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Smith MB, Chen H, Oliver BGG. The Lungs in Space: A Review of Current Knowledge and Methodologies. Cells 2024; 13:1154. [PMID: 38995005 PMCID: PMC11240436 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Space travel presents multiple risks to astronauts such as launch, radiation, spacewalks or extravehicular activities, and microgravity. The lungs are composed of a combination of air, blood, and tissue, making it a complex organ system with interactions between the external and internal environment. Gravity strongly influences the structure of the lung which results in heterogeneity of ventilation and perfusion that becomes uniform in microgravity as shown during parabolic flights, Spacelab, and Skylab experiments. While changes in lung volumes occur in microgravity, efficient gas exchange remains and the lungs perform as they would on Earth; however, little is known about the cellular response to microgravity. In addition to spaceflight and real microgravity, devices, such as clinostats and random positioning machines, are used to simulate microgravity to study cellular responses on the ground. Differential expression of cell adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules has been found in real and simulated microgravity. Immune dysregulation is a known consequence of space travel that includes changes in immune cell morphology, function, and number, which increases susceptibility to infections. However, the majority of in vitro studies do not have a specific respiratory focus. These studies are needed to fully understand the impact of microgravity on the function of the respiratory system in different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela B Smith
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie Park, NSW 2113, Australia
- School of Life Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Brian G G Oliver
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie Park, NSW 2113, Australia
- School of Life Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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2
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Cope H, Elsborg J, Demharter S, McDonald JT, Wernecke C, Parthasarathy H, Unadkat H, Chatrathi M, Claudio J, Reinsch S, Avci P, Zwart SR, Smith SM, Heer M, Muratani M, Meydan C, Overbey E, Kim J, Chin CR, Park J, Schisler JC, Mason CE, Szewczyk NJ, Willis CRG, Salam A, Beheshti A. Transcriptomics analysis reveals molecular alterations underpinning spaceflight dermatology. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2024; 4:106. [PMID: 38862781 PMCID: PMC11166967 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-024-00532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spaceflight poses a unique set of challenges to humans and the hostile spaceflight environment can induce a wide range of increased health risks, including dermatological issues. The biology driving the frequency of skin issues in astronauts is currently not well understood. METHODS To address this issue, we used a systems biology approach utilizing NASA's Open Science Data Repository (OSDR) on space flown murine transcriptomic datasets focused on the skin, biochemical profiles of 50 NASA astronauts and human transcriptomic datasets generated from blood and hair samples of JAXA astronauts, as well as blood samples obtained from the NASA Twins Study, and skin and blood samples from the first civilian commercial mission, Inspiration4. RESULTS Key biological changes related to skin health, DNA damage & repair, and mitochondrial dysregulation are identified as potential drivers for skin health risks during spaceflight. Additionally, a machine learning model is utilized to determine gene pairings associated with spaceflight response in the skin. While we identified spaceflight-induced dysregulation, such as alterations in genes associated with skin barrier function and collagen formation, our results also highlight the remarkable ability for organisms to re-adapt back to Earth via post-flight re-tuning of gene expression. CONCLUSION Our findings can guide future research on developing countermeasures for mitigating spaceflight-associated skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Cope
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Jonas Elsborg
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Abzu, Copenhagen, 2150, Denmark
| | | | - J Tyson McDonald
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington D.C., WA, 20057, USA
| | - Chiara Wernecke
- NASA GeneLab For High Schools Program (GL4HS), Space Biology Program, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
- Department of Aerospace and Geodesy, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hari Parthasarathy
- NASA GeneLab For High Schools Program (GL4HS), Space Biology Program, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
- College of Engineering and Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hriday Unadkat
- NASA GeneLab For High Schools Program (GL4HS), Space Biology Program, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Mira Chatrathi
- NASA GeneLab For High Schools Program (GL4HS), Space Biology Program, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
- College of Letters and Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer Claudio
- NASA GeneLab For High Schools Program (GL4HS), Space Biology Program, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett field, CA, USA
| | - Sigrid Reinsch
- NASA GeneLab For High Schools Program (GL4HS), Space Biology Program, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett field, CA, USA
| | - Pinar Avci
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Sara R Zwart
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott M Smith
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 77058, USA
| | - Martina Heer
- IU International University of Applied Sciences, Erfurt and University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Masafumi Muratani
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
- Department of Genome Biology, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Cem Meydan
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eliah Overbey
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jangkeun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher R Chin
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiwoon Park
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan C Schisler
- McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Szewczyk
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Craig R G Willis
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Amr Salam
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett field, CA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Finch RH, Vitry G, Siew K, Walsh SB, Behesti A, Hardiman G, da Silveira WA. Spaceflight causes strain-dependent gene expression changes associated with lipid and extracellular matrix dysregulation in the mouse kidney in vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.13.584781. [PMID: 38559158 PMCID: PMC10979940 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.13.584781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
To explore new worlds we must ensure humans can survive and thrive in the space environment. Incidence of kidney stones in astronauts is a major risk factor associated with long term missions, caused by increased blood calcium levels due to bone demineralisation triggered by microgravity and space radiation. Transcriptomic changes have been observed in other tissues during spaceflight, including the kidney. We analysed kidney transcriptome patterns in two different strains of mice flown on the International Space Station, C57BL/6J and BALB/c. Here we show a link between spaceflight and transcriptome patterns associated with dysregulation of lipid and extracellular matrix metabolism and altered transforming growth factor-beta signalling. A stronger response was seen in C57BL/6J mice than BALB/c. Genetic differences in hyaluronan metabolism between strains may confer protection against extracellular matrix remodelling through downregulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We intend for our findings to contribute to development of new countermeasures against kidney disease in astronauts and people here on Earth. Highlights Spaceflight has a significant effect on gene expression in the kidney.Responses in the BALB/c indicate milder transcriptomic perturbations than C57BL/6J.Lipid metabolism was altered in both strains of mice.Extracellular matrix metabolism and TGF-β signalling up in BALB/c down in C57BL/6J.Reduced gene expression of hyaluronan synthesis pathway in BALB/c but not in C57BL/6J.
