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Cao S, Wang Z, Guo J, Geok SK, Sun H, Liu J. The effects of plyometric training on physical fitness and skill-related performance in female basketball players: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1386788. [PMID: 39027901 PMCID: PMC11254773 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1386788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to analyze the effects of plyometric training (PT) on physical fitness and skill-related performance in female basketball players. Method Five databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar, were used to select articles published up to 20 December 2023, using a combination of keywords related to PT and female basketball players. The risk of bias and the certainty of evidence in included articles were assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias (RoB2) tool and "The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation" (GRADE). Results Ten studies were included for the systematic review, and eight for the meta-analysis, totalling 246 female basketball players aged 14.5-22.5 years. Most of these players were highly trained. Most of the included studies exhibited concerns regarding the risk of bias. The PT programs lasted 4-8 weeks, conducted 2-3 sessions per week, with sessions lasting 20-90 min and including 29-190 jumps. In the systematic review, most studies showed that PT significantly improved performance in countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), Sargent jump, standing long jump, lateral hop, medicine ball throw, t-Test, Illinois agility, lane agility drill, linear 20-m sprint, stable and dynamic leg balance, dribbling, passing, shooting, and various basketball-specific tests, as well as increased muscle volume and thigh cross-sectional area. However, some studies showed PT to induce no significant changes in performance during CMJ, t-Test, Illinois agility, knee extensor/flexor strength, linear sprint, and single leg balance tests. In the meta-analysis, CMJ height (ES = 0.37; p = 0.036), vertical jump (VJ) peak power (ES = 0.57; p = 0.015), VJ peak velocity (ES = 0.26; p = 0.004), and t-Test performance time (ES = 0.32; p = 0.004) were significantly improved with small effects following PT. Conclusion The effect of PT on performance in female basketball players was mixed. Most studies indicated that PT could improve various measures of physical fitness and skill-related performance, but performance remained unchanged in some tests. More studies with established tests are needed to investigate the effect of PT on female basketball players in the future. Systematic Review Registration https://inplasy.com/, Identifier INPLASY2023120078.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudian Cao
- School of Physical Education, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaoran Wang
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinwei Guo
- Sports Department, Gaomi No. 1 Middle School, Gaomi, China
| | - Soh Kim Geok
- Faculty of Educational Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Putra, Malaysia
| | - He Sun
- School of Physical Education, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, China
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Sasajima S, Kubo K. Influence of preconditioning on morphological and mechanical properties of human Achilles tendon in vivo. J Biomech 2024; 170:112168. [PMID: 38810518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed 1) to verify whether the effect of preconditioning was observed in the measured variables during the measurement of the human tendon in vivo (i.e., repeated contractions with breaks between trials) and 2) to determine the changes in tendon properties and their mechanisms due to submaximal repetitive contractions. Twelve healthy males participated in this study. To eliminate the effects of preconditioning, the participants rested on the measurement bed for 2 h before the start of both experiment-1 and experiment-2. In experiment-1, the measurements of elongation and hysteresis of the Achilles tendon for ramp and ballistic conditions were repeated ten times every 2 min. In experiment-2, participants performed submaximal repetitive contractions at 50 % of MVC and a frequency of 1 Hz for 10 min with a 30 s break every 2 min. Tendon mechanical properties were measured during contractions (starting 30 s and last 20 s of every 2 min), and the mean and coefficient variation (CV) of echogenicity were assessed during a 30-s rest every 2 min. In experiment-1, no significant differences in elongation and hysteresis of the tendon for ramp and ballistic contractions were found among the trials. In experiment 2, there were no significant differences in tendon elongation and hysteresis among all measurement times. Mean echogenicity increased significantly after 2 min, and CV of echogenicity decreased significantly after 4 min. These results suggest that preconditioning does not affect the elongation and hysteresis of the Achilles tendon in measuring tendon mechanical properties and submaximal repetitive contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Sasajima
- Department of Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Kubo
- Department of Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan.
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Sasajima S, Kubo K. Effect of Static Stretching on Tendon Hysteresis and Efficiency During Repetitive Jumping. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1041-1047. [PMID: 38595295 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sasajima, S and Kubo, K. Effect of static stretching on tendon hysteresis and efficiency during repetitive jumping. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1041-1047, 2024-To date, no studies have experimentally shown a relationship between tendon hysteresis and exercise efficiency. However, previous studies showed that tendon hysteresis decreased immediately after static stretching. The purposes of this study were to (a) investigate the change in tendon hysteresis during the recovery period after static stretching and (b) determine whether exercise efficiency is enhanced because of the decline of tendon hysteresis after static stretching. For stretching (1 minute × 4 sets) and control conditions, tendon hysteresis was measured during ramp (i.e., lower strain rate of tendon) and ballistic (i.e., higher strain rate of tendon) contractions before, immediately, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after interventions. In addition, electromyograms of the plantar flexor muscles (medial gastrocnemius [MG], lateral gastrocnemius [LG], and soleus muscles [SOL]) and oxygen consumption (V̇O 2 ) were measured during 10 minutes of submaximal repetitive jumping after both interventions. Tendon hysteresis (during ramp and ballistic contractions) reduced by static stretching persisted for up to 60 minutes (effect of time p < 0.001). During repetitive jumping, no differences in electromyograms of the plantar flexor muscles (effect of condition p = 0.786 for MG, p = 0.124 for LG, p = 0.682 for SOL) or V̇O 2 (effect of condition p = 0.534) were found between stretching and control conditions. These results suggest that the reduction in tendon hysteresis because of static stretching continues until 60 minutes after the end of stretching, and static stretching does not change the efficiency (evaluated by electromyograms of the plantar flexor muscles and V̇O 2 ) during submaximal repetitive jumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Sasajima
- Department of Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Norgeot F, Fouré A. Effects of vertical and horizontal plyometric training on jump performances and sprint force-velocity profile in young elite soccer players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05477-4. [PMID: 38602544 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE During a soccer match, horizontal acceleration ability during short sprints is determinant for performance. Development of sprint force and velocity qualites have been reported after plyometric training. However, orientation of plyometric training exercises can influence the functional performance. The purpose of this study was to compare the horizontal and vertical orientation of plyometric training on explosiveness performances and sprint force-velocity profile in young soccer players. METHODS Twenty-eight soccer players were recruited and divided in two groups: vertical (VG, n = 14) and horizontal (HG, n = 14) groups. Tests including jumps and sprint performances were conducted before and after the 8 week training period. Sprint force-velocity profile (FVP) was evaluated during a 30 m sprint test. RESULTS The results demonstrated significant improvements in both VG and HG for jump performances (from + 4.9% to + 9.0%), sprint times (from -5.5% to -8.7%) and FVP parameters. Higher relative changes for the HG than for the VG were observed in 5 m and 15 m sprint times, horizontal jump lengths, and also in FVP parameters, especially improvements in maximal power (VG: + 16.4% vs. HG: + 28.1%) and in the decrease rate of horizontal orientation of force with increasing speed (HG: + 22.9%) during the 30 m sprint. CONCLUSIONS Both horizontal and vertical plyometric training can be either used in young soccer players to improve vertical and horizontal performances in jump and sprint. However, horizontal plyometric training may result in a greater improvement in horizontal ballistic actions while similarly developing vertical jump qualities compared to vertical plyometric training in young soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Norgeot
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM), UR7424, Villeurbanne, France
- , Football Bourg-en-Bresse Péronnas 01, 01960, Péronnas, France
| | - Alexandre Fouré
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM), UR7424, Villeurbanne, France.
