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Warneke K, Behm DG, Alizadeh S, Hillebrecht M, Konrad A, Wirth K. Discussing Conflicting Explanatory Approaches in Flexibility Training Under Consideration of Physiology: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2024; 54:1785-1799. [PMID: 38819597 PMCID: PMC11258068 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying range of motion enhancements via flexibility training discussed in the literature show high heterogeneity in research methodology and study findings. In addition, scientific conclusions are mostly based on functional observations while studies considering the underlying physiology are less common. However, understanding the underlying mechanisms that contribute to an improved range of motion through stretching is crucial for conducting comparable studies with sound designs, optimising training routines and accurately interpreting resulting outcomes. While there seems to be no evidence to attribute acute range of motion increases as well as changes in muscle and tendon stiffness and pain perception specifically to stretching or foam rolling, the role of general warm-up effects is discussed in this paper. Additionally, the role of mechanical tension applied to greater muscle lengths for range of motion improvement will be discussed. Thus, it is suggested that physical training stressors can be seen as external stimuli that control gene expression via the targeted stimulation of transcription factors, leading to structural adaptations due to enhanced protein synthesis. Hence, the possible role of serial sarcomerogenesis in altering pain perception, reducing muscle stiffness and passive torque, or changes in the optimal joint angle for force development is considered as well as alternative interventions with a potential impact on anabolic pathways. As there are limited possibilities to directly measure serial sarcomere number, longitudinal muscle hypertrophy remains without direct evidence. The available literature does not demonstrate the necessity of only using specific flexibility training routines such as stretching to enhance acute or chronic range of motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- Department of Movement Sciences, Institute of Sport Science, University of Klagenfurt, Universitatsstraße 65, 9020, Klagenfurt Am Wörthersee, Austria.
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
- Human Performance Lab, Department of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Martin Hillebrecht
- University Sports Center, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
- University Sports Center, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Wirth
- University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Kump DS. Mechanisms Underlying the Rarity of Skeletal Muscle Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6480. [PMID: 38928185 PMCID: PMC11204341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SKM), despite comprising ~40% of body mass, rarely manifests cancer. This review explores the mechanisms that help to explain this rarity, including unique SKM architecture and function, which prohibits the development of new cancer as well as negates potential metastasis to SKM. SKM also presents a unique immune environment that may magnify the anti-tumorigenic effect. Moreover, the SKM microenvironment manifests characteristics such as decreased extracellular matrix stiffness and altered lactic acid, pH, and oxygen levels that may interfere with tumor development. SKM also secretes anti-tumorigenic myokines and other molecules. Collectively, these mechanisms help account for the rarity of SKM cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Kump
- Department of Biological Sciences, Winston-Salem State University, 601 Martin Luther King Jr. Dr., Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USA
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3
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de Barros NR, Darabi MA, Ma X, Diltemiz SE, Ermis M, Hassani Najafabasi A, Nadine S, Banton EA, Mandal K, Abbasgholizadeh R, Falcone N, Mano JF, Nasiri R, Herculano RD, Zhu Y, Ostrovidov S, Lee J, Kim HJ, Hosseini V, Dokmeci MR, Ahadian S, Khademhosseini A. Enhanced Maturation of 3D Bioprinted Skeletal Muscle Tissue Constructs Encapsulating Soluble Factor-Releasing Microparticles. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300276. [PMID: 37534566 PMCID: PMC10837326 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Several microfabrication technologies have been used to engineer native-like skeletal muscle tissues. However, the successful development of muscle remains a significant challenge in the tissue engineering field. Muscle tissue engineering aims to combine muscle precursor cells aligned within a highly organized 3D structure and biological factors crucial to support cell differentiation and maturation into functional myotubes and myofibers. In this study, the use of 3D bioprinting is proposed for the fabrication of muscle tissues using gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) incorporating sustained insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)-releasing microparticles and myoblast cells. This study hypothesizes that functional and mature myotubes will be obtained more efficiently using a bioink that can release IGF-1 sustainably for in vitro muscle engineering. Synthesized microfluidic-assisted polymeric microparticles demonstrate successful adsorption of IGF-1 and sustained release of IGF-1 at physiological pH for at least 21 days. Incorporating the IGF-1-releasing microparticles in the GelMA bioink assisted in promoting the alignment of myoblasts and differentiation into myotubes. Furthermore, the myotubes show spontaneous contraction in the muscle constructs bioprinted with IGF-1-releasing bioink. The proposed bioprinting strategy aims to improve the development of new therapies applied to the regeneration and maturation of muscle tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Ali Darabi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Xin Ma
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sibel Emir Diltemiz
- Department of Chemistry, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, 26470, Turkey
| | - Menekse Ermis
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | | | - Sara Nadine
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
- Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ethan A. Banton
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kalpana Mandal
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | | | - Natashya Falcone
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - João F. Mano
- Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | | | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Serge Ostrovidov
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Junmin Lee
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Vahid Hosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Mehmet R. Dokmeci
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Warneke K, Lohmann LH, Lima CD, Hollander K, Konrad A, