed our previous findings of HS-mediated dysfunction in muscle from gilts but not barrows. These data also raise the possibility that muscle from gilts is more susceptible to environment-induced hyperthermia than muscle from barrows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori E Rudolph
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Edith J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Melissa Roths
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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11
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Labidi M, Ihsan M, Behan FP, Alhammoud M, Smith T, Mohamed M, Tourny C, Racinais S. Six weeks of localized heat therapy does not affect muscle mass, strength and contractile properties in healthy active humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:573-582. [PMID: 33159573 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Animal and human studies have shown that repeated heating may induce skeletal muscle adaptations, increasing muscle strength. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of localized heating on skeletal muscle strength, volume and contractile properties in healthy humans. METHODS Fifteen active participants (8 males/7 females, 35 ± 6 years, 70 ± 14 kg, 173 ± 7 cm, average training of 87 min per week) were subjected to 6 weeks of single-leg heat therapy. Heat pads were applied for 8 h/day, 5 days/week, on one randomly selected calf of each participant, while the contralateral leg acted as control. The heat pads increased muscle temperature by 4.6 ± 1.2 °C (p < 0.001). Every 2 weeks, participants were tested for morphological (MRI), architectural (ultrasound), contractile (electrically evoked twitch), and force (isometric and isokinetic) adaptations. RESULTS Repeated localized heating did not affect the cross-sectional area (p = 0.873) or pennation angle (p = 0.345) of the gastrocnemius muscles; did not change the evoked peak twitch amplitude (p = 0.574) or rate of torque development (p = 0.770) of the plantar flexors; and did not change maximal voluntary isometric (p = 0.214) or isokinetic (p = 0.973) plantar flexor torque. CONCLUSION Whereas previous studies have observed improved skeletal muscle function following whole-body and localized heating in active and immobilized humans, respectively, the current data suggested that localized heating may not be a potent stimulus for muscle adaptations in active humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Labidi
- Research and Scientific Support Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, PO Box 29222, Doha, Qatar
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, CETAPS, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Mohammed Ihsan
- Research and Scientific Support Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, PO Box 29222, Doha, Qatar
- Human Potential and Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Fearghal P Behan
- Research and Scientific Support Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, PO Box 29222, Doha, Qatar
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marine Alhammoud
- Surgery Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tessa Smith
- Radiology Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Mohamed
- Radiology Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Claire Tourny
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, CETAPS, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Sébastien Racinais
- Research and Scientific Support Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, PO Box 29222, Doha, Qatar.
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Dalle S, Hiroux C, Poffé C, Ramaekers M, Deldicque L, Koppo K. Cardiotoxin-induced skeletal muscle injury elicits profound changes in anabolic and stress signaling, and muscle fiber type composition. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2020; 41:375-387. [PMID: 32621158 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-020-09584-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To improve muscle healing upon injury, it is of importance to understand the interplay of key signaling pathways during muscle regeneration. To study this, mice were injected with cardiotoxin (CTX) or PBS in the Tibialis Anterior muscle and were sacrificed 2, 5 and 12 days upon injection. The time points represent different phases of the regeneration process, i.e. destruction, repair and remodeling, respectively. Two days upon CTX-injection, p-mTORC1 signaling and stress markers such as BiP and p-ERK1/2 were upregulated. Phospho-ERK1/2 and p-mTORC1 peaked at d5, while BiP expression decreased towards PBS levels. Phospho-FOXO decreased 2 and 5 days following CTX-injection, indicative of an increase in catabolic signaling. Furthermore, CTX-injection induced a shift in the fiber type composition, characterized by an initial loss in type IIa fibers at d2 and at d5. At d5, new type IIb fibers appeared, whereas type IIa fibers were recovered at d12. To conclude, CTX-injection severely affected key modulators of muscle metabolism and histology. These data provide useful information for the development of strategies that aim to improve muscle molecular signaling and thereby recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Dalle
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Hiroux
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Chiel Poffé
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Monique Ramaekers
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Pierre de Coubertin 1, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Katrien Koppo
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Louvain, Belgium.
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13
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Hirunsai M, Srikuea R. Heat stress ameliorates tenotomy-induced inflammation in muscle-specific response via regulation of macrophage subtypes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:612-626. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00594.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During disuse-induced muscle atrophy, macrophages play a significant role in inflammatory responses that occur with muscle degeneration and repair. Heat treatment has been shown to alleviate muscle atrophy; however, the effect of heat on inflammatory responses following tenotomy has not been evaluated. This study examined the effects of heat stress on proinflammatory (M1-like) and anti-inflammatory (M2-like) macrophage populations. Also, cytokine protein expression in oxidative soleus and glycolytic plantaris muscles following Achilles tendon transection (tenotomy) was analyzed. Male Wistar rats were assigned into control, control plus heat stress, tenotomy, and tenotomy plus heat stress groups. Tenotomy was performed for 8 (TEN8) and 14 (TEN14) days to induce muscle inflammation. Heat treatments, 30 min at 40.5–41.5°C, were given 24 h before and 1–6 consecutive days after tenotomy (TEN8 group) or every other day (TEN14 group). Tenotomy induced muscle necrosis, extensive infiltration of M1- (CD68+), and M2- (CD163+) like macrophages and increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) but not interleukin-10 (IL-10) protein expression. Heat stress caused a reduction in necrotic fibers, M1-like macrophage invasion, and TNFα protein expression in tenotomized soleus muscle. Additionally, heat stress enhanced M2-like macrophage accumulation during the 14 days following tenotomy in soleus muscle but did not affect IL-10 protein level. Our results indicate that heat stress can limit tenotomy-induced inflammatory responses through modulation of macrophage subtypes and TNFα protein expression, preferentially in oxidative muscle. These findings shed light on the ability of heat stress as a therapeutic strategy to manipulate macrophages for optimal inflammation during muscle atrophy. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated differential effects of heat stress on modulating inflammation following 8 and 14 days of tenotomy in soleus and plantaris muscles. Heat exposure could reduce necrosis, suppress pro-inflammatory macrophage infiltration, and diminish TNFα protein expression in tenotomized muscle, which preferentially occurred in soleus muscle. Additionally, heat stress enhanced anti-inflammatory macrophages in soleus muscle in the 14-day study period. Neither tenotomy nor heat stress had an impact on IL-10 protein expression in either muscle examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthita Hirunsai
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand
| | - Ratchakrit Srikuea
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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14
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Abstract
The incidence of muscle atrophy is increasing with each passing year, which imposes a huge burden on the quality of life of patients. It is a public health issue that causes a growing concern around the world. Exercise is one of the key strategies to prevent and treat various diseases. Appropriate exercise is conducive to compensatory muscle hypertrophy, to improve muscle strength and elasticity, and to train muscle coordination, which is also beneficial to the recovery of skeletal muscle function and the regeneration of muscle cells. Sequelae of paralysis of patients with limb dyskinesia caused by muscle atrophy will be significantly alleviated after regular exercise therapy. Furthermore, exercise therapy can slow down or even reverse muscle atrophy. This article aims to introduce the characteristics of muscle atrophy and summarize the role and mechanism of exercise in the treatment of muscle atrophy in the existing studies, in order to further explore the mechanism of exercise to protect muscle atrophy and provide protection for patients with muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana He
- Department of Cardiology, Huamei Hospital, (previously named Ningbo No. 2 Hospital), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, China
| | - Honghua Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Huamei Hospital, (previously named Ningbo No. 2 Hospital), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
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15
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Ihsan M, Périard JD, Racinais S. Integrating Heat Training in the Rehabilitation Toolbox for the Injured Athlete. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1488. [PMID: 31920696 PMCID: PMC6917657 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ihsan
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Julien D Périard
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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16
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Kim K, Reid BA, Ro B, Casey CA, Song Q, Kuang S, Roseguini BT. Heat therapy improves soleus muscle force in a model of ischemia-induced muscle damage. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:215-228. [PMID: 31161885 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00115.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leg muscle ischemia in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) leads to alterations in skeletal muscle morphology and reduced leg strength. We tested the hypothesis that exposure to heat therapy (HT) would improve skeletal muscle function in a mouse model of ischemia-induced muscle damage. Male 42-wk-old C57Bl/6 mice underwent ligation of the femoral artery and were randomly assigned to receive HT (immersion in a water bath at 37°C, 39°C, or 41°C for 30 min) or a control intervention for 3 wk. At the end of the treatment, the animals were anesthetized and the soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were harvested for the assessment of contractile function and examination of muscle morphology. A subset of animals was used to examine the impact of a single HT session on the expression of genes involved in myogenesis and the regulation of muscle mass. Relative soleus muscle mass was significantly higher in animals exposed to HT at 39°C compared with the control group (control: 0.36 ± 0.01 mg/g versus 39°C: 0.40 ± 0.01 mg/g, P = 0.024). Maximal absolute force of the soleus was also significantly higher in animals treated with HT at 37°C and 39°C (control: 274.7 ± 6.6 mN; 37°C: 300.1 ± 7.7 mN; 39°C: 299.5 ± 10 mN, P < 0.05). In the soleus, but not the EDL muscle, a single session of HT enhanced the mRNA expression of myogenic factors as well as of both positive and negative regulators of muscle mass. These findings suggest that the beneficial effects of HT are muscle specific and dependent on the treatment temperature in a model of PAD. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to comprehensively examine the impact of temperature and muscle fiber type composition on the adaptations to repeated heat stress in a model of ischemia-induced muscle damage. Exposure to heat therapy (HT) at 37°C and 39°C, but not at 41°C, improved force development of the isolated soleus muscle. These results suggest that HT may be a practical therapeutic tool to restore muscle mass and strength in patients with peripheral artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungrae Kim
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Blake A Reid
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Bohyun Ro
- Department of Physical Education, Dong-A University , Busan , Korea
| | - Caitlin A Casey
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Qifan Song
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Bruno T Roseguini
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
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17
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Shibaguchi T, Hoshi M, Yoshihara T, Naito H, Goto K, Yoshioka T, Sugiura T. Impact of different temperature stimuli on the expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms during recovery from bupivacaine-induced muscle injury in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:178-189. [PMID: 31120809 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00930.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited information exists regarding the impact of different temperature stimuli on myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression in skeletal muscle during recovery from injury. Therefore, this experiment investigated the impact of both cold and heat exposure on the MyHC isoform profile in the rat soleus during recovery from injury. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, bupivacaine-injected (BPVC), BPVC with icing, and BPVC with heat stress groups. Muscle injury was induced by intramuscular injection of bupivacaine into soleus muscles of male Wistar rats. Icing treatment (0°C for 20 min) was performed immediately after the injury. Intermittent heat stress (42°C for 30 min on alternating days) was carried out during 2-14 days after bupivacaine injection. In response to injury, a transient increase in developmental, IId/x, and IIb MyHC isoforms, as well as various types of hybrid fibers, followed by the recovery of the MyHC profile toward the control level, was noted in the regeneration of the soleus. The restoration of the MyHC profile in the regenerating muscle at whole-muscle and individual myofiber levels was partially delayed by icing but facilitated by heat stress. In addition, the application of repeated heat stress promoted the recovery of soleus muscle mass toward the control level following injury. We conclude that compared with acute and immediate cold (icing) treatment, chronic and repeated heat stress may be a more appropriate treatment for the enhancement of both normalization of the MyHC profile and restoration of muscle mass following injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cold exposure (icing), but not heat exposure, has been well accepted as a first-aid treatment for accidental and/or sports-related injuries. However, recent evidence suggests the negative impact of icing treatment on skeletal muscle regeneration following injury. Here, we demonstrated that acute/immediate icing treatment delayed the restoration of the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) profile, but intermittent hyperthermia, repeated for several days, facilitated the recovery of both muscle mass and the MyHC profile in the regeneration of skeletal muscle following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Shibaguchi
- Institute of Liberal Arts and Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa , Japan
| | - Mizuki Hoshi
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Faculty of Education, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi , Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshihara
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai City, Chiba , Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai City, Chiba , Japan
| | - Katsumasa Goto
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyohashi SOZO University, Toyohashi City, Aichi , Japan
| | | | - Takao Sugiura
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Faculty of Education, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi , Japan
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18
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Yoshihara T, Natsume T, Tsuzuki T, Chang SW, Kakigi R, Sugiura T, Naito H. Sex differences in forkhead box O3a signaling response to hindlimb unloading in rat soleus muscle. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:235-244. [PMID: 30259391 PMCID: PMC10716962 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that there are sex differences in hindlimb unloading-induced activation of the forkhead box subfamily O3a (FoxO3a) signaling pathway in rat soleus muscle. Age-matched male and female Wistar rats were subjected to hindlimb unloading, and the soleus muscle was removed before or 1 or 7 days after unloading. Female rats showed greater percent changes in relative soleus muscle weight than males. FoxO3a phosphorylation was lower in females than in males and was associated with higher levels of protein ubiquitination 7 days after unloading. Heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) levels were lower in female rats and increased in males during unloading. Female rats showed slightly higher myostatin levels, which showed a non-significant decline in male rats following unloading. Thus, males and females show different responses to the FoxO3a/ubiquitin-proteasome pathway following hindlimb unloading in rat soleus muscle, which may be associated with differences in Hsp72 expression and myostatin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Yoshihara
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan.
| | - Toshiharu Natsume
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Takamasa Tsuzuki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Shuo-Wen Chang
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Ryo Kakigi
- Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takao Sugiura
- Faculty of Education, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8513, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
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19
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McGorm H, Roberts LA, Coombes JS, Peake JM. Turning Up the Heat: An Evaluation of the Evidence for Heating to Promote Exercise Recovery, Muscle Rehabilitation and Adaptation. Sports Med 2018; 48:1311-1328. [PMID: 29470824 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0876-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Historically, heat has been used in various clinical and sports rehabilitation settings to treat soft tissue injuries. More recently, interest has emerged in using heat to pre-condition muscle against injury. The aim of this narrative review was to collate information on different types of heat therapy, explain the physiological rationale for heat therapy, and to summarise and evaluate the effects of heat therapy before, during and after muscle injury, immobilisation and strength training. Studies on skeletal muscle cells demonstrate that heat attenuates cellular damage and protein degradation (following in vitro challenges/insults to the cells). Heat also increases the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and upregulates the expression of genes involved in muscle growth and differentiation. In rats, applying heat before and after muscle injury or immobilisation typically reduces cellular damage and muscle atrophy, and promotes more rapid muscle growth/regeneration. In humans, some research has demonstrated benefits of microwave diathermy (and, to a lesser extent, hot water immersion) before exercise for restricting muscle soreness and restoring muscle function after exercise. By contrast, the benefits of applying heat to muscle after exercise are more variable. Animal studies reveal that applying heat during limb immobilisation attenuates muscle atrophy and oxidative stress. Heating muscle may also enhance the benefits of strength training for improving muscle mass in humans. Further research is needed to identify the most effective forms of heat therapy and to investigate the benefits of heat therapy for restricting muscle wasting in the elderly and those individuals recovering from serious injury or illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish McGorm
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4067, Australia.
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence, The Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Llion A Roberts
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4067, Australia
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence, The Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence, The Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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20
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Egawa T, Ohno Y, Goto A, Yokoyama S, Hayashi T, Goto K. AMPK Mediates Muscle Mass Change But Not the Transition of Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms during Unloading and Reloading of Skeletal Muscles in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102954. [PMID: 30262782 PMCID: PMC6212939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
5′AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays an important role in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass and fiber-type distribution. However, it is unclear whether AMPK is involved in muscle mass change or transition of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms in response to unloading or increased loading. Here, we checked whether AMPK controls muscle mass change and transition of MyHC isoforms during unloading and reloading using mice expressing a skeletal-muscle-specific dominant-negative AMPKα1 (AMPK-DN). Fourteen days of hindlimb unloading reduced the soleus muscle weight in wild-type and AMPK-DN mice, but reduction in the muscle mass was partly attenuated in AMPK-DN mice. There was no difference in the regrown muscle weight between the mice after 7 days of reloading, and there was concomitantly reduced AMPKα2 activity, however it was higher in AMPK-DN mice after 14 days reloading. No difference was observed between the mice in relation to the levels of slow-type MyHC I, fast-type MyHC IIa/x, and MyHC IIb isoforms following unloading and reloading. The levels of 72-kDa heat-shock protein, which preserves muscle mass, increased in AMPK-DN-mice. Our results indicate that AMPK mediates the progress of atrophy during unloading and regrowth of atrophied muscles following reloading, but it does not influence the transition of MyHC isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Egawa
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyohashi SOZO University, Toyohashi, Aichi 440-8511, Japan.
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
- Laboratory of Health and Exercise Sciences, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Ohno
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Toyohashi SOZO University, Toyohashi, Aichi 440-8511, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Goto
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyohashi SOZO University, Toyohashi, Aichi 440-8511, Japan.
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Shingo Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Toyohashi SOZO University, Toyohashi, Aichi 440-8511, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Hayashi
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Katsumasa Goto
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyohashi SOZO University, Toyohashi, Aichi 440-8511, Japan.
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Toyohashi SOZO University, Toyohashi, Aichi 440-8511, Japan.
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21
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Ganesan S, Volodina O, Pearce SC, Gabler NK, Baumgard LH, Rhoads RP, Selsby JT. Acute heat stress activated inflammatory signaling in porcine oxidative skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/16/e13397. [PMID: 28830980 PMCID: PMC5582270 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite well-studied clinical manifestations, intracellular mechanisms of prolonged hyperthermic injury remain unclear, especially in skeletal muscle. Given muscle's large potential to impact systemic inflammation and metabolism, the response of muscle cells to heat-mediated injury warrants further investigation. We have previously reported increased activation of NF-κB signaling and increased NF-κB and AP-1-driven transcripts in oxidative skeletal muscle following 12 h of heat stress. The purpose of this investigation was to examine early heat stress-induced inflammatory signaling in skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that heat stress would increase NF-κB and AP-1 signaling in oxidative skeletal muscle. To address this hypothesis, 32 gilts were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups (n = 8/group): control (0 h: 21°C) or exposed to heat stress conditions (37°C) for 2 h (n = 8), 4 h (n = 8), or 6 h (n = 8). Immediately following environmental exposure pigs were euthanized and the red portion of the semitendinosus muscle (STR) was harvested. We found evidence of NF-κB pathway activation as indicated by increased protein abundance of NF-κB activator IKK-α following 4 h and increased total NF-κB protein abundance following 6 h of heat stress. Heat stress also stimulated AP-1 signaling as AP-1 protein abundance was increased in nuclear fractions following 4 h of heat stress. Interleukin-6 protein abundance and activation of the JAK/STAT pathway were decreased in heat stressed muscle. These data indicate that heat stress activated inflammatory signaling in the porcine STR muscle via the AP-1 pathway and early activation of the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Ganesan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Olga Volodina
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Sarah C Pearce
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | | | | | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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22
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Brownstein AJ, Ganesan S, Summers CM, Pearce S, Hale BJ, Ross JW, Gabler N, Seibert JT, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH, Selsby JT. Heat stress causes dysfunctional autophagy in oxidative skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2018. [PMID: 28646096 PMCID: PMC5492206 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously established that 24 h of environmental hyperthermia causes oxidative stress and have implicated mitochondria as likely contributors to this process. Given this, we hypothesized that heat stress would lead to increased autophagy/mitophagy and a reduction in mitochondrial content. To address this hypothesis pigs were housed in thermoneutral (TN; 20°C) or heat stress (35°C) conditions for 1- (HS1) or 3- (HS3) days and the red and white portions of the semitendinosus collected. We did not detect differences in glycolytic muscle. Counter to our hypothesis, upstream activation of autophagy was largely similar between groups as were markers of autophagosome nucleation and elongation. LC3A/B-I increased 1.6-fold in HS1 and HS3 compared to TN (P < 0.05), LC3A/B-II was increased 4.1-fold in HS1 and 4.8-fold in HS3 relative to TN, (P < 0.05) and the LC3A/B-II/I ratio was increased 3-fold in HS1 and HS3 compared to TN suggesting an accumulation of autophagosomes. p62 was dramatically increased in HS1 and HS3 compared to TN Heat stress decreased mitophagy markers PINK1 7.0-fold in HS1 (P < 0.05) and numerically by 2.4-fold in HS3 compared to TN and BNIP3L/NIX by 2.5-fold (P < 0.05) in HS1 and HS3. Markers of mitochondrial content were largely increased without activation of PGC-1α signaling. In total, these data suggest heat-stress-mediated suppression of activation of autophagy and autophagosomal degradation, which may enable the persistence of damaged mitochondria in muscle cells and promote a dysfunctional intracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shanthi Ganesan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Corey M Summers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Sarah Pearce
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Benjamin J Hale
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Nicholas Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Jacob T Seibert
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | | | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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23
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Volodina O, Ganesan S, Pearce SC, Gabler NK, Baumgard LH, Rhoads RP, Selsby JT. Short-term heat stress alters redox balance in porcine skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/8/e13267. [PMID: 28455453 PMCID: PMC5408292 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress contributes to higher morbidity and mortality in humans and animals and is an agricultural economic challenge because it reduces livestock productivity. Redox balance and associated mitochondrial responses appear to play a central role in heat stress-induced skeletal muscle pathology. We have previously reported increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial content in oxidative muscle following 12 h of heat stress. The purposes of this investigation were to characterize heat stress-induced oxidative stress and changes in mitochondrial content and biogenic signaling in oxidative skeletal muscle. Crossbred gilts were randomly assigned to either thermal neutral (21°C; n = 8, control group) or heat stress (37°C) conditions for 2 h (n = 8), 4 h (n = 8), or 6 h (n = 8). At the end, their respective environmental exposure, the red portion of the semitendinosus muscle (STR) was harvested. Heat stress increased concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) following 2 and 4 h compared to thermal neutral and 6 h, which was similar to thermal neutral, and decreased linearly with time. Protein carbonyl content was not influenced by environment. Catalase activity was increased following 4 h of heat stress and superoxide dismutase activity was decreased following 6 h of heat stress compared to thermal neutral conditions. Heat stress-mediated changes in antioxidant activity were independent of altered protein abundance or transcript expression. Mitochondrial content and mitochondrial biogenic signaling were similar between groups. These data demonstrate that heat stress caused a transient increase in oxidative stress that was countered by a compensatory change in catalase activity. These findings contribute to our growing understanding of the chronology of heat stress-induced intracellular dysfunctions in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Volodina
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Shanthi Ganesan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Sarah C Pearce
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | | | | | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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Shibaguchi T, Yamaguchi Y, Miyaji N, Yoshihara T, Naito H, Goto K, Ohmori D, Yoshioka T, Sugiura T. Astaxanthin intake attenuates muscle atrophy caused by immobilization in rats. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/15/e12885. [PMID: 27482075 PMCID: PMC4985550 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment and has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of oxidative damage. We tested the hypothesis that astaxanthin intake would attenuate immobilization‐induced muscle atrophy in rats. Male Wistar rats (14‐week old) were fed for 24 days with either astaxanthin or placebo diet. After 14 days of each experimental diet intake, the hindlimb muscles of one leg were immobilized in plantar flexion position using a plaster cast. Following 10 days of immobilization, both the atrophic and the contralateral plantaris muscles were removed and analyzed to determine the level of muscle atrophy along with measurement of the protein levels of CuZn‐superoxide dismutase (CuZn‐SOD) and selected proteases. Compared with placebo diet animals, the degree of muscle atrophy in response to immobilization was significantly reduced in astaxanthin diet animals. Further, astaxanthin supplementation significantly prevented the immobilization‐induced increase in the expression of CuZn‐SOD, cathepsin L, calpain, and ubiquitin in the atrophied muscle. These results support the postulate that dietary astaxanthin intake attenuates the rate of disuse muscle atrophy by inhibiting oxidative stress and proteolysis via three major proteolytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Shibaguchi
- Organization of Frontier Science and Innovation, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamaguchi
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Faculty of Education, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | | | - Toshinori Yoshihara
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Goto
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyohashi SOZO University, Toyohashi City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daijiro Ohmori
- Department of Chemistry, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Inzai City, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Takao Sugiura
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Faculty of Education, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Akerman AP, Tipton M, Minson CT, Cotter JD. Heat stress and dehydration in adapting for performance: Good, bad, both, or neither? Temperature (Austin) 2016; 3:412-436. [PMID: 28349082 PMCID: PMC5356617 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2016.1216255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological systems respond acutely to stress to minimize homeostatic disturbance, and typically adapt to chronic stress to enhance tolerance to that or a related stressor. It is legitimate to ask whether dehydration is a valuable stressor in stimulating adaptation per se. While hypoxia has had long-standing interest by athletes and researchers as an ergogenic aid, heat and nutritional stressors have had little interest until the past decade. Heat and dehydration are highly interlinked in their causation and the physiological strain they induce, so their individual roles in adaptation are difficult to delineate. The effectiveness of heat acclimation as an ergogenic aid remains unclear for team sport and endurance athletes despite several recent studies on this topic. Very few studies have examined the potential ergogenic (or ergolytic) adaptations to ecologically-valid dehydration as a stressor in its own right, despite longstanding evidence of relevant fluid-regulatory adaptations from short-term hypohydration. Transient and self-limiting dehydration (e.g., as constrained by thirst), as with most forms of stress, might have a time and a place in physiological or behavioral adaptations independently or by exacerbating other stressors (esp. heat); it cannot be dismissed without the appropriate evidence. The present review did not identify such evidence. Future research should identify how the magnitude and timing of dehydration might augment or interfere with the adaptive processes in behaviorally constrained versus unconstrained humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Paul Akerman
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Division of Sciences, University of Otago , New Zealand
| | - Michael Tipton
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth , UK
| | | | - James David Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Division of Sciences, University of Otago , New Zealand
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26
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Shibaguchi T, Sugiura T, Fujitsu T, Nomura T, Yoshihara T, Naito H, Yoshioka T, Ogura A, Ohira Y. Effects of icing or heat stress on the induction of fibrosis and/or regeneration of injured rat soleus muscle. J Physiol Sci 2016; 66:345-57. [PMID: 26759024 PMCID: PMC10717209 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-015-0433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of icing or heat stress on the regeneration of injured soleus muscle were investigated in male Wistar rats. Bupivacaine was injected into soleus muscles bilaterally to induce muscle injury. Icing (0 °C, 20 min) was carried out immediately after the injury. Heat stress (42 °C, 30 min) was applied every other day during 2-14 days after the bupivacaine injection. Injury-related increase in collagen deposition was promoted by icing. However, the level of collagen deposition in heat-stressed animals was maintained at control levels throughout the experimental period and was significantly lower than that in icing-treated animals at 15 and 28 days after bupivacaine injection. Furthermore, the recovery of muscle mass, protein content, and muscle fiber size of injured soleus toward control levels was partially facilitated by heat stress. These results suggest that, compared with icing, heat stress may be a beneficial treatment for successful muscle regeneration at least by reducing fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Shibaguchi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-17 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka City, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Takao Sugiura
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Faculty of Education, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takanori Fujitsu
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Faculty of Education, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takumi Nomura
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Faculty of Education, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshihara
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai City, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Akihiko Ogura
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-17 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka City, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Ohira
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe City, Kyoto, Japan
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Ganesan S, Reynolds C, Hollinger K, Pearce SC, Gabler NK, Baumgard LH, Rhoads RP, Selsby JT. Twelve hours of heat stress induces inflammatory signaling in porcine skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R1288-96. [PMID: 27009052 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00494.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress causes morbidity and mortality in humans and animals and threatens food security by limiting livestock productivity. Inflammatory signaling may contribute to heat stress-mediated skeletal muscle dysfunction. Previously, we discovered increased circulating endotoxin and intramuscular oxidative stress and TNF-α protein abundance, but not inflammatory signaling following 24 and 72 h of heat stress. Thus the purpose of this investigation was to clarify the role of inflammatory signaling in heat-stressed skeletal muscle. Crossbred gilts (n = 8/group) were assigned to either thermal neutral (24°C), heat stress (37°C), or pair-fed thermal neutral (24°C) conditions for 12 h. Following treatment, animals were euthanized, and the semitendinosus red (STR) and white (STW) were recovered. Heat stress did not alter inflammatory signaling in STW. In STR, relative heat shock protein abundance was similar between groups, as was nuclear content of heat shock factor 1. In whole homogenate, relative abundance of the NF-κB activator inhibitory κB kinase-α was increased by heat stress, although abundance of NF-κB was similar between groups. Relative abundance of phosphorylated NF-κB was increased by heat stress in nuclear fractions. Activator protein-1 (AP-1) signaling was similar between groups. While there were few differences in transcript expression between thermal neutral and heat stress, 80 and 56% of measured transcripts driven by NF-κB or AP-1, respectively, were increased by heat stress compared with pair-fed thermal neutral. Heat stress also caused a reduction in IL-6 transcript and relative protein abundance. These data demonstrate that short-term heat stress causes inflammatory signaling through NF-κB in oxidative, but not glycolytic, skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Ganesan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; and
| | - Carmen Reynolds
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; and
| | - Katrin Hollinger
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; and
| | - Sarah C Pearce
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; and
| | - Nicholas K Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; and
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; and
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; and
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Yoshihara T, Ichinoseki-Sekine N, Kakigi R, Tsuzuki T, Sugiura T, Powers SK, Naito H. Repeated exposure to heat stress results in a diaphragm phenotype that resists ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:1023-31. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00438.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) is a life-saving intervention for patients in respiratory failure. Unfortunately, prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV) results in diaphragmatic atrophy and contractile dysfunction, both of which are predicted to contribute to problems in weaning patients from the ventilator. Therefore, developing a strategy to protect the diaphragm against ventilator-induced weakness is important. We tested the hypothesis that repeated bouts of heat stress result in diaphragm resistance against CMV-induced atrophy and contractile dysfunction. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six experimental groups: 1) control; 2) single bout of whole body heat stress; 3) repeated bouts of whole body heat stress; 4) 12 h CMV; 5) single bout of whole body heat stress 24 h before CMV; and 6) repeated bouts of whole body heat stress 1, 3, and 5 days before 12 h of CMV. Our results revealed that repeated bouts of heat stress resulted in increased levels of heat shock protein 72 in the diaphragm and protection against both CMV-induced diaphragmatic atrophy and contractile dysfunction at submaximal stimulation frequencies. The specific mechanisms responsible for this protection remain unclear: this heat stress-induced protection against CMV-induced diaphragmatic atrophy and weakness may be partially due to reduced diaphragmatic oxidative stress, diminished activation of signal transducer/transcriptional activator-3, lower caspase-3 activation, and decreased autophagy in the diaphragm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Yoshihara
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
- JSPS Research Fellow, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Ichinoseki-Sekine
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
- Faculty of Liberal Arts, The Open University of Japan, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryo Kakigi
- Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Tsuzuki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
- JSPS Research Fellow, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Sugiura
- Faculty of Education, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan; and
| | - Scott K. Powers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
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29
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Oishi Y, Roy RR, Ogata T, Ohira Y. Heat-Stress effects on the myosin heavy chain phenotype of rat soleus fibers during the early stages of regeneration. Muscle Nerve 2015; 52:1047-56. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.24686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Oishi
- Laboratory of Muscle Physiology; Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University; Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Roland R. Roy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology and Brain Research Institute; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Tomonori Ogata
- Faculty of Human Environmental Studies; Hiroshima-Shudo University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Ohira
- Research Center for Adipocyte & Muscle Science; Doshisha University; Kyotanabe City Kyoto Japan
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30
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Peake JM, Markworth JF, Nosaka K, Raastad T, Wadley GD, Coffey VG. Modulating exercise-induced hormesis: Does less equal more? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:172-89. [PMID: 25977451 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01055.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormesis encompasses the notion that low levels of stress stimulate or upregulate existing cellular and molecular pathways that improve the capacity of cells and organisms to withstand greater stress. This notion underlies much of what we know about how exercise conditions the body and induces long-term adaptations. During exercise, the body is exposed to various forms of stress, including thermal, metabolic, hypoxic, oxidative, and mechanical stress. These stressors activate biochemical messengers, which in turn activate various signaling pathways that regulate gene expression and adaptive responses. Historically, antioxidant supplements, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and cryotherapy have been favored to attenuate or counteract exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. However, reactive oxygen species and inflammatory mediators are key signaling molecules in muscle, and such strategies may mitigate adaptations to exercise. Conversely, withholding dietary carbohydrate and restricting muscle blood flow during exercise may augment adaptations to exercise. In this review article, we combine, integrate, and apply knowledge about the fundamental mechanisms of exercise adaptation. We also critically evaluate the rationale for using interventions that target these mechanisms under the overarching concept of hormesis. There is currently insufficient evidence to establish whether these treatments exert dose-dependent effects on muscle adaptation. However, there appears to be some dissociation between the biochemical/molecular effects and functional/performance outcomes of some of these treatments. Although several of these treatments influence common kinases, transcription factors, and proteins, it remains to be determined if these interventions complement or negate each other, and whether such effects are strong enough to influence adaptations to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Peake
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Applied Sports Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia;
| | | | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | | | - Glenn D Wadley
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Center for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vernon G Coffey
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; and Bond Institute of Health and Sport and Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
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31
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Montilla SIR, Johnson TP, Pearce SC, Gardan-Salmon D, Gabler NK, Ross JW, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH, Lonergan SM, Selsby JT. Heat stress causes oxidative stress but not inflammatory signaling in porcine skeletal muscle. Temperature (Austin) 2014; 1:42-50. [PMID: 27583280 PMCID: PMC4972518 DOI: 10.4161/temp.28844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress is associated with death and other maladaptions including muscle dysfunction and impaired growth across species. Despite this common observation, the molecular effects leading to these pathologic changes remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which heat stress disrupted redox balance and initiated an inflammatory response in oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscle. Female pigs (5-6/group) were subjected to thermoneutral (20 °C) or heat stress (35 °C) conditions for 1 or 3 days and the semitendinosus removed and dissected into red (STR) and white (STW) portions. After 1 day of heat stress, relative abundance of proteins modified by malondialdehyde, a measure of oxidative damage, was increased 2.5-fold (P < 0.05) compared with thermoneutral in the STR but not the STW, before returning to thermoneutral conditions following 3 days of heat stress. This corresponded with increased catalase and superoxide dismutase-1 gene expression (P < 0.05) and superoxide dismutase-1 protein abundance (P < 0.05) in the STR but not the STW. In the STR catalase and total superoxide dismutase activity were increased by ~30% and ~130%, respectively (P < 0.05), after 1 day of heat stress and returned to thermoneutral levels by day 3. One or 3 days of heat stress did not increase inflammatory signaling through the NF-κB pathway in the STR or STW. These data suggest that oxidative muscle is more susceptible to heat stress-mediated changes in redox balance than glycolytic muscle during chronic heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah C Pearce
- Department of Animal Science; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
| | | | | | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
| | | | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
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32
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Evertsson K, Fjällström AK, Norrby M, Tågerud S. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) signaling in atrophic and hypertrophic denervated mouse skeletal muscle. J Mol Signal 2014; 9:2. [PMID: 24629011 PMCID: PMC3995524 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-9-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase has been implicated in both skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. T317 phosphorylation of the p38 substrate mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) correlates with muscle weight in atrophic and hypertrophic denervated muscle and may influence the nuclear and cytoplasmic distribution of p38 and/or MK2. The present study investigates expression and phosphorylation of p38, MK2 and related proteins in cytosolic and nuclear fractions from atrophic and hypertrophic 6-days denervated skeletal muscles compared to innervated controls. Methods Expression and phosphorylation of p38, MK2, Hsp25 (heat shock protein25rodent/27human, Hsp25/27) and Hsp70 protein expression were studied semi-quantitatively using Western blots with separated nuclear and cytosolic fractions from innervated and denervated hypertrophic hemidiaphragm and atrophic anterior tibial muscles. Unfractionated innervated and denervated atrophic pooled gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were also studied. Results No support was obtained for a differential nuclear/cytosolic localization of p38 or MK2 in denervated hypertrophic and atrophic muscle. The differential effect of denervation on T317 phosphorylation of MK2 in denervated hypertrophic and atrophic muscle was not reflected in p38 phosphorylation nor in the phosphorylation of the MK2 substrate Hsp25. Hsp25 phosphorylation increased 3-30-fold in all denervated muscles studied. The expression of Hsp70 increased 3-5-fold only in denervated hypertrophic muscles. Conclusions The study confirms a differential response of MK2 T317 phosphorylation in denervated hypertrophic and atrophic muscles and suggests that Hsp70 may be important for this. Increased Hsp25 phosphorylation in all denervated muscles studied indicates a role for factors other than MK2 in the regulation of this phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Evertsson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
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33
