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Allali B, Pereira B, Fillon A, Pouele L, Masurier J, Cardenoux C, Isacco L, Boirie Y, Duclos M, Thivel D, Julian V. The effectiveness of multidisciplinary weight loss interventions is associated with initial cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents with obesity. Pediatr Obes 2024; 19:e13147. [PMID: 38922794 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of predictive parameters of the success of multidisciplinary weight loss interventions (MWLI) appears essential to optimize obesity management. The association between baseline cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and changes in anthropometric parameters and body composition during MWLI remains underexplored in adolescents with obesity. OBJECTIVES To assess whether baseline CRF was associated with the effectiveness of a 16-week MWLI measured through improved body mass, body mass index (BMI) and body composition (percentage of total fat mass (FM) as the main criterion). METHODS Cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition were respectively measured by peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) during maximal exercise tests and dual-photon x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), before (T0) and after (T1) a 16-week MWLI in 165 adolescents (aged 13.3 ± 1.38 years, 61.2% female, BMI 35.11 ± 5.16 kg/m2). RESULTS Reductions in BMI and total FM percentage between T0 and T1 were greater in subjects with a baseline VO2peak ≥ 3rd quartile compared to the first quartile (p < 0.001) and the interquartile range (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). Baseline VO2peak and VO2 at the first ventilator threshold were positively correlated with the reductions in body mass, BMI and total and visceral FM percentages and with the increase in lean mass (LM) percentage between T0 and T1 after adjustment for age and gender (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Initial CRF is associated with the success of MWLI in adolescents with obesity. Improving their aerobic fitness before starting a MWLI might be a promising strategy to optimize its benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Allali
- Department of Pediatrics, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Department of Biostatistics, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alicia Fillon
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), University of Clermont Auvergne, Aubière, France
| | - Lili Pouele
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), University of Clermont Auvergne, Aubière, France
| | - Julie Masurier
- Pediatric Obesity Center of La Bourboule, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Laurie Isacco
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), University of Clermont Auvergne, Aubière, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, Human Nutrition Research Center, INRA, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martine Duclos
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, Human Nutrition Research Center, INRA, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Thivel
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), University of Clermont Auvergne, Aubière, France
| | - Valérie Julian
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, Human Nutrition Research Center, INRA, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Hirsch KR, Cabre HE, Gould LM, Blue MNM, Smith-Ryan AE. Effects of Essential Amino Acids on High-Intensity Interval Training Performance, Fatigue Outcomes, and Workload Progression. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2023; 42:411-417. [PMID: 35512775 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2022.2060373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation on high-intensity interval training (HIIT) fatigue, perceived exertion, and training progression in overweight and obese adults. A secondary aim was to explore potential sex-differences on these outcomes. METHODS Thirty-seven untrained adults (51% female; 36.2 ± 5.9 yrs; 35.5 ± 6.7% body fat) completed eight weeks of HIIT, 2d/wk on a cycle ergometer, either with EAA supplementation (HIIT + EAA; 3.6 g of EAA twice daily, 30 minutes pre and post HIIT) or without supplementation (HIIT). Heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded throughout each session as indices of within training fatigue. Time to exhaustion (TTE) was recorded for the final interval of each session. Workload progression was determined by change in watts. Differences between groups (with and without EAA) were evaluated at 1wk, 4wks, and 8wks by repeated measure ANOVAs (α = 0.05). RESULTS There were no differences in TTE (p = 0.983) or workload progression (p = 0.655) with EAA supplementation at any time point. HR and RPE within HIIT sessions were not significantly different with EAA supplementation at any time point (p > 0.05). Results were similar when evaluating males and females separately, but in females, RPE was significantly lower with EAA supplementation at 4wks (Δ: 1.1-2.2; p = 0.016). CONCLUSION EAA supplementation did not extend TTE during exercise or enhance workload progression across eight weeks of HIIT in untrained, overweight and obese adults. However, EAA consumed 30 minutes before exercise may reduce perceived exertion during the first four weeks of training in women, which may have implications for overall exercise enjoyment and long-term adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Hirsch
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Hannah E Cabre
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lacey M Gould
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Malia N M Blue
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Mattioli AV, Selleri V, Zanini G, Nasi M, Pinti M, Stefanelli C, Fedele F, Gallina S. Physical Activity and Diet in Older Women: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2022; 12:81. [PMID: 36614882 PMCID: PMC9821197 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity and diet are essential for maintaining good health and preventing the development of non-communicable diseases, especially in the older adults. One aspect that is often over-looked is the different response between men and women to exercise and nutrients. The body's response to exercise and to different nutrients as well as the choice of foods is different in the two sexes and is strongly influenced by the different hormonal ages in women. The present narrative review analyzes the effects of gender on nutrition and physical activity in older women. Understanding which components of diet and physical activity affect the health status of older women would help target non-pharmacological but lifestyle-related therapeutic interventions. It is interesting to note that this analysis shows a lack of studies dedicated to older women and a lack of studies dedicated to the interactions between diet and physical activity in women. Gender medicine is a current need that still finds little evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- Istituto Nazionale per le Ricerche Cardiovascolari, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Valentina Selleri
- Istituto Nazionale per le Ricerche Cardiovascolari, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giada Zanini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Milena Nasi
- Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Claudio Stefanelli
- Istituto Nazionale per le Ricerche Cardiovascolari, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Quality of Life, Alma Mater Studiorum, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Fedele
- Istituto Nazionale per le Ricerche Cardiovascolari, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Sabina Gallina
- Istituto Nazionale per le Ricerche Cardiovascolari, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Katashima CK, de Oliveira Micheletti T, Braga RR, Gaspar RS, Goeminne LJE, Moura-Assis A, Crisol BM, Brícola RS, Silva VRR, de Oliveira Ramos C, da Rocha AL, Tavares MR, Simabuco FM, Matheus VA, Buscaratti L, Marques-Souza H, Pazos P, Gonzalez-Touceda D, Tovar S, del Carmen García M, Neto JCR, Curi R, Hirabara SM, Brum PC, Prada PO, de Moura LP, Pauli JR, da Silva ASR, Cintra DE, Velloso LA, Ropelle ER. Evidence for a neuromuscular circuit involving hypothalamic interleukin-6 in the control of skeletal muscle metabolism. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm7355. [PMID: 35905178 PMCID: PMC9337767 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm7355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic interleukin-6 (IL6) exerts a broad metabolic control. Here, we demonstrated that IL6 activates the ERK1/2 pathway in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), stimulating AMPK/ACC signaling and fatty acid oxidation in mouse skeletal muscle. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the hypothalamic IL6/ERK1/2 axis is closely associated with fatty acid oxidation- and mitochondrial-related genes in the skeletal muscle of isogenic BXD mouse strains and humans. We showed that the hypothalamic IL6/ERK1/2 pathway requires the α2-adrenergic pathway to modify fatty acid skeletal muscle metabolism. To address the physiological relevance of these findings, we demonstrated that this neuromuscular circuit is required to underpin AMPK/ACC signaling activation and fatty acid oxidation after exercise. Last, the selective down-regulation of IL6 receptor in VMH abolished the effects of exercise to sustain AMPK and ACC phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation in the muscle after exercise. Together, these data demonstrated that the IL6/ERK axis in VMH controls fatty acid metabolism in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Kiyoshi Katashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeria, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Thayana de Oliveira Micheletti