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Zhang X, Deng L, Xiao S, Fu W. Effects of a 12-week gait retraining program on the Achilles tendon adaptation of habitually shod runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14516. [PMID: 37817483 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effects of a 12-week gait retraining program on the morphological and mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon (AT) during running on the basis of real-time dynamic ultrasound imaging. METHODS A total of 30 male recreational runners who were used to wearing cushioned shoes with a rearfoot strike (RFS) pattern were recruited. They were randomized into a retraining group (RG, n = 15) and a control group (CG, n = 15). The RG group was asked to run in five-fingered minimalist shoes with a forefoot strike (FFS) pattern, and the CG group was asked to keep their strike pattern. Three training sessions were performed per week. All the participants in RG uploaded running tracks obtained through a mobile application (.jpg) after each session for training supervision. The ground reaction force, kinematics, and kinetics of the ankle joint at 10 km/h were collected using an instrumented split-belt treadmill and a motion capture system. The morphological (length and cross-sectional area) and mechanical characteristics (force, stress, strain, etc.) of AT in vivo were recorded and calculated with a synchronous ultrasonic imaging instrument before and after the intervention. Repeated two-way ANOVA was used to compare the aforementioned parameters. RESULTS A total of 28 participants completed the training. The strike angle of RG after training was significantly smaller than that before training and significantly smaller than that of CG after training (F (1, 13) = 23.068, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.640). The length (F (1, 13) = 10.086, p = 0.007, partial η2 = 0.437) and CSA (F (1, 13) = 7.475, p = 0.017, partial η2 = 0.365) of AT in RG increased after training. A significant main effect for time was observed for the time-to-peak AT force (F (1, 13) = 5.225, p = 0.040, partial η2 = 0.287), average (F (1, 13) = 7.228, p = 0.019, partial η2 = 0.357), and peak AT loading rate (F (1, 13) = 11.687, p = 0.005, partial η2 = 0.473). CONCLUSION Preliminary evidence indicated that a 12-week gait retraining program could exert a beneficial effect on AT. 57% (8/14) runners in RG shifted from RFS to FFS pattern. Although not all runners were categorized as FFS pattern after the intervention, their foot strike angle was reduced. Retraining primarily positively promoted AT morphological properties (i.e., CSA and length) to strengthen AT capability for mechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xini Zhang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Songlin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Duchateau J, Amiridis IG. Plyometric Exercises: Optimizing the Transfer of Training Gains to Sport Performance. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2023; 51:117-127. [PMID: 37560939 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Rapid force production and its transmission to the skeleton are important factors in movements that involve the stretch-shortening cycle. Plyometric exercises are known to augment this cycle and thereby improve the neuromechanical function of the muscle. However, the training exercises that maximize translation of these gains to sports performance are not well defined. We discuss ways to improve this transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Duchateau
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Neurophysiology, and Centre d'Aide à la Performance Sportive (CAPS), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ioannis G Amiridis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
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7
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Kosaka T, Sasajima S, Yasuda A, Mino S, Kubo K. Effects of tendon elastic energy and electromyographic activity pattern on jumping height and pre-stretch augmentation during jumps with different pre-stretch intensity. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1317-1325. [PMID: 37847798 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2269720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of tendon elastic energy and electromyographic activity patterns (ratio of pre-landing to concentric: mEMG PLA/CON; ratio of eccentric to concentric; mEMG ECC/CON) on jump performance. Twenty-nine males performed five kinds of unilateral jumps using only ankle joint (no-countermovement jump: noCMJ; countermovement jump: CMJ; drop jumps at 10, 20 and 30 cm drop height: DJ10, DJ20 and DJ30). Jumping height, pre-stretch augmentation and electromyographic activity of the plantar flexor muscles were measured. The elastic energy of the Achilles tendon was measured during isometric contractions. Relative tendon elastic energy (to body mass) was highly correlated with jumping heights of CMJ, DJ10 and DJ20 but not with noCMJ and DJ30, whereas that was significantly correlated with pre-stretch augmentation in CMJ, but not with three DJs. The mEMG PLA/CON was significantly correlated with the pre-stretch augmentation of DJ20 and DJ30, but not with DJ10, whereas the mEMG ECC/CON was significantly correlated with the pre-stretch augmentation of DJ20 and DJ30, but not with CMJ and DJ10. These results suggested that jumping exercises with low pre-stretch intensity benefited from tendon elastic energy, but those with high pre-stretch intensity benefited from electromyographic activity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Kosaka
- Department of Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuhei Sasajima
- Department of Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yasuda
- Department of Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soushi Mino
- Department of Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Kubo
- Department of Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
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Chun Y, McGowan CP, Seegmiller JG, Baker RT, Bailey JP. Differences in lower extremity joint stiffness during drop jump between healthy males and females. J Biomech 2023; 156:111667. [PMID: 37300979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in lower extremity joint stiffness during vertical drop jump performance. A secondary purpose was to examine the potential influence of sex on the relationship between joint stiffness and jump performance. Thirty healthy and active individuals performed 15-drop jumps from 30 and 60 cm boxes. Hip, knee, and ankle joint stiffnesses were calculated for subphases of landing using a 2nd order polynomial regression model. Males had greater hip stiffness during the loading phase in drop jumps from both box heights than females' drop jump from 60 cm box. Also, males had a greater ground reaction force at the end of eccentric phase, net jump impulse, and jump height regardless of box height. The 60 cm box height increased knee stiffness during the loading phase, but reduced hip stiffness during the loading phase and knee and ankle stiffness during the absorption phase regardless of sex. Joint stiffnesses significantly predicted drop jump height for females (p < .001, r2 = 0.579), but not for males (p = .609, r2 = -0.053). These results suggest that females may have different strategies to maximize drop jump height as compared to males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin Chun
- Department of Kinesiology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, USA.
| | - Craig P McGowan
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Seegmiller
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA; Idaho WWAMI Medical Education Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Russell T Baker
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA; Idaho WWAMI Medical Education Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Joshua P Bailey
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
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Nobari H, Clemente FM, Vali N, Silva AF, van den Hoek D, Ramirez-Campillo R. Effects of horizontal compared to vertical-based plyometric jump training on semi-professional soccer player's performance. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10039. [PMID: 37340051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of horizontal (HJ) and vertical (VJ)-based plyometric jump training on male semi-professional soccer player's performance (e.g., change-of-direction speed [5-0-5 test]; 10-m, 20-m, and 30-m linear sprint speed). A parallel-study design was conducted. Participants were organized into HJ (n = 10) or VJ (n = 9) during 12 weeks. Measures of athletic performance were obtained in four phases: (i) before and (ii) end of the pre-season, (iii) during (weeks 7th), and (iv) after the intervention. The within-group analysis revealed that both HJ and VJ improved change of direction ([Formula: see text] = 27.783; p < 0.001 ([Formula: see text] = 21.635; p < 0.001),), 10-m linear sprint time ([Formula: see text] = 28.576; p < 0.001), 20-m linear sprint time ([Formula: see text] = 28.969, p < 0.001), and 30-m linear sprint time ([Formula: see text] = 26.143; p < 0.001). Similarly, the VJ-group also imposed significant changes on 5-0-5 time, 10-m linear sprint time ([Formula: see text] = 25.787; p < 0.001), 20-m linear sprint time ([Formula: see text] = 24.333, p < 0.001), and 30-m linear sprint time ([Formula: see text] = 22.919; p < 0.001). Between-group analysis revealed no significant differences in any of the assessment moments. HJ and VJ plyometric jump training are effective for improving the change-of-direction and a linear sprint of semi-professional players with no difference between types of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 5619911367, Iran.
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Norodin Vali
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320, Melgaço, Portugal
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Daniel van den Hoek
- University of the Sunshine Coast, School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Holt NC, Mayfield DL. Muscle-tendon unit design and tuning for power enhancement, power attenuation, and reduction of metabolic cost. J Biomech 2023; 153:111585. [PMID: 37126884 PMCID: PMC10949972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The contractile elements in skeletal muscle fibers operate in series with elastic elements, tendons and potentially aponeuroses, in muscle-tendon units (MTUs). Elastic strain energy (ESE), arising from either work done by muscle fibers or the energy of the body, can be stored in these series elastic elements (SEEs). MTUs vary considerably in their design in terms of the relative lengths and stiffnesses of the muscle fibers and SEEs, and the force and work generating capacities of the muscle fibers. However, within an MTU it is thought that contractile and series elastic elements can be matched or tuned to maximize ESE storage. The use of ESE is thought to improve locomotor performance by enhancing contractile element power during activities such as jumping, attenuating contractile element power during activities such as landing, and reducing the metabolic cost of movement during steady-state activities such as walking and running. The effectiveness of MTUs in these potential roles is contingent on factors such as the source of mechanical energy, the control of the flow of energy, and characteristics of SEE recoil. Hence, we suggest that MTUs specialized for ESE storage may vary considerably in the structural, mechanical, and physiological properties of their components depending on their functional role and required versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Holt
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - D L Mayfield
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Sánchez Pastor A, García-Sánchez C, Marquina Nieto M, de la Rubia A. Influence of Strength Training Variables on Neuromuscular and Morphological Adaptations in Prepubertal Children: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4833. [PMID: 36981742 PMCID: PMC10049541 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Strength training in prepubertal children is one of the topics that has aroused the most interest and controversy among training professionals in recent years. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the available scientific evidence on the influence of strength training variables on morphological and/or neuromuscular adaptations in healthy prepubertal populations with no previous experience in this type of training according to the descriptive sample characteristics. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis, 22 studies were selected after a systematic search and selection process using four electronic databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and SPORT Discus. Furthermore, the internal validity of the studies included was assessed using the modified PEDro scale. The sample consisted of 604 prepubertal children (age, 10.02 ± 0.75 years), of whom 473 were boys and 131 were girls, with 104 strength training programs recorded. Strength training resulted in a significant increase in jumping (n = 29) and sprinting (n = 13) abilities. Moreover, muscle strength was increased in 100% of the cases. Morphologically, strength training resulted in a decrease in body fat percentage (n = 19) and an increase in lean body mass (n = 17). With regard to gender, increases in general sport skills and basic physical abilities were significant in males but not in females. Thus, the results are more heterogeneous in girls due to the small number of studies carried out. Therefore, this research provides practical applications for coaches to design and implement more effective training programs to maximize adaptations, enhance physical performance, and reduce injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sánchez Pastor