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Senf SM. Skeletal muscle heat shock protein 70: diverse functions and therapeutic potential for wasting disorders. Front Physiol 2013; 4:330. [PMID: 24273516 PMCID: PMC3822288 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The stress-inducible 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) is a highly conserved protein with diverse intracellular and extracellular functions. In skeletal muscle, HSP70 is rapidly induced in response to both non-damaging and damaging stress stimuli including exercise and acute muscle injuries. This upregulation of HSP70 contributes to the maintenance of muscle fiber integrity and facilitates muscle regeneration and recovery. Conversely, HSP70 expression is decreased during muscle inactivity and aging, and evidence supports the loss of HSP70 as a key mechanism which may drive muscle atrophy, contractile dysfunction and reduced regenerative capacity associated with these conditions. To date, the therapeutic benefit of HSP70 upregulation in skeletal muscle has been established in rodent models of muscle injury, muscle atrophy, modified muscle use, aging, and muscular dystrophy, which highlights HSP70 as a key therapeutic target for the treatment of various conditions which negatively affect skeletal muscle mass and function. This article will review these important findings and provide perspective on the unanswered questions related to HSP70 and skeletal muscle plasticity which require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Senf
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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34
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Thomas D, Maes K, Agten A, Heunks L, Dekhuijzen R, Decramer M, Van Hees H, Gayan-Ramirez G. Time course of diaphragm function recovery after controlled mechanical ventilation in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:775-84. [PMID: 23845980 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00302.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) is known to result in rapid and severe diaphragmatic dysfunction, but the recovery response of the diaphragm to normal function after CMV is unknown. Therefore, we examined the time course of diaphragm function recovery in an animal model of CMV. Healthy rats were submitted to CMV for 24-27 h (n = 16), or to 24-h CMV followed by either 1 h (CMV + 1 h SB, n = 9), 2 h (CMV + 2 h SB, n = 9), 3 h (CMV + 3 h SB, n = 9), or 4-7 h (CMV + 4-7 h SB, n = 9) of spontaneous breathing (SB). At the end of the experiment, the diaphragm muscle was excised for functional and biochemical analysis. The in vitro diaphragm force was significantly improved in the CMV + 3 h SB and CMV + 4-7 h SB groups compared with CMV (maximal tetanic force: +27%, P < 0.05, and +59%, P < 0.001, respectively). This was associated with an increase in the type IIx/b fiber dimensions (P < 0.05). Neutrophil influx was increased in the CMV + 4-7 h SB group (P < 0.05), while macrophage numbers remained unchanged. Markers of protein synthesis (phosphorylated Akt and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1) were significantly increased (±40%, P < 0.001, and ±52%, P < 0.01, respectively) in the CMV + 3 h SB and CMV + 4-7 h SB groups and were positively correlated with diaphragm force (P < 0.05). Finally, also the maximal specific force generation of skinned single diaphragm fibers was increased in the CMV + 4-7 h SB group compared with CMV (+45%, P < 0.05). In rats, reloading the diaphragm for 3 h after CMV is sufficient to improve diaphragm function, while complete recovery occurs after longer periods of reloading. Enhanced muscle fiber dimensions, increased protein synthesis, and improved intrinsic contractile properties of diaphragm muscle fibers may have contributed to diaphragm function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby Thomas
- Respiratory Muscle Research Unit, Laboratory of Pneumology and Respiratory Division, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Vardiman JP, Jefferies L, Touchberry C, Gallagher P. Intramuscular heating through fluidotherapy and heat shock protein response. J Athl Train 2013; 48:353-61. [PMID: 23675795 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-48.2.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Therapeutic modalities that can increase intramuscular temperature commonly are used to treat injuries in the clinical setting. Researchers recently have suggested that the physiologic changes occurring during an increase in temperature also could provide a cytoprotective effect for exercise-induced muscle damage. OBJECTIVE(S) To determine if the Fluidotherapy treatment increases the inducible expression of heat shock protein (HSP), to identify the rate of heating that occurs in the lower extremity with Fluidotherapy treatment, and to evaluate the relationship between the inducible expression of HSP and temperature. DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. SETTING Laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Six male (age = 21.67 ± 1.63 years, height = 180.09 ± 4.83 cm, mass = 87.60 ± 10.51 kg) and 6 female (age = 24.60 ± 4.59 years, height = 151.05 ± 35.76 cm, mass = 55.59 ± 14.58 kg) college-aged students. INTERVENTION(S) One lower extremity was randomly selected to receive the heat treatment, and the other extremity received no treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We measured intramuscular temperature every 10 minutes, determining peak intramuscular temperature by 2 identical sequential measurements, and we analyzed the time to peak temperature. We analyzed the amount of HSP70 expression and HSP27P:T (ratio of HSP27 to the total HSP27 expression) in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles and measured baseline skinfold thickness and estradiol levels. RESULTS Fluidotherapy increased intramuscular temperature by 5.66 ± 0.78°C (t11 = 25.67, P < .001) compared with baseline temperature, with a peak temperature of 39.08°C ± 0.39°C occurring at 84.17 ± 6.69 minutes. We did not find a heat treatment effect for HSP70 or HSP27P:T in the gastrocnemius or soleus muscles (P > .05). Peak temperature and the percentage change of HSP70 were positively correlated for the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles (P < .05). We found no other correlations for skinfold thickness, sex, or estradiol levels (P > .05). No effect of sex for skinfold thickness or estradiol levels at baseline was discovered (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS This Fluidotherapy protocol increased the intramuscular temperature to a therapeutic level; however, it did not stimulate inducible HSP70 or HSP27P:T in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles regardless of sex or skinfold thickness. These data confirmed that Fluidotherapy is an effective heating modality but suggested it is not an effective method for stimulating an HSP response in the lower limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Vardiman
- Applied Physiology Lab, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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Ohno Y, Fujiya H, Goto A, Nakamura A, Nishiura Y, Sugiura T, Ohira Y, Yoshioka T, Goto K. Microcurrent electrical nerve stimulation facilitates regrowth of mouse soleus muscle. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:1286-94. [PMID: 23983587 PMCID: PMC3752717 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcurrent electrical nerve stimulation (MENS) has been used to facilitate recovery from skeletal muscle injury. However, the effects of MENS on unloading-associated atrophied skeletal muscle remain unclear. Effects of MENS on the regrowing process of unloading-associated atrophied skeletal muscle were investigated. Male C57BL/6J mice (10-week old) were randomly assigned to untreated normal recovery (C) and MENS-treated (M) groups. Mice of both groups are subjected to continuous hindlimb suspension (HS) for 2 weeks followed by 7 days of ambulation recovery. Mice in M group were treated with MENS for 60 min 1, 3, and 5 days following HS, respectively, under anesthesia. The intensity, the frequency, and the pulse width of MENS were set at 10 μA, 0.3 Hz, and 250 msec, respectively. Soleus muscles were dissected before and immediately after, 1, 3 and 7 days after HS. Soleus muscle wet weight and protein content were decreased by HS. The regrowth of atrophied soleus muscle in M group was faster than that in C group. Decrease in the reloading-induced necrosis of atrophied soleus was facilitated by MENS. Significant increases in phosphorylated levels of p70 S6 kinase and protein kinase B (Akt) in M group were observed, compared with C group. These observations are consistent with that MENS facilitated regrowth of atrophied soleus muscle. MENS may be a potential extracellular stimulus to activate the intracellular signals involved in protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Ohno
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Toyohashi SOZO University, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan
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Touchberry CD, Gupte AA, Bomhoff GL, Graham ZA, Geiger PC, Gallagher PM. Acute heat stress prior to downhill running may enhance skeletal muscle remodeling. Cell Stress Chaperones 2012; 17:693-705. [PMID: 22589083 PMCID: PMC3468678 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-012-0343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are chaperones that are known to have important roles in facilitating protein synthesis, protein assembly and cellular protection. While HSPs are known to be induced by damaging exercise, little is known about how HSPs actually mediate skeletal muscle adaption to exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a heat shock pretreatment and the ensuing increase in HSP expression on early remodeling and signaling (2 and 48 h) events of the soleus (Sol) muscle following a bout of downhill running. Male Wistar rats (10 weeks old) were randomly assigned to control, eccentric exercise (EE; downhill running) or heat shock + eccentric exercise (HS; 41°C for 20 min, 48 h prior to exercise) groups. Markers of muscle damage, muscle regeneration and intracellular signaling were assessed. The phosphorylation (p) of HSP25, Akt, p70s6k, ERK1/2 and JNK proteins was also performed. As expected, following exercise the EE group had increased creatine kinase (CK; 2 h) and mononuclear cell infiltration (48 h) compared to controls. The EE group had an increase in p-HSP25, but there was no change in HSP72 expression, total protein concentration, or neonatal MHC content. Additionally, the EE group had increased p-p70s6k, p-ERK1/2, and p-JNK (2 h) compared to controls; however no changes in p-Akt were seen. In contrast, the HS group had reduced CK (2 h) and mononuclear cell infiltration (48 h) compared to EE. Moreover, the HS group had increased HSP72 content (2 and 48 h), total protein concentration (48 h), neonatal MHC content (2 and 48 h), p-HSP25 and p-p70s6k (2 h). Lastly, the HS group had reduced p-Akt (48 h) and p-ERK1/2 (2 h). These data suggest that heat shock pretreatment and/or the ensuing HSP72 response may protect against muscle damage, and enhance increases in total protein and neonatal MHC content following exercise. These changes appear to be independent of Akt and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D. Touchberry
