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Jaramillo-Rangel G, Chávez-Briones MDL, Ancer-Arellano A, Miranda-Maldonado I, Ortega-Martínez M. Back to the Basics: Usefulness of Naturally Aged Mouse Models and Immunohistochemical and Quantitative Morphologic Methods in Studying Mechanisms of Lung Aging and Associated Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2075. [PMID: 37509714 PMCID: PMC10377355 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging-related molecular and cellular alterations in the lung contribute to an increased susceptibility of the elderly to devastating diseases. Although the study of the aging process in the lung may benefit from the use of genetically modified mouse models and omics techniques, these approaches are still not available to most researchers and produce complex results. In this article, we review works that used naturally aged mouse models, together with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative morphologic (QM) methods in the study of the mechanisms of the aging process in the lung and its most commonly associated disorders: cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and infectious diseases. The advantage of using naturally aged mice is that they present characteristics similar to those observed in human aging. The advantage of using IHC and QM methods lies in their simplicity, economic accessibility, and easy interpretation, in addition to the fact that they provide extremely important information. The study of the aging process in the lung and its associated diseases could allow the design of appropriate therapeutic strategies, which is extremely important considering that life expectancy and the number of elderly people continue to increase considerably worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Jaramillo-Rangel
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | | | - Adriana Ancer-Arellano
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Ivett Miranda-Maldonado
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Marta Ortega-Martínez
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
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2
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Lilley RJ, Taylor KD, Wildman SSP, Peppiatt-Wildman CM. Inflammatory mediators act at renal pericytes to elicit contraction of vasa recta and reduce pericyte density along the kidney medullary vascular network. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1194803. [PMID: 37362447 PMCID: PMC10288992 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1194803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Regardless of initiating cause, renal injury promotes a potent pro-inflammatory environment in the outer medulla and a concomitant sustained decrease in medullary blood flow (MBF). This decline in MBF is believed to be one of the critical events in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI), yet the precise cellular mechanism underlying this are still to be fully elucidated. MBF is regulated by contractile pericyte cells that reside on the descending vasa recta (DVR) capillaries, which are the primary source of blood flow to the medulla. Methods: Using the rat and murine live kidney slice models, we investigated the acute effects of key medullary inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-33, IL-18, C3a and C5a on vasa recta pericytes, the effect of AT1-R blocker Losartan on pro-inflammatory mediator activity at vasa recta pericytes, and the effect of 4-hour sustained exposure on immunolabelled NG2+ pericytes. Results and discussion: Exposure of rat and mouse kidney slices to TNF-α, IL-18, IL-33, and C5a demonstrated a real-time pericyte-mediated constriction of DVR. When pro-inflammatory mediators were applied in the presence of Losartan the inflammatory mediator-mediated constriction that had previously been observed was significantly attenuated. When live kidney slices were exposed to inflammatory mediators for 4-h, we noted a significant reduction in the number of NG2+ positive pericytes along vasa recta capillaries in both rat and murine kidney slices. Data collected in this study demonstrate that inflammatory mediators can dysregulate pericytes to constrict DVR diameter and reduce the density of pericytes along vasa recta vessels, further diminishing the regulatory capacity of the capillary network. We postulate that preliminary findings here suggest pericytes play a role in AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Lilley
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsti D. Taylor
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
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3
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Hsia CCW, Bates JHT, Driehuys B, Fain SB, Goldin JG, Hoffman EA, Hogg JC, Levin DL, Lynch DA, Ochs M, Parraga G, Prisk GK, Smith BM, Tawhai M, Vidal Melo MF, Woods JC, Hopkins SR. Quantitative Imaging Metrics for the Assessment of Pulmonary Pathophysiology: An Official American Thoracic Society and Fleischner Society Joint Workshop Report. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2023; 20:161-195. [PMID: 36723475 PMCID: PMC9989862 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202211-915st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple thoracic imaging modalities have been developed to link structure to function in the diagnosis and monitoring of lung disease. Volumetric computed tomography (CT) renders three-dimensional maps of lung structures and may be combined with positron emission tomography (PET) to obtain dynamic physiological data. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using ultrashort-echo time (UTE) sequences has improved signal detection from lung parenchyma; contrast agents are used to deduce airway function, ventilation-perfusion-diffusion, and mechanics. Proton MRI can measure regional ventilation-perfusion ratio. Quantitative imaging (QI)-derived endpoints have been developed to identify structure-function phenotypes, including air-blood-tissue volume partition, bronchovascular remodeling, emphysema, fibrosis, and textural patterns indicating architectural alteration. Coregistered landmarks on paired images obtained at different lung volumes are used to infer airway caliber, air trapping, gas and blood transport, compliance, and deformation. This document summarizes fundamental "good practice" stereological principles in QI study design and analysis; evaluates technical capabilities and limitations of common imaging modalities; and assesses major QI endpoints regarding underlying assumptions and limitations, ability to detect and stratify heterogeneous, overlapping pathophysiology, and monitor disease progression and therapeutic response, correlated with and complementary to, functional indices. The goal is to promote unbiased quantification and interpretation of in vivo imaging data, compare metrics obtained using different QI modalities to ensure accurate and reproducible metric derivation, and avoid misrepresentation of inferred physiological processes. The role of imaging-based computational modeling in advancing these goals is emphasized. Fundamental principles outlined herein are critical for all forms of QI irrespective of acquisition modality or disease entity.
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4
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Jakobsen SR, Hansen IB, Harders SW, Thomsen AH, Pedersen CCE, Boel LWT, Hansen K. Quantitative analysis of pulmonary structures in PMCT; Stereological comparison of drowning compared to opioid-overdose cases. FORENSIC IMAGING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2022.200486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The intention of this short primer is to raise your appetite for proper quantitative assessment of lung micro-structure. The method of choice for obtaining such data is stereology. Rooted in stochastic geometry, stereology provides simple and efficient tools to obtain quantitative three-dimensional information based on measurements on nearly two-dimensional microscopic sections. In this primer, the basic concepts of stereology and its application to the lung are introduced step by step along the workflow of a stereological study. The integration of stereology in your laboratory work will help to improve its quality. In a broader context, stereology may also be seen as a contribution to good scientific practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany. .,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Julia Schipke
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
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6
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Haberthür D, Yao E, Barré SF, Cremona TP, Tschanz SA, Schittny JC. Pulmonary acini exhibit complex changes during postnatal rat lung development. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257349. [PMID: 34748555 PMCID: PMC8575188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary acini represent the functional gas-exchanging units of the lung. Due to technical limitations, individual acini cannot be identified on microscopic lung sections. To overcome these limitations, we imaged the right lower lobes of instillation-fixed rat lungs from postnatal days P4, P10, P21, and P60 at the TOMCAT beamline of the Swiss Light Source synchrotron facility at a voxel size of 1.48 μm. Individual acini were segmented from the three-dimensional data by closing the airways at the transition from conducting to gas exchanging airways. For a subset of acini (N = 268), we followed the acinar development by stereologically assessing their volume and their number of alveoli. We found that the mean volume of the acini increases 23 times during the observed time-frame. The coefficients of variation dropped from 1.26 to 0.49 and the difference between the mean volumes of the fraction of the 20% smallest to the 20% largest acini decreased from a factor of 27.26 (day 4) to a factor of 4.07 (day 60), i.e. shows a smaller dispersion at later time points. The acinar volumes show a large variation early in lung development and homogenize during maturation of the lung by reducing their size distribution by a factor of 7 until adulthood. The homogenization of the acinar sizes hints at an optimization of the gas-exchange region in the lungs of adult animals and that acini of different size are not evenly distributed in the lungs. This likely leads to more homogeneous ventilation at later stages in lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eveline Yao
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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7
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Giusto K, Wanczyk H, Jensen T, Finck C. Hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia: better models for better therapies. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm047753. [PMID: 33729989 PMCID: PMC7927658 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.047753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease caused by exposure to high levels of oxygen (hyperoxia) and is the most common complication that affects preterm newborns. At present, there is no cure for BPD. Infants can recover from BPD; however, they will suffer from significant morbidity into adulthood in the form of neurodevelopmental impairment, asthma and emphysematous changes of the lung. The development of hyperoxia-induced lung injury models in small and large animals to test potential treatments for BPD has shown some success, yet a lack of standardization in approaches and methods makes clinical translation difficult. In vitro models have also been developed to investigate the molecular pathways altered during BPD and to address the pitfalls associated with animal models. Preclinical studies have investigated the efficacy of stem cell-based therapies to improve lung morphology after damage. However, variability regarding the type of animal model and duration of hyperoxia to elicit damage exists in the literature. These models should be further developed and standardized, to cover the degree and duration of hyperoxia, type of animal model, and lung injury endpoint, to improve their translational relevance. The purpose of this Review is to highlight concerns associated with current animal models of hyperoxia-induced BPD and to show the potential of in vitro models to complement in vivo studies in the significant improvement to our understanding of BPD pathogenesis and treatment. The status of current stem cell therapies for treatment of BPD is also discussed. We offer suggestions to optimize models and therapeutic modalities for treatment of hyperoxia-induced lung damage in order to advance the standardization of procedures for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten Giusto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, 06106 CT, USA
| | - Heather Wanczyk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, 06106 CT, USA
| | - Todd Jensen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, 06106 CT, USA
| | - Christine Finck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, 06106 CT, USA
- Department of Surgery, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
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8
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Santos MP, Gonçalves-Santos E, Gonçalves RV, Santos EC, Campos CC, Bastos DSS, Marques MJ, Souza RLM, Novaes RD. Doxycycline aggravates granulomatous inflammation and lung microstructural remodeling induced by Schistosoma mansoni infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107462. [PMID: 33611055 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although doxycycline exhibits immunomodulatory properties, its effects on pulmonary infection by Schistosoma mansoni remain overlooked. Thus, we investigated the impact of this drug on lung granulomatous inflammation and microstructural remodeling in a murine model of schistosomiasis. Swiss mice were randomized in four groups: (i) uninfected, (ii) infected with S. mansoni and untreated, (iii) infected treated with praziquantel (Pzq; 200 mg/kg), and (iv) infected treated with Dox (50 mg/kg). Pz was administered in a single dose, and Dox for 60 days. S. mansoni induced marked granulomatous lung inflammation, which was associated to cytokines upregulation (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and TGF-β), neutrophils and macrophages recruitment, alveolar collapse, lung fibrosis, and extensive depletion of elastic fibers. These parameters were attenuated by Pzq and aggravated by Dox. Exudative/productive granulomas were predominant in untreated and Dox-treated animals, while fibrotic granulomas were more frequent in Pzq-treated mice. The number and size of granulomas in Dox-treated animals was higher than untreated and Pzq-treated mice. Dox treatment inhibited the increase in MMP-1 and MMP-2 activity but upregulated myeloperoxidase and N-acetylglucosaminidase activity compared to untreated and Pzq-treated animals. Dox and Pzq exerted no effect on elastin depletion and upregulation of elastase activity. Together, our findings indicated that Dox aggravated granulomatous inflammation, accelerating lung microstructural remodeling by downregulating MMP-1 and MMP-2 activity without impair neutrophils and macrophages recruitment or elastase activity. Thus, Dox potentiates inflammatory damage associated with lung fibrosis, elastin depletion and massive alveolar collapse, profoundly subverting lung structure in S. mansoni-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida P Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elda Gonçalves-Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reggiani V Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eliziária C Santos