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Sánchez
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Moisés Marquina Nieto
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso de la Rubia
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Konrad A, Tilp M, Mehmeti L, Mahnič N, Seiberl W, Paternoster FK. The Relationship Between Lower Limb Passive Muscle and Tendon Compression Stiffness and Oxygen Cost During Running. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:28-35. [PMID: 36876188 PMCID: PMC9982528 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Studies have reported that a stiff triceps surae muscle and tendon-aponeurosis and also a more compliant quadriceps muscle and tendon-aponeurosis, are related to lower oxygen cost during running. However, to date, no study has investigated in a single experiment how oxygen cost during running is related to the stiffness of the free tendons (Achilles tendon, patellar tendon) and all the superficial muscles of two major muscle groups for running (i.e., quadriceps, triceps surae). Thus, 17 male trained runners/triathletes participated in this study and visited the laboratory on three occasions. On the first day, the participants were familiarized with the tests. On the second day, the passive compression stiffness of the triceps surae muscle (i.e., gastrocnemii), Achilles tendon, quadriceps muscle (i.e., vastii, rectus femoris), and patellar tendon was non-invasively measured using a digital palpation device (MyotonPRO). In addition, an incremental test was applied to test the VO2max of the participants. Thereafter, in the third visit, after at least 48-h of rest, participants performed a 15-min run on the treadmill with a speed reflecting a velocity of 70% VO2max, to assess oxygen costs during running. The Spearman correlation showed a significant negative correlation between passive Achilles tendon compression stiffness and running oxygen consumption, with a large effect size (rρ = -0.52; CI (95%) -0.81 to -0.33; P = 0.03). Moreover, no further significant relationship between oxygen cost during running and the passive compression stiffness of the quadriceps muscle and patellar tendon, as well as the triceps surae muscle, was detected. The significant correlation indicates that a stiffer passive Achilles tendon can lead to a lower oxygen cost during running. Future studies will have to test the causality of this relationship with training methods such as strength training that are able to increase the Achilles tendon stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
- Associate Professorship of Biomechanics in Sports, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Tilp
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
| | - Leutrim Mehmeti
- Associate Professorship of Biomechanics in Sports, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nik Mahnič
- Associate Professorship of Biomechanics in Sports, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Seiberl
- Department of Human Sciences, Institute of Sport Science, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Florian K Paternoster
- Associate Professorship of Biomechanics in Sports, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Moran J, Liew B, Ramirez-Campillo R, Granacher U, Negra Y, Chaabene H. The effects of plyometric jump training on lower-limb stiffness in healthy individuals: A meta-analytical comparison. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:236-245. [PMID: 34033984 PMCID: PMC10105022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on lower-limb stiffness. METHODS Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Study participants included healthy males and females who undertook a PJT programme isolated from any other training type. RESULTS There was a small effect size (ES) of PJT on lower-limb stiffness (ES = 0.33, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.07-0.60, z = 2.47, p = 0.01). Untrained individuals exhibited a larger ES (ES = 0.46, 95%CI: 0.08-0.84, p = 0.02) than trained individuals (ES = 0.15, 95%CI: ‒0.23 to 0.53, p = 0.45). Interventions lasting a greater number of weeks (>7 weeks) had a larger ES (ES = 0.47, 95%CI: 0.06-0.88, p = 0.03) than those lasting fewer weeks (ES = 0.22, 95%CI: ‒0.12 to 0.55, p = 0.20). Programmes with ≤2 sessions per week exhibited a larger ES (ES = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.01-0.77, p = 0.04) than programmes that incorporated >2 sessions per week (ES = 0.20, 95%CI: -0.10 to 0.50, p = 0.18). Programmes with <250 jumps per week (ES = 0.50, 95%CI: 0.02-0.97, p = 0.04) showed a larger effect than programmes with 250-500 jumps per week (ES = 0.36, 95%CI: 0.00-0.72, p = 0.05). Programmes with >500 jumps per week had negative effects (ES = -0.22, 95%CI: -1.10 to 0.67, p = 0.63). Programmes with >7.5 jumps per set showed larger effect sizes (ES = 0.55, 95%CI: 0.02-1.08, p = 0.04) than those with <7.5 jumps per set (ES = 0.32, 95%CI: 0.01-0.62, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION PJT enhances lower-body stiffness, which can be optimised with lower volumes (<250 jumps per week) over a relatively long period of time (>7 weeks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex CO43SQ, UK.
| | - Bernard Liew
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex CO43SQ, UK
| | | | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14469, Germany
| | - Yassine Negra
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd University of Manouba, Tunis 2037, Tunisia
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14469, Germany; High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba 8189 , Tunisia
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Lee J, Bridge JE, Clark DR, Stewart CE, Erskine RM. Collagen supplementation augments changes in patellar tendon properties in female soccer players. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1089971. [PMID: 36776971 PMCID: PMC9910607 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1089971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of collagen hydrolysate supplementation on changes in patellar tendon (PT) properties after 10 weeks' training in female soccer players from a Football Association Women's Super League Under 21 s squad. We pair-matched n = 17 players (age: 17 ± 0.9 years; height: 1.66 ± 0.06 m; mass: 58.8 ± 8.1 kg) for baseline knee extension (KE) maximum isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) torque, age, height, and body mass, and randomly assigned them to collagen (COL) or placebo (PLA) groups (COL n = 8, PLA n = 9). Participants consumed 30 g collagen hydrolysate supplementation or energy-matched PLA (36.5 g maltodextrin, 8.4 g fructose) and plus both groups consumed 500 mg vitamin C, after each training session, which comprised bodyweight strength-, plyometric- and/or pitch-based exercise 3 days/week for 10 weeks in-season. We assessed KE MIVC torque, vastus lateralis muscle thickness and PT properties using isokinetic dynamometry and ultrasonography before and after 10 weeks' soccer training. KE MIVC torque, muscle thickness and tendon cross-sectional area did not change after training in either group. However, COL increased PT stiffness [COL, +18.0 ± 12.2% (d = 1.11) vs. PLA, +5.1 ± 10.4% (d = 0.23), p = 0.049] and Young's modulus [COL, +17.3 ± 11.9% (d = 1.21) vs. PLA, +4.8 ± 10.3% (d = 0.23), p = 0.035] more than PLA. Thus, 10 weeks' in-season soccer training with COL increased PT mechanical and material properties more than soccer training alone in high-level female soccer players. Future studies should investigate if collagen hydrolysate supplementation can improve specific aspects of female soccer performance requiring rapid transference of force, and if it can help mitigate injury risk in this under-researched population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonsung Lee
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Josh E. Bridge
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Clark
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Claire E. Stewart
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M. Erskine
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Robert M. Erskine,
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Uysal HŞ, Dalkiran O, Korkmaz S, Akyildiz Z, Nobari H, Clemente FM. The Effect of Combined Strength Training on Vertical Jump Performance in Young Basketball Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Strength Cond J 2023. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Rojano Ortega D, Berral-Aguilar AJ, Berral de la Rosa FJ. Kinetics and Vertical Stiffness of Female Volleyball Players: Effect of Low-Intensity Plyometric Training. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:734-740. [PMID: 34709134 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1915946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was threefold: 1) to assess kinematic/kinetic variables and vertical stiffness of recreational young female volleyball players during a vertical jump, 2) to identify the changes in those variables that occurred after low-intensity plyometric training, 3) to determine the relationship between stiffness and performance. Method: Twenty-eight female volleyball players aged 14-18 years were randomly allocated to plyometric group and control group. All participants performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) 3 days prior to and 3 days after the 7-week plyometric training and kinematic and kinetic variables, along with vertical stiffness, were measured. Results: Jump height, average force, average power, peak power and absolute vertical stiffness significantly increased in plyometric group (p < .01). Propulsion impulse and normalized vertical stiffness also increased (p < .05). Maximum displacement of the center of mass significantly decreased in plyometric group (p < .01). Changes in vertical stiffness after the plyometric training showed very strong significant correlations with changes in average force (r = 0.818, p < .01), average power (r = 0.784, p < .01), maximum displacement of the center of mass (r = -0.850, p < .01) and propulsion duration (r = -0.781, p < .01). Conclusion: The 7-week low-intensity plyometric training produced changes in most kinematic and kinetic variables improving CMJ performance. The increase in vertical stiffness after plyometric training may not directly enhance jump performance but it makes the jump quicker increasing the probability of success in volleyball games.
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Thomas E, Ficarra S, Nakamura M, Paoli A, Bellafiore M, Palma A, Bianco A. Effects of Different Long-Term Exercise Modalities on Tissue Stiffness. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:71. [PMID: 35657537 PMCID: PMC9166919 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractStiffness is a fundamental property of living tissues, which may be modified by pathologies or traumatic events but also by nutritional, pharmacological and exercise interventions. This review aimed to understand if specific forms of exercise are able to determine specific forms of tissue stiffness adaptations. A literature search was performed on PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases to identify manuscripts addressing adaptations of tissue stiffness as a consequence of long-term exercise. Muscular, connective, peripheral nerve and arterial stiffness were considered for the purpose of this review. Resistance training, aerobic training, plyometric training and stretching were retrieved as exercise modalities responsible for tissue stiffness adaptations. Differences were observed related to each specific modality. When exercise was applied to pathological cohorts (i.e. tendinopathy or hypertension), stiffness changed towards a physiological condition. Exercise interventions are able to determine tissue stiffness adaptations. These should be considered for specific exercise prescriptions. Future studies should concentrate on identifying the effects of exercise on the stiffness of specific tissues in a broader spectrum of pathological populations, in which a tendency for increased stiffness is observed.
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18
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Ehiogu UD, Krawczyk M, Tallent J. Strength and Conditioning Considerations for Speed Climbing. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Lazarczuk SL, Maniar N, Opar DA, Duhig SJ, Shield A, Barrett RS, Bourne MN. Mechanical, Material and Morphological Adaptations of Healthy Lower Limb Tendons to Mechanical Loading: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:2405-2429. [PMID: 35657492 PMCID: PMC9474511 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to increased mechanical loading during physical training can lead to increased tendon stiffness. However, the loading regimen that maximises tendon adaptation and the extent to which adaptation is driven by changes in tendon material properties or tendon geometry is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE To determine (1) the effect of mechanical loading on tendon stiffness, modulus and cross-sectional area (CSA); (2) whether adaptations in stiffness are driven primarily by changes in CSA or modulus; (3) the effect of training type and associated loading parameters (relative intensity; localised strain, load duration, load volume and contraction mode) on stiffness, modulus or CSA; and (4) whether the magnitude of adaptation in tendon properties differs between age groups. METHODS Five databases (PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE) were searched for studies detailing load-induced adaptations in tendon morphological, material or mechanical properties. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and data were pooled using a random effects model to estimate variance. Meta regression was used to examine the moderating effects of changes in tendon CSA and modulus on tendon stiffness. RESULTS Sixty-one articles met the inclusion criteria. The total number of participants in the included studies was 763. The Achilles tendon (33 studies) and the patella tendon (24 studies) were the most commonly studied regions. Resistance training was the main type of intervention (49 studies). Mechanical loading produced moderate increases in stiffness (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62-0.86), large increases in modulus (SMD 0.82; 95% CI 0.58-1.07), and small increases in CSA (SMD 0.22; 95% CI 0.12-0.33). Meta-regression revealed that the main moderator of increased stiffness was modulus. Resistance training interventions induced greater increases in modulus than other training types (SMD 0.90; 95% CI 0.65-1.15) and higher strain resistance training protocols induced greater increases in modulus (SMD 0.82; 95% CI 0.44-1.20; p = 0.009) and stiffness (SMD 1.04; 95% CI 0.65-1.43; p = 0.007) than low-strain protocols. The magnitude of stiffness and modulus differences were greater in adult participants. CONCLUSIONS Mechanical loading leads to positive adaptation in lower limb tendon stiffness, modulus and CSA. Studies to date indicate that the main mechanism of increased tendon stiffness due to physical training is increased tendon modulus, and that resistance training performed at high compared to low localised tendon strains is associated with the greatest positive tendon adaptation. PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42019141299.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Lazarczuk
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Nirav Maniar
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David A Opar
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven J Duhig
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony Shield
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rod S Barrett
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew N Bourne
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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Merry K, Napier C, Waugh CM, Scott A. Foundational Principles and Adaptation of the Healthy and Pathological Achilles Tendon in Response to Resistance Exercise: A Narrative Review and Clinical Implications. J Clin Med 2022; 11:4722. [PMID: 36012960 PMCID: PMC9410084 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic exercise is widely considered a first line fundamental treatment option for managing tendinopathies. As the Achilles tendon is critical for locomotion, chronic Achilles tendinopathy can have a substantial impact on an individual's ability to work and on their participation in physical activity or sport and overall quality of life. The recalcitrant nature of Achilles tendinopathy coupled with substantial variation in clinician-prescribed therapeutic exercises may contribute to suboptimal outcomes. Further, loading the Achilles tendon with sufficiently high loads to elicit positive tendon adaptation (and therefore promote symptom alleviation) is challenging, and few works have explored tissue loading optimization for individuals with tendinopathy. The mechanism of therapeutic benefit that exercise therapy exerts on Achilles tendinopathy is also a subject of ongoing debate. Resultingly, many factors that may contribute to an optimal therapeutic exercise protocol for Achilles tendinopathy are not well described. The aim of this narrative review is to explore the principles of tendon remodeling under resistance-based exercise in both healthy and pathologic tissues, and to review the biomechanical principles of Achilles tendon loading mechanics which may impact an optimized therapeutic exercise prescription for Achilles tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohle Merry
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Christopher Napier
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Charlie M. Waugh
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Alex Scott
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
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Pereira Rodriguez JE, De Marcos Sanchez JS, Ceballos Portilla LF, Avendaño-Luque EM, Parra Rojas GL, Corrales FA. Efectos de los ejercicios pliométricos en pacientes postoperatorio de rotura del tendón calcáneo. REVISTA IBEROAMERICANA DE CIENCIAS DE LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y EL DEPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.24310/riccafd.2022.v11i2.14675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
De la ruptura del tendón Aquileo se tiene conocimiento desde la antigua Grecia, la cual ha ido en aumento en los últimos años, por ende, se busca implementar mejores herramientas para el tratamiento de la misma, siendo una de ellas los ejercicios pliométricos. Estudios tipo meta-análisis, ensayos controlados aleatorizados y experimentales observaron que la aplicación de ejercicios pliométricos en la mayoría de los participantes mejoraba la calidad del tendón, aumentando elasticidad y disminuyendo su rigidez (p<0.01) en 14 estudios y en los 3 estudios restantes, no mejoraba la estructura del tendón, sin embargo, mejoraba la sintomatología y funcionalidad del mismo en estudios tardíos (p<0.01). La aplicación de ejercicios pliométricos es una herramienta adicional para tratar a los sujetos sometidos a una operación de ruptura de tendón Aquileo, el cual debe ser aplicado en estadios finales en rehabilitación, mejorando la rigidez del tejido, aumentando la funcionalidad y disminuyendo el dolor crónico.
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22
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Ramírez-delaCruz M, Bravo-Sánchez A, Esteban-García P, Jiménez F, Abián-Vicén J. Effects of Plyometric Training on Lower Body Muscle Architecture, Tendon Structure, Stiffness and Physical Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:40. [PMID: 35312884 PMCID: PMC8938535 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plyometric training (PT) has been widely studied in sport science. However, there is no review that determines the impact of PT on the structural variables and mechanical properties of the lower limbs and physical performance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effects of PT on lower body muscle architecture, tendon structure, stiffness and physical performance. METHODS Five electronic databases were analysed. The inclusion criteria were: (1) Availability in English; (2) Experimental studies that included a PT of at least eight sessions; and (3) Healthy adults subjects. Four meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager software: (1) muscle architecture; (2) tendon structure; (3) muscle and tendon stiffness; (4) physical performance. RESULTS From 1008 search records, 32 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Muscle architecture meta-analysis found a moderate effect of PT on muscle thickness (Standard Mean Difference (SMD): 0.59; [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.47, 0.71]) and fascicle length (SMD: 0.51; [95% CI 0.26, 0.76]), and a small effect of PT on pennation angle (SMD: 0.29; [95% CI 0.02, 0.57]). The meta-analysis found a moderate effect of PT on tendon stiffness (SMD: 0.55; [95% CI 0.28, 0.82]). The lower body physical performance meta-analysis found a moderate effect of PT on jumping (SMD: 0.61; [95% CI 0.47, 0.74]) and strength (SMD: 0.57; [95% CI 0.42, 0.73]). CONCLUSION PT increased the thickness, pennation angle and fascicle length of the evaluated muscles. In addition, plyometrics is an effective tool for increasing tendon stiffness and improving jump and strength performance of the lower body.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ramírez-delaCruz
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Alfredo Bravo-Sánchez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Paula Esteban-García
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando Jiménez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Abián-Vicén
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.
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Exercise Effects on the Biomechanical Properties of the Achilles Tendon—A Narrative Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020172. [PMID: 35205039 PMCID: PMC8869522 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The Achilles tendon influences the running economy because of its ability to store and release strain energy, and it remains one of the most vulnerable tendons among athletes and recreational runners. Exercised-related mechanical loading appears to induce changes in the Achilles tendon morphology and mechanical material properties. Both acute and relatively long-term exercise induces tendon adaptation, although biomechanical changes, e.g., cross-sectional area, plantarflexion moment, Young’s modulus, and stiffness, in response to exercise duration, type, and loading-regimes differ widely. Furthermore, a strong Achilles tendon can be developed by chronic exposure to habitual mechanical loading from daily exercise, which is associated with greater energy storage, release and overall health. Abstract The morphological and mechanical properties (e.g., stiffness, stress, and force) of the Achilles tendon (AT) are generally associated with its tendinosis and ruptures, particularly amongst runners. Interest in potential approaches to reduce or prevent the risk of AT injuries has grown exponentially as tendon mechanics have been efficiently improving. The following review aims to discuss the effect of different types of exercise on the AT properties. In this review article, we review literature showing the possibility to influence the mechanical properties of the AT from the perspective of acute exercise and long-term training interventions, and we discuss the reasons for inconsistent results. Finally, we review the role of the habitual state in the AT properties. The findings of the included studies suggest that physical exercise could efficiently improve the AT mechanical properties. In particular, relatively long-term and low-intensity eccentric training may be a useful adjunct to enhance the mechanical loading of the AT.
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Nitzsche N, Siebert T, Schulz H, Stutzig N. Effect of plyometric training on dynamic leg strength and jumping performance in rhythmic gymnastics: A preliminary study. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-210148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Reactive performance is an important component of rhythmic gymnastics. So far, it is unclear whether additional plyometric training in female gymnasts shows an increase in performance. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to examine the effect of additional plyometric training in rhythmic gymnastics on the reactive jumping performance and strength of the lower leg muscles. METHODS: Fifteen rhythmic gymnasts (age: 12.3 ± 2.6 years, height: 1.47 ± 0.12 m, body weight: 37.3 ± 9.3 kg, BMI: 16.7 ± 2.1 kg*m-2; competition level: national and international championships, Tanner stages I–III) participated in the study. The athletes were assigned to an experimental (EG) and a control group (CG). The EG performed plyometric exercises three times per week in addition to the regular training. Before and after six weeks of training the reactive jump performance, the work of dorsi flexors and plantar flexors performed during isokinetic plantarflexion, as well as the performance in two sport-specific tests were measured. RESULTS: In contrast to the CG, in the EG the jump height (pre: 24.8; post: 27.25 cm; p< 0.05) and the reactive-strength-index (pre: 1.01; post: 1.19; p< 0.01) increased significantly. The EG achieved significant improvements in the counter movement jump test (pre: 27.0 cm; post: 31.5 cm; p< 0.01) and in the sport specific double rope jump test (jumps per minute, pre: 18.0; post: 23.0; p< 0.01). Furthermore, a significant increase in work performed during plantarflexion was found in the EG for the right leg (pre: 24.9 J; post: 29.7 J; p< 0.01) and a tendency to increase for the left leg (pre: 26.4 J; post: 37.7 J; p= 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both reactive strength and dynamic force can be efficiently increased by plyometric training. It may be recommended to include plyometric exercises in the training regime of rhythmic gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Nitzsche
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Biology, Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Tobias Siebert
- Department of Motion and Exercise Science, Institute of Sport and Movement Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Henry Schulz
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Biology, Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Norman Stutzig
- Department of Motion and Exercise Science, Institute of Sport and Movement Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Kubo K, Ikebukuro T, Yata H. Effects of plyometric training on muscle-tendon mechanical properties and behavior of fascicles during jumping. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15073. [PMID: 34714597 PMCID: PMC8554776 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of plyometric training on the muscle-tendon mechanical properties and behavior of fascicles during jumping in order to elucidate the mechanisms of improved jump performance due to plyometric training. Eleven subjects completed a 12-week unilateral training program for plantar flexors. Active muscle stiffness with (100°·s-1 ) and without (250°·s-1 ) stretch reflex were calculated according to changes in muscle force and fascicle length during fast stretching after submaximal isometric contractions. Stiffness and hysteresis of tendon were measured using ultrasonography during ramp and ballistic contractions. Three kinds of unilateral jump heights using only ankle joint (no counter-movement jump: no-CMJ; counter-movement jump: CMJ; drop jump: DJ) on sledge apparatus were measured. During jumping, electromyographic activities (mEMG) of plantar flexors and fascicle length of the medial gastrocnemius muscle were measured. Active muscle stiffness at 250 and 100°·s-1 and maximal tendon elongation during ballistic contraction significantly increased after training. Tendon hysteresis during ballistic contraction significantly decreased after training, whereas that during ramp contraction did not. The heights of three jump tests, the ratio of mEMG during eccentric to that during concentric phases for CMJ, and the amount of fascicle shortening and shortening velocity during eccentric phase of DJ significantly increased after training. These results suggest that an increase in CMJ height was associated with changes in the muscle-tendon mechanical properties and muscle activation strategy, whereas an increase in DJ height could be explained by changes in the muscle-tendon mechanical properties, but not muscle activation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Kubo
- Department of Life ScienceThe University of TokyoMeguro, TokyoJapan
| | | | - Hideaki Yata
- Sports Science LaboratoryWako UniversityMachida, TokyoJapan
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Schofield M, Tinwala F, Cronin J, Hébert-Losier K, Uthoff A. Multijoint Musculoarticular Stiffness Derived From a Perturbation Is Highly Variable. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2498-2503. [PMID: 31136551 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Schofield, M, Tinwala, F, Cronin, J, Hébert-Losier, K, and Uthoff, A. Multijoint musculoarticular stiffness derived from a perturbation is highly variable. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2498-2503, 2021-Testing musculoarticular stiffness may provide insights into multijoint elastic properties. Yet, most research has focused on quantifying stiffness, or elastic potential, at a single joint. The purpose of this study was to quantify the test-retest reliability of musculoarticular stiffness derived from the perturbation technique across the bench pull, bench press, and squat movements. Eight resistance-trained men performed bench pull, bench press, and squat repetition maximums, after which a perturbation protocol was tested over multiple days. During the 3 movements, a brief perturbation was applied to the bar. The resulting sinusoidal wave was measured by an underbench force plate and a linear position transducer attached to the bar. From the sinusoidal wave, stiffness was derived and found to be unreliable across movements and days (change in mean: -35.1 to 15.8%; coefficient of variation: 7.1-111%; intraclass correlation: -0.58 to -0.89). Squat data were removed from the analysis entirely because of the inability to consistently determine the perturbations on the force plate. Practitioners need to be aware that musculoarticular stiffness as measured using the perturbation technique on the movements performed in this study has considerable limitations in terms of reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Schofield
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- High Performance Sport New Zealand (HPNZ), AUT Millennium, Auckland, New Zealand ; and
| | - Farhan Tinwala
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kim Hébert-Losier
- Faculty of Health, Sport and Human Performance, Adams Center for High Performance, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Aaron Uthoff
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Burton I. Autoregulation in Resistance Training for Lower Limb Tendinopathy: A Potential Method for Addressing Individual Factors, Intervention Issues, and Inadequate Outcomes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:704306. [PMID: 34421641 PMCID: PMC8375597 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.704306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders, such as tendinopathy, are placing an increasing burden on society and health systems. Tendinopathy accounts for up to 30% of musculoskeletal disorders, with a high incidence in athletes and the general population. Although resistance training has shown short-term effectiveness in the treatment of lower limb tendinopathy, more comprehensive exercise protocols and progression methods are required due to poor long-term outcomes. The most common resistance training protocols are predetermined and standardized, which presents significant limitations. Current standardized protocols do not adhere to scientific resistance training principles, consider individual factors, or take the importance of individualized training into account. Resistance training programs in case of tendinopathy are currently not achieving the required intensity and dosage, leading to high recurrence rates. Therefore, better methods for individualizing and progressing resistance training are required to improve outcomes. One potential method is autoregulation, which allows individuals to progress training at their own rate, taking individual factors into account. Despite the finding of their effectiveness in increasing the strength of healthy athletes, autoregulation methods have not been investigated in case of tendinopathy. The purpose of this narrative review was 3-fold: firstly, to give an overview and a critical analysis of the individual factors involved in tendinopathy and current resistance training protocols and their limitations. Secondly, to give an overview of the history, methods, and application of autoregulation strategies both in sports performance and physiotherapy. Finally, a theoretical adaptation of a current tendinopathy resistance training protocol using autoregulation methods is presented, providing an example of how the method could be implemented in clinical practice or future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Burton
- National Health Service (NHS) Grampian, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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28
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Waugh CM, Scott A. Substantial Achilles adaptation following strength training has no impact on tendon function during walking. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255221. [PMID: 34324575 PMCID: PMC8320898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendons are responsive to mechanical loading and their properties are often the target of intervention programs. The tendon's mechanical properties, particularly stiffness, also govern its function, therefore changes to these properties could have substantial influence on energy-saving mechanisms during activities utilizing the stretch-shortening cycle. We investigated Achilles tendon (AT) function in vivo during walking with respect to a training intervention that elicited significant increases in AT stiffness. 14 men and women completed 12-weeks of isometric plantarflexor strength training that increased AT stiffness, measured during isometric MVC, by ~31%. Before and after the intervention, participants walked shod at their preferred velocity on a fully-instrumented treadmill. Movement kinematics, kinetics and displacement of the gastrocnemius medialis muscle-tendon junction were captured synchronously using 3D motion capture and ultrasound imaging, respectively. A MANOVA test was used to examine changes in AT force, stress, strain, stiffness, Young's modulus, hysteresis and strain energy, measured during walking, before and following strength training. All were non-significant for a main effect of time, therefore no follow-up statistical tests were conducted. Changes in joint kinematics, tendon strain, velocity, work and power and muscle activity during the stance phase were assessed with 1D statistical parametric mapping, all of which also demonstrated a lack of change in response to the intervention. This in vivo examination of tendon function in walking provides an important foundation for investigating the functional consequences of training adaptations. We found substantial increases in AT stiffness did not impact on tendon function during walking. AT stiffness measured during walking, however, was unchanged with training, which suggests that increases in stiffness may not be evident across the whole force-elongation relation, a finding which may help explain previously mixed intervention results and guide future investigations in the functional implications of tendon adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Waugh
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A. Scott
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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29
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Radcliffe CR, Coltman CE, Spratford WA. The effect of fatigue on peak Achilles tendon force in Irish dancing-specific landing tasks. Sports Biomech 2021:1-14. [PMID: 34315333 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1951826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Achilles tendinopathy is prevalent among Irish dancers, believed to be due to aesthetic technical requirements and high-impact landing tasks. However, the peak Achilles tendon force during Irish dancing-specific landing tasks has not been quantified. Furthermore, the influence of fatigue is unclear. This study aimed to quantify the peak Achilles tendon force during three common Irish dancing landing tasks and investigate the effects of fatigue on this force. Twelve nationally competitive Irish dancers completed the landing tasks prior to and following a fatigue protocol. A Vicon motion analysis system and AMTI force plates were used to calculate sagittal plane ankle joint kinematics during landing to estimate peak Achilles tendon force. Three independent measures (Rating-of-Fatigue scale, Flight time: Contraction during a counter movement jump and jump height during the landing trials) were used to evaluate participant fatigue between conditions. Results revealed a significant difference in peak Achilles tendon force between the three landing tasks, however, no significant difference was observed between pre- and post-fatigue. Further research is required to investigate the effects of the landing technique used in Irish Dancing on peak Achilles tendon force with the aim to reduce peak Achilles tendon force and the risk of developing Achilles tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceridwen R Radcliffe
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Celeste E Coltman
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Wayne A Spratford
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
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30
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Kozinc Ž, Žitnik J, Smajla D, Šarabon N. The difference between squat jump and countermovement jump in 770 male and female participants from different sports. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:985-993. [PMID: 34075858 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1936654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, a larger difference between countermovement (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) was seen as beneficial, as it reflects the ability to utilize the stretch-shortening cycle. However, strong arguments have been made that this might not always be the case, as larger differences between the jumps could also suggest higher muscle-tendon slack, or poor capability to take this slack up quickly. The purpose of this study was to explore SJ and CMJ, as well as the CMJ to SJ difference (CMJSJDiff) in 9 groups of young athletes. In total, 712 athletes from various disciplines (mean age range: 15.7-36.3 years) and 58 physical education students (mean age: 19.6 years) participated in the study. The major finding of this study was that the groups that showed better SJ and CMJ performance did not show the larger CMJSJDiff. For instance, SJ and CMJ heights were highest in short-distance runners and lowest in long-distance runners, while the largest and smallest CMJSJDiff was shown in physical education students and speed skaters, respectively. Male athletes had a higher CMJSJDiff than female athletes, but the difference was very small. While a larger CMJSJDiff has been traditionally associated viewed as positive, our results could indicate both superior ability to utilize the stretch-shortening cycle, as well as poor ability of rapid force development and excessive muscle slack. Further studies are needed to directly investigate the associations between CMJSJDiff and indicators of athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Kozinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia.,University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Jure Žitnik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia.,Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Darjan Smajla
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia.,Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia.,University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Koper, Slovenia.,Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia.,S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior Ljubljana, Slovenia
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31
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Wagner FC, Gerlach K, Geiger SM, Gittel C, Böttcher P, Mülling CKW. Biplanar High-Speed Fluoroscopy of Pony Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon (SDFT)-An In Vivo Pilot Study. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8060092. [PMID: 34072030 PMCID: PMC8228745 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8060092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) is the most frequently injured structure of the musculoskeletal system in sport horses and a common cause for early retirement. This project's aim was to visualize and measure the strain of the sound, injured, and healing SDFTs in a pony during walk and trot. For this purpose, biplanar high-speed fluoroscopic kinematography (FluoKin), as a high precision X-ray movement analysis tool, was used for the first time in vivo with equine tendons. The strain in the metacarpal region of the sound SDFT was 2.86% during walk and 6.78% during trot. When injured, the strain increased to 3.38% during walk and decreased to 5.96% during trot. The baseline strain in the mid-metacarpal region was 3.13% during walk and 6.06% during trot and, when injured, decreased to 2.98% and increased to 7.61%, respectively. Following tendon injury, the mid-metacarpal region contributed less to the overall strain during walk but showed increased contribution during trot. Using this marker-based FluoKin technique, direct, high-precision, and long-term strain measurements in the same individual are possible. We conclude that FluoKin is a powerful tool for gaining deeper insight into equine tendon biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska C. Wagner
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.M.G.); (C.K.W.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-97-38054
| | - Kerstin Gerlach
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.G.); (C.G.)
| | - Sandra M. Geiger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.M.G.); (C.K.W.M.)
| | - Claudia Gittel
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.G.); (C.G.)
| | - Peter Böttcher
- Small Animal Clinic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Christoph K. W. Mülling
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.M.G.); (C.K.W.M.)
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The effect of exercises on the stiffness of the gastrocnemius-Achilles tendon complex: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials. ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aimed.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Quantifying supraspinatus tendon responses to exposures emulative of human physiological levels in an animal model. J Biomech 2021; 122:110476. [PMID: 33933860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotator cuff pathology typically originates in the supraspinatus tendon, but uncertainty exists on how combinations of glenohumeral elevation angle and load intensity influence responses of the intact, functional supraspinatus unit. This study exposed the supraspinatus tendon to mechanical loading scenarios emulative of derived muscle force and postural conditions measured in vivo to document its responses. Right shoulders from 48 Sprague-Dawley rats were placed into one of eight testing groups combining glenohumeral elevation angles (0/30/60/75°) and a high or low load intensity for 1500 cycles at 0.25 Hz using a custom mounting apparatus attached to a tensile testing system. Load intensities were derived from in vivo human partitional muscular activation levels collected previously and scaled to the animal model. Mechanical response variables examined included tangent stiffness and hysteresis, in addition to localized surface stretch ratios calculated via virtual tracking points. A significant three-way interaction (p = 0.0009) between elevation angle, load magnitude and cycle number occurred for tangent stiffness, with increasing angles, loads and cycles increasing stiffness by up to 49%. Longitudinal stretch ratios had significant interactions (p = 0.0396) with increasing elevation angles, load intensities and cycle numbers, and differences existed between the articular and bursal sides of the tendon. Complex interactions between angle, load and cycle number suggest higher abduction angles, increased load magnitude and higher loading cycles increase tangent stiffness, stretch ratios and hysteresis within the tendon.
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McElheny K, Sgroi T, Carr JB. Efficacy of Arm Care Programs for Injury Prevention. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2021; 14:160-167. [PMID: 33481174 PMCID: PMC7990975 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-021-09694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Arm care programs for baseball players are an increasingly popular area of interest for players, parents, coaches, sports performance staff, and team physicians. Once a general afterthought, the design of arm care programs is now heavily scrutinized in order to maximize performance and help reduce injury risk. Given the recent spike in interest for arm care programs for baseball players of all ages, the purpose of this work is to review the relevant literature regarding the efficacy of arm care programs and to discuss the authors' preferred, evidence-based principles for arm care programs. RECENT FINDINGS Arm care programs appear to provide favorable results for performance, maintenance of strength and flexibility, and reduced injury risk. These programs should be tailored to the demands of the athlete, which can change based on the time of year and physical demands of the player's position. A good program will incorporate flexibility, strengthening, proprioception, and joint mobility for the entire kinetic chain. Appropriate warm-up and cool-down periods are also important. Arm care programs should start with basic movement patterns before progressing to more advanced, coordinated exercises. Arm care programs are an important piece of a holistic approach to caring for the throwing arm of baseball athletes. In general, they appear to be a safe and efficacious way to help prevent a portion of throwing arm injuries. Further research is needed to determine the optimal arm care program for each athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn McElheny
- Department of Primary Care Sports Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY USA
| | - Terrance Sgroi
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY USA
| | - James B. Carr
- Sports Medicine Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery Florida, West Palm Beach, FL USA
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35
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Duchateau J, Stragier S, Baudry S, Carpentier A. Strength Training: In Search of Optimal Strategies to Maximize Neuromuscular Performance. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 49:2-14. [PMID: 33044332 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Training with low-load exercise performed under blood flow restriction can augment muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength to a similar extent as the classical high-load strength training method. However, the blood flow restriction method elicits only minor neural adaptations. In an attempt to maximize training-related gains, we propose using other protocols that combine high voluntary activation, mechanical tension, and metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alain Carpentier
- Laboratory for Biometry and Exercise Nutrition, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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36
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Karamanidis K, Epro G. Monitoring Muscle-Tendon Adaptation Over Several Years of Athletic Training and Competition in Elite Track and Field Jumpers. Front Physiol 2020; 11:607544. [PMID: 33391022 PMCID: PMC7772406 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.607544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in muscle and tendon responsiveness to mechanical stimuli and time courses of adaptive changes may disrupt the interaction of the musculotendinous unit (MTU), increasing the risk for overuse injuries. We monitored training-induced alterations in muscle and tendon biomechanical properties in elite jumpers over 4 years of athletic training to detect potential non-synchronized adaptations within the triceps surae MTU. A combined cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation over 4 years was conducted by analyzing triceps surae MTU mechanical properties in both legs via dynamometry and ultrasonography in 67 elite track and field jumpers and 24 age-matched controls. Fluctuations in muscle and tendon adaptive changes over time were quantified by calculating individual residuals. The cosine similarity of the relative changes of muscle strength and tendon stiffness between sessions served as a measure of uniformity of adaptive changes. Our cross-sectional study was unable to detect clear non-concurrent differences in muscle strength and tendon stiffness in elite jumpers. However, when considering the longitudinal data over several years of training most of the jumpers demonstrated greater fluctuations in muscle strength and tendon stiffness and hence tendon strain compared to controls, irrespective of training period (preparation vs. competition). Moreover, two monitored athletes with chronic Achilles tendinopathy showed in their affected limb lower uniformity in MTU adaptation as well as higher fluctuations in tendon strain over time. Habitual mechanical loading can affect the MTU uniformity in elite jumpers, leading to increased mechanical demand on the tendon over an athletic season and potentially increased risk for overuse injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiros Karamanidis
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gaspar Epro
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
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37
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Chang TT, Li Z, Wang XQ, Zhang ZJ. Stiffness of the Gastrocnemius-Achilles Tendon Complex Between Amateur Basketball Players and the Non-athletic General Population. Front Physiol 2020; 11:606706. [PMID: 33362580 PMCID: PMC7758317 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.606706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle and tendon stiffness are related to sports performance, tendinopathy, and tendon degeneration. However, the effects of habitual loading on muscle and tendon mechanical properties are unclear. Using amateur basketball players as examples, we investigated the effects of mechanical loading on the stiffness of the gastrocnemius–Achilles tendon (AT) complex in non-dominant and dominant lower limbs. Then, we evaluated the correlation between gastrocnemius and AT stiffness. Forty participants (20 amateur basketball players; 20 normal non-athletic persons) were recruited for this study. Stiffness of the gastrocnemius–AT complex was assessed using MyotonPRO at neutral position and 10° dorsiflexion of the ankle joint in participants from amateur basketball players and the non-athletic general population. Our results showed a greater stiffness of the gastrocnemius–AT complex in amateur basketball players than that in healthy non-athletic subjects at neutral position and 10° dorsiflexion of the ankle joint (P < 0.05). No significant difference in stiffness was found between the non-dominant and dominant lower limbs either in amateur basketball players or in generally healthy subjects (P > 0.05). A significant positive correlation was obtained between stiffness of the AT and medial gastrocnemius (MG) in amateur basketball players (neutral position: r = 0.726 and P = 0.001; dorsiflexion 10°: r = 0.687 and P = 0.001). The amateur basketball players exhibit significantly higher stiffness value in Achilles and gastrocnemius. This is possibly caused by repeated training effects. The symmetric stiffness of the AT and gastrocnemius exists both in amateur basketball players and generally healthy subjects. A significant correlation between the AT and the MG was found in amateur basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Chang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Li
- The First Clinical Medical School, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Wang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Zhang
- Rehabilitation Therapy Center, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
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Achilles Tendon Length Is Not Related to 100-m Sprint Time in Sprinters. J Appl Biomech 2020; 37:30-35. [PMID: 33176276 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2020-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between Achilles tendon (AT) length and 100-m sprint time in sprinters. The AT lengths at 3 different portions of the triceps surae muscle in 48 well-trained sprinters were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. The 3 AT lengths were calculated as the distance from the calcaneal tuberosity to the muscle-tendon junction of the soleus, gastrocnemius medialis, and gastrocnemius lateralis, respectively. The absolute 3 AT lengths did not correlate significantly with personal best 100-m sprint time (r = -.023 to .064, all Ps > .05). Furthermore, to minimize the differences in the leg length among participants, the 3 AT lengths were normalized to the shank length, and the relative 3 AT lengths did not correlate significantly with personal best 100-m sprint time (r = .023 to .102, all Ps > .05). Additionally, no significant correlations were observed between the absolute and relative (normalized to body mass) cross-sectional areas of the AT and personal best 100-m sprint time (r = .012 and .084, respectively, both Ps > .05). These findings suggest that the AT morphological variables, including the length, may not be related to superior 100-m sprint time in sprinters.