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Rosseto Braga
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeria, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Stellzer Gaspar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeria, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ludger J. E. Goeminne
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Moura-Assis
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barbara Moreira Crisol
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeria, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Rafael S. Brícola
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeria, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Vagner Ramon R. Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeria, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Camila de Oliveira Ramos
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomic, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Alisson L. da Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Pretol, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rosolen Tavares
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Moreira Simabuco
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valquiria Aparecida Matheus
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Buscaratti
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Marques-Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pazos
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS) and CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB 06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - David Gonzalez-Touceda
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS) and CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB 06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Sulay Tovar
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS) and CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB 06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - María del Carmen García
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS) and CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB 06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Jose Cesar Rosa Neto
- Immunometabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Sandro Massao Hirabara
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Chakur Brum
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Oliveira Prada
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro P. de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeria, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
- CEPECE—Center of Research in Sport Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeria, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
- CEPECE—Center of Research in Sport Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Adelino S. R. da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Pretol, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennys Esper Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomic, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Licio A. Velloso
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Rochete Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeria, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
- CEPECE—Center of Research in Sport Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
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Bailey RL, Dog TL, Smith-Ryan AE, Das SK, Baker FC, Madak-Erdogan Z, Hammond BR, Sesso HD, Eapen A, Mitmesser SH, Wong A, Nguyen H. Sex Differences Across the Life Course: A Focus On Unique Nutritional and Health Considerations among Women. J Nutr 2022; 152:1597-1610. [PMID: 35294009 PMCID: PMC9258555 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, women, while having a longer life expectancy than men, experience a differential risk for chronic diseases and have unique nutritional needs based on physiological and hormonal changes across the life span. However, much of what is known about health is based on research conducted in men. Additional complexity in assessing nutritional needs within gender include the variations in genetics, body compositions, hormonal milieus, underlying chronic diseases, and medication usage, with this list expanding as we consider these variables across the life course. It is clear women experience nutrient shortfalls during key periods of their lives, which may differentially impact their health. Consequently, as we move into the era of precision nutrition, understanding these sex- and gender-based differences may help optimize recommendations and interventions chosen to support health and weight management. Recently, a scientific conference was convened with content experts to explore these topics from a life-course perspective at biological, physiological, and behavioral levels. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop and provides an overview of important nutrition and related lifestyle considerations across the life course. The landscape of addressing female-specific nutritional needs continues to grow; now more than ever, it is essential to increase our understanding of the physiological differences between men and women, and determine how these physiological considerations may aid in optimizing nutritional strategies to support certain personal goals related to health, quality of life, sleep, and exercise performance among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regan L Bailey
- Institute for Advancing Health Through Agriculture, Texas A&M, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sai Krupa Das
- Jean-Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fiona C Baker
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Zeynep Madak-Erdogan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Billy R Hammond
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences Program, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Howard D Sesso
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex Eapen
- R&D Scientific & Regulatory Affairs–North America, Cargill, Wayzata, MN, USA
| | | | - Andrea Wong
- Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, Council for Responsible Nutrition, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Haiuyen Nguyen
- Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, Council for Responsible Nutrition, Washington, DC, USA
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Forsyth JJ, Burt D. Sex Differences in Recovery From Sprint Interval Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:e41-e48. [PMID: 31895284 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacky J Forsyth
- School of Education and Life Sciences, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
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Active Women Across the Lifespan: Nutritional Ingredients to Support Health and Wellness. Sports Med 2022; 52:101-117. [PMID: 36173598 PMCID: PMC9521557 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Women are the largest consumers of dietary supplements. Dietary supplements can play a role in health and performance, particularly for women. Growing evidence and innovations support the unique physiological and nutrient timing needs for women. Despite the need for more nutrition and exercise-specific research in women, initial data and known physiological differences between sexes related to the brain, respiration, bone, and muscle support new product development and evidence-based education for active women regarding the use of dietary supplements. In this narrative review, we discuss hormonal and metabolic considerations with the potential to impact nutritional recommendations for active women. We propose four potential areas of opportunity for ingredients to help support the health and well-being of active women, including: (1) body composition, (2) energy/fatigue, (3) mental health, and (4) physical health.
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McMillan DW, Maher JL, Jacobs KA, Mendez AJ, Nash MS, Bilzon JLJ. Effects of Exercise Mode on Postprandial Metabolism in Humans with Chronic Paraplegia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1495-1504. [PMID: 33433151 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the acute effects of exercise mode and intensity on postprandial macronutrient metabolism. METHODS Ten healthy men age 39 ± 10 yr with chronic paraplegia (13.2 ± 8.8 yr, ASIA A-C) completed three isocaloric bouts of upper-body exercise and a resting control. After an overnight fast, participants completed circuit resistance exercise (CRE) first and the following conditions in a randomized order, separated by >48 h: i) control (CON), ~45-min seated rest; ii) moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE), ~40-min arm cranking at a resistance equivalent to ~30% peak power output (PPO); and iii) high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), ~30 min arm cranking with resistance alternating every 2 min between 10% PPO and 70% PPO. After each condition, participants completed a mixed-meal tolerance test consisting of a 2510-kJ liquid meal (35% fat, 50% carbohydrate, 15% protein). Blood and expired gas samples were collected at baseline and regular intervals for 150 min after a meal. RESULTS An interaction (P < 0.001) was observed, with rates of lipid oxidation elevated above CON in HIIE until 60 min after a meal and in CRE at all postprandial time points up to 150 min after a meal. Postprandial blood glycerol was greater in MICE (P = 0.020) and CRE (P = 0.001) compared with CON. Furthermore, nonesterified fatty acid area under the curve had a moderate-to-strong effect in CRE versus MICE and HIIE (Cohen's d = -0.76 and -0.50, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In persons with paraplegia, high-intensity exercise increased postprandial energy expenditure independent of the energy cost of exercise. Furthermore, exercise combining resistance and endurance modes (CRE) showed the greater effect on postprandial lipid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L Maher
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Kevin A Jacobs
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Armando J Mendez
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Mark S Nash
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami FL
| | - James L J Bilzon
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, UNITED KINGDOM
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9
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Henderson GC, Meyer JM. Transient elevation of triacylglycerol content in the liver: a fundamental component of the acute response to exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1293-1303. [PMID: 33475457 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00930.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is well appreciated as a therapeutic approach to improve health. Although chronic exercise training can change metabolism, even a single exercise session can have significant effects upon metabolism. Responses of adipose tissue lipolysis and skeletal muscle triacylglycerol (TAG) utilization have been well appreciated as components of the acute exercise response. However, there are other central components of the physiological response to be considered, as well. A robust and growing body of literature depicts a rapid responsiveness of hepatic TAG content to single bouts of exercise, and there is a remaining need to incorporate this information into our overall understanding of how exercise affects the liver. TAG content in the liver increases during an exercise session and can continue to rise for a few hours afterwards, followed by a fairly rapid return to baseline. Here, we summarize evidence that rapid responsiveness of hepatic TAG content to metabolic stress is a fundamental component of the exercise response. Adipose tissue lipolysis and plasma free fatty acid concentration are likely the major metabolic controllers of enhanced lipid storage in the liver after each exercise bout, and we discuss nutritional impacts as well as health implications. Although traditionally clinicians would be merely concerned with hepatic lipids in overnight-fasted, rested individuals, it is now apparent that the content of hepatic TAG fluctuates in response to metabolic challenges such as exercise, and these responses likely exert significant impacts on health and cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliauna M. Meyer
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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10
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McMillan DW, Kressler J, Jacobs KA, Nash MS. Substrate metabolism during recovery from circuit resistance exercise in persons with spinal cord injury. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1631-1640. [PMID: 33655367 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Whole body energy expenditure and lipid oxidation (Lox) are upregulated during and after exercise. Persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) generally have a blunted ability to utilize fat during exercise, but it is unknown if their substrate partitioning is affected during recovery from exercise. PURPOSE To determine the effect of a single session of upper body circuit resistance exercise (CRE) on energy expenditure and Lox during exercise recovery in persons with and without SCI. METHODS Twenty four persons (3 groups; 7 male and 1 female per group) without paralysis (neurologically intact; N) or with chronic (≥ 1 yr) paraplegia (P) or tetraplegia (T) participated. Energy expenditure and substrate partitioning were assessed via indirect calorimetry before, during, and three times after (up to 120 min after) a single session of CRE, or time-matched seated control (CON). RESULTS During CRE, all groups experienced a similar relative increase in oxygen consumption (49 ± 13, 55 ± 11, and 48 ± 15% VO2peak for N, P, and T, respectively). The Post0-120 energy expenditure was greater following CRE vs. CON (P < 0.01) and independent of injury characteristics (10.6, 22.6, and 14.3% higher than CON for N, P, and T; P = 0.21). The absolute increase in Lox above CON during recovery was similar for N, P, and T (5.74 ± 2.81, 6.62 ± 3.10, and 4.50 ± 3.91 g, respectively; P = 0.45). CONCLUSIONS Energy expenditure and lipid utilization was increased similarly following circuit exercise in persons without and with spinal cord injury in a manner independent of level of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W McMillan
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Jochen Kressler
- Department of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kevin A Jacobs
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mark S Nash
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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McMillan DW, Maher JL, Jacobs KA, Nash MS, Gater DR. Exercise Interventions Targeting Obesity in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2021; 27:109-120. [PMID: 33814889 PMCID: PMC7983638 DOI: 10.46292/sci20-00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in an array of cardiometabolic complications, with obesity being the most common component risk of cardiometabolic disease (CMD) in this population. Recent Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines for CMD in SCI recommend physical exercise as a primary treatment strategy for the management of CMD in SCI. However, the high prevalence of obesity in SCI and the pleiotropic nature of this body habitus warrant strategies for tailoring exercise to specifically target obesity. In general, exercise for obesity management should aim primarily to induce a negative energy balance and secondarily to increase the use of fat as a fuel source. In persons with SCI, reductions in the muscle mass that can be recruited during activity limit the capacity for exercise to induce a calorie deficit. Furthermore, the available musculature exhibits a decreased oxidative capacity, limiting the utilization of fat during exercise. These constraints must be considered when designing exercise interventions for obesity management in SCI. Certain forms of exercise have a greater therapeutic potential in this population partly due to impacts on metabolism during recovery from exercise and at rest. In this article, we propose that exercise for obesity in SCI should target large muscle groups and aim to induce hypertrophy to increase total energy expenditure response to training. Furthermore, although carbohydrate reliance will be high during activity, certain forms of exercise might induce meaningful postexercise shifts in the use of fat as a fuel. General activity in this population is important for many components of health, but low energy cost of daily activities and limitations in upper body volitional exercise mean that exercise interventions targeting utilization and hypertrophy of large muscle groups will likely be required for obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. McMillan
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, UHealth/Jackson Memorial, Miami, Florida
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jennifer L. Maher
- Department of Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A. Jacobs
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Mark S. Nash
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, UHealth/Jackson Memorial, Miami, Florida
| | - David R. Gater
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, UHealth/Jackson Memorial, Miami, Florida
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Teng YC, Wang JY, Chi YH, Tsai TF. Exercise and the Cisd2 Prolongevity Gene: Two Promising Strategies to Delay the Aging of Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239059. [PMID: 33260577 PMCID: PMC7731423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is an evolutionally conserved process that limits life activity. Cellular aging is the result of accumulated genetic damage, epigenetic damage and molecular exhaustion, as well as altered inter-cellular communication; these lead to impaired organ function and increased vulnerability to death. Skeletal muscle constitutes ~40% of the human body’s mass. In addition to maintaining skeletal structure and allowing locomotion, which enables essential daily activities to be completed, skeletal muscle also plays major roles in thermogenesis, metabolism and the functioning of the endocrine system. Unlike many other organs that have a defined size once adulthood is reached, skeletal muscle is able to alter its structural and functional properties in response to changes in environmental conditions. Muscle mass usually remains stable during early life; however, it begins to decline at a rate of ~1% year in men and ~0.5% in women after the age of 50 years. On the other hand, different exercise training regimens are able to restore muscle homeostasis at the molecular, cellular and organismal levels, thereby improving systemic health. Here we give an overview of the molecular factors that contribute to lifespan and healthspan, and discuss the effects of the longevity gene Cisd2 and middle-to-old age exercise on muscle metabolism and changes in the muscle transcriptome in mice during very old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chi Teng
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
| | - Jing-Ya Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Hui Chi
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.C.); (T.-F.T.); Tel.: +886-37-206166 (ext. 35718) (Y.-H.C.); +886-2-28267293 (T.-F.T.); Fax: +886-2-28280872 (T.-F.T.)
| | - Ting-Fen Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan;
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.C.); (T.-F.T.); Tel.: +886-37-206166 (ext. 35718) (Y.-H.C.); +886-2-28267293 (T.-F.T.); Fax: +886-2-28280872 (T.-F.T.)