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4
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Veliz AL, Mamoun L, Hughes L, Vega R, Holmes B, Monteon A, Bray J, Pecaut MJ, Kearns-Jonker M. Transcriptomic Effects on the Mouse Heart Following 30 Days on the International Space Station. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020371. [PMID: 36830740 PMCID: PMC9953463 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts to understand the impact of spaceflight on the human body stem from growing interest in long-term space travel. Multiple organ systems are affected by microgravity and radiation, including the cardiovascular system. Previous transcriptomic studies have sought to reveal the changes in gene expression after spaceflight. However, little is known about the impact of long-term spaceflight on the mouse heart in vivo. This study focuses on the transcriptomic changes in the hearts of female C57BL/6J mice flown on the International Space Station (ISS) for 30 days. RNA was isolated from the hearts of three flight and three comparable ground control mice and RNA sequencing was performed. Our analyses showed that 1147 transcripts were significantly regulated after spaceflight. The MAPK, PI3K-Akt, and GPCR signaling pathways were predicted to be activated. Transcripts related to cytoskeleton breakdown and organization were upregulated, but no significant change in the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components or oxidative stress pathway-associated transcripts occurred. Our results indicate an absence of cellular senescence, and a significant upregulation of transcripts associated with the cell cycle. Transcripts related to cellular maintenance and survival were most affected by spaceflight, suggesting that cardiovascular transcriptome initiates an adaptive response to long-term spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia L. Veliz
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Lana Mamoun
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Lorelei Hughes
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Richard Vega
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Bailey Holmes
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Andrea Monteon
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Jillian Bray
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Michael J. Pecaut
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Mary Kearns-Jonker
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Correspondence:
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Cahill T, da Silveira WA, Renaud L, Wang H, Williamson T, Chung D, Chan S, Overton I, Hardiman G. Investigating the effects of chronic low-dose radiation exposure in the liver of a hypothermic zebrafish model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:918. [PMID: 36650199 PMCID: PMC9845366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26976-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mankind's quest for a manned mission to Mars is placing increased emphasis on the development of innovative radio-protective countermeasures for long-term space travel. Hibernation confers radio-protective effects in hibernating animals, and this has led to the investigation of synthetic torpor to mitigate the deleterious effects of chronic low-dose-rate radiation exposure. Here we describe an induced torpor model we developed using the zebrafish. We explored the effects of radiation exposure on this model with a focus on the liver. Transcriptomic and behavioural analyses were performed. Radiation exposure resulted in transcriptomic perturbations in lipid metabolism and absorption, wound healing, immune response, and fibrogenic pathways. Induced torpor reduced metabolism and increased pro-survival, anti-apoptotic, and DNA repair pathways. Coupled with radiation exposure, induced torpor led to a stress response but also revealed maintenance of DNA repair mechanisms, pro-survival and anti-apoptotic signals. To further characterise our model of induced torpor, the zebrafish model was compared with hepatic transcriptomic data from hibernating grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) and active controls revealing conserved responses in gene expression associated with anti-apoptotic processes, DNA damage repair, cell survival, proliferation, and antioxidant response. Similarly, the radiation group was compared with space-flown mice revealing shared changes in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cahill
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Willian Abraham da Silveira
- School of Health, Science and Wellbeing, Department of Biological Sciences, Science Centre, Staffordshire University, Leek Road, Stoke-On-Trent, ST4 2DF, UK
- International Space University, 1 Rue Jean-Dominique Cassini, 67400, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Ludivine Renaud
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Tucker Williamson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Dongjun Chung
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sherine Chan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- JLABS at the Children's National Research and Innovation Campus, Washington, DC, 20012, USA
| | - Ian Overton
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Gary Hardiman
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK.