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila C Campos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel S S Bastos
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos J Marques
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel L M Souza
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo D Novaes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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9
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Pérez-Bravo D, Myti D, Mižíková I, Pfeffer T, Surate Solaligue DE, Nardiello C, Vadász I, Herold S, Seeger W, Ahlbrecht K, Morty RE. A comparison of airway pressures for inflation fixation of developing mouse lungs for stereological analyses. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 155:203-214. [PMID: 33372249 PMCID: PMC7910376 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01951-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The morphometric analysis of lung structure using the principles of stereology has emerged as a powerful tool to describe the structural changes in lung architecture that accompany the development of lung disease that is experimentally modelled in adult mice. These stereological principles are now being applied to the study of the evolution of the lung architecture over the course of prenatal and postnatal lung development in mouse neonates and adolescents. The immature lung is structurally and functionally distinct from the adult lung, and has a smaller volume than does the adult lung. These differences have raised concerns about whether the inflation fixation of neonatal mouse lungs with the airway pressure (Paw) used for the inflation fixation of adult mouse lungs may cause distortion of the neonatal mouse lung structure, leading to the generation of artefacts in subsequent analyses. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of a Paw of 10, 20 and 30 cmH2O on the estimation of lung volumes and stereologically assessed parameters that describe the lung structure in developing mouse lungs. The data presented demonstrate that low Paw (10 cmH2O) leads to heterogeneity in the unfolding of alveolar structures within the lungs, and that high Paw (30 cmH2O) leads to an overestimation of the lung volume, and thus, affects the estimation of volume-dependent parameters, such as total alveoli number and gas-exchange surface area. Thus, these data support the use of a Paw of 20 cmH2O for inflation fixation in morphometric studies on neonatal mouse lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pérez-Bravo
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Parkstrasse 1, 60231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Aulweg 123, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Despoina Myti
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Parkstrasse 1, 60231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Aulweg 123, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ivana Mižíková
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Parkstrasse 1, 60231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Aulweg 123, 35394, Giessen, Germany.,Regenerative Medicine Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth (Box 511), Ottawa, ON, 1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Tilman Pfeffer
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Parkstrasse 1, 60231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Aulweg 123, 35394, Giessen, Germany.,Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David E Surate Solaligue
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Parkstrasse 1, 60231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Aulweg 123, 35394, Giessen, Germany.,Our Lady's Hospital, MoathillCo. Meath, Navan, C15 RK7Y, Ireland
| | - Claudio Nardiello
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Parkstrasse 1, 60231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Aulweg 123, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - István Vadász
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Aulweg 123, 35394, Giessen, Germany.,Cardio Pulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Aulweg 123, 35394, Giessen, Germany.,Cardio Pulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Parkstrasse 1, 60231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Aulweg 123, 35394, Giessen, Germany.,Cardio Pulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 130, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin Ahlbrecht
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Parkstrasse 1, 60231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Aulweg 123, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Parkstrasse 1, 60231, Bad Nauheim, Germany. .,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Aulweg 123, 35394, Giessen, Germany. .,Cardio Pulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, Giessen, Germany.
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10
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Mechanical ventilation-induced alterations of intracellular surfactant pool and blood-gas barrier in healthy and pre-injured lungs. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 155:183-202. [PMID: 33188462 PMCID: PMC7910377 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01938-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation triggers the manifestation of lung injury and pre-injured lungs are more susceptible. Ventilation-induced abnormalities of alveolar surfactant are involved in injury progression. The effects of mechanical ventilation on the surfactant system might be different in healthy compared to pre-injured lungs. In the present study, we investigated the effects of different positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ventilations on the structure of the blood–gas barrier, the ultrastructure of alveolar epithelial type II (AE2) cells and the intracellular surfactant pool (= lamellar bodies, LB). Rats were randomized into bleomycin-pre-injured or healthy control groups. One day later, rats were either not ventilated, or ventilated with PEEP = 1 or 5 cmH2O and a tidal volume of 10 ml/kg bodyweight for 3 h. Left lungs were subjected to design-based stereology, right lungs to measurements of surfactant proteins (SP−) B and C expression. In pre-injured lungs without ventilation, the expression of SP-C was reduced by bleomycin; while, there were fewer and larger LB compared to healthy lungs. PEEP = 1 cmH2O ventilation of bleomycin-injured lungs was linked with the thickest blood–gas barrier due to increased septal interstitial volumes. In healthy lungs, increasing PEEP levels reduced mean AE2 cell size and volume of LB per AE2 cell; while in pre-injured lungs, volumes of AE2 cells and LB per cell remained stable across PEEPs. Instead, in pre-injured lungs, increasing PEEP levels increased the number and decreased the mean size of LB. In conclusion, mechanical ventilation-induced alterations in LB ultrastructure differ between healthy and pre-injured lungs. PEEP = 1 cmH2O but not PEEP = 5 cmH2O ventilation aggravated septal interstitial abnormalities after bleomycin challenge.
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11
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Belo VA, Pereira JA, Souza SFD, Tana FDL, Pereira BP, Lopes DDO, Ceron CS, Novaes RD, Corsetti PP, de Almeida LA. The role of IL-10 in immune responses against Pseudomonas aeruginosa during acute lung infection. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 383:1123-1133. [PMID: 33165659 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is considered an opportunistic pathogen of great clinical importance. The clearance of this bacterium occurs through recognition of the pathogen by innate immune system receptors, leading to a lung inflammatory response. However, this response must be controlled via immunoregulatory pathways. In this study, we evaluate the role of endogenous murine IL-10 after acute infection with the virulent strain P. aeruginosa PA14. To assess the role of IL-10, intratracheal infection with the PA14 strain was performed in C57BL/6 or IL-10 KO mice. The PA14 strain was recovered in both types of animals, although IL-10 KO mice presented a higher number of viable bacteria in the lung when compared to the C57BL/6 group. Histopathological and stereological analyses showed that IL-10 KO mice had higher tissue damage and inflammatory infiltrate when compared to control animals. The activity of MMP-9 but not MMP-2, as well as IL-6 and TNF-α expression, were augmented in the lungs of infected animals and was much more evident in IL-10 KO animals when compared to the other analyzed groups. This work indicates that endogenous IL-10 control P. aeruginosa infection, the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, MMP-9 activity and histopathological processes of the infectious process in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Aparecida Belo
- Departmento de Microbiologia E Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Assis Pereira
- Departmento de Microbiologia E Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Sara Franchin D Souza
- Departmento de Microbiologia E Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Lima Tana
- Departmento de Microbiologia E Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Bruna P Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Débora de Oliveira Lopes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (CCO), Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Carla S Ceron
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Rômulo D Novaes
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Paiva Corsetti
- Laboratório de Imunologia das Doenças Infecciosas E Crônicas, Universidade José Do Rosário Vellano, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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12
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Knudsen L, Brandenberger C, Ochs M. Stereology as the 3D tool to quantitate lung architecture. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 155:163-181. [PMID: 33051774 PMCID: PMC7910236 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Stereology is the method of choice for the quantitative assessment of biological objects in microscopy. It takes into account the fact that, in traditional microscopy such as conventional light and transmission electron microscopy, although one has to rely on measurements on nearly two-dimensional sections from fixed and embedded tissue samples, the quantitative data obtained by these measurements should characterize the real three-dimensional properties of the biological objects and not just their “flatland” appearance on the sections. Thus, three-dimensionality is a built-in property of stereological sampling and measurement tools. Stereology is, therefore, perfectly suited to be combined with 3D imaging techniques which cover a wide range of complementary sample sizes and resolutions, e.g. micro-computed tomography, confocal microscopy and volume electron microscopy. Here, we review those stereological principles that are of particular relevance for 3D imaging and provide an overview of applications of 3D imaging-based stereology to the lung in health and disease. The symbiosis of stereology and 3D imaging thus provides the unique opportunity for unbiased and comprehensive quantitative characterization of the three-dimensional architecture of the lung from macro to nano scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Knudsen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Brandenberger
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Philippstr. 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany. .,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Schappell LE, Minahan DJ, Gleghorn JP. A Microfluidic System to Measure Neonatal Lung Compliance Over Late Stage Development as a Functional Measure of Lung Tissue Mechanics. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:100803. [PMID: 32391560 PMCID: PMC7477712 DOI: 10.1115/1.4047133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Premature birth interrupts the development of the lung, resulting in functional deficiencies and the onset of complex pathologies, like bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), that further decrease the functional capabilities of the immature lung. The dysregulation of molecular targets has been implicated in the presentation of BPD, but there is currently no method to correlate resultant morphological changes observed in tissue histology with these perturbations to differences in function throughout saccular and alveolar lung development. Lung compliance is an aggregate measure of the lung's mechanical properties that is highly sensitive to a number of molecular, cellular, and architectural characteristics, but little is known about compliance in the neonatal mouse lung due to measurement challenges. We have developed a novel method to quantify changes in lung volume and pressure to determine inspiratory and expiratory compliance throughout neonatal mouse lung development. The compliance measurements obtained were validated against compliance values from published studies using mature lungs following enzymatic degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The system was then used to quantify changes in compliance that occurred over the entire span of neonatal mouse lung development. These methods fill a critically important gap connecting powerful mouse models of development and disease to measures of functional lung mechanics critical to respiration and enable insights into the genetic, molecular, and cellular underpinnings of BPD pathology to improve lung function in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel E. Schappell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab., Newark, DE 19716
| | - Daniel J. Minahan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab., Newark, DE 19716