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine - Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences Building, 2464 Charlotte Street, Room 2211, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
| | - Anisha A. Gupte
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Gregory L. Bomhoff
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Zachary A. Graham
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Kansas, 1301 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Paige C. Geiger
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Philip M. Gallagher
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Kansas, 1301 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
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Frost RA, Lang CH. Multifaceted role of insulin-like growth factors and mammalian target of rapamycin in skeletal muscle. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2012; 41:297-322, vi. [PMID: 22682632 PMCID: PMC3376019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the current literature on the interaction between insulin-like growth factors, endocrine hormones, and branched-chain amino acids on muscle physiology in healthy young individuals and during select pathologic conditions. Emphasis is placed on the mechanism by which physical and hormonal signals are transduced at the cellular level to either grow or atrophy skeletal muscle. The key role of the mammalian target of rapamycin and its ability to respond to hypertrophic and atrophic signals informs our understanding how a combination of physical, nutritional, and pharmacologic therapies may be used in tandem to prevent or ameliorate reductions in muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Frost
- Associate Professor, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey PA, 17033
- Professor and Vice Chairman, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey PA, 17033
| | - Charles H. Lang
- Associate Professor, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey PA, 17033
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Yasuhara K, Ohno Y, Kojima A, Uehara K, Beppu M, Sugiura T, Fujimoto M, Nakai A, Ohira Y, Yoshioka T, Goto K. Absence of heat shock transcription factor 1 retards the regrowth of atrophied soleus muscle in mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1142-9. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00471.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) gene on the regrowth of atrophied mouse soleus muscles were studied. Both HSF1-null and wild-type mice were subjected to continuous hindlimb suspension for 2 wk followed by 4 wk of ambulation recovery. There was no difference in the magnitude of suspension-related decrease of muscle weight, protein content, and the cross-sectional area of muscle fibers between both types of mice. However, the regrowth of atrophied soleus muscle in HSF1-null mice was slower compared with that in wild-type mice. Lower baseline expression level of HSP25, HSC70, and HSP72 were noted in soleus muscle of HSF1-null mice. Unloading-associated downregulation and reloading-associated upregulation of HSP25 and HSP72 mRNA were observed not only in wild-type mice but also in HSF1-null mice. Reloading-associated upregulation of HSP72 and HSP25 during the regrowth of atrophied muscle was observed in wild-type mice. Minor and delayed upregulation of HSP72 at mRNA and protein levels was also seen in HSF1-null mice. Significant upregulations of HSF2 and HSF4 were observed immediately after the suspension in HSF1-null mice, but not in wild-type mice. Therefore, HSP72 expression in soleus muscle might be regulated by the posttranscriptional level, but not by the stress response. Evidence from this study suggested that the upregulation of HSPs induced by HSF1-associated stress response might play, in part, important roles in the mechanical loading (stress)-associated regrowth of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Yasuhara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki
| | - Yoshitaka Ohno
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Toyohashi SOZO University, Toyohashi
| | - Atsushi Kojima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki
| | - Kenji Uehara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki
| | - Moroe Beppu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki
| | | | | | - Akira Nakai
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi
| | | | | | - Katsumasa Goto
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyohashi SOZO University, Toyohashi, Japan
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Kakigi R, Naito H, Ogura Y, Kobayashi H, Saga N, Ichinoseki-Sekine N, Yoshihara T, Katamoto S. Heat stress enhances mTOR signaling after resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol Sci 2011; 61:131-40. [PMID: 21222186 PMCID: PMC10717825 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-010-0130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of heat stress (HS) on mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling involved in translation initiation after resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle. Eight young male subjects performed four sets of six maximal repetitions of knee extension exercises, with or without HS, in a randomized crossover design. HS was applied to the belly of the vastus lateralis by using a microwave therapy unit prior to and during exercise. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis before, immediately after, and 1 h after exercise. HS significantly increased the phosphorylation of Akt/PKB, mTOR, and ribosomal protein S6 at 1 h after exercise (P < 0.05), and the 4E-BP1 phosphorylation level, which had initially decreased with exercise, had recovered by 1 h after exercise with HS. In addition, the phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 kinase 1 was significantly increased immediately after exercise with HS (P < 0.05). These results indicate that HS enhances mTOR signaling after resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kakigi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695 Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695 Japan
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695 Japan
| | - Yuji Ogura
- Department of Physiology, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mito Medical Center, Tsukuba University Hospital, Mito, Ibaraki 310-0015 Japan
| | - Norio Saga
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695 Japan
| | - Noriko Ichinoseki-Sekine
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695 Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshihara
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695 Japan
| | - Shizuo Katamoto
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695 Japan
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695 Japan
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Huey KA, Burdette S, Zhong H, Roy RR. Early response of heat shock proteins to functional overload of the soleus and plantaris in rats and mice. Exp Physiol 2010; 95:1145-55. [PMID: 20851858 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2010.054692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are important factors in the response of skeletal muscles to chronic increases or decreases in activation and loading. The purpose of this study was to compare species-, time- and muscle-dependent changes in protein expression of Hsp20, Hsp25, αB-crystallin, Hsp72 and Hsp90 in response to functional overload (FO) in rats and mice. We compared protein levels of Hsp20, Hsp25, αB-crystallin, Hsp72 and Hsp90 in soleus and plantaris in baseline conditions and following 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 7 days (rats) or 3 and 7 days (mice) of FO. Baseline levels of all HSPs were higher in rat soleus than plantaris, whereas only baseline expression of Hsp20 was higher in mouse soleus than plantaris. Levels of Hsp72 and Hsp90 were higher in plantaris and soleus of FO than control mice and rats after 3 and 7 days of FO. Protein levels and phosphorylation of Hsp25 in mouse plantaris and soleus were higher than control levels after 3 and 7 days of FO, except for soleus at 3 days. αB-crystallin levels were higher in plantaris of FO than control mice after 3 and 7 days of FO and in FO than control rats after 7 days of FO. Heat shock protein 20 was the least responsive, increasing only in 7 day FO rat plantaris compared with control rats. Overall, the results demonstrate that levels of both large and small HSPs increase with FO, suggesting a contributory role during the compensatory hypertrophy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Huey
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, 2507 University Avenue, Des Moines, IA 50311, USA.
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42
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Leptin administration downregulates the increased expression levels of genes related to oxidative stress and inflammation in the skeletal muscle of ob/ob mice. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:784343. [PMID: 20671928 PMCID: PMC2910527 DOI: 10.1155/2010/784343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese leptin-deficient ob/ob mice exhibit a low-grade chronic inflammation together with a low muscle mass. Our aim was to analyze the changes in muscle expression levels of genes related to oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in leptin deficiency and to identify the effect of in vivo leptin administration. Ob/ob mice were divided in three groups as follows: control ob/ob, leptin-treated ob/ob (1 mg/kg/d) and leptin pair-fed ob/ob mice. Gastrocnemius weight was lower in control ob/ob than in wild type mice (P < .01) exhibiting an increase after leptin treatment compared to control and pair-fed (P < .01) ob/ob animals. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, markers of oxidative stress, were higher in serum (P < .01) and gastrocnemius (P = .05) of control ob/ob than in wild type mice and were significantly decreased (P < .01) by leptin treatment. Leptin deficiency altered the expression of 1,546 genes, while leptin treatment modified the regulation of 1,127 genes with 86 of them being involved in oxidative stress, immune defense and inflammatory response. Leptin administration decreased the high expression of Crybb1, Hspb3, Hspb7, Mt4, Cat, Rbm9, Serpinc1 and Serpinb1a observed in control ob/ob mice, indicating that it improves inflammation and muscle loss.