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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6
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Singh VK, Seed TM. Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute/Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences perspective on space radiation countermeasure discovery. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2022; 35:20-29. [PMID: 36336365 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to develop and deploy medical countermeasures (MCMs) in order to support astronauts during space missions against excessive exposures to ionizing radiation exposure. The radiation environment of extraterrestrial space is complex and is characterized by nearly constant fluences of elemental atomic particles (protons being a dominant particle type) with widely different energies and ionization potentials. Chronic exposure to such ionizing radiation carries both near- and long-term health risks, which are generally related to the relative intensity and duration of exposure. These radiation-associated health risks can be managed only to a limited extent by physical means, but perhaps they might be more effectively managed biomedically. The Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute/Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences has a long history of researching and developing MCMs specifically designed to support terrestrial-based military missions involving a radiation-threat component. The development of MCMs for both low and high doses of radiation are major aims of current research, and as such can provide lessons learned for the development of countermeasures applicable to future space missions and its extraterrestrial radiation environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Thomas M Seed
- Tech Micro Services, 4417 Maple Avenue, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Proteomics of lung tissue reveals differences in inflammation and alveolar-capillary barrier response between atelectasis and aerated regions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7065. [PMID: 35487970 PMCID: PMC9053128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atelectasis is a frequent clinical condition, yet knowledge is limited and controversial on its biological contribution towards lung injury. We assessed the regional proteomics of atelectatic versus normally-aerated lung tissue to test the hypothesis that immune and alveolar-capillary barrier functions are compromised by purely atelectasis and dysregulated by additional systemic inflammation (lipopolysaccharide, LPS). Without LPS, 130 proteins were differentially abundant in atelectasis versus aerated lung, mostly (n = 126) with less abundance together with negatively enriched processes in immune, endothelial and epithelial function, and Hippo signaling pathway. Instead, LPS-exposed atelectasis produced 174 differentially abundant proteins, mostly (n = 108) increased including acute lung injury marker RAGE and chemokine CCL5. Functional analysis indicated enhanced leukocyte processes and negatively enriched cell-matrix adhesion and cell junction assembly with LPS. Additionally, extracellular matrix organization and TGF-β signaling were negatively enriched in atelectasis with decreased adhesive glycoprotein THBS1 regardless of LPS. Concordance of a subset of transcriptomics and proteomics revealed overlap of leukocyte-related gene-protein pairs and processes. Together, proteomics of exclusively atelectasis indicates decreased immune response, which converts into an increased response with LPS. Alveolar-capillary barrier function-related proteomics response is down-regulated in atelectasis irrespective of LPS. Specific proteomics signatures suggest biological mechanistic and therapeutic targets for atelectasis-associated lung injury.
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Kim H, Shin Y, Kim DH. Mechanobiological Implications of Cancer Progression in Space. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:740009. [PMID: 34957091 PMCID: PMC8692837 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.740009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is normally adapted to maintain homeostasis in a terrestrial environment. The novel conditions of a space environment introduce challenges that changes the cellular response to its surroundings. Such an alteration causes physical changes in the extracellular microenvironment, inducing the secretion of cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor growth factor-β (TGF-β) from cancer cells to enhance cancer malignancy. Cancer is one of the most prominent cell types to be affected by mechanical cues via active interaction with the tumor microenvironment. However, the mechanism by which cancer cells mechanotransduce in the space environment, as well as the influence of this process on human health, have not been fully elucidated. Due to the growing interest in space biology, this article reviews cancer cell responses to the representative conditions altered in space: microgravity, decompression, and irradiation. Interestingly, cytokine and gene expression that assist in tumor survival, invasive phenotypic transformation, and cancer cell proliferation are upregulated when exposed to both simulated and actual space conditions. The necessity of further research on space mechanobiology such as simulating more complex in vivo experiments or finding other mechanical cues that may be encountered during spaceflight are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyondeog Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Shin
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hwee Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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9
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Sun LR, Li SY, Guo QS, Zhou W, Zhang HM. SPOCK1 Involvement in Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: A New Target in Cancer Therapy? Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:3561-3569. [PMID: 32547193 PMCID: PMC7244346 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s249754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer metastasis is the main obstacle to increasing the lifespan of cancer patients. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a significant role in oncogenic processes, including tumor invasion, intravasation, and micrometastasis formation, and is especially critical for cancer invasion and metastasis. The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a crucial role in the occurrence of EMT corresponding to the change in adhesion between cells and matrices. Conclusion SPOCK1 is a critical regulator of the ECM and mediates EMT in cancer cells. This suggests an important role for SPOCK1 in tumorigenesis, migration and invasion. SPOCK1 is a critical regulator of some processes involved in cancer progression, including cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration. Herein, the functions of SPOCK1 in cancer progression are expounded, revealing the association between SPOCK1 and EMT in cancer metastasis. SPOCK1 is a positive downstream regulator of transforming growth factor-β, and SPOCK1-mediated EMT regulates invasion and metastasis through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. It is of significance that SPOCK1 may be an attractive prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Rui Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yu Li
- Department of Pathology, Hangzhou Third Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Shi Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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Reptiles in Space Missions: Results and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123019. [PMID: 31226840 PMCID: PMC6627973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reptiles are a rare model object for space research. However, some reptile species demonstrate effective adaptation to spaceflight conditions. The main scope of this review is a comparative analysis of reptile experimental exposure in weightlessness, demonstrating the advantages and shortcomings of this model. The description of the known reptile experiments using turtles and geckos in the space and parabolic flight experiments is provided. Behavior, skeletal bones (morphology, histology, and X-ray microtomography), internal organs, and the nervous system (morphology, histology, and immunohistochemistry) are studied in the spaceflight experiments to date, while molecular and physiological results are restricted. Therefore, the results are discussed in the scope of molecular data collected from mammalian (mainly rodents) specimens and cell cultures in the parabolic and orbital flights and simulated microgravity. The published data are compared with the results of the gecko model studies after the 12–44.5-day spaceflights with special reference to the unique peculiarities of the gecko model for the orbital experiments. The complex study of thick-toed geckos after three spaceflights, in which all geckos survived and demonstrated effective adaptation to spaceflight conditions, was performed. However, future investigations are needed to study molecular mechanisms of gecko adaptation in space.