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Swenson S, Blum K, McLaughlin T, Gold MS, Thanos PK. The therapeutic potential of exercise for neuropsychiatric diseases: A review. J Neurol Sci 2020; 412:116763. [PMID: 32305746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is known to have a myriad of health benefits. There is much to be learned from the effects of exercise and its potential for prevention, attenuation and treatment of multiple neuropsychiatric diseases and behavioral disorders. Furthermore, recent data and research on exercise benefits with respect to major health crises, such as, that of opioid and general substance use disorders, make it very important to better understand and review the mechanisms of exercise and how it could be utilized for effective treatments or adjunct treatments for these diseases. In addition, mechanisms, epigenetics and sex differences are examined and discussed in terms of future research implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Swenson
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Western Univesity Health Sciences, Graduate College, Pomona, CA, USA
| | | | - Mark S Gold
- Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Péronnet F, Haman F. Low capacity to oxidize fat and body weight. Obes Rev 2019; 20:1367-1383. [PMID: 31353786 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For a given positive energy balance, a low capacity to oxidize fat could contribute to weight gain (low fat oxidation hypothesis). This hypothesis is based on the arguments that for a given stable diet and food quotient (FQ), the respiratory quotient (RQ) is higher in obesity prone (OP) than in obesity resistant individuals (OR) and that a high RQ predicts higher future weight gain. A review of 42 studies shows that there is no convincing experimental support to these arguments and thus for the low fat oxidation hypothesis. A power analysis also shows that this hypothesis might be impossible to experimentally confirm because very large numbers of subjects would be needed to reject the null hypotheses that the 24-h RQ is not different in OP and OR or that future weight gain is not different in individuals with a low and high 24-h RQ at baseline. A re-examination of the significance of the 24-hour and fasting RQ also shows that the assumption underlying the low fat oxidation hypothesis that a high RQ reflects a low capacity to oxidize fat is not valid: For a stable diet, the 24-h RQ entirely depends on FQ and energy balance, and the fasting RQ mainly depends on the FQ and energy balance and on the size of glycogen stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Péronnet
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - François Haman
- École des sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté des sciences de la santé, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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McMillan DW, Maher JL, Jacobs KA, Mendez AJ, Nash MS, Bilzon JLJ. Influence of upper-body continuous, resistance or high-intensity interval training (CRIT) on postprandial responses in persons with spinal cord injury: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20:497. [PMID: 31409383 PMCID: PMC6693181 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) increases morbidity and mortality associated with cardiometabolic diseases, secondary to increases in central adiposity, hyperlipidaemia and impaired glucose tolerance. While upper-body Moderate Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) improves cardiorespiratory fitness, its effects on cardiometabolic component risks in adults with SCI appear relatively modest. The aim of this study is to assess the acute effects of Continuous Resistance Training (CRT), High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), MICT and rest (CON) on fasting and postprandial systemic biomarkers and substrate utilisation. Methods Eleven healthy, chronic SCI (> 1 year, ASIA A-C) men will be recruited. Following preliminary testing, each will complete four experimental conditions, where they will report to the laboratory following an ~ 10-h overnight fast. A venous blood sample will be drawn and expired gases collected to estimate resting metabolic rate (RMR). In order to ensure an isocaloric exercise challenge, each will complete CRT first, with the remaining three conditions presented in randomised order: (1) CRT, ~ 45 min of resistance manoeuvres (weight lifting) interspersed with low-resistance, high-speed arm-crank exercise; (2) CON, seated rest; (3) MICT, ~ 45 min constant arm-crank exercise at a resistance equivalent to 30–40% peak power output (PPO) and; (4) HIIT, ~ 35 min arm-crank exercise with the resistance alternating every 2 min between 10% PPO and 70% PPO. After each ~ 45-min condition, participants will ingest a 2510-kJ liquid test meal (35% fat, 50% carbohydrate, 15% protein). Venous blood and expired gas samples will be collected at the end of exercise and at regular intervals for 120 min post meal. Discussion This study should establish the acute effects of different forms of exercise on fasting and postprandial responses in chronic SCI male patients. Measures of glucose clearance, insulin sensitivity, lipid and inflammatory biomarker concentrations will be assessed and changes in whole-body substrate oxidation estimated from expired gases. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03545867. Retrospectively registered on 1 June 2018. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-019-3583-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W McMillan
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Maher
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, UK
| | - Kevin A Jacobs
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Armando J Mendez
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mark S Nash
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - James L J Bilzon
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA. .,Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, UK.
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Yeom MY, Cho YO. A 1:1 exercise-to-rest period ratio needed by animals to restore energy sources and replenish anti-oxidative status after exercise. Nutr Res Pract 2019; 13:17-22. [PMID: 30788052 PMCID: PMC6369116 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2019.13.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Successful recovery of an animal from exercise is essential, especially prior to the next exercise session. This study was conducted to find an effective exercise-to-rest period ratio for the restoration of energy sources and replenishment of anti-oxidative status in tissue after exercise. MATERIALS/METHODS Thirty-two rats were assigned to either non-training or training exercise groups for 5 weeks. After that period, the two groups were subdivided into four smaller groups: non-exercise (NE), exercise 0.5 hour and rest 1 hour (ER0.5:1), exercise 1 hour and rest 1 hour (ER1:1), exercise 2 hours and rest 1 hour (ER2:1). RESULTS In the training group animals and compared to the NE group, the levels of plasma glucose after the rest period were significantly high in all ER groups but highest in the ER2:1 group. Similarly, the liver glycogen level was highest in the ER2:1 group. The plasma FFA level reached the highest level in the ER2:1 group but was similarly high in the ER0.5:1 group. Liver TG level was unchanged in the ER2:1 and ER1:1 groups but was significantly high in the ER0.5:1 group. Muscle TG levels were decreased in all three ER groups. Plasma protein levels were significantly high in the ER2:1 and ER0.5:1 groups. In both training animal and non-training animals, the liver protein levels did not change significantly between the NE and ER groups, irrespective of the exercise-to-rest ratio. In the training animal group, muscle protein level was significantly low in the ER2:1 and ER0.5:1 groups. The activity levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase, as well as the malondialdehyde concentration, were not significantly different between NE and ER groups, irrespective of the exercise-to-rest period ratio. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that animals provided with a 0.5:1 to 1:1 exercise-to-rest period ratio can restore their muscle energy sources and recover their anti-oxidative defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma-Young Yeom
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, 33 Samyangro 144, Dobong-Gu, Seoul, 01369, South Korea
| | - Youn-Ok Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, 33 Samyangro 144, Dobong-Gu, Seoul, 01369, South Korea
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Pihoker AA, Peterjohn AM, Trexler ET, Hirsch KR, Blue MNM, Anderson KC, Ryan ED, Smith-Ryan AE. The effects of nutrient timing on training adaptations in resistance-trained females. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:472-477. [PMID: 30366741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of pre- vs. post-workout nutrition on strength, body composition, and metabolism in trained females over 6 weeks of high intensity resistance training (HIRT). DESIGN Forty-three trained females (mean±SD; age: 20.5±2.2 yrs; height: 165.2±5.7cm; body mass: 66.5±11.4kg) were measured for strength, body composition, and metabolic variables before and after a HIRT intervention. Participants were randomized using a 2:2:1 matched block randomization scheme by baseline leg press strength into a group that consumed a 1:1.5 carbohydrate-protein supplement (16g CHO/25g PRO) pre-training (PRE), post-training (POST), or no supplement (CON). METHODS Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to evaluate fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), and percent fat (%fat). Strength was analyzed using a one repetition max on the leg and bench press (LP1RM and BP1RM, respectively). Participants completed HIRT twice per week for 6 weeks. At the first and last trainings, metabolic variables [resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory exchange ratio, RER] were measured. RESULTS There were no significant differences between groups for any changes in body composition variables or LP1RM (p=0.170-0.959). There were significant differences for BP1RM (p=0.007), with PRE and POST experiencing greater increases than CON (p=0.010 and 0.015, respectively). REE changes were not significant between groups (p=0.058-0.643). PRE demonstrated greater fat oxidation (RER) at 30min post-exercise (p=0.008-0.035). CONCLUSION Peri-workout nutrition is potentially important for upper body strength and metabolism. PRE may be more effective for promoting fat utilization immediately post-workout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis A Pihoker
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina, United States
| | - Austin M Peterjohn
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina, United States
| | - Eric T Trexler
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina, United States; Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina, United States
| | - Katie R Hirsch
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina, United States; Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina, United States
| | - Malia N M Blue
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina, United States; Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina, United States
| | - Kara C Anderson
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina, United States
| | - Eric D Ryan
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina, United States; Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina, United States
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina, United States; Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina, United States.