| | - Jason P. Gleghorn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab., Newark, DE 19716
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14
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Feddersen S, Nardiello C, Selvakumar B, Vadász I, Herold S, Seeger W, Morty RE. Impact of litter size on survival, growth and lung alveolarization of newborn mouse pups. Ann Anat 2020; 232:151579. [PMID: 32688019 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung alveolarization, the development of the alveoli, is disturbed in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the most common complication of preterm birth. Animal models based on oxygen toxicity to the developing mouse lung are used to understand the mechanisms of stunted alveolarization in BPD, and to develop new medical management strategies for affected infants. The toxicity of genetic and pharmacological interventions, together with maternal cannibalism, reduce mouse litter sizes in experimental studies. The impact of litter size on normal and stunted lung alveolarization is unknown, but may influence data interpretation. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of litter size on normal and oxygen-stunted lung alveolarization in mice. METHODS BPD was experimentally modelled in newborn C57BL/6J mice by exposure to 85% O2 in the inspired air for the first 14 days of post-natal life. Perturbations to mouse lung architecture were assessed by design-based stereology, in which the alveolar density, total number of alveoli, gas-exchange surface area, and the septal thickness were estimated. RESULTS Litter sizes of a single mouse were not viable to post-natal day 14. Normal lung alveolarization was comparable in mouse pups in litters of 2, 4, 6, and 8 pups per litter. Hyperoxia was equally effective at stunting lung alveolarization in mouse pups in litters of 2, 4, 6, and 8 pups per litter. CONCLUSIONS Studies on normal lung alveolarization as well as alveolarization stunted by oxygen toxicity can be undertaken in mouse litters as small as two pups, and as large as eight pups. There is no evidence to suggest that data cannot be compared within and between litters of two to eight mouse pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Feddersen
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 60231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Claudio Nardiello
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 60231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Balachandar Selvakumar
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires, Godoy Cruz 2390, C1425FQD Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - István Vadász
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 60231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 60231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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15
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da Silva ACL, de Matos NA, de Souza ABF, Castro TDF, Cândido LDS, Oliveira MADGS, Costa GDP, Talvani A, Cangussú SD, Bezerra FS. Sigh maneuver protects healthy lungs during mechanical ventilation in adult Wistar rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:1404-1413. [PMID: 32640895 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220940995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a tool used for the treatment of patients with acute or chronic respiratory failure. However, MV is a non-physiological resource, and it can cause metabolic disorders such as release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and production of reactive oxygen species. In clinical setting, maneuvers such as sigh, are used to protect the lungs. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of sigh on oxidative stress and lung inflammation in healthy adult Wistar rats submitted to MV. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (CG), mechanical ventilation (MVG), MV set at 20 sighs/h (MVG20), and MV set at 40 sighs/h (MVG40). The MVG, MVG20, and MVG40 were submitted to MV for 1 h. After the protocol, all animals were euthanized and the blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lungs were collected for subsequent analysis. In the arterial blood, MVG40 presented higher partial pressure of oxygen and lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide compared to control. The levels of bicarbonate in MVG20 were lower compared to CG. The neutrophil influx in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was higher in the MVG compared to CG and MVG40. In the lung parenchyma, the lipid peroxidation was higher in MVG compared to CG, MVG20, and MVG40. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity were higher in MVG compared to CG, MVG20, and MVG40. The levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF in the lung homogenate were higher in MVG compared to CG, MVG20, and MVG40. The use of sigh plays a protective role as it reduced redox imbalance and pulmonary inflammation caused by MV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Cristiane Lopes da Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences (ICEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Natália Alves de Matos
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences (ICEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Farias de Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences (ICEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Thalles de Freitas Castro
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences (ICEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Leandro da Silva Cândido
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences (ICEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Michel Angelo das Graças Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences (ICEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Guilherme de Paula Costa
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation (LABIIN), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences (ICEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - André Talvani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation (LABIIN), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences (ICEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Dantas Cangussú
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences (ICEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Frank Silva Bezerra
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences (ICEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
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16
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Chen Q, Rehman J, Chan M, Fu P, Dudek SM, Natarajan V, Malik AB, Liu Y. Angiocrine Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Activation of S1PR2-YAP Signaling Axis in Alveolar Type II Cells Is Essential for Lung Repair. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107828. [PMID: 32610129 PMCID: PMC7371431 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung alveolar epithelium is composed of alveolar type I (AT1) and type II (AT2) cells. AT1 cells mediate gas exchange, whereas AT2 cells act as progenitor cells to repair injured alveoli. Lung microvascular endothelial cells (LMVECs) play a crucial but still poorly understood role in regulating alveolar repair. Here, we studied the role of the LMVEC-derived bioactive lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in promoting alveolar repair using mice with endothelial-specific deletion of sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1), the key enzyme promoting S1P generation. These mutant lungs developed airspace-enlargement lesions and exhibited a reduced number of AT1 cells after Pseudomonas-aeruginosa-induced lung injury. We demonstrated that S1P released by LMVECs acted via its receptor, S1PR2, on AT2 cells and induced nuclear translocation of yes-associated protein (YAP), a regulator of AT2 to AT1 transition. Thus, angiocrine S1P released after injury acts via the S1PR2-YAP signaling axis on AT2 cells to promote AT2 to AT1 differentiation required for alveolar repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jalees Rehman
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Manwai Chan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Panfeng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Steven M Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yuru Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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17
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Hume PS, Gibbings SL, Jakubzick CV, Tuder RM, Curran-Everett D, Henson PM, Smith BJ, Janssen WJ. Localization of Macrophages in the Human Lung via Design-based Stereology. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 201:1209-1217. [PMID: 32197050 PMCID: PMC7233346 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201911-2105oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Interstitial macrophages (IMs) and airspace macrophages (AMs) play critical roles in lung homeostasis and host defense, and are central to the pathogenesis of a number of lung diseases. However, the absolute numbers of macrophages and the precise anatomic locations they occupy in the healthy human lung have not been quantified.Objectives: To determine the precise number and anatomic location of human pulmonary macrophages in nondiseased lungs and to quantify how this is altered in chronic cigarette smokers.Methods: Whole right upper lobes from 12 human donors without pulmonary disease (6 smokers and 6 nonsmokers) were evaluated using design-based stereology. CD206 (cluster of differentiation 206)-positive/CD43+ AMs and CD206+/CD43- IMs were counted in five distinct anatomical locations using the optical disector probe.Measurements and Main Results: An average of 2.1 × 109 IMs and 1.4 × 109 AMs were estimated per right upper lobe. Of the AMs, 95% were contained in diffusing airspaces and 5% in airways. Of the IMs, 78% were located within the alveolar septa, 14% around small vessels, and 7% around the airways. The local density of IMs was greater in the alveolar septa than in the connective tissue surrounding the airways or vessels. The total number and density of IMs was 36% to 56% greater in the lungs of cigarette smokers versus nonsmokers.Conclusions: The precise locations occupied by pulmonary macrophages were defined in nondiseased human lungs from smokers and nonsmokers. IM density was greatest in the alveolar septa. Lungs from chronic smokers had increased IM numbers and overall density, supporting a role for IMs in smoking-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S. Hume
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Sophie L. Gibbings
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Claudia V. Jakubzick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Rubin M. Tuder
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Douglas Curran-Everett
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado,Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, and
| | - Peter M. Henson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Bradford J. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - William J. Janssen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine
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18
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Basil MC, Morrisey EE. Lung regeneration: a tale of mice and men. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 100:88-100. [PMID: 31761445 PMCID: PMC7909713 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory system is the main site of gas exchange with the external environment in complex terrestrial animals. Within the trachea and lungs are multiple different tissue niches each consisting of a myriad of cells types with critical roles in air conduction, gas exchange, providing important niche specific cell-cell interactions, connection to the cardiovascular system, and immune surveillance. How the respiratory system responds to external insults and executes the appropriate regenerative response remains challenging to study given the plethora of cell and tissue interactions for this to occur properly. This review will examine the various cell types and tissue niches found within the respiratory system and provide a comparison between mouse and human lungs and trachea to highlight important similarities and differences. Defining the critical gaps in knowledge in human lung and tracheal regeneration is critical for future development of therapies directed towards respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Basil
- Department of Medicine; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Medicine; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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19
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Kozima ET, Souza ABFD, Castro TDF, Matos NAD, Philips NE, Costa GDP, Talvani A, Cangussú SD, Bezerra FS. Aluminum hydroxide nebulization-induced redox imbalance and acute lung inflammation in mice. Exp Lung Res 2020; 46:64-74. [PMID: 32067522 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2020.1728595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Aluminum is the third most abundant metal in the earth's crust and is widely used in industry. Chronic contact with aluminum results in a reduction in the activity of electron transport chain complexes, leading to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of short-term exposure of aluminum hydroxide on oxidative stress and pulmonary inflammatory response.Materials and methods: Male BALB/c mice were divided into three groups: control group (CG); phosphate buffered saline group (PBSG) and aluminum hydroxide group (AHG). CG was exposed to ambient air, while PBSG and AHG were exposed to PBS or aluminum hydroxide solutions via nebulization, three times per day for five consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after the last exposure, all animals were euthanized for subsequent analysis.Results: Exposure to aluminum hydroxide in the blood resulted in lower platelet levels, higher neutrophils, and lower monocytes compared to CG and PBSG. Aluminum hydroxide promoted the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the lung. Macrophage, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were higher in AHG compared to CG and PBSG. Protein oxidation and superoxide dismutase activity were higher, while catalase activity and reduced and oxidizes glutathione ratio in AHG were lower compared to CG and PBSG. Furthermore, there was an increase in the inflammatory markers CCL2 and IFN-γ in AHG compared to CG and PBSG.Conclusion: In conclusion, short-term nebulization with aluminum hydroxide induces the influx of inflammatory cells and oxidative stress in adult BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Tiemi Kozima
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences (ICEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Farias de Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences (ICEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Thalles de Freitas Castro
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences (ICEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Natália Alves de Matos
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences (ICEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Nicole Elizabeth Philips
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael´s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Guilherme de Paula Costa
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation (LABIIN), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences (ICEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - André Talvani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation (LABIIN), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences (ICEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Dantas Cangussú
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences (ICEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Frank Silva Bezerra
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences (ICEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil.,Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael´s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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Plosa EJ, Benjamin JT, Sucre JM, Gulleman PM, Gleaves LA, Han W, Kook S, Polosukhin VV, Haake SM, Guttentag SH, Young LR, Pozzi A, Blackwell TS, Zent R. β1 Integrin regulates adult lung alveolar epithelial cell inflammation. JCI Insight 2020; 5:129259. [PMID: 31873073 PMCID: PMC7098727 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins, the extracellular matrix receptors that facilitate cell adhesion and migration, are necessary for organ morphogenesis; however, their role in maintaining adult tissue homeostasis is poorly understood. To define the functional importance of β1 integrin in adult mouse lung, we deleted it after completion of development in type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AECs). Aged β1 integrin-deficient mice exhibited chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-like (COPD-like) pathology characterized by emphysema, lymphoid aggregates, and increased macrophage infiltration. These histopathological abnormalities were preceded by β1 integrin-deficient AEC dysfunction such as excessive ROS production and upregulation of NF-κB-dependent chemokines, including CCL2. Genetic deletion of the CCL2 receptor, Ccr2, in mice with β1 integrin-deficient type 2 AECs impaired recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages and resulted in accelerated inflammation and severe premature emphysematous destruction. The lungs exhibited reduced AEC efferocytosis and excessive numbers of inflamed type 2 AECs, demonstrating the requirement for recruited monocytes/macrophages in limiting lung injury and remodeling in the setting of a chronically inflamed epithelium. These studies support a critical role for β1 integrin in alveolar homeostasis in the adult lung.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Linda A. Gleaves
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Wei Han
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Vasiliy V. Polosukhin
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Scott M. Haake
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Lisa R. Young
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ambra Pozzi
- Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine,,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and
| | - Timothy S. Blackwell
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and,Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Roy Zent
- Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine,,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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21
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Schulte H, Mühlfeld C, Brandenberger C. Age-Related Structural and Functional Changes in the Mouse Lung. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1466. [PMID: 31866873 PMCID: PMC6904284 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung function declines with advancing age. To improve our understanding of the structure-function relationships leading to this decline, we investigated structural alterations in the lung and their impact on micromechanics and lung function in the aging mouse. Lung function analysis was performed in 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months old C57BL/6 mice (n = 7-8/age), followed by lung fixation and stereological sample preparation. Lung parenchymal volume, total, ductal and alveolar airspace volume, alveolar volume and number, septal volume, septal surface area and thickness were quantified by stereology as well as surfactant producing alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cell volume and number. Parenchymal volume, total and ductal airspace volume increased in old (18 and 24 months) compared with middle-aged (6 and 12 months) and young (3 months) mice. While the alveolar number decreased from young (7.5 × 106) to middle-aged (6 × 106) and increased again in old (9 × 106) mice, the mean alveolar volume and mean septal surface area per alveolus conversely first increased in middle-aged and then declined in old mice. The ATII cell number increased from middle-aged (8.8 × 106) to old (11.8 × 106) mice, along with the alveolar number, resulting in a constant ratio of ATII cells per alveolus in all age groups (1.4 ATII cells per alveolus). Lung compliance and inspiratory capacity increased, whereas tissue elastance and tissue resistance decreased with age, showing greatest changes between young and middle-aged mice. In conclusion, alveolar size declined significantly in old mice concomitant with a widening of alveolar ducts and late alveolarization. These changes may partly explain the functional alterations during aging. Interestingly, despite age-related lung remodeling, the number of ATII cells per alveolus showed a tightly controlled relation in all age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Schulte
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Christian Mühlfeld
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hanover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hanover, Germany
| | - Christina Brandenberger
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hanover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hanover, Germany
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22
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Lahm T, Douglas IS, Archer SL, Bogaard HJ, Chesler NC, Haddad F, Hemnes AR, Kawut SM, Kline JA, Kolb TM, Mathai SC, Mercier O, Michelakis ED, Naeije R, Tuder RM, Ventetuolo CE, Vieillard-Baron A, Voelkel NF, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Hassoun PM. Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Research Setting: Knowledge Gaps and Pathways Forward. An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 198:e15-e43. [PMID: 30109950 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201806-1160st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right ventricular (RV) adaptation to acute and chronic pulmonary hypertensive syndromes is a significant determinant of short- and long-term outcomes. Although remarkable progress has been made in the understanding of RV function and failure since the meeting of the NIH Working Group on Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Right Heart Failure in 2005, significant gaps remain at many levels in the understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms of RV responses to pressure and volume overload, in the validation of diagnostic modalities, and in the development of evidence-based therapies. METHODS A multidisciplinary working group of 20 international experts from the American Thoracic Society Assemblies on Pulmonary Circulation and Critical Care, as well as external content experts, reviewed the literature, identified important knowledge gaps, and provided recommendations. RESULTS This document reviews the knowledge in the field of RV failure, identifies and prioritizes the most pertinent research gaps, and provides a prioritized pathway for addressing these preclinical and clinical questions. The group identified knowledge gaps and research opportunities in three major topic areas: 1) optimizing the methodology to assess RV function in acute and chronic conditions in preclinical models, human studies, and clinical trials; 2) analyzing advanced RV hemodynamic parameters at rest and in response to exercise; and 3) deciphering the underlying molecular and pathogenic mechanisms of RV function and failure in diverse pulmonary hypertension syndromes. CONCLUSIONS This statement provides a roadmap to further advance the state of knowledge, with the ultimate goal of developing RV-targeted therapies for patients with RV failure of any etiology.
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23
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Rühl N, Lopez-Rodriguez E, Albert K, Smith BJ, Weaver TE, Ochs M, Knudsen L. Surfactant Protein B Deficiency Induced High Surface Tension: Relationship between Alveolar Micromechanics, Alveolar Fluid Properties and Alveolar Epithelial Cell Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174243. [PMID: 31480246 PMCID: PMC6747270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High surface tension at the alveolar air-liquid interface is a typical feature of acute and chronic lung injury. However, the manner in which high surface tension contributes to lung injury is not well understood. This study investigated the relationship between abnormal alveolar micromechanics, alveolar epithelial injury, intra-alveolar fluid properties and remodeling in the conditional surfactant protein B (SP-B) knockout mouse model. Measurements of pulmonary mechanics, broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BAL), and design-based stereology were performed as a function of time of SP-B deficiency. After one day of SP-B deficiency the volume of alveolar fluid V(alvfluid,par) as well as BAL protein and albumin levels were normal while the surface area of injured alveolar epithelium S(AEinjure,sep) was significantly increased. Alveoli and alveolar surface area could be recruited by increasing the air inflation pressure. Quasi-static pressure-volume loops were characterized by an increased hysteresis while the inspiratory capacity was reduced. After 3 days, an increase in V(alvfluid,par) as well as BAL protein and albumin levels were linked with a failure of both alveolar recruitment and airway pressure-dependent redistribution of alveolar fluid. Over time, V(alvfluid,par) increased exponentially with S(AEinjure,sep). In conclusion, high surface tension induces alveolar epithelial injury prior to edema formation. After passing a threshold, epithelial injury results in vascular leakage and exponential accumulation of alveolar fluid critically hampering alveolar recruitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Rühl
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Elena Lopez-Rodriguez
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Diseases (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DLZ), Hannover 30625, Germany
- REBIRTH, Cluster of Excellence, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Institute of Vegetative Anatomy, Charite, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Karolin Albert
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Bradford J Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80045, USA
| | - Timothy E Weaver
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Diseases (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DLZ), Hannover 30625, Germany
- REBIRTH, Cluster of Excellence, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Institute of Vegetative Anatomy, Charite, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Lars Knudsen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany.
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Diseases (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DLZ), Hannover 30625, Germany.
- REBIRTH, Cluster of Excellence, Hannover 30625, Germany.
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24
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Surfactant dysfunction and alveolar collapse are linked with fibrotic septal wall remodeling in the TGF-β1-induced mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis. J Transl Med 2019; 99:830-852. [PMID: 30700849 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), collapse of distal airspaces occurs in areas of the lung not (yet) remodeled. Mice lungs overexpressing transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) recapitulate this abnormality: surfactant dysfunction results in alveolar collapse preceding fibrosis and loss of alveolar epithelial type II (AE2) cells' apical membrane surface area. Here we examined whether surfactant dysfunction-related alveolar collapse due to TGF-β1 overexpression is linked to septal wall remodeling and AE2 cell abnormalities. Three and 6 days after gene transfer of TGF-β1, mice received either intratracheal surfactant (Surf-groups: Curosurf®, 100 mg/kg bodyweight) or 0.9% NaCl (Saline-groups). On days 7 (D7) and 14 (D14), lung mechanics were assessed followed by design-based stereology at light and electron microscopic level to quantify structures. Compared with Saline, Surf showed significantly improved tissue elastance, increased numbers of open alveoli, as well as reduced alveolar size heterogeneity on D7. Deterioration in lung mechanics was highly correlated to the loss of open alveoli. On D14, lung mechanics, number of open alveoli, and alveolar size heterogeneity remained significantly improved in the Surf-group. Volumes of extracellular matrix and collagen fibrils in septal walls were significantly reduced, whereas the apical membrane surface area of AE2 cells was increased in Surf compared with Saline. In remodeled tissue with collapsed alveoli, three-dimensional reconstruction of AE2 cells based on scanning electron microscopy array tomography revealed that AE2 cells were trapped without contact to airspaces in the TGF-β1 mouse model. Similar observations were made in human IPF. Based on correlation analyses, the number of open alveoli and of alveolar size heterogeneity were highly linked with the loss of apical membrane surface area of AE2 cells and deposition of collagen fibrils in septal walls on D14. In conclusion, surfactant replacement therapy stabilizes alveoli and prevents extracellular matrix deposition in septal walls in the TGF-β1 model.