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McLaughlin MF, Donoviel DB, Jones JA. Novel Indications for Commonly Used Medications as Radiation Protectants in Spaceflight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2017. [PMID: 28641684 DOI: 10.3357/amhp.4735.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the space environment, the traditional radioprotective principles of time, distance, and shielding become difficult to implement. Additionally, the complex radiation environment inherent in space, the chronic exposure timeframe, and the presence of numerous confounding variables complicate the process of creating appropriate risk models for astronaut exposure. Pharmaceutical options hold tremendous promise to attenuate acute and late effects of radiation exposure in the astronaut population. Pharmaceuticals currently approved for other indications may also offer radiation protection, modulation, or mitigation properties along with a well-established safety profile. Currently there are only three agents which have been clinically approved to be employed for radiation exposure, and these only for very narrow indications. This review identifies a number of agents currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which could warrant further investigation for use in astronauts. Specifically, we examine preclinical and clinical evidence for statins, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), metformin, calcium channel blockers, β adrenergic receptor blockers, fingolimod, N-acetylcysteine, and pentoxifylline as potential radiation countermeasures.McLaughlin MF, Donoviel DB, Jones JA. Novel indications for commonly used medications as radiation protectants in spaceflight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2017; 88(7):665-676.
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12
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Gridley DS, Pecaut MJ. Changes in the distribution and function of leukocytes after whole-body iron ion irradiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2016; 57:477-491. [PMID: 27380804 PMCID: PMC5045078 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrw051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High-energy particle radiation could have a considerable impact on health during space missions. This study evaluated C57BL/6 mice on Day 40 after total-body 56Fe26+ irradiation at 0, 1, 2 and 3 gray (Gy). Radiation consistently increased thymus mass (one-way ANOVA: P < 0.005); spleen, liver and lung masses were similar among all groups. In the blood, there was no radiation effect on the white blood cell (WBC) count or major leukocyte types. However, the red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit and the CD8+ T cytotoxic (Tc) cell count and percentage all decreased, while both the CD4:CD8 (Th:Tc) cell ratio and spontaneous blastogenesis increased, in one or more irradiated groups compared with unirradiated controls (P < 0.05 vs 0 Gy). In contrast, splenic WBC, lymphocyte, B cell and T helper (Th) counts, %B cells and the CD4:CD8 ratio were all significantly elevated, while Tc percentages decreased, in one or more of the irradiated groups compared with controls (P < 0.05 vs 0 Gy). Although there were trends for minor, radiation-induced increases in %CD11b+ granulocytes in the spleen, cells double-labeled with adhesion markers (CD11b+CD54+, CD11b+CD62E+) were normal. Splenocyte spontaneous blastogenesis and that induced by mitogens (PHA, ConA, LPS) was equivalent to normal. In bone marrow, the percentage of cells expressing stem cell markers, Sca-1 and CD34/Sca-1, were low in one or more of the irradiated groups (P < 0.05 vs 0 Gy). Collectively, the data indicate that significant immunological abnormalities still exist more than a month after 56Fe irradiation and that there are differences dependent upon body compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daila S Gridley
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Chan Shun Pavilion, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Michael J Pecaut
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Chan Shun Pavilion, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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13
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Abstract
Spaceflight affects numerous organ systems in the body, leading to metabolic dysfunction that may have long-term consequences. Microgravity-induced alterations in liver metabolism, particularly with respect to lipids, remain largely unexplored. Here we utilize a novel systems biology approach, combining metabolomics and transcriptomics with advanced Raman microscopy, to investigate altered hepatic lipid metabolism in mice following short duration spaceflight. Mice flown aboard Space Transportation System -135, the last Shuttle mission, lose weight but redistribute lipids, particularly to the liver. Intriguingly, spaceflight mice lose retinol from lipid droplets. Both mRNA and metabolite changes suggest the retinol loss is linked to activation of PPARα-mediated pathways and potentially to hepatic stellate cell activation, both of which may be coincident with increased bile acids and early signs of liver injury. Although the 13-day flight duration is too short for frank fibrosis to develop, the retinol loss plus changes in markers of extracellular matrix remodeling raise the concern that longer duration exposure to the space environment may result in progressive liver damage, increasing the risk for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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14
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Hughson RL, Robertson AD, Arbeille P, Shoemaker JK, Rush JWE, Fraser KS, Greaves DK. Increased postflight carotid artery stiffness and inflight insulin resistance resulting from 6-mo spaceflight in male and female astronauts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H628-38. [PMID: 26747504 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00802.