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Tuazon MA, Campbell SC, Klein DJ, Shapses SA, Anacker KR, Anthony TG, Uzumcu M, Henderson GC. Effects of ovariectomy and exercise training intensity on energy substrate and hepatic lipid metabolism, and spontaneous physical activity in mice. Metabolism 2018. [PMID: 29522773 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menopause is associated with fatty liver, glucose dysregulation, increased body fat, and impaired bone quality. Previously, it was demonstrated that single sessions of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) are more effective than distance- and duration-matched continuous exercise (CE) on altering hepatic triglyceride (TG) metabolism and very-low density lipoprotein-TG (VLDL-TG) secretion. METHODS Six weeks training using these modalities was examined for effects on hepatic TG metabolism/secretion, glucose tolerance, body composition, and bone mineral density (BMD) in ovariectomized (OVX) and sham-operated (SHAM) mice. OVX and SHAM were assigned to distance- and duration-matched CE and HIIE, or sedentary control. RESULTS Energy expenditure during exercise was confirmed to be identical between CE and HIIE and both similarly reduced post-exercise absolute carbohydrate oxidation and spontaneous physical activity (SPA). OVX vs. SHAM displayed impaired glucose tolerance and greater body fat despite lower hepatic TG, and these outcomes were not affected by training. Only HIIE increased hepatic AMPK in OVX and SHAM, but neither training type impacted VLDL-TG secretion. As expected, BMD was lower in OVX, and training did not affect long bones. CONCLUSIONS The results reveal intensity-dependent effects on hepatic AMPK expression and general exercise effects on subsequent SPA and substrate oxidation that is independent of estrogen status. These findings support the notion that HIIE can impact aspects of liver physiology in females while the effects of exercise on whole body substrate selection appear to be independent of training intensity. However, neither exercise approach mitigated the impairment in glucose tolerance and elevated body fat occurring in OVX mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Tuazon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Sara C Campbell
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.
| | - Dylan J Klein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Sue A Shapses
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Keith R Anacker
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Tracy G Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Mehmet Uzumcu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Gregory C Henderson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Iwayama K, Kawabuchi R, Nabekura Y, Kurihara R, Park I, Kobayashi M, Ogata H, Kayaba M, Omi N, Satoh M, Tokuyama K. Exercise before breakfast increases 24-h fat oxidation in female subjects. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180472. [PMID: 28692687 PMCID: PMC5503250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise performed in a postprandial state does not increase 24-h fat oxidation of male and female subjects. Conversely, it has been shown in male subjects that exercise performed in a postabsorptive state increases 24-h fat oxidation compared with that in sedentary control and that with exercise trials performed after breakfast, lunch, or dinner. There is a paucity of study evaluating the effect of exercise performed in a postabsorptive state in female subjects. Method Nine young female subjects participated in indirect calorimetry measurement over 24-h using a room-size metabolic chamber in which subjects remained sedentary or performed 60 min exercise before breakfast at 50% of V˙O2max. Exercise was accompanied by an increase in energy intake to ensure that subjects were in a similar state of energy balance over 24 h for the two trials. Findings Compared with the sedentary condition, exercise performed before breakfast increased 24-h fat oxidation (519 ± 37 vs. 400 ± 41 kcal/day). Time courses of relative energy balance differed between trials with transient negative energy balance observed before breakfast. The lowest values of relative energy balance observed during the 24-h calorimetry, i.e., transient energy deficit, were greater in exercise trials than in sedentary trials. The transient deficit in carbohydrate balance was also observed before breakfast, and magnitude of the deficit was greater in exercise trial compared to that of sedentary trial. Interpretation Under energy-balanced conditions, exercise performed in a post-absorptive state increases 24-h fat oxidation in female subjects. The effect of exercise performed before breakfast can be attributed to nutritional state: a transient deficit in energy and carbohydrate at the end of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Iwayama
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kawabuchi
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Nabekura
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Reiko Kurihara
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Insung Park
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masashi Kobayashi
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ogata
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Momoko Kayaba
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naomi Omi
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto Satoh
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kumpei Tokuyama
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Jang HJ, Kim DM, Kim KB, Park JW, Choi JY, Oh JH, Song KD, Kim S, Cho BW. Analysis of metabolomic patterns in thoroughbreds before and after exercise. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:1633-1642. [PMID: 28728374 PMCID: PMC5666199 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Evaluation of exercise effects in racehorses is important in horseracing industry and animal health care. In this study, we compared metabolic patterns between before and after exercise to screen metabolic biomarkers for exercise effects in thoroughbreds. Methods The concentration of metabolites in muscle, plasma, and urine was measured by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis and the relative metabolite levels in the three samples were compared between before and after exercise. Subsequently, multivariate data analysis based on the metabolic profiles was performed using orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and variable important plots and t-test was used for basic statistical analysis. Results From 1H NMR spectroscopy analysis, 35, 25, and 34 metabolites were detected in the muscle, plasma, and urine. Aspartate, betaine, choline, cysteine, ethanol, and threonine were increased over 2-fold in the muscle; propionate and trimethylamine were increased over 2-fold in the plasma; and alanine, glycerol, inosine, lactate, and pyruvate were increased over 2-fold whereas acetoacetate, arginine, citrulline, creatine, glutamine, glutarate, hippurate, lysine, methionine, phenylacetylglycine, taurine, trigonelline, trimethylamine, and trimethylamine N-oxide were decreased below 0.5-fold in the urine. The OPLS-DA showed clear separation of the metabolic patterns before and after exercise in the muscle, plasma, and urine. Statistical analysis showed that after exercise, acetoacetate, arginine, glutamine, hippurate, phenylacetylglycine trimethylamine, trimethylamine N-oxide, and trigonelline were significantly decreased and alanine, glycerol, inosine, lactate, and pyruvate were significantly increased in the urine (p<0.05). Conclusion In conclusion, we analyzed integrated metabolic patterns in the muscle, plasma, and urine before and after exercise in racehorses. We found changed patterns of metabolites in the muscle, plasma, and urine of racehorses before and after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jun Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea.,Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Duk-Moon Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jeong-Woong Park
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Choi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Jin Hyeog Oh
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Cho
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
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21