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Lower leg muscle-tendon unit characteristics are related to marathon running performance. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17870. [PMID: 33087749 PMCID: PMC7578824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The human ankle joint and plantar flexor muscle–tendon unit play an important role in endurance running. It has been assumed that muscle and tendon interactions and their biomechanical behaviours depend on their morphological and architectural characteristics. We aimed to study how plantar flexor muscle characteristics influence marathon running performance and to determine whether there is any difference in the role of the soleus and gastrocnemii. The right lower leg of ten male distance runners was scanned with magnetic resonance imagining. The cross-sectional areas of the Achilles tendon, soleus, and lateral and medial gastrocnemius were measured, and the muscle volumes were calculated. Additional ultrasound scanning was used to estimate the fascicle length of each muscle to calculate the physiological cross-sectional area. Correlations were found between marathon running performance and soleus volume (r = 0.55, p = 0.048), soleus cross-sectional area (r = 0.57, p = 0.04), soleus physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA-IAAF r = 0.77, p < 0.01, CI± 0.28 to 0.94), Achilles tendon thickness (r = 0.65, p < 0.01), and soleus muscle-to-tendon ratio (r = 0.68, p = 0.03). None of the gastrocnemius characteristics were associated with marathon performance. We concluded that a larger soleus muscle with a thicker Achilles tendon is associated with better marathon performance. Based on these results, it can be concluded the morphological characteristics of the lower leg muscle–tendon unit correlate with running performance.
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Kubo K, Miyazaki D, Yata H, Tsunoda N. Mechanical properties of muscle and tendon at high strain rate in sprinters. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14583. [PMID: 33038067 PMCID: PMC7547534 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the mechanical properties of muscles and tendons at high strain rates between sprinters and untrained men. Fifteen sprinters and 18 untrained men participated in this study. Active muscle stiffness of the medial gastrocnemius muscle was calculated according to changes in the estimated muscle force and fascicle length during fast stretching at five different angular velocities (100, 200, 300, 500, and 600 deg·s-1 ) after submaximal isometric contractions. Stiffness and hysteresis of tendon structures were measured during ramp and ballistic contractions. Active muscle stiffness at 500 deg·s-1 (p = .070) and 600 deg·s-1 (p = .041) was greater in sprinters than untrained men, whereas no differences in those at 100, 200, and 300 deg·s-1 were found between the two groups. There were no differences in stiffness or hysteresis of tendon structures measured during ramp and ballistic contractions between the two groups. These results suggest that, for sprinters, greater active muscle stiffness at a high angular velocity is caused by exercising with a high angular velocity that is typical of their training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Kubo
- Department of Life ScienceThe University of TokyoMeguroJapan
| | | | - Hideaki Yata
- Sports Science LaboratoryWako UniversityMachidaJapan
| | - Naoya Tsunoda
- Faculty of Physical EducationKokushikan UniversityTokyoJapan
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Monti E, Franchi MV, Badiali F, Quinlan JI, Longo S, Narici MV. The Time-Course of Changes in Muscle Mass, Architecture and Power During 6 Weeks of Plyometric Training. Front Physiol 2020; 11:946. [PMID: 32848873 PMCID: PMC7417646 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the time-course of changes in knee-extensors muscle mass, architecture and function in response to plyometric training (PLT) performed on a novel training device, the Tramp-Trainer. This machine consists in a trampoline connected to an inclined sledge which allows the performance of repeated jumps while the subject is sitting on a chair. Methods Eight healthy males (173.6 ± 4.7 cm, 69.7 ± 13.5 kg, 25.3 ± 4.6 years) underwent 6 weeks of bilateral PLT on the tramp-trainer machine. Training was performed three times per week (between 120 and 150 bounces per session). Knee-extensor maximum voluntary torque (MVT) and power, quadriceps femoris (QF) volume (VOL), cross-sectional area from the 20% to the 60% of femur length and CSAmean, together with vastus lateralis (VL) architecture (fascicle length, Lf, and pennation angle, PA) were assessed after 2, 4, and 6 weeks of PLT. Results All results are presented as changes versus baseline values. MVT increased by 17.8% (week 2, p < 0.001) and 22.2% (week 4, p < 0.01), respectively, and declined to 13.3% (p < 0.05) at week 6 of PLT. Power increased by 18.2% (week 4, p < 0.05) and 19.7% (week 6, p < 0.05). QF VOL increased by 4.7% (week 4, p < 0.05) and 5.8% (week 6, p < 0.01); VL VOL increased by 5.2%, (p < 0.05), 8.2%, (p < 0.01), and 9.6% (p < 0.05) at weeks 2, 4, and 6, respectively. An increase in Lf was detected already at wk 2 (2.2%, p < 0.05), with further increase at 4 and 6 weeks of PLT (4 and 4.4%, respectively, p < 0.01). PA increased by 5.8% (p < 0.05) at week 6. Significant positive correlations were found between CSAmean and Power (R2 = 0.46, p < 0.001) and between QF VOL and Power (R2 = 0.44, p < 0.024). Conclusions PLT induced rapid increases in muscle volume, fascicle length, pennation angle, torque and power in healthy younger adults. Notably, changes in VL VOL and Lf were detectable already after 2 weeks, followed by increases in knee extensors VOL and power from week 4 of PLT. Since the increase in CSAmean and QF VOL cannot fully explain the increment in muscle power, it is likely that other factors (such as adaptations in neural drive or tendon mechanical properties) may have contributed to such fucntional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Monti
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Martino V Franchi
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Badiali
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan I Quinlan
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Longo
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco V Narici
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom.,CIR-Myo Myology Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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42
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Chen M, Shetye SS, Rooney SI, Soslowsky LJ. Short- and Long-Term Exercise Results in a Differential Achilles Tendon Mechanical Response. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:081011. [PMID: 32253439 PMCID: PMC7477707 DOI: 10.1115/1.4046864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted to define the biomechanical response of rat Achilles tendon after a single bout of exercise and a short or long duration of daily exercise. We hypothesized that a single bout or a short duration of exercise would cause a transient decrease in Achilles tendon mechanical properties and a long duration of daily exercise would improve these properties. One hundred and thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into cage activity (CA) or exercise (EX) groups for a single bout, short-term, or long-term exercise. Animals in single bout EX groups were euthanized, 3, 12, 24, or 48 h upon completion of a single bout of exercise (10 m/min, 1 h) on a flat treadmill. Animals in short-term EX groups ran on a flat treadmill for 3 days, 1, or 2 weeks while animals in long-term EX groups ran for 8 weeks. Tendon quasi-static and viscoelastic response was evaluated for all Achilles tendons. A single bout of exercise increased tendon stiffness after 48 h of recovery. Short-term exercise up to 1 week decreased cross-sectional area, stiffness, modulus, and dynamic modulus of the Achilles tendon. In contrast, 8 weeks of daily exercise increased stiffness, modulus, and dynamic modulus of the tendon. This study highlights the response of Achilles tendons to single and sustained bouts of exercise. Adequate time intervals are important to allow for tendon adaptations when initiating a new training regimen and overall beneficial effects to the Achilles tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengcun Chen
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Snehal S. Shetye
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Louis J. Soslowsky
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, G13A Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081
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43
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Ogiso K, Miki S. Consecutive rebound jump training with electromyostimulation of the calf muscle efficiently improves jump performance. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Ogiso
- Department of Education College of Education, Psychology and Human Studies Aoyama Gakuin University Tokyo Japan
| | - Suguru Miki
- Master's Degree Program of Education Kogakkan University Ise Japan
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44
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Wiesinger HP, Seynnes OR, Kösters A, Müller E, Rieder F. Mechanical and Material Tendon Properties in Patients With Proximal Patellar Tendinopathy. Front Physiol 2020; 11:704. [PMID: 32733263 PMCID: PMC7358637 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The effect of chronic patellar tendinopathy on tissue function and integrity is currently unclear and underinvestigated. The aim of this cohort comparison was to examine morphological, material, and mechanical properties of the patellar tendon and to extend earlier findings by measuring the ability to store and return elastic energy in symptomatic tendons. Methods Seventeen patients with chronic (>3 months, VISA-P < 80), inferior pole patellar tendinopathy (24 ± 4 years; male = 12, female = 5) were carefully matched to controls (25 ± 3 years) for training status, pattern, and history of loading of the patellar tendon. Individual knee extension force, patellar tendon stiffness, stress, strain, Young’s modulus, hysteresis, and energy storage capacity, were obtained with combined dynamometry, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and electromyography. Results Anthropometric parameters did not differ between groups. VISA-P scores ranged from 28 to 78 points, and symptoms had lasted from 10 to 120 months before testing. Tendon proximal cross-sectional area was 61% larger in the patellar tendinopathy group than in the control group. There were no differences between groups in maximal voluntary isometric knee extension torque (p = 0.216; d < −0.31) nor in tensile tendon force produced during isometric ramp contractions (p = 0.185; d < −0.34). Similarly, tendon strain (p = 0.634; d < 0.12), hysteresis (p = 0.461; d < 0.18), and strain energy storage (p = 0.656; d < 0.36) did not differ between groups. However, patellar tendon stiffness (−19%; p = 0.007; d < −0.74), stress (−27%; p< 0.002; d < −0.90) and Young’s modulus (−32%; p = 0.001; d < −0.94) were significantly lower in tendinopathic patients compared to healthy controls. Discussion In this study, we observed lower stiffness in affected tendons. However, despite the substantial structural and histological changes occurring with tendinopathy, the tendon capacity to store and dissipate energy did not differ significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Wiesinger