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25
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Young HM, Eddy RL, Parraga G. MRI and CT lung biomarkers: Towards an in vivo understanding of lung biomechanics. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2019; 66:107-122. [PMID: 29037603 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biomechanical properties of the lung are necessarily dependent on its structure and function, both of which are complex and change over time and space. This makes in vivo evaluation of lung biomechanics and a deep understanding of lung biomarkers, very challenging. In patients and animal models of lung disease, in vivo evaluations of lung structure and function are typically made at the mouth and include spirometry, multiple-breath gas washout tests and the forced oscillation technique. These techniques, and the biomarkers they provide, incorporate the properties of the whole organ system including the parenchyma, large and small airways, mouth, diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Unfortunately, these well-established measurements mask regional differences, limiting their ability to probe the lung's gross and micro-biomechanical properties which vary widely throughout the organ and its subcompartments. Pulmonary imaging has the advantage in providing regional, non-invasive measurements of healthy and diseased lung, in vivo. Here we summarize well-established and emerging lung imaging tools and biomarkers and how they may be used to generate lung biomechanical measurements. METHODS We review well-established and emerging lung anatomical, microstructural and functional imaging biomarkers generated using synchrotron x-ray tomographic-microscopy (SRXTM), micro-x-ray computed-tomography (micro-CT), clinical CT as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). FINDINGS Pulmonary imaging provides measurements of lung structure, function and biomechanics with high spatial and temporal resolution. Imaging biomarkers that reflect the biomechanical properties of the lung are now being validated to provide a deeper understanding of the lung that cannot be achieved using measurements made at the mouth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Young
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Rachel L Eddy
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Grace Parraga
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada; Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Western University, London, Canada.
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26
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do Amaral-Silva L, Lambertz M, José Zara F, Klein W, Gargaglioni LH, Bícego KC. Parabronchial remodeling in chicks in response to embryonic hypoxia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.197970. [PMID: 31028104 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.197970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The embryonic development of parabronchi occurs mainly during the second half of incubation in precocious birds, which makes this phase sensitive to possible morphological modifications induced by O2 supply limitation. Thus, we hypothesized that hypoxia during the embryonic phase of parabronchial development induces morphological changes that remain after hatching. To test this hypothesis, chicken embryos were incubated entirely (21 days) under normoxia or partially under hypoxia (15% O2 during days 12 to 18). Lung structures, including air capillaries, blood capillaries, infundibula, atria, parabronchial lumen, bronchi, blood vessels larger than capillaries and interparabronchial tissue, in 1- and 10-day-old chicks were analyzed using light microscopy-assisted stereology. Tissue barrier and surface area of air capillaries were measured using electron microscopy-assisted stereology, allowing for calculation of the anatomical diffusion factor. Hypoxia increased the relative volumes of air and blood capillaries, structures directly involved in gas exchange, but decreased the relative volumes of atria in both groups of chicks, and the parabronchial lumen in older chicks. Accordingly, the surface area of the air capillaries and the anatomical diffusion factor were increased under hypoxic incubation. Treatment did not alter total lung volume, relative volumes of infundibula, bronchi, blood vessels larger than capillaries, interparabronchial tissue or the tissue barrier of any group. We conclude that hypoxia during the embryonic phase of parabronchial development leads to a morphological remodeling, characterized by increased volume density and respiratory surface area of structures involved in gas exchange at the expense of structures responsible for air conduction in chicks up to 10 days old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara do Amaral-Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Unesp. Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology - Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada), UNESP-Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Markus Lambertz
- Institut für Zoologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.,Sektion Herpetologie, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Fernando José Zara
- Invertebrate Morphology Lab, Department of Applied Biology, IEAMar and CAUNESP College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Unesp. Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Wilfried Klein
- National Institute of Science and Technology - Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada), UNESP-Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil.,Department of Biology, School of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Luciane Helena Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Unesp. Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology - Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada), UNESP-Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Kênia Cardoso Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Unesp. Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil .,National Institute of Science and Technology - Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada), UNESP-Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
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27
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Webering S, Lunding LP, Vock C, Schröder A, Gaede KI, Herzmann C, Fehrenbach H, Wegmann M. The alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone acts as a local immune homeostasis factor in experimental allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 49:1026-1039. [PMID: 30980429 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Originally, the neuropeptide α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) has been described as a mediator of skin pigmentation. However, recent studies have shown that α-MSH is able to modulate inflammation in various tissues including the lung. So far, it is still not clear whether α-MSH also plays a role in allergic bronchial asthma. OBJECTIVE This study aimed at investigating the role and regulatory mechanisms of α-MSH in asthma pathogenesis. METHODS α-MSH levels were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of asthmatic and non-asthmatic individuals as well as of healthy mice and mice with experimental asthma. Wild-type mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) and exposed to an OVA aerosol in order to induce experimental allergic asthma. α-MSH was administrated intratracheally, the α-MSH antibody intraperitoneally prior each OVA challenge. Airway inflammation, cytokine production, mucus production, airway hyperresponsiveness and receptor expression were assessed. RESULTS α-MSH levels in BAL of asthmatic individuals and mice were significantly higher compared to healthy controls. In a mouse model of experimental asthma, α-MSH neutralization increased airway inflammation and mucus production, whereas local administration of α-MSH significantly reduced inflammation of the airways. The beneficial effects were further associated with decreased levels of eosinophilic chemoattractant factors that are released by MC5R-positive T helper 2 and airway epithelial cells. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE α-MSH acts as a regulatory factor to maintain local immune homeostasis in allergic bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Webering
- Division of Asthma Exacerbation & Regulation, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel- Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Lars Peter Lunding
- Division of Asthma Exacerbation & Regulation, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel- Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Christina Vock
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel- Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schröder
- Division of Asthma Exacerbation & Regulation, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel- Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Karoline I Gaede
- BioMaterialBank Nord, Research Center Borstel- Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Christian Herzmann
- Center for Clinical Studies, Research Center Borstel- Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Heinz Fehrenbach
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel- Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Michael Wegmann
- Division of Asthma Exacerbation & Regulation, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel- Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
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28
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Fogarty MJ, Sieck GC. Evolution and Functional Differentiation of the Diaphragm Muscle of Mammals. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:715-766. [PMID: 30873594 PMCID: PMC7082849 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Symmorphosis is a concept of economy of biological design, whereby structural properties are matched to functional demands. According to symmorphosis, biological structures are never over designed to exceed functional demands. Based on this concept, the evolution of the diaphragm muscle (DIAm) in mammals is a tale of two structures, a membrane that separates and partitions the primitive coelomic cavity into separate abdominal and thoracic cavities and a muscle that serves as a pump to generate intra-abdominal (Pab ) and intrathoracic (Pth ) pressures. The DIAm partition evolved in reptiles from folds of the pleural and peritoneal membranes that was driven by the biological advantage of separating organs in the larger coelomic cavity into separate thoracic and abdominal cavities, especially with the evolution of aspiration breathing. The DIAm pump evolved from the advantage afforded by more effective generation of both a negative Pth for ventilation of the lungs and a positive Pab for venous return of blood to the heart and expulsive behaviors such as airway clearance, defecation, micturition, and child birth. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:715-766, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fogarty
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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29
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Lindsey AS, Sullivan LM, Housley NA, Koloteva A, King JA, Audia JP, Alvarez DF. Analysis of pulmonary vascular injury and repair during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection-induced pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pulm Circ 2019; 9:2045894019826941. [PMID: 30632898 PMCID: PMC6388462 DOI: 10.1177/2045894019826941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe lung vascular injury and repair using a rodent model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) during: 1) the exudative phase (48-hour survivors) and 2) the reparative/fibro-proliferative phase (1-week survivors). Pneumonia was induced by intratracheal instillation of P. aeruginosa strain PA103, and lung morphology and pulmonary vascular function were determined subsequently. Pulmonary vascular function was assessed in mechanically ventilated animals in vivo (air dead space, PaO2, and lung mechanics) and lung permeability was determined in isolated perfused lungs ex vivo (vascular filtration coefficient and extravascular lung water). At 48 hours post infection, histological analyses demonstrated capillary endothelial disruption, diffuse alveolar damage, perivascular cuffs, and neutrophil influx into lung parenchyma. Infected animals displayed clinical hallmarks of ARDS, including increased vascular permeability, increased dead space, impaired gas exchange, and decreased lung compliance. Overall, the animal infection model recapitulated the morphological and functional changes typically observed in lungs from patients during the exudative phase of ARDS. At 1 week post infection, there was lung histological and pulmonary vascular functional evidence of repair when compared with 48 hours post infection; however, some parameters were still impaired when compared with uninfected controls. Importantly, lungs displayed increased fibrosis and cellular hyperplasia reminiscent of lungs from patients during the fibro-proliferative phase of ARDS. Control, sham inoculated animals showed normal lung histology and function. These data represent the first comprehensive assessment of lung pathophysiology during the exudative and reparative/fibro-proliferative phases of P. aeruginosa pneumonia-induced ARDS, and position this pre-clinical model for use in interventional studies aimed at advancing clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Lindsey
- 1 Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Alabama, USA.,2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, Alabama, USA.,3 Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Alabama, USA
| | - Lydia M Sullivan
- 1 Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Alabama, USA.,3 Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Alabama, USA
| | - Nicole A Housley
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, Alabama, USA.,3 Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Alabama, USA
| | - Anna Koloteva
- 3 Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Alabama, USA
| | - Judy A King
- 4 Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jonathon P Audia
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, Alabama, USA.,3 Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Alabama, USA
| | - Diego F Alvarez
- 1 Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Alabama, USA.,3 Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Alabama, USA.,5 University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Alabama, USA
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30
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Debiane L, Reitzel R, Rosenblatt J, Gagea M, Chavez MA, Adachi R, Grosu HB, Sheshadri A, Hill LR, Raad I, Ost DE. A Design-Based Stereologic Method to Quantify the Tissue Changes Associated with a Novel Drug-Eluting Tracheobronchial Stent. Respiration 2019; 98:60-69. [PMID: 30799409 DOI: 10.1159/000496152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulation tissue is a common complication of airway stenting, but no published methods can quantify the volume and type of tissue that develops. OBJECTIVE To use design-based stereology to quantify changes in tissue volume and type associated with airway stenting. METHODS We compared drug-eluting stents (DES) filled with gendine to standard silicone stents in pigs in an assessor-blinded randomized trial. Tracheal stents were placed via rigid bronchoscopy. After 1 month, animals were euthanized and necropsies were performed. Antimicrobial effects of the DES were assessed in trachea tissue samples, on the DES surface, and with residual gel from the DES reservoir. Tracheal thickness was measured using orthogonal intercepts. Design-based stereology was used to quantify the volume density of tissues using a point-counting method. The volume of each tissue was normalized to cartilage volume, which is unaffected by stenting. RESULTS Pigs were randomized to DES (n = 36) or control stents (n = 9). The drug was successfully eluted from the DES, and the stent surface showed antibacterial activity. DES and controls did not differ in tissue microbiology, tracheal thickness, or granulation tissue volume. Compared to nonstented controls, stented airways demonstrated a 110% increase in soft-tissue volume (p = 0.005). Submucosal connective tissue (118%; p < 0.0001), epithelium (70%; p < 0.0001), submucosal glands (47%; p = 0.001), and smooth muscle (41%; p < 0.0001) increased in volume. CONCLUSION Stenting doubles the volume of soft tissue in the trachea. Design-based stereology can quantify the tissue changes associated with airway stenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Labib Debiane
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ruth Reitzel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joel Rosenblatt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mihai Gagea
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Miguel A Chavez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Roberto Adachi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Horiana B Grosu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ajay Sheshadri
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lori R Hill
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Issam Raad
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David E Ost
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,
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31
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Steinmeyer J, Becker S, Avsar M, Salman J, Höffler K, Haverich A, Warnecke G, Mühlfeld C, Ochs M, Schnapper-Isl A. Cellular and acellular ex vivo lung perfusion preserve functional lung ultrastructure in a large animal model: a stereological study. Respir Res 2018; 19:238. [PMID: 30509256 PMCID: PMC6278069 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0942-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) is used by an increasing number of transplant centres. It is still controversial whether an acellular or cellular (erythrocyte enriched) perfusate is preferable. The aim of this paper was to evaluate whether acellular (aEVLP) or cellular EVLP (cEVLP) preserves functional lung ultrastructure better and to generate a hypothesis regarding possible underlying mechanisms. Methods Lungs of 20 pigs were assigned to 4 groups: control, ischaemia (24 h), aEVLP and cEVLP (both EVLP groups: 24 h ischaemia + 12 h EVLP). After experimental procedures, whole lungs were perfusion fixed, samples for light and electron microscopic stereology were taken, and ventilation, diffusion and perfusion related parameters were estimated. Results Lung structure was well preserved in all groups. Lungs had less atelectasis and higher air content after EVLP. No significant group differences were found in alveolar septum composition or blood-air barrier thickness. Small amounts of intraalveolar oedema were detected in both EVLP groups but significantly more in aEVLP than in cEVLP. Conclusions Both EVLP protocols supported lungs well for up to 12 h and could largely prevent ischaemia ex vivo reperfusion associated lung injury. In both EVLP groups, oedema volume remained below the level of functional relevance. The group difference in oedema formation was possibly due to inferior septal perfusion in aEVLP. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-018-0942-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Steinmeyer
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Simon Becker
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Palliative Care and Pain Medicine, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Murat Avsar
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jawad Salman
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Höffler
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Haverich
- REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Gregor Warnecke
- REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Mühlfeld
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Anke Schnapper-Isl
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany.