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Removal of the normal head-to-foot gravity vector and chronic weightlessness during spaceflight might induce cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations related to changes in arterial pressure and reduction in physical activity. We tested hypotheses that stiffness of arteries located above the heart would be increased postflight, and that blood biomarkers inflight would be consistent with changes in vascular function. Possible sex differences in responses were explored in four male and four female astronauts who lived on the International Space Station for 6 mo. Carotid artery distensibility coefficient (P = 0.005) and β-stiffness index (P = 0.006) reflected 17-30% increases in arterial stiffness when measured within 38 h of return to Earth compared with preflight. Spaceflight-by-sex interaction effects were found with greater changes in β-stiffness index in women (P = 0.017), but greater changes in pulse wave transit time in men (P = 0.006). Several blood biomarkers were changed from preflight to inflight, including an increase in an index of insulin resistance (P < 0.001) with a spaceflight-by-sex term suggesting greater change in men (P = 0.034). Spaceflight-by-sex interactions for renin (P = 0.016) and aldosterone (P = 0.010) indicated greater increases in women than men. Six-month spaceflight caused increased arterial stiffness. Altered hydrostatic arterial pressure gradients as well as changes in insulin resistance and other biomarkers might have contributed to alterations in arterial properties, including sex differences between male and female astronauts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Hughson
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Andrew D Robertson
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philippe Arbeille
- Unite Medecine Physiologie Spatiale, CERCOM, EFMP, CHU Trousseau, Tours, France
| | - J Kevin Shoemaker
- School of Kinesiology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - James W E Rush
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
| | - Katelyn S Fraser
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle K Greaves
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Nzabarushimana E, Prior S, Miousse IR, Pathak R, Allen AR, Latendresse J, Olsen RHJ, Raber J, Hauer-Jensen M, Nelson GA, Koturbash I. Combined exposure to protons and (56)Fe leads to overexpression of Il13 and reactivation of repetitive elements in the mouse lung. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2015; 7:1-8. [PMID: 26553631 PMCID: PMC4641818 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Interest in deep space exploration underlines the needs to investigate the effects of exposure to combined sources of space radiation. The lung is a target organ for radiation, and exposure to protons and heavy ions as radiation sources may lead to the development of degenerative disease and cancer. In this study, we evaluated the pro-fibrotic and epigenetic effects of exposure to protons (150 MeV/nucleon, 0.1 Gy) and heavy iron ions ((56)Fe, 600 MeV/nucleon, 0.5 Gy) alone or in combination (protons on Day 1 and (56)Fe on Day 2) in C57BL/6 male mice 4 weeks after irradiation. Exposure to (56)Fe, proton or in combination, did not result in histopathological changes in the murine lung. At the same time, combined exposure to protons and (56)Fe resulted in pronounced molecular alterations in comparison with either source of radiation alone. Specifically, we observed a substantial increase in the expression of cytokine Il13, loss of expression of DNA methyltransferase Dnmt1, and reactivation of LINE-1, SINE B1 retrotransposons, and major and minor satellites. Given the deleterious potential of the observed effects that may lead to development of chronic lung injury, pulmonary fibrosis, and cancer, future studies devoted to the investigation of the long-term effects of combined exposures to proton and heavy ions are clearly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Nzabarushimana
- Department of Environmental Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Sara Prior
- Department of Environmental Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Rupak Pathak
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Antiño R Allen
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | | | - Reid H J Olsen
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Gregory A Nelson
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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16
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Nzabarushimana E, Miousse IR, Shao L, Chang J, Allen AR, Turner J, Stewart B, Raber J, Koturbash I. Long-term epigenetic effects of exposure to low doses of 56Fe in the mouse lung. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2014; 55:823-8. [PMID: 24585548 PMCID: PMC4100002 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant progress, the long-term health effects of exposure to high charge (Z) and energy (E) nuclei (HZEs) and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Mouse studies show that space missions can result in pulmonary pathological states. The goal of this study was to evaluate the pro-fibrotic and pro-carcinogenic effects of exposure to low doses of heavy iron ions ((56)Fe) in the mouse lung. Exposure to (56)Fe (600 MeV; 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 Gy) resulted in minor pro-fibrotic changes, detected at the beginning of the fibrotic phase (22 weeks post exposure), which were exhibited as increased expression of chemokine Ccl3, and interleukin Il4. Epigenetic alterations were exhibited as global DNA hypermethylation, observed after exposure to 0.4 Gy. Cadm1, Cdh13, Cdkn1c, Mthfr and Sfrp1 were significantly hypermethylated after exposure to 0.1 Gy, while exposure to higher doses resulted in hypermethylation of Cdkn1c only. However, expression of these genes was not affected by any dose. Congruently with the observed patterns of global DNA methylation, DNA repetitive elements were hypermethylated after exposure to 0.4 Gy, with minor changes observed after exposure to lower doses. Importantly, hypermethylation of repetitive elements coincided with their transcriptional repression. The findings of this study will aid in understanding molecular determinants of pathological states associated with exposure to (56)Fe, as well as serve as robust biomarkers for the delayed effects of irradiation. Further studies are clearly needed to investigate the persistence and outcomes of molecular alterations long term after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Nzabarushimana
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, #820-11, Little Rock, 72205-7199, AR, USA
| | - Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, #820-11, Little Rock, 72205-7199, AR, USA
| | - Lijian Shao
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, #820-11, Little Rock, 72205-7199, AR, USA
| | - Jianhui Chang
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, #820-11, Little Rock, 72205-7199, AR, USA
| | - Antiño R Allen
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, #820-11, Little Rock, 72205-7199, AR, USA
| | - Jennifer Turner