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Olivier R Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander Kösters
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Erich Müller
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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45
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Kudo S, Sato T, Miyashita T. Effect of plyometric training on the fascicle length of the gastrocnemius medialis muscle. J Phys Ther Sci 2020; 32:277-280. [PMID: 32273650 PMCID: PMC7113420 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.32.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The present study aimed to determine the effects of eccentric calf raise
exercise, which has the characteristics of plyometric training, on the fascicle length and
muscle thickness of the gastrocnemius medialis muscle and range of motion of the ankle
using ultrasonography. [Participants and Methods] Twenty-one healthy volunteers were
randomly assigned to the eccentric calf raise exercise group or normal calf raise exercise
group. Measurements were performed before training and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after
training. [Results] In the eccentric calf raise exercise group, the fascicle length
significantly increased after 6 weeks compared to that at baseline and at 3 weeks after
training. The dorsiflexion angle and muscle thickness after three weeks significantly
increased compared to that at baseline, but the pennation angle was not significantly
different. The fascicle length, pennation angle, dorsiflexion angle, and muscle thickness
showed no significant difference at all time points in the NCR group. [Conclusion] The
results of this study showed that continued stretching of the gastrocnemius medialis
muscle during eccentric calf raise exercise enhanced the morphological structures, such as
the a fascicle length and muscle thickness. Eccentric calf raise exercise training may aid
in injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintarou Kudo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences: 1-26-16 Nankoukita, Suminoe-ku, Osaka city, Osaka 559-8611, Japan.,Graduate School of Health Science, Morinomiya University of Medical Science, Japan
| | - Takanori Sato
- Department of Physiotherapy, International Institute of Medical Therapy, Japan
| | - Toshinori Miyashita
- Graduate School of Health Science, Morinomiya University of Medical Science, Japan
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46
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Laurent C, Baudry S, Duchateau J. Comparison of Plyometric Training With Two Different Jumping Techniques on Achilles Tendon Properties and Jump Performances. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1503-1510. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Taboga P, Beck ON, Grabowski AM. Prosthetic shape, but not stiffness or height, affects the maximum speed of sprinters with bilateral transtibial amputations. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229035. [PMID: 32078639 PMCID: PMC7032739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Running-specific prostheses (RSPs) have facilitated an athlete with bilateral transtibial amputations to compete in the Olympic Games. However, the performance effects of using RSPs compared to biological legs remains controversial. Further, the use of different prosthetic configurations such as shape, stiffness, and height likely influence performance. We determined the effects of using 15 different RSP configurations on the maximum speed of five male athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations. These athletes performed sets of running trials up to maximum speed using three different RSP models (Freedom Innovations Catapult FX6, Össur Flex-Foot Cheetah Xtend and Ottobock 1E90 Sprinter) each with five combinations of stiffness category and height. We measured ground reaction forces during each maximum speed trial to determine the biomechanical parameters associated with different RSP configurations and maximum sprinting speeds. Use of the J-shaped Cheetah Xtend and 1E90 Sprinter RSPs resulted in 8.3% and 8.0% (p<0.001) faster maximum speeds compared to the use of the C-shaped Catapult FX6 RSPs, respectively. Neither RSP stiffness expressed as a category (p = 0.836) nor as kN·m-1 (p = 0.916) affected maximum speed. Further, prosthetic height had no effect on maximum speed (p = 0.762). Faster maximum speeds were associated with reduced ground contact time, aerial time, and overall leg stiffness, as well as with greater stance-average vertical ground reaction force, contact length, and vertical stiffness (p = 0.015 for aerial time, p<0.001 for all other variables). RSP shape, but not stiffness or height, influences the maximum speed of athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Taboga
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Owen N. Beck
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alena M. Grabowski
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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48
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Education and exercise supplemented by a pain-guided hopping intervention for male recreational runners with midportion Achilles tendinopathy: A single cohort feasibility study. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 40:107-116. [PMID: 31518777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the feasibility of recommended education and exercise supplemented by a hopping intervention implemented based on self-reported pain over 12 weeks for recreational runners with Achilles tendinopathy. DESIGN Single cohort feasibility study. SETTING One private physiotherapy clinic in Melbourne, Australia. PARTICIPANTS Fifteen male recreational runners with midportion Achilles tendinopathy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Recruitment and adherence measures, adverse events, intervention acceptability and treatment effect trends were measured at baseline, 4 and 12 weeks. RESULTS Recruitment (100%), retention (87%) and follow-up (93%) rates were high. Exercise adherence was 70% (SD = 12.7) but fidelity was 50% (SD = 13.9). Three participants suffered adverse events (undertaking activities contrary to advice). Participants reported the education package, perceived benefit, and feedback frequency as intervention enablers; while the onerous time commitment was regarded a barrier. At 12 weeks, five participants were satisfied and eight very satisfied, while VISA-A had improved 24 ± 20.65 points (μ2 = 0.740). CONCLUSIONS A randomised control trial including recommended education and exercise with a pain-guided hopping intervention as treatment for recreational runners with midportion Achilles tendinopathy may be warranted, once strategies to improve adherence and reduce adverse events are addressed.
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Giuliani HK, Gerstner GR, Mota JA, Ryan ED. Age-related changes in the passive properties of the plantarflexors: Influence of tissue size and quality. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2019; 68:53-57. [PMID: 31158590 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited research exists examining the influence of age on the passive mechanical properties of the muscle-tendon unit. The purpose of the present study was to 1) investigate the age-related differences in maximum range of motion (MRoM), stretch tolerance (maximal tolerable torque), and the dissipation coefficient (DC), and 2) examine the influence of plantarflexor muscle size and quality on the age-related differences in the DC. METHODS Twenty-one young and 14 older men completed a MRoM assessment to determine peak torque (PTpass), energy stored (area under the loading curve), energy restituted (area under the unloading curve), and the DC (normalized hysteresis) from the angle-torque curve. Ultrasonography was used to determine muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and subcutaneous fat corrected echo intensity (EI) of the gastrocnemii. FINDINGS The PTpass, MRoM, and energy restituted were greater (P ≤ 0.046) in the young men, whereas the DC and EI were greater (P ≤ 0.024) in the older men. When accounting for CSA, differences between groups for the DC remained (P = 0.028), while there were no longer differences between groups when accounting for EI (P = 0.120). PTpass was also strongly related to MRoM (r = 0.755, P < 0.001). INTERPRETATION Older men exhibited lower dorsiflexion MRoM and a greater DC, which may be explained by an altered stretch tolerance and qualitative changes (i.e., non-contractile tissue infiltration) in aged skeletal muscle leading to greater energy dissipated, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden K Giuliani
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gena R Gerstner
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jacob A Mota
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric D Ryan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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50
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Kouno M, Ishigaki T, Ikebukuro T, Yata H, Kubo K. Effects of the strain rate on mechanical properties of tendon structures in knee extensors and plantar flexors in vivo. Sports Biomech 2019; 20:887-900. [PMID: 31232180 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1615541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of present study was to investigate site differences in the effects of strain rate on tendon properties between knee extensors and plantar flexors. Elongation of tendon structures (L) in vastus lateralis and medial gastrocnemius muscles was measured by ultrasonography while participants performed ramp and ballistic contractions to their voluntary maximum, followed by ramp and sudden relaxation. The relationship between muscle force (Fm) and L was fit to linear regression, the slope of which was defined as stiffness of tendon structures. Hysteresis of tendon structures was calculated as ratio of area within Fm-L loop to area beneath loading portion of curve. In knee extensors and plantar flexors, L values at all force levels were significantly lower during ballistic than ramp contractions. However, no significant differences were observed in stiffness of tendon structures between two contractions at both measured sites. Hysteresis of tendon structures was significantly higher during ballistic than ramp contractions for knee extensors and plantar flexors. In conclusion, elongation of tendon structures was lower and hysteresis was greater during ballistic than ramp contractions. Furthermore, site differences in the effects of strain rate on tendon properties were not found between knee extensors and plantar flexors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kouno
- Department of Life Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Hideaki Yata
- Department of Human and Environmental Well-being, Wako University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Kubo
- Department of Life Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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