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32
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Kolb TM, Hassoun PM. Supply and Demand: Micro(vascular) Economics of the Right Ventricle in Pulmonary Hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 59:410-411. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0203ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Todd M. Kolb
- Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul M. Hassoun
- Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, Maryland
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33
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Mižíková I, Pfeffer T, Nardiello C, Surate Solaligue DE, Steenbock H, Tatsukawa H, Silva DM, Vadász I, Herold S, Pease RJ, Iismaa SE, Hitomi K, Seeger W, Brinckmann J, Morty RE. Targeting transglutaminase 2 partially restores extracellular matrix structure but not alveolar architecture in experimental bronchopulmonary dysplasia. FEBS J 2018; 285:3056-3076. [PMID: 29935061 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The generation, maturation and remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are essential for the formation of alveoli during lung development. Alveoli formation is disturbed in preterm infants that develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), where collagen fibres are malformed, and perturbations to lung ECM structures may underlie BPD pathogenesis. Malformed ECM structures might result from abnormal protein cross-linking, in part attributable to the increased expression and activity of transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) that have been noted in affected patient lungs, as well as in hyperoxia-based BPD animal models. The objective of the present study was to assess whether TGM2 plays a causal role in normal and aberrant lung alveolarization. Targeted deletion of Tgm2 in C57BL/6J mice increased septal thickness and reduced gas-exchange surface area in otherwise normally developing lungs. During aberrant lung alveolarization that occurred under hyperoxic conditions, collagen structures in Tgm2-/- mice were partially protected from the impact of hyperoxia, where normal dihydroxylysinonorleucine and hydroxylysylpiridinoline collagen cross-link abundance was restored; however, the lung alveolar architecture remained abnormal. Inhibition of transglutaminases (including TGM2) with cysteamine appreciably reduced transglutaminase activity in vivo, as assessed by Nε -(γ-l-glutamyl)-l-lysine abundance and TGM catalytic activity, and restored normal dihydroxylysinonorleucine and hydroxylysylpiridinoline collagen cross-link abundance under pathological conditions. Furthermore, a moderate improvement in alveoli size and gas-exchange surface density was noted in cysteamine-treated mouse lungs in which BPD was modelled. These data indicate that TGM2 plays a role in normal lung alveolarization, and contributes to the formation of aberrant ECM structures during disordered lung alveolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Mižíková
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Tilman Pfeffer
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Claudio Nardiello
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - David E Surate Solaligue
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Heiko Steenbock
- Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hideki Tatsukawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Diogo M Silva
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - István Vadász
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Richard J Pease
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Siiri E Iismaa
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Kiyotaka Hitomi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Jürgen Brinckmann
- Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
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34
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Low Dose Carbon Black Nanoparticle Exposure Does Not Aggravate Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice Irrespective of the Presence of Surface Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8040213. [PMID: 29614747 PMCID: PMC5923543 DOI: 10.3390/nano8040213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to exogenous noxae, such as particulate matter, can trigger acute aggravations of allergic asthma—a chronic inflammatory airway disease. We tested whether Carbon Black nanoparticles (CBNP) with or without surface polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) aggravate an established allergic airway inflammation in mice. In an ovalbumin mouse model, Printex®90 (P90), P90 coated with benzo[a]pyrene (P90-BaP) or 9-nitroanthracene (P90-9NA), or acetylene soot exhibiting a mixture of surface PAH (AS-PAH) was administered twice (70 µL, 100 µg/mL) during an established allergic airway inflammation. We analyzed the immune cell numbers and chemokine/cytokine profiles in bronchoalveolar lavages, the mRNA expressions of markers for PAH metabolism (Cyp1a1, 1b1), oxidative stress (HO-1, Gr, Gpx-3), inflammation (KC, Mcp-1, IL-6, IL-13, IL-17a), mucin synthesis (Muc5ac, Muc5b), the histology of mucus-producing goblet cells, ciliary beat frequency (CBF), and the particle transport speed. CBNP had a comparable primary particle size, hydrodynamic diameter, and ζ-potential, but differed in the specific surface area (P90 > P90-BaP = P90-9NA = AS-PAH) and surface chemistry. None of the CBNP tested increased any parameter related to inflammation. The unmodified P90, however, decreased the tracheal CBF, decreased the Muc5b in intrapulmonary airways, but increased the tracheal Muc5ac. Our results demonstrated that irrespective of the surface PAH, a low dose of CBNP does not acutely aggravate an established allergic airway inflammation in mice.
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35
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Hoang TV, Nardiello C, Surate Solaligue DE, Rodríguez-Castillo JA, Rath P, Mayer K, Vadász I, Herold S, Ahlbrecht K, Seeger W, Morty RE. Stereological analysis of individual lung lobes during normal and aberrant mouse lung alveolarisation. J Anat 2018; 232:472-484. [PMID: 29315540 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The quantitative assessment of the lung architecture forms the foundation of many studies on lung development and lung diseases, where parameters such as alveoli number, alveolar size, and septal thickness are quantitatively influenced by developmental or pathological processes. Given the pressing need for robust data that describe the lung structure, there is currently much enthusiasm for the development and refinement of methodological approaches for the unbiased assessment of lung structure with improved precision. The advent of stereological methods highlights one such approach. However, design-based stereology is both expensive and time-demanding. The objective of this study was to examine whether 'limited' stereological analysis, such as the stereological analysis of a single mouse lung lobe, may serve as a surrogate for studies on whole, intact mouse lungs; both in healthy lungs and in diseased lungs, using an experimental animal model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). This served the dual-function of exploring BPD pathobiology, asking whether there are regional (lobar) differences in the responses of developing mouse lungs to oxygen injury, by examining each mouse lung lobe separately in the BPD model. Hyperoxia exposure resulted in decreased alveolar density, alveoli number, and gas-exchange surface area in all five mouse lung lobes, and increased the arithmetic mean septal thickness in all mouse lung lobes except the lobus cardialis. The data presented here suggest that - in healthy developing mice - a single mouse lung lobe might serve as a surrogate for studies on whole, intact mouse lungs. This is not the case for oxygen-injured developing mouse lungs, where a single lobe would not be suitable as a surrogate for the whole, intact lung. Furthermore, as the total number of alveoli can only be determined by an analysis of the entire lung, and given regional differences in lung structure, particularly under pathological conditions, the stereological assessment of the whole, intact lung remains desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuong-Van Hoang
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Claudio Nardiello
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - David E Surate Solaligue
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - José Alberto Rodríguez-Castillo
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Philipp Rath
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Konstantin Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - István Vadász
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Ahlbrecht
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
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36
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Abstract
The lung is constantly exposed to a large volume of inhaled air that may contain toxicant xenobiotics. With the possibility of exposure to a variety of respiratory toxicants from airborne pollutants in our environment during the course of daily activities, in occupational settings, the use of aerosol sprays for household products, and the development of inhalant bronchial therapies, pulmonary toxicology has become an important subspecialty of toxicology. The lung is susceptible to injury following hematogenous exposure to toxicants. Susceptibility to injury and the type of response following exposure to air- or blood-borne toxicants is largely dependent on the physiochemical characteristics and concentration of the toxicant, duration of exposure, site/tissue specific sensitivity, and the integrity of the defense mechanisms of the lung. In this chapter, nonneoplastic and neoplastic spontaneous lesions and those that develop in the lungs of rats following exposure to toxicants by various routes, but primarily by inhalation, are discussed in detail which provides insight into our understanding of how human lungs respond to toxic chemicals. In addition, the gross and microscopic anatomy of the rat lung is also discussed some detail. Although inhalation is the primary route of exposure in experimental studies, in the past, many studies used intratracheal instillation or direct injection of known carcinogens into the lung. These experiments often resulted in the development of squamous cell carcinomas even though they are very rare as a naturally occurring neoplasm. Instillation of chemicals or particles into the trachea or pleura or direct injection into the lung results in lesions or responses that may not be as relevant to understanding the mechanism of pulmonary carcinogenesis as inhalation of materials under more normal conditions. There remain, however, many areas where our understanding of the response of the lung to toxic chemicals is incomplete.