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Kelly LP, Basset FA. Acute Normobaric Hypoxia Increases Post-exercise Lipid Oxidation in Healthy Males. Front Physiol 2017; 8:293. [PMID: 28567018 PMCID: PMC5434119 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of the current study was to determine the effect of moderate normobaric hypoxia exposure during constant load cycling on post-exercise energy metabolism recorded in normoxia. Indirect calorimetry was used to examine whole body substrate oxidation before, during, 40–60 min post, and 22 h after performing 60 min of cycling exercise at two different fractions of inspired oxygen (FIO2): (i) FIO2 = 0.2091 (normoxia) and (ii) FIO2 = 0.15 (hypoxia). Seven active healthy male participants (26 ± 4 years of age) completed both experimental trials in randomized order with a 7-day washout period to avoid carryover effects between conditions. Resting energy expenditure was initially elevated following cycling exercise in normoxia and hypoxia (Δ 0.14 ± 0.05, kcal min−1, p = 0.037; Δ 0.19 ± 0.03 kcal min−1, p < 0.001, respectively), but returned to baseline levels the next morning in both conditions. Although, the same absolute workload was used in both environmental conditions (157 ± 10 W), a shift in resting substrate oxidation occurred after exercise performed in hypoxia while post-exercise measurements were similar to baseline after cycling exercise in normoxia. The additional metabolic stress of hypoxia exposure was sufficient to increase the rate of lipid oxidation (Δ 42 ± 11 mg min−1, p = 0.019) and tended to suppress carbohydrate oxidation (Δ −55 ± 26 mg min−1, p = 0.076) 40–60 min post-exercise. This shift in substrate oxidation persisted the next morning, where lipid oxidation remained elevated (Δ 9 ± 3 mg min−1, p = 0.0357) and carbohydrate oxidation was suppressed (Δ −22 ± 6 mg min−1, p = 0.019). In conclusion, prior exercise performed under moderate normobaric hypoxia alters post-exercise energy metabolism. This is an important consideration when evaluating the metabolic consequences of hypoxia exposure during prolonged exercise, and future studies should evaluate its role in the beneficial effects of intermittent hypoxia training observed in persons with obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam P Kelly
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Fabien A Basset
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
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Karstoft K, Wallis GA, Pedersen BK, Solomon TPJ. The effects of interval- vs. continuous exercise on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and substrate oxidation rates in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2016; 65:1316-25. [PMID: 27506739 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For unknown reasons, interval training often reduces body weight more than energy-expenditure matched continuous training. We compared the acute effects of time-duration and oxygen-consumption matched interval- vs. continuous exercise on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), substrate oxidation rates and lipid metabolism in the hours following exercise in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS Following an overnight fast, ten T2D subjects (M/F: 7/3; age=60.3±2.3years; body mass index (BMI)=28.3±1.1kg/m(2)) completed three 60-min interventions in a counterbalanced, randomized order: 1) control (CON), 2) continuous walking (CW), 3) interval-walking (IW - repeated cycles of 3min of fast and 3min of slow walking). Indirect calorimetry was applied during each intervention and repeatedly for 30min per hour during the following 5h. A liquid mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT, 450kcal) was consumed by the subjects 45min after completion of the intervention with blood samples taken regularly. RESULTS Exercise interventions were successfully matched for total oxygen consumption (CW=1641±133mL/min; IW=1634±126mL/min, P>0.05). EPOC was higher after IW (8.4±1.3l) compared to CW (3.7±1.4l, P<0.05). Lipid oxidation rates were increased during the MMTT in IW (1.03±0.12mg/kg per min) and CW (0.87±0.04mg/kg per min) compared with CON (0.73±0.04mg/kg per min, P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively), with no difference between IW and CW. Moreover, free fatty acids and glycerol concentrations, and glycerol kinetics were increased comparably during and after IW and CW compared to CON. CONCLUSIONS Interval exercise results in greater EPOC than oxygen-consumption matched continuous exercise during a post-exercise MMTT in subjects with T2D, whereas effects on substrate oxidation and lipid metabolism are comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Karstoft
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Gareth A Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bente K Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas P J Solomon
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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23
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Bagley L, Slevin M, Bradburn S, Liu D, Murgatroyd C, Morrissey G, Carroll M, Piasecki M, Gilmore WS, McPhee JS. Sex differences in the effects of 12 weeks sprint interval training on body fat mass and the rates of fatty acid oxidation and VO 2max during exercise. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2016; 2:e000056. [PMID: 27900150 PMCID: PMC5117024 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine whether very short duration, very high intensity sprint interval training (SIT) leads to loss of body fat mass in association with improvements to VO2max and fatty acid oxidation, and to assess the extent of sex dimorphism in these physiological responses. METHODS A total of 24 men and 17 women (mean (SEM) age: 39 (±2) years; body mass index 24.6 (0.6)) completed measurements of the maximal rate of oxygen uptake (VO2max) and fatty acid oxidation (FATmax). Body fat and lean mass were measured by dual emission x-ray absorptiometry, and fasting blood lipid, glucose and insulin profiles were assessed before and after training. SIT consisted of 4×20 s sprints on a cycle ergometer at approximately 175% VO2max, three times per week for 12 weeks. RESULTS Fat mass decreased by 1.0 kg, although men lost statistically significantly more fat than women both when expressed in Kg and as % body fat. VO2max increased by around 9%, but women improved VO2max significantly more than men. FATmax improved by around 13%, but fasting plasma glucose, insulin, total triglyceride, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) did not change after training, while low-density lipoprotein decreased by 8% (p=0.028) and the HDL:Total Cholesterol ratio improved by 6%. There were no sex differences in these metabolic responses to training. CONCLUSIONS These results show lower body fat %, and higher rates of fatty acid oxidation and VO2max after 12 weeks of training for just 4 min per week. Notably, women improved VO2max more than men, while men lost more fat than women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Bagley
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark Slevin
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Steven Bradburn
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Donghui Liu
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Chris Murgatroyd
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - George Morrissey
- Cambridge University School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Carroll
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Mathew Piasecki
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - William S Gilmore
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Jamie S McPhee
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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24