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, 97239-3098, OR, USA
| | - Blair Stewart
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, 97239-3098, OR, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, 97239-3098, OR, USA Department of Neurology, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, 97239-3098, OR, USA Division of Cancer Biology and Radiobiology, and Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, 97239-3098, OR, USA
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, #820-11, Little Rock, 72205-7199, AR, USA
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17
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Gridley DS, Mao XW, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL, Bateman TA, Moldovan M, Cunningham CE, Jones TA, Slater JM, Pecaut MJ. Changes in mouse thymus and spleen after return from the STS-135 mission in space. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75097. [PMID: 24069384 PMCID: PMC3777930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous results with flight (FLT) mice showed abnormalities in thymuses and spleens that have potential to compromise immune defense mechanisms. In this study, the organs were further evaluated in C57BL/6 mice after Space Shuttle Atlantis returned from a 13-day mission. Thymuses and spleens were harvested from FLT mice and ground controls housed in similar animal enclosure modules (AEM). Organ and body mass, DNA fragmentation and expression of genes related to T cells and cancer were determined. Although significance was not obtained for thymus mass, DNA fragmentation was greater in the FLT group (P<0.01). Spleen mass alone and relative to body mass was significantly decreased in FLT mice (P<0.05). In FLT thymuses, 6/84 T cell-related genes were affected versus the AEM control group (P<0.05; up: IL10, Il18bp, Il18r1, Spp1; down: Ccl7, IL6); 15/84 cancer-related genes had altered expression (P<0.05; up: Casp8, FGFR2, Figf, Hgf, IGF1, Itga4, Ncam1, Pdgfa, Pik3r1, Serpinb2, Sykb; down: Cdc25a, E2F1, Mmp9, Myc). In the spleen, 8/84 cancer-related genes were affected in FLT mice compared to AEM controls (P<0.05; up: Cdkn2a; down: Birc5, Casp8, Ctnnb1, Map2k1, Mdm2, NFkB1, Pdgfa). Pathway analysis (apoptosis signaling and checkpoint regulation) was used to map relationships among the cancer–related genes. The results showed that a relatively short mission in space had a significant impact on both organs. The findings also indicate that immune system aberrations due to stressors associated with space travel should be included when estimating risk for pathologies such as cancer and infection and in designing appropriate countermeasures. Although this was the historic last flight of NASA’s Space Shuttle Program, exploration of space will undoubtedly continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daila S. Gridley
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiao Wen Mao
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Louis S. Stodieck
- BioServe Space Technologies, Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Virginia L. Ferguson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ted A. Bateman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maria Moldovan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher E. Cunningham
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Tamako A. Jones
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Jerry M. Slater
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Pecaut
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
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18
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Wolchok JC, Tresco PA. Using vocally inspired mechanical conditioning to enhance the synthesis of a cell-derived biomaterial. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 41:2358-66. [PMID: 23793412 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0845-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The collection of cell-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) to form implantable biomaterials has therapeutic potential. However, a significant challenge to the creation of these biomaterials is the ability to produce an adequate quantity of ECM from cells in culture. Mechanical stimulation has long been viewed as a practical means to enhance cellular matrix production. In this study we explored the influence of vocally inspired mechanical stimulation, a unique combination of high frequency vibration and low frequency strain, on the production of ECM. Using a custom fabricated vocal bioreactor, tracheal fibroblast seeded sacrificial foams were treated for 3 weeks using either isolated cyclic strain, combined cyclic strain and vibration (dual mode), or static conditioning. When compared to static controls, ECM production was significantly increased for samples conditioned with either cyclic strain or dual mode stimulation. The quantity of ECM harvested from sacrificial foams increased from 25 ± 1 mg for statically conditioned control foams, to 34 ± 3 and 52 ± 10 mg for cyclic strain and dual mode conditioned samples respectively. Furthermore, mechanical conditioning significantly increased the elastic modulus of ECM biomaterials collected from sacrificial foams. Static control modulus increased from 40 ± 2 to 63 ± 7 kPa and 92 ± 7 kPa following isolated cyclic strain and dual mode conditioning, respectively. These results indicate that cyclic strain conditioning can be used to accelerate the production of ECM by human tracheal cells during growth in culture, and that the addition of high frequency vibration to the conditioning program further enhances ECM production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Wolchok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, 317 Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA,
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19