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37
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Saad M, Ruwanpura SM. Tissue Processing for Stereological Analyses of Lung Structure in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1725:155-162. [PMID: 29322416 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7568-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative data on lung structure, such as volume, surface area and length, are used for assessment of the functional performance of the lung during normal development and inflammatory-related diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), and carcinogenesis, in animal models. Stereology is considered as the gold standard to obtain quantitative data on lung structure, with a key advantage being to quantify irregular three-dimensional structures on the basis of measurement made on two-dimensional sections. Therefore, preservation of original tissue dimensions without shrinkage is vital for stereology.Three steps, fixation, sampling and embedding, are essential requirements to minimise tissue shrinkage to obtain theoretically unbiased estimates of stereological parameters of lung structures. Perfusion fixation by intratracheal instillation with 1.5% glutaraldehyde/1.5% formaldehyde at a pressure of 25 cm fluid column is considered as one of the best methods. A systematic uniform random sampling scheme is then applied to the fixed lung to ensure each and every part of the lung is analysed, irrespective of homogeneity or heterogeneity of the structural distribution. The sampled tissue sections are then embedded in glycol methacrylate to minimise further tissue shrinkage. Here we describe the accurate fixation, sampling and embedding for stereological methods to quantify lung structures in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Saad
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Saleela M Ruwanpura
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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38
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Abstract
Elastase and chronic cigarette smoke exposure animal models are commonly used to study lung morphologic and functional changes associated with emphysema-like airspace enlargement in various animal species. This chapter describes the rationale for using these two models to study mechanisms of COPD pathogenesis and provides protocols for their implementation. E-cigarettes are an emerging health concern and may also contribute to lung disease. Accordingly, approaches to study e-cigarette vapors are provided. This chapter also includes methods and tools necessary to assess lung morphologic and functional changes in animals with emphysema-like airspace enlargement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina A Serban
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - Irina Petrache
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
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39
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Jansing NL, McClendon J, Henson PM, Tuder RM, Hyde DM, Zemans RL. Unbiased Quantitation of Alveolar Type II to Alveolar Type I Cell Transdifferentiation during Repair after Lung Injury in Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:519-526. [PMID: 28586241 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0037ma] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The alveolar epithelium consists of squamous alveolar type (AT) I and cuboidal ATII cells. ATI cells cover 95-98% of the alveolar surface, thereby playing a critical role in barrier integrity, and are extremely thin, thus permitting efficient gas exchange. During lung injury, ATI cells die, resulting in increased epithelial permeability. ATII cells re-epithelialize the alveolar surface via proliferation and transdifferentiation into ATI cells. Transdifferentiation is characterized by down-regulation of ATII cell markers, up-regulation of ATI cell markers, and cell spreading, resulting in a change in morphology from cuboidal to squamous, thus restoring normal alveolar architecture and function. The mechanisms underlying ATII to ATI cell transdifferentiation have not been well studied in vivo. A prerequisite for mechanistic investigation is a rigorous, unbiased method to quantitate this process. Here, we used SPCCreERT2;mTmG mice, in which ATII cells and their progeny express green fluorescent protein (GFP), and applied stereologic techniques to measure transdifferentiation during repair after injury induced by LPS. Transdifferentiation was quantitated as the percent of alveolar surface area covered by ATII-derived (GFP+) cells expressing ATI, but not ATII, cell markers. Using this methodology, the time course and magnitude of transdifferentiation during repair was determined. We found that ATI cell loss and epithelial permeability occurred by Day 4, and ATII to ATI cell transdifferentiation began by Day 7 and continued until Day 16. Notably, transdifferentiation and barrier restoration are temporally correlated. This methodology can be applied to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying transdifferentiation, ultimately revealing novel therapeutic targets to accelerate repair after lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Jansing
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Jazalle McClendon
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Peter M Henson
- 2 Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,3 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, and.,4 Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rubin M Tuder
- 5 Program in Translational Lung Research, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Dallas M Hyde
- 6 California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Rachel L Zemans
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,3 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, and
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40
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Sallon C, Soulet D, Tremblay Y. [Morphometry of pulmonary tissue: From manual to high throughput automation]. Rev Mal Respir 2017; 34:1072-1084. [PMID: 29132744 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Weibel's research has shown that any alteration of the pulmonary structure has effects on function. This demonstration required a quantitative analysis of lung structures called morphometry. This is possible thanks to stereology, a set of methods based on principles of geometry and statistics. His work has helped to better understand the morphological harmony of the lung, which is essential for its proper functioning. An imbalance leads to pathophysiology such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in neonates. It is by studying this imbalance that new therapeutic approaches can be developed. These advances are achievable only through morphometric analytical methods, which are increasingly precise and focused, in particular thanks to the high-throughput automation of these methods. This review makes a comparison between an automated method that we developed in the laboratory and semi-manual methods of morphometric analyzes. The automation of morphometric measurements is a fundamental asset in the study of pulmonary pathophysiology because it is an assurance of robustness, reproducibility and speed. This tool will thus contribute significantly to the acceleration of the race for the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sallon
- Axe reproduction, santé de la mère et de l'enfant, centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche en reproduction, développement et santé intergénérationnelle (CRDSI), faculté de médecine, université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - D Soulet
- Axe neuroscience, centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Y Tremblay
- Axe reproduction, santé de la mère et de l'enfant, centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche en reproduction, développement et santé intergénérationnelle (CRDSI), faculté de médecine, université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Département d'obstétrique/gynécologie & reproduction, faculté de médecine, université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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41
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Rajaram S, Heinrich LE, Gordan JD, Avva J, Bonness KM, Witkiewicz AK, Malter JS, Atreya CE, Warren RS, Wu LF, Altschuler SJ. Sampling strategies to capture single-cell heterogeneity. Nat Methods 2017; 14:967-970. [PMID: 28869755 PMCID: PMC5658002 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Advances in single-cell technologies have highlighted the prevalence and biological significance of cellular heterogeneity. A critical question researchers face is how to design experiments that faithfully capture the true range of heterogeneity from samples of cellular populations. Here we develop a data-driven approach, illustrated in the context of image data, that estimates the sampling depth required for prospective investigations of single-cell heterogeneity from an existing collection of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satwik Rajaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Louise E. Heinrich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John D. Gordan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California,
USA
| | - Jayant Avva
- Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kathy M. Bonness
- Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - James S. Malter
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Texas, USA
| | - Chloe E. Atreya
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California,
USA
| | - Robert S. Warren
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California,
USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lani F. Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California,
USA
| | - Steven J. Altschuler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California,
USA
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42
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Assessing the Effects of Fibrosis on Lung Function by Light Microscopy-Coupled Stereology. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28836194 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7113-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Pulmonary diseases such as fibrosis are characterized by structural abnormalities that lead to impairment of proper lung function. Stereological analysis of serial tissue sections allows detection and quantitation of subtle changes in lung architecture. Here, we describe a stereology-based method of assessing pathology-induced changes in lung structure.
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43
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Histologic and biochemical alterations predict pulmonary mechanical dysfunction in aging mice with chronic lung inflammation. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005570. [PMID: 28837561 PMCID: PMC5570219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both aging and chronic inflammation produce complex structural and biochemical alterations to the lung known to impact work of breathing. Mice deficient in surfactant protein D (Sftpd) develop progressive age-related lung pathology characterized by tissue destruction/remodeling, accumulation of foamy macrophages and alteration in surfactant composition. This study proposes to relate changes in tissue structure seen in normal aging and in chronic inflammation to altered lung mechanics using a computational model. Alterations in lung function in aging and Sftpd -/- mice have been inferred from fitting simple mechanical models to respiratory impedance data (Zrs), however interpretation has been confounded by the simultaneous presence of multiple coexisting pathophysiologic processes. In contrast to the inverse modeling approach, this study uses simulation from experimental measurements to recapitulate how aging and inflammation alter Zrs. Histologic and mechanical measurements were made in C57BL6/J mice and congenic Sftpd-/- mice at 8, 27 and 80 weeks of age (n = 8/group). An anatomic computational model based on published airway morphometry was developed and Zrs was simulated between 0.5 and 20 Hz. End expiratory pressure dependent changes in airway caliber and recruitment were estimated from mechanical measurements. Tissue elements were simulated using the constant phase model of viscoelasticity. Baseline elastance distribution was estimated in 8-week-old wild type mice, and stochastically varied for each condition based on experimentally measured alteration in elastic fiber composition, alveolar geometry and surfactant composition. Weighing reduction in model error against increasing model complexity allowed for identification of essential features underlying mechanical pathology and their contribution to Zrs. Using a maximum likelihood approach, alteration in lung recruitment and diminished elastic fiber density were shown predictive of mechanical alteration at airway opening, to a greater extent than overt acinar wall destruction. Model-predicted deficits in PEEP-dependent lung recruitment correlate with altered lung lining fluid composition independent of age or genotype. Aging and chronic inflammation produce complex changes to the structure of the lung including accumulation of cells and debris, thinning and destruction of air sacs, altered airway size and increased tendency for airway collapse. As these structural changes are observed concurrently, their individual contributions to altered lung function cannot readily be determined by conventional measurement of lung function. Our study employs a novel approach to identifying the age progression of these effects in mice with and without chronic lung inflammation. Histologic changes in lung tissue were incorporated into a computational model of the mouse lung and used to simulate measured changes in lung function. By incorporating experimentally measured factors into the model in a stepwise fashion, the contribution of destructive and remodeling processes to alterations in lung function can be assessed. This modeling approach provides a framework for determining the significance of structural changes to the altered function observed in complex lung pathologies such as emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Such an approach could be utilized to assess mechanisms by which compounds alter lung function and the capacity of specific therapies to produce improvements in lung function at the organ level.
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44
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Li F, Zhang P, Zhang M, Liang L, Sun X, Li M, Tang Y, Bao A, Gong J, Zhang J, Adcock I, Chung KF, Zhou X. Hydrogen Sulfide Prevents and Partially Reverses Ozone-Induced Features of Lung Inflammation and Emphysema in Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:72-81. [PMID: 26731380 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0014oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a novel signaling gasotransmitter in the respiratory system, may have antiinflammatory properties in the lung. We examined the preventive and therapeutic effects of H2S on ozone-induced features of lung inflammation and emphysema. C57/BL6 mice were exposed to ozone or filtered air over 6 weeks. Sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS), an H2S donor, was administered to the mice either before ozone exposure (preventive effect) or after completion of 6 weeks of ozone exposure (therapeutic effect). The ozone-exposed mice developed emphysema, measured by micro-computed tomography and histology, airflow limitation, measured by the forced maneuver system, and increased lung inflammation with augmented IL-1β, IL-18, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) gene expression. Ozone-induced changes were associated with increased Nod-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)-caspase-1 activation and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and decreased Akt phosphorylation. NaHS both prevented and reversed lung inflammation and emphysematous changes in alveolar space. In contrast, NaHS prevented, but did not reverse, ozone-induced airflow limitation and bronchial structural remodeling. In conclusion, NaHS administration prevented and partially reversed ozone-induced features of lung inflammation and emphysema via regulation of the NLRP3-caspase-1, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Akt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and
| | | | - Min Zhang
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and
| | - Li Liang
- 2 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Third People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Min Li
- 3 Experimental Research Center, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqin Tang
- 3 Experimental Research Center, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Bao
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and
| | - Jicheng Gong
- 4 Division of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- 4 Division of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Ian Adcock
- 5 Airway Diseases Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- 5 Airway Diseases Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xin Zhou
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and
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45
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Lipsett J. Human fetal lung morphometry at autopsy with new modeling to quantitate structural maturity. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017; 52:771-778. [PMID: 28152282 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To demonstrate a simplified morphometric procedure, including a new model for acinar structural maturity, applicable to autopsy fetal lung and present reference values for these parameters. STUDY DESIGN Cases with autopsy consent for research were studied. To simplify analysis only critical morphometric parameters were measured to allow calculation of gas-exchange surface area. SUBJECT SELECTION A total of 58 fetuses, 16-40 weeks were included. Subjects were rejected with any condition predisposing to pulmonary hypo/hyperplasia, significant maceration, or if lung weight/bodyweight or microscopy identified pulmonary hypoplasia or lung growth disorders. METHODOLOGY Lungs were inflation fixed, weights and volumes determined, sampled, then returned to the body. Volume densities (VV ) of parenchyma/non-parenchyma and air-space/gas-exchange tissue, gas-exchange surface density (SV ), and total surface area (SA) were determined. The number, mean radius, and septal thickness of modeled airspace-spheres were calculated. Equations were generated for each parameter function of gestation and bodyweight. RESULTS From 16 to 40-week weights and volumes increased as power functions from ∼4 g/mL to ∼90 g/mL. Parenchyma/non-parenchyma changed little-75:25 (16 weeks) to 71:29 (term). Parenchyma was 10% airspace:90% tissue early and 50:50 by term. Gas-exchange SV increased from 175 to 450 cm2 /cm3 and total SA increased from 0.059 to 4.793 m2 . There were 3.31 × 106 airspace-spheres, 12 µ radius, septal thickness 30 µ at 16 weeks, increasing to 56.92 × 106 , 26 µ radius, septal thickness 13 µ by term. CONCLUSIONS Morphometry can feasibly be performed at autopsy, providing more informative quantitative data on lung structural development than current methods utilized. This reference data set compares well with published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Lipsett
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, S.A. Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
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46
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Steffen L, Ruppert C, Hoymann HG, Funke M, Ebener S, Kloth C, Mühlfeld C, Ochs M, Knudsen L, Lopez-Rodriguez E. Surfactant replacement therapy reduces acute lung injury and collapse induration-related lung remodeling in the bleomycin model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L313-L327. [PMID: 28450283 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00033.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bleomycin-induced lung injury leads to surfactant dysfunction and permanent loss of alveoli due to a remodeling process called collapse induration. Collapse induration also occurs in acute interstitial lung disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in humans. We hypothesized that surfactant dysfunction aggravates lung injury and early remodeling resulting in collapse induration within 7 days after lung injury. Rats received bleomycin to induce lung injury and either repetitive surfactant replacement therapy (SRT: 100 mg Curosurf/kg BW = surf group) or saline (0.9% NaCl = saline group). After 3 (D3) or 7 (D7) days, invasive pulmonary function tests were performed to determine tissue elastance (H) and static compliance (Cst). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was taken for surfactant function, inflammatory markers, and protein measurements. Lungs were fixed by vascular perfusion for design-based stereology and electron microscopic analyses. SRT significantly improved minimum surface tension of alveolar surfactant as well as H and Cst at D3 and D7. At D3 decreased inflammatory markers including neutrophilic granulocytes, IL-1β, and IL-6 correlated with reduced BAL-protein levels after SRT. Numbers of open alveoli were significantly increased at D3 and D7 in SRT groups whereas at D7 there was also a significant reduction in septal wall thickness and parenchymal tissue volume. Septal wall thickness and numbers of open alveoli highly correlated with improved lung mechanics after SRT. In conclusion, reduction in surface tension was effective to stabilize alveoli linked with an attenuation of parameters of acute lung injury at D3 and collapse induration at D7. Hence, SRT modifies disease progression to collapse induration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Steffen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Germany and Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Clemens Ruppert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany, and Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Heinz-Gerd Hoymann
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manuela Funke
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and
| | - Simone Ebener
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and
| | - Christina Kloth
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Germany and Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Mühlfeld
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Germany and Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Germany and Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lars Knudsen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Germany and Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany; .,Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elena Lopez-Rodriguez
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Germany and Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
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47
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Pozarska A, Rodríguez-Castillo JA, Surate Solaligue DE, Ntokou A, Rath P, Mižíková I, Madurga A, Mayer K, Vadász I, Herold S, Ahlbrecht K, Seeger W, Morty RE. Stereological monitoring of mouse lung alveolarization from the early postnatal period to adulthood. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L882-L895. [PMID: 28314804 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00492.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal lung maturation generates a large number of small alveoli, with concomitant thinning of alveolar septal walls, generating a large gas exchange surface area but minimizing the distance traversed by the gases. This demand for a large and thin gas exchange surface area is not met in disorders of lung development, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) histopathologically characterized by fewer, larger alveoli and thickened alveolar septal walls. Diseases such as BPD are often modeled in the laboratory mouse to better understand disease pathogenesis or to develop new interventional approaches. To date, there have been no stereology-based longitudinal studies on postnatal mouse lung development that report dynamic changes in alveoli number or alveolar septal wall thickness during lung maturation. To this end, changes in lung structure were quantified over the first 22 mo of postnatal life of C57BL/6J mice. Alveolar density peaked at postnatal day (P)39 and remained unchanged at 9 mo (P274) but was reduced by 22 mo (P669). Alveoli continued to be generated, initially at an accelerated rate between P5 and P14, and at a slower rate thereafter. Between P274 and P669, loss of alveoli was noted, without any reduction in lung volume. A progressive thinning of the alveolar septal wall was noted between P5 and P28. Pronounced sex differences were observed in alveoli number in adult (but not juvenile) mice, when comparing male and female mouse lungs. This sex difference was attributed exclusively to the larger volume of male mouse lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Pozarska
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - José Alberto Rodríguez-Castillo
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - David E Surate Solaligue
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Aglaia Ntokou
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Philipp Rath
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and
| | - Ivana Mižíková
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alicia Madurga
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - István Vadász
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin Ahlbrecht
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and .,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
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48
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Brown DL. Bias in image analysis and its solution: unbiased stereology. J Toxicol Pathol 2017; 30:183-191. [PMID: 28798525 PMCID: PMC5545670 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2017-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the human eye is excellent for pattern recognition, it often lacks the sensitivity to detect subtle changes in particle density. Because of this, quantitative evaluation may be required in some studies. A common type of quantitative assessment used for routine toxicology studies is two-dimensional histomorphometry. Although this technique can provide additional information about the tissue section being examined, it does not give information about the tissue as a whole. Furthermore, it produces biased (inaccurate) data that does not take into account the size, shape, or orientation of particles. In contrast, stereology is a technique that utilizes stringent sampling methods to obtain three-dimensional information about the entire tissue that is unbiased. The purpose of this review is to illuminate the sources of bias with two-dimensional morphometry, how it can affect the data, and how that bias is minimized with stereology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Brown
- Charles River Laboratories, Pathology Associates, 4025 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 150, Durham, NC 27703, USA
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49
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Yablonskiy DA, Sukstanskii AL, Quirk JD. Diffusion lung imaging with hyperpolarized gas MRI. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:10.1002/nbm.3448. [PMID: 26676342 PMCID: PMC4911335 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lung imaging using conventional 1 H MRI presents great challenges because of the low density of lung tissue, lung motion and very fast lung tissue transverse relaxation (typical T2 * is about 1-2 ms). MRI with hyperpolarized gases (3 He and 129 Xe) provides a valuable alternative because of the very strong signal originating from inhaled gas residing in the lung airspaces and relatively slow gas T2 * relaxation (typical T2 * is about 20-30 ms). However, in vivo human experiments should be performed very rapidly - usually during a single breath-hold. In this review, we describe the recent developments in diffusion lung MRI with hyperpolarized gases. We show that a combination of the results of modeling of gas diffusion in lung airspaces and diffusion measurements with variable diffusion-sensitizing gradients allows the extraction of quantitative information on the lung microstructure at the alveolar level. From an MRI scan of less than 15 s, this approach, called in vivo lung morphometry, allows the provision of quantitative values and spatial distributions of the same physiological parameters as measured by means of 'standard' invasive stereology (mean linear intercept, surface-to-volume ratio, density of alveoli, etc.). In addition, the approach makes it possible to evaluate some advanced Weibel parameters characterizing lung microstructure: average radii of alveolar sacs and ducts, as well as the depth of their alveolar sleeves. Such measurements, providing in vivo information on the integrity of pulmonary acinar airways and their changes in different diseases, are of great importance and interest to a broad range of physiologists and clinicians. We also discuss a new type of experiment based on the in vivo lung morphometry technique combined with quantitative computed tomography measurements, as well as with gradient echo MRI measurements of hyperpolarized gas transverse relaxation in the lung airspaces. Such experiments provide additional information on the blood vessel volume fraction, specific gas volume and length of the acinar airways, and allow the evaluation of lung parenchymal and non-parenchymal tissue. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James D Quirk
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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50
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Application of Histopathology and Bone Histomorphometry for Understanding Test Article-Related Bone Changes and Assessing Potential Bone Liabilities. MOLECULAR AND INTEGRATIVE TOXICOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56192-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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