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Andersson Hall U, Edin F, Pedersen A, Madsen K. Whole-body fat oxidation increases more by prior exercise than overnight fasting in elite endurance athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 41:430-7. [PMID: 26988766 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare whole-body fat oxidation kinetics after prior exercise with overnight fasting in elite endurance athletes. Thirteen highly trained athletes (9 men and 4 women; maximal oxygen uptake: 66 ± 1 mL·min(-1)·kg(-1)) performed 3 identical submaximal incremental tests on a cycle ergometer using a cross-over design. A control test (CON) was performed 3 h after a standardized breakfast, a fasting test (FAST) 12 h after a standardized evening meal, and a postexercise test (EXER) after standardized breakfast, endurance exercise, and 2 h fasting recovery. The test consisted of 3 min each at 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% of maximal oxygen uptake and fat oxidation rates were measured through indirect calorimetry. During CON, maximal fat oxidation rate was 0.51 ± 0.04 g·min(-1) compared with 0.69 ± 0.04 g·min(-1) in FAST (P < 0.01), and 0.89 ± 0.05 g·min(-1) in EXER (P < 0.01). Across all intensities, EXER was significantly higher than FAST and FAST was higher than CON (P < 0.01). Blood insulin levels were lower and free fatty acid and cortisol levels were higher at the start of EXER compared with CON and FAST (P < 0.05). Plasma nuclear magnetic resonance-metabolomics showed similar changes in both EXER and FAST, including increased levels of fatty acids and succinate. In conclusion, prior exercise significantly increases whole-body fat oxidation during submaximal exercise compared with overnight fasting. Already high rates of maximal fat oxidation in elite endurance athletes were increased by approximately 75% after prior exercise and fasting recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Andersson Hall
- a Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 300, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.,b Department of Public Health, Section for Sport, Arhus University, Dalgas Avenue 4, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Edin
- a Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 300, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Pedersen
- c Swedish NMR Centre, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 465, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klavs Madsen
- a Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 300, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.,b Department of Public Health, Section for Sport, Arhus University, Dalgas Avenue 4, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Iwayama K, Kurihara R, Nabekura Y, Kawabuchi R, Park I, Kobayashi M, Ogata H, Kayaba M, Satoh M, Tokuyama K. Exercise Increases 24-h Fat Oxidation Only When It Is Performed Before Breakfast. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:2003-9. [PMID: 26844280 PMCID: PMC4703705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As part of the growing lifestyle diversity in modern society, there is wide variation in the time of day individuals choose to exercise. Recent surveys in the US and Japan have reported that on weekdays, more people exercise in the evening, with fewer individuals exercising in the morning or afternoon. Exercise performed in the post-prandial state has little effect on accumulated fat oxidation over 24 h (24-h fat oxidation) when energy intake is matched to energy expenditure (energy-balanced condition). The present study explored the possibility that exercise increases 24-h fat oxidation only when performed in a post-absorptive state, i.e. before breakfast. Methods Indirect calorimetry using a metabolic chamber was performed in 10 young, non-obese men over 24 h. Subjects remained sedentary (control) or performed 60-min exercise before breakfast (morning), after lunch (afternoon), or after dinner (evening) at 50% of VO2max. All trials were designed to be energy balanced over 24 h. Time course of energy and substrate balance relative to the start of calorimetry were estimated from the differences between input (meal consumption) and output (oxidation). Findings Fat oxidation over 24 h was increased only when exercise was performed before breakfast (control, 456 ± 61; morning, 717 ± 64; afternoon, 446 ± 57; and evening, 432 ± 44 kcal/day). Fat oxidation over 24 h was negatively correlated with the magnitude of the transient deficit in energy and carbohydrate. Interpretation Under energy-balanced conditions, 24-h fat oxidation was increased by exercise only when performed before breakfast. Transient carbohydrate deficits, i.e., glycogen depletion, observed after morning exercise may have contributed to increased 24-h fat oxidation. Exercise performed before breakfast increases 24 h fat oxidation. Exercise-induced transient energy deficit cues to increase 24 h fat oxidation. Exercise in fed state doesn't increase 24 h fat oxidation in energy-balanced condition. Urinary N2 excretion was not affected by time of the day when exercise was performed.
Indirect calorimetry using a metabolic chamber was performed in 10 young men over 24 h. Subjects remained sedentary or performed 60-min exercise before breakfast, after lunch or dinner at 50% of VO2max. All trials were designed to be energy balanced, i.e., intake and expenditure of energy over 24-h were matched. When exercise was performed after lunch or dinner, 24-h fat oxidation was similar to that of sedentary day, i.e. exercise didn't increase fat oxidation. Only when exercise was performed before breakfast, 24-h fat oxidation increased, and a significant transient energy deficit after morning exercise seems to stimulate 24-h fat oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Iwayama
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Reiko Kurihara
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Nabekura
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kawabuchi
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Insung Park
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masashi Kobayashi
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ogata
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Momoko Kayaba
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto Satoh
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kumpei Tokuyama
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
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26
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Wingfield HL, Smith-Ryan AE, Melvin MN, Roelofs EJ, Trexler ET, Hackney AC, Weaver MA, Ryan ED. The acute effect of exercise modality and nutrition manipulations on post-exercise resting energy expenditure and respiratory exchange ratio in women: a randomized trial. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2015; 1:11. [PMID: 26213682 PMCID: PMC4512833 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-015-0010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exercise modality and pre-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) or protein (PRO) ingestion on post-exercise resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in women. Methods Twenty recreationally active women (mean ± SD; age 24.6 ± 3.9 years; height 164.4 ± 6.6 cm; weight 62.7 ± 6.6 kg) participated in this randomized, crossover, double-blind study. Each participant completed six exercise sessions, consisting of three exercise modalities: aerobic endurance exercise (AEE), high-intensity interval running (HIIT), and high-intensity resistance training (HIRT); and two acute nutritional interventions: CHO and PRO. Salivary samples were collected before each exercise session to determine estradiol-β-17 and before and after to quantify cortisol. Post-exercise REE and RER were analyzed via indirect calorimetry at the following: baseline, immediately post (IP), 30 minutes (30 min) post, and 60 minutes (60 min) post exercise. A mixed effects linear regression model, controlling for estradiol, was used to compare mean longitudinal changes in REE and RER. Results On average, HIIT produced a greater REE than AEE and HIRT (p < 0.001) post exercise. Effects of AEE and HIRT were not significantly different for post-exercise REE (p = 0.1331). On average, HIIT produced lower RER compared to either AEE or HIRT after 30 min (p < 0.001 and p = 0.0169, respectively) and compared to AEE after 60 min (p = 0.0020). On average, pre-exercise PRO ingestion increased post-exercise REE (p = 0.0076) and decreased post-exercise RER (p < 0.0001) compared to pre-exercise CHO ingestion. Conclusion HIIT resulted in the largest increase in REE and largest reduction in RER. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40798-015-0010-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailee L Wingfield
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB #8700, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-8700, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB #8700, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-8700, USA.