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Tian J, Tian S, Gridley DS. Comparison of acute proton, photon, and low-dose priming effects on genes associated with extracellular matrix and adhesion molecules in the lungs. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2013; 6:4. [PMID: 23374750 PMCID: PMC3579759 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-6-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Crew members on space missions inevitably are exposed to low background radiation and can receive much higher doses during solar particle events (SPE) that consist primarily of protons. Ionizing radiation could cause lung pathologies. Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) are believed to participate in fibrogenesis. Interactions between CAM and extracellular matrix (ECM) affect epithelial repair mechanisms in the lung. However, there are very limited data on biological effects of protons on normal lung tissue. Numerous reports have shown that exposure to low-dose/low-dose-rate (LDR) radiation can result in radioadaptation that renders cells more resistant to subsequent acute radiation. The goal of this study was to compare expression of genes associated with ECM and CAM, as well as critical profibrotic mediators, in mouse lungs after acute irradiation with photons and protons, and also determine whether pre-exposure to LDR γ-rays induces an adaptive effect. Results Overall, a marked difference was present in the proton vs. photon groups in gene expression. When compared to 0 Gy, more genes were affected by protons than by photons at both time points (11 vs. 6 on day 21 and 14 vs. 8 on day 56), and all genes affected by protons were upregulated. Many genes were modulated by LDR γ-rays when combined with photons or protons. Col1a1, mmp14, and mmp15 were significantly upregulated by all radiation regimens on day 21. Similarly, the change in expression of profibrotic proteins was also detected after acute and combination irradiation. Conclusion These data show that marked differences were present between acutely delivered protons and photons in modulating genes, and the effect of protons was more profound than that of photons. Pre-exposure to LDR γ-rays ‘normalized’ some genes that were modified by acute irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tian
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Radiation Research Laboratories and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.,Department of Pathological Anatomy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Sisi Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Daila S Gridley
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Radiation Research Laboratories and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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20
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Gridley DS, Rizvi A, Makinde AY, Luo-Owen X, Mao XW, Tian J, Slater JM, Pecaut MJ. Space-relevant radiation modifies cytokine profiles, signaling proteins and Foxp3+T cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 89:26-35. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.715792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Guo Y, Guo N, Liu C, Wang D, Wang J, Sun X, Fan S, Wang C, Yang C, Zhang Y, Lu D, Yao Y. Effect of artificial gravity with exercise training on lung function during head-down bed rest in humans. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2012; 33:24-9. [PMID: 23216762 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2012.01155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Guo
- Nanlou Respiratory Department; Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical College; Beijing; China
| | - Na Guo
- Nanlou Respiratory Department; Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical College; Beijing; China
| | - Changting Liu
- Nanlou Respiratory Department; Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical College; Beijing; China
| | - Delong Wang
- Nanlou Respiratory Department; Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical College; Beijing; China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Nanlou Respiratory Department; Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical College; Beijing; China
| | - Xiqing Sun
- Department of Aerospace Biodynamics, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an; China
| | - Shangchun Fan
- School of Instrumentation, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Beijing; China
| | - Changyong Wang
- Department of Tissue Engineering; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences; Beijing; China
| | - Changbin Yang
- Department of Aerospace Biodynamics, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an; China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Aerospace Biodynamics, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an; China
| | - Dongyuan Lu
- Department of Aerospace Biodynamics, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an; China
| | - Yongjie Yao
- Department of Aerospace Biodynamics, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an; China
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22
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Tian J, Zhao W, Tian S, Slater JM, Deng Z, Gridley DS. Expression of Genes Involved in Mouse Lung Cell Differentiation/Regulation after Acute Exposure to Photons and Protons with or without Low-Dose Preirradiation. Radiat Res 2011; 176:553-64. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2601.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tian
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Radiation Research Laboratories, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - WeiLing Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sisi Tian
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - James M. Slater
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Radiation Research Laboratories, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Zhiyong Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Daila S. Gridley
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Radiation Research Laboratories, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
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23
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Lovgren AK, Kovacs JJ, Xie T, Potts EN, Li Y, Foster WM, Liang J, Meltzer EB, Jiang D, Lefkowitz RJ, Noble PW. β-arrestin deficiency protects against pulmonary fibrosis in mice and prevents fibroblast invasion of extracellular matrix. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:74ra23. [PMID: 21411739 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive disease that causes unremitting extracellular matrix deposition with resulting distortion of pulmonary architecture and impaired gas exchange. β-Arrestins regulate G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein)-coupled receptors through receptor desensitization while also acting as signaling scaffolds to facilitate numerous effector pathways. Here, we examine the role of β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2 in the pathobiology of pulmonary fibrosis. In the bleomycin-induced mouse lung fibrosis model, loss of either β-arrestin1 or β-arrestin2 resulted in protection from mortality, inhibition of matrix deposition, and protected lung function. Fibrosis was prevented despite preserved recruitment of inflammatory cells and fibroblast chemotaxis. However, isolated lung fibroblasts from bleomycin-treated β-arrestin-null mice failed to invade extracellular matrix and displayed altered expression of genes involved in matrix production and degradation. Furthermore, knockdown of β-arrestin2 in fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis attenuated the invasive phenotype. These data implicate β-arrestins as mediators of fibroblast invasion and the development of pulmonary fibrosis, and as a potential target for therapeutic intervention in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia Kern Lovgren