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43
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Oishi Y, Hayashida M, Tsukiashi S, Taniguchi K, Kami K, Roy RR, Ohira Y. Heat stress increases myonuclear number and fiber size via satellite cell activation in rat regenerating soleus fibers. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107:1612-21. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91651.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of heat stress (hyperthermia) on muscle degeneration-regeneration, the soleus muscles of adult male Wistar rats were injected bilaterally with a single injection of bupivacaine. The rats were assigned to a sedentary control (Con), heat stress (Heat), bupivacaine-injected (BPVC), or bupivacaine-injected plus heat stress (BPVC+Heat) group. Heat stress was induced in the Heat and BPVC+Heat groups by immersion of the lower half of the body into water maintained at 42 ± 1°C for 30 min 48 h after the injection of bupivacaine and every other day during the following 1 or 2 wk. The soleus muscles in all groups were excised 24 h after the final bout of heat stress. Mean muscle weight, fiber cross-sectional area, myonuclear number, and heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) and calcineurin protein levels were lower in the BPVC than in the Con or Heat groups at both time points. In contrast, several of these parameters in the BPVC+Heat group were not different or higher than in the Con or Heat groups at the 1- and/or 2-wk time points. The number of total and activated satellite cells, estimated by analyses of Pax7-negative, M-cadherin-negative, and MyoD-positive nuclei, was greater in BPVC+Heat than in all other groups. Combined, the results indicate that heat stress-related activation of satellite cells and upregulation of Hsp72 and calcineurin expression played important roles in the regeneration of the soleus fibers after bupivacaine injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Oishi
- Laboratory of Muscle Physiology, Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mari Hayashida
- Laboratory of Muscle Physiology, Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tsukiashi
- Laboratory of Muscle Physiology, Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kohachi Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Muscle Physiology, Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Katsuya Kami
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Roland R. Roy
- Brain Research Institute and
- Department of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yoshinobu Ohira
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; and
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44
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Dodd SL, Hain B, Senf SM, Judge AR. Hsp27 inhibits IKKbeta-induced NF-kappaB activity and skeletal muscle atrophy. FASEB J 2009; 23:3415-23. [PMID: 19528257 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-124602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 25/27 (Hsp25/27) is a cytoprotective protein that is ubiquitously expressed in most cells, and is up-regulated in response to cellular stress. Previous work, in nonmuscle cells, has shown that Hsp27 inhibits TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation. During skeletal muscle disuse, Hsp25/27 levels are decreased and NF-kappaB activity increased, and this increase in NF-kappaB activity is required for disuse muscle atrophy. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to determine whether electrotransfer of Hsp27 into the soleus muscle of rats, prior to skeletal muscle disuse, is sufficient to inhibit skeletal muscle disuse atrophy and NF-kappaB activation. The 35% disuse muscle-fiber atrophy observed in nontransfected fibers was attenuated by 50% in fibers transfected with Hsp27. Hsp27 also inhibited the disuse-induced increase in MuRF1 and atrogin-1 transcription by 82 and 40%, respectively. Furthermore, disuse- and IKKbeta-induced NF-kappaB transactivation were abolished by Hsp27. In contrast, Hsp27 had no effect on Foxo transactivation. In conclusion, Hsp27 is a negative regulator of NF-kappaB in skeletal muscle, in vivo, and is sufficient to inhibit MuRF1 and atrogin-1 and attenuate skeletal muscle disuse atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Dodd
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, 25 Stadium Rd., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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45
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Dodd S, Hain B, Judge A. Hsp70 prevents disuse muscle atrophy in senescent rats. Biogerontology 2008; 10:605-11. [PMID: 19083119 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the effects of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) overexpression on disuse muscle atrophy in senescent rats. Solei of young and senescent rats were co-injected with Hsp70 plus a nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaBeta) reporter plasmid. After 4 days, the hind limbs of half the young and senescent rats were immobilized for 6 days with the remainder serving as weight bearing controls. Hsp70 protein levels and cross-sectional area decreased in both groups (~20%) after immobilization. Atrophy was prevented in those fibers overexpressing Hsp70. NF-kappaBeta activity increased in the soleus of both young (three-fold) and senescent (five-fold) animals after immobilization and was prevented by Hsp70 overexpression. Inhibitor of kappaBeta decreased in young (~30%) and senescent (~10%) animals with immobilization and returned to normal with Hsp70. Heat shock protein 70 overexpression prevents disuse atrophy in senescent rats, possibly through suppression of the NF-kappaB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Dodd
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, USA.
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46
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Kayani AC, Close GL, Broome CS, Jackson MJ, McArdle A. Enhanced Recovery from Contraction-Induced Damage in Skeletal Muscles of Old Mice Following Treatment with the Heat Shock Protein Inducer 17-(Allylamino)-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin. Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:1021-30. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2008.0795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Kayani
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme L. Close
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline S. Broome
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm J. Jackson
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anne McArdle
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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47
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Chen CN, Ferrington DA, Thompson LV. Carbonic anhydrase III and four-and-a-half LIM protein 1 are preferentially oxidized with muscle unloading. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:1554-61. [PMID: 18756007 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90680.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identities of proteins that show disuse-related changes in the content of oxidative modification are unknown. Furthermore, it is unknown whether the global accumulation of oxidized proteins is greater in aged animals with muscle disuse. The purposes of this study are 1) to identify the exact proteins that show disuse-related changes in oxidation levels and 2) to test the hypothesis that the global accumulation of oxidized proteins with muscle disuse would be greater in aged animals. Adult and old rats were randomized into four groups: weight bearing and 3, 7, or 14 days of hindlimb unloading. Soleus muscles were harvested to investigate the protein oxidation with unloading. Slot blot, SDS-PAGE, and Western blot analyses were used to detect the accumulation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenol (HNE)- and nitrotyrosine (NT)-modified proteins. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight and tandem mass spectroscopy were used to identify modified proteins. We found that global HNE- and NT-modified proteins accumulated significantly with aging but not with muscle unloading. Two HNE and NT target proteins, four-and-a-half LIM protein 1 (FHL1) and carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII), showed changes in the oxidation levels with muscle unloading. The changes in the oxidation levels happened to adult rats but not old rats. However, old rats had higher baseline levels of HNE-modified FHL1. In summary, the data suggest that the muscle unloading-related changes of protein oxidation are more significant in specific proteins and that the changes are age related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-nan Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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48
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Senf SM, Dodd SL, McClung JM, Judge AR. Hsp70 overexpression inhibits NF-kappaB and Foxo3a transcriptional activities and prevents skeletal muscle atrophy. FASEB J 2008; 22:3836-45. [PMID: 18644837 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-110163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is a highly conserved and ubiquitous protein that is reported to provide cytoprotection in various cell types and tissues. However, the importance of Hsp70 expression during skeletal muscle atrophy, when Hsp70 levels are significantly decreased, is not known. The current study aimed to determine whether plasmid-mediated overexpression of Hsp70, in the soleus muscle of rats, was sufficient to regulate specific atrophy signaling pathways and attenuate skeletal muscle disuse atrophy. We found that Hsp70 overexpression prevented disuse muscle fiber atrophy and inhibited the increased promoter activities of atrogin-1 and MuRF1. Importantly, the transcriptional activities of Foxo3a and NF-kappaB, which are implicated in the regulation of atrogin-1 and MuRF1, were abolished by Hsp70. These data suggest that Hsp70 may regulate key atrophy genes through inhibiting Foxo3a and NF-kappaB activities during disuse. Indeed, we show that specific inhibition of Foxo3a prevented the increases in both atrogin-1 and MuRF1 promoter activities during disuse. However, inhibition of NF-kappaB did not affect the activation of either promoter, suggesting its requirement for disuse atrophy is through its regulation of other atrophy genes. We conclude that overexpression of Hsp70 is sufficient to inhibit key atrophy signaling pathways and prevent skeletal muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Senf
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, 25 Stadium Rd., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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49
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Chen CNJ, Brown-Borg HM, Rakoczy SG, Thompson LV. Muscle disuse: adaptation of antioxidant systems is age dependent. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2008; 63:461-6. [PMID: 18511748 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/63.5.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the age effect on antioxidant adaptation to muscle disuse. Adult and old rats were randomized into 4 groups: weight bearing (control), 3 days of hind-limb unloading (HU), 7 days of HU, and 14 days of HU. Activities of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione (GSH), as well as GSH peroxidase levels were measured in the soleus. Neither disuse nor aging changed the activity of Cu-Zn SOD. The old rats had greater GSH peroxidase activity, whereas the activity of catalase had a compensatory increase with disuse, independent of age. Reduced GSH level and total glutathione (tGSH) level had age-related change with disuse. In old rats, the GSH and tGSH levels were lower with disuse, whereas the levels remained stable with disuse in adult rats. The depletion of intracellular GSH and tGSH levels of muscles from aged animals with disuse may make aged muscles more susceptible to oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-nan Joyce Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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50
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Shima Y, Kitaoka K, Yoshiki Y, Maruhashi Y, Tsuyama T, Tomita K. Effect of Heat Shock Preconditioning on ROS Scavenging Activity in Rat Skeletal Muscle after Downhill Running. J Physiol Sci 2008; 58:341-8. [DOI: 10.2170/physiolsci.rp004808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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