| | - Malia N Melvin
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB #8700, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-8700, USA
| | - Erica J Roelofs
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB #8700, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-8700, USA
| | - Eric T Trexler
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB #8700, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-8700, USA
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB #8700, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-8700, USA.,Department of Nutrition - Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark A Weaver
- Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric D Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB #8700, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-8700, USA
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Whole-Body Strength Training Using a Huber Motion Lab in Coronary Heart Disease Patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 94:385-94. [DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle has the capacity to increase energy turnover by ∼1000 times its resting rate when contracting at the maximum force/power output. Since ATP is not stored in any appreciable quantity, the muscle requires a coordinated metabolic response to maintain an adequate supply of ATP to sustain contractile activity. The integration of intracellular metabolic pathways is dependent upon the cross-bridge cycling rate of myosin and actin, substrate availability and the accumulation of metabolic byproducts, all of which can influence the maintenance of contractile activity or result in the onset of fatigue. In addition, the mobilisation of extracellular substrates is dependent upon the integration of both the autonomic nervous system and endocrine systems to coordinate an increase in both carbohydrate and fat availability. The current review examines the evidence for skeletal muscle to generate power over short and long durations and discusses the metabolic response to sustain these processes. The review also considers the endocrine response from the perspective of the sympathoadrenal system to integrate extracellular substrate availability with the increased energy demands made by contracting skeletal muscle. Finally, the review briefly discusses the evidence that muscle acts in an endocrine manner during exercise and what role this might play in mobilising extracellular substrates to augment the effects of the sympathoadrenal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Ball
- School of Life SciencesHeriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
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29
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Tuazon MA, McConnell TR, Wilson GJ, Anthony TG, Henderson GC. Intensity-dependent and sex-specific alterations in hepatic triglyceride metabolism in mice following acute exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:61-70. [PMID: 25257878 PMCID: PMC6195669 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00440.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise regulation of hepatic triglyceride (TG) metabolism and secretion is critical for health, and exercise could play a significant role. We compared one session of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) vs. continuous exercise (CE) on hepatic TG metabolism. Female and male mice were assigned to CE, HIIE, or sedentary control (CON). HIIE was a 30-min session of 30-s running intervals (30 m/min) interspersed with 60-s walking periods (5 m/min). CE was a distance- and duration-matched run at 13.8 m/min. Hepatic content of TG and TG secretion rates, as well as expression of relevant genes/proteins, were measured at 3 h (day 1) and 28 h (day 2) postexercise. On day 1, hepatic [TG] in CE and HIIE were both elevated vs. CON in both sexes with an approximately twofold greater elevation in HIIE vs. CE in females. In both sexes, hepatic perilipin 2 (PLIN2) protein on day 1 was increased significantly by both exercise types with a significantly greater increase with HIIE than CE, whereas the increase in mRNA reached significance only after HIIE. On day 2 in both sexes the increases in hepatic TG and PLIN2 with exercise declined toward CON levels. Only HIIE on day 2 resulted in reduced hepatic TG secretion by ∼20% in females with no effect in males. Neither exercise modality altered AMPK signaling or microsomal triglyceride transfer protein expression. Females exhibited higher hepatic TG secretion than males in association with different expression levels of related metabolic enzymes. These intensity-dependent and sex-specific alterations following exercise may have implications for sex-based exercise prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Tuazon
- Department of Exercise Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Taylor R McConnell
- Department of Exercise Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Gabriel J Wilson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Tracy G Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Gregory C Henderson
- Department of Exercise Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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30
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Schmidt SL, Bessesen DH, Stotz S, Peelor FF, Miller BF, Horton TJ. Adrenergic control of lipolysis in women compared with men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:1008-19. [PMID: 25190743 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00003.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Data suggest women are more sensitive to the lipolytic action of epinephrine compared with men while maintaining similar glucoregulatory effects (Horton et al. J Appl Physiol 107: 200-210, 2009). This study aimed to determine the specific adrenergic receptor(s) that may mediate these sex differences. Lean women (n = 14) and men (n = 16) were studied on 4 nonconsecutive days during the following treatment infusions: saline (S: control), epinephrine [E: mixed β-adrenergic (lipolytic) and α2-adrenergic (antilipolytic) stimulation], epinephrine + phentolamine (E + P: mixed β-adrenergic stimulation only), and terbutaline (T: selective β2-adrenergic stimulation). Tracer infusions of glycerol, palmitate, and glucose were administered to determine systemic lipolysis, free fatty acid (FFA) release, and glucose turnover, respectively. Following basal measurements, substrate and hormone concentrations were measured in all subjects over 90 min of treatment and tracer infusion. Women had greater increases in glycerol and FFA concentrations with all three hormone infusions compared with men (P < 0.01). Glycerol and palmitate rate of appearance (Ra) and rate of disappearance (Rd) per kilogram body weight were greater with E infusion in women compared with men (P < 0.05), whereas no sex differences were observed with other treatments. Glucose concentration and kinetics were not different between sexes with any infusion. In conclusion, these data support the hypothesis that the greater rate of lipolysis in women with infusion of E was likely due to lesser α2 antilipolytic activation. These findings may help explain why women have greater lipolysis and fat oxidation during exercise, a time when epinephrine concentration is elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L Schmidt
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; The Obesity Treatment Foundation, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Sarah Stotz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Frederick F Peelor
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; and
| | - Benjamin F Miller
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; and
| | - Tracy J Horton
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Henderson GC. Sexual dimorphism in the effects of exercise on metabolism of lipids to support resting metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:162. [PMID: 25339941 PMCID: PMC4188128 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training is generally a healthful activity and an effective intervention for reducing the risk of numerous chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease and diabetes. This is likely both a result of prevention of weight gain over time and direct effects of exercise on metabolism of lipids and the other macronutrient classes. Importantly, a single bout of exercise can alter lipid metabolism and metabolic rate for hours and even into the day following exercise, so individuals who regularly exercise, even if not performed every single day, overall could experience a substantial change in their resting metabolism that would reduce risk for metabolic diseases. However, resting metabolism does not respond similarly in all individuals to exercise participation, and indeed gender or sex is a major determinant of the response of resting lipid metabolism to prior exercise. In order to fully appreciate the metabolic effects and health benefits of exercise, the differences between men and women must be considered. In this article, the differences in the effects of exercise on resting metabolic rate, fuel selection after exercise, as well as the shuttling of triglyceride and fatty acids between tissues are discussed. Furthermore, concepts related to sex differences in the precision of homeostatic control and sex differences in the integration of metabolism between various organs are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C. Henderson
- Department of Exercise Science, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- *Correspondence: Gregory C. Henderson, Department of Exercise Science, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, 70 Lipman Drive, Loree Building, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA e-mail:
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Lundsgaard AM, Kiens B. Gender differences in skeletal muscle substrate metabolism - molecular mechanisms and insulin sensitivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:195. [PMID: 25431568 PMCID: PMC4230199 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become increasingly apparent that substrate metabolism is subject to gender-specific regulation, and the aim of this review is to outline the available evidence of molecular gender differences in glucose and lipid metabolism of skeletal muscle. Female sex has been suggested to have a favorable effect on glucose homeostasis, and the available evidence from hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies is summarized to delineate whether there is a gender difference in whole-body insulin sensitivity and in particular insulin-stimulated glucose uptake of skeletal muscle. Whether an eventual higher insulin sensitivity of female skeletal muscle can be related to gender-specific regulation of molecular metabolism will be topic for discussion. Gender differences in muscle fiber type distribution and substrate availability to and in skeletal muscle are highly relevant for substrate metabolism in men and women. In particular, the molecular machinery for glucose and fatty acid oxidative and storage capacities in skeletal muscle and its implications for substrate utilization during metabolic situations of daily living are discussed, emphasizing their relevance for substrate choice in the fed and fasted state, and during periods of physical activity and recovery. Together, handling of carbohydrate and lipids and regulation of their utilization in skeletal muscle have implications for whole-body glucose homeostasis in men and women. 17-β estradiol is the most important female sex hormone, and the identification of estradiol receptors in skeletal muscle has opened for a role in regulation of substrate metabolism. Also, higher levels of circulating adipokines as adiponectin and leptin in women and their implications for muscle metabolism will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Bente Kiens, Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Centre, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark e-mail:
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