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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24
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Rizvi A, Pecaut MJ, Slater JM, Subramaniam S, Gridley DS. Low-dose γ-rays modify CD4(+) T cell signalling response to simulated solar particle event protons in a mouse model. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:24-35. [PMID: 21142612 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2010.518206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Astronauts on missions are exposed to low-dose/low-dose-rate (LDR) radiation and could receive high doses during solar particle events (SPE). This study investigated T cell function in response to LDR radiation and simulated SPE (sSPE) protons, alone and in combination. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice received LDR γ-radiation (⁵⁷Co) to a total dose of 0.01 Gray (Gy) at 0.179 mGy/h, either with or without subsequent exposure to 1.7 Gy sSPE protons delivered over 36 h. Mice were euthanised on days 4 and 21 post-exposure. T cells with cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4(+)) were negatively isolated from spleens and activated with anti-CD3 antibody. Cells and supernatants were evaluated for survival/signalling proteins and cytokines. RESULTS The most striking effects were noted on day 21. In the survival pathway, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB; total and active forms) and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38MAPK; total) were significantly increased and cJun N-terminal kinase (JNK; total and active) was decreased when mice were primed with LDR γ-rays prior to sSPE exposure (P < 0.001). Evaluation of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signalling pathway revealed that LDR γ-ray exposure normalised the high sSPE proton-induced level of lymphocyte specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck; total and active) on day 21 (P < 0.001 for sSPE vs. LDR + sSPE), while radiation had no effect on active zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 (Zap-70). There was increased production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-4 and decreased transforming growth factor-β1 in the LDR + sSPE group compared to the sSPE group. CONCLUSION The data demonstrate, for the first time, that protracted exposure to LDR γ-rays can significantly modify the effects of sSPE protons on critical survival/signalling proteins and immunomodulatory cytokines produced by CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Rizvi
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University & Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
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25
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Bascove M, Guéguinou N, Schaerlinger B, Gauquelin‐Koch G, Frippiat J. Decrease in antibody somatic hypermutation frequency under extreme, extended spaceflight conditions. FASEB J 2011; 25:2947-55. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-185215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Bascove
- Faculty of Medicine, Development and ImmunogeneticsNancy‐UniversityVandœuvre‐lès‐NancyFrance
| | - Nathan Guéguinou
- Faculty of Medicine, Development and ImmunogeneticsNancy‐UniversityVandœuvre‐lès‐NancyFrance
| | - Bérénice Schaerlinger
- Faculty of Medicine, Development and ImmunogeneticsNancy‐UniversityVandœuvre‐lès‐NancyFrance
| | | | - Jean‐Pol Frippiat
- Faculty of Medicine, Development and ImmunogeneticsNancy‐UniversityVandœuvre‐lès‐NancyFrance
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26
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Kumar S, Seqqat R, Chigurupati S, Kumar R, Baker KM, Young D, Sen S, Gupta S. Inhibition of nuclear factor κB regresses cardiac hypertrophy by modulating the expression of extracellular matrix and adhesion molecules. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:206-15. [PMID: 21047552 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.10.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial remodeling denotes a chronic pathological condition of dysfunctional myocardium that occurs in cardiac hypertrophy (CH) and heart failure (HF). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are major initiators of excessive collagen and fibronectin deposition in cardiac fibrosis. Increased production of ROS and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation provide a strong link between oxidative stress and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in cardiac hypertrophy. The protective inhibitory actions of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a pharmacological inhibitor of NF-κB and a potent antioxidant, make this a good agent to evaluate the role of inhibition of NF-κB and prevention of excessive ECM deposition in maladaptive cardiac remodeling during HF. In this report, we used a transgenic mouse model (Myo-Tg) that has cardiac-specific overexpression of myotrophin. This overexpression of myotrophin in the Myo-Tg model directs ECM deposition and increased NF-κB activity, which result in CH and ultimately HF. Using the Myo-Tg model, our data showed upregulation of profibrotic genes (including collagen types I and III, connective tissue growth factor, and fibronectin) in Myo-Tg mice, compared to wild-type mice, during the progression of CH. Pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB by PDTC in the Myo-Tg mice resulted in a significant reduction in cardiac mass, NF-κB activity, and profibrotic gene expression and improved cardiac function. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of ECM regulation by inhibition of NF-κB activation by PDTC. The study highlights the importance of the NF-κB signaling pathway and therapeutic benefits of PDTC treatment in cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77840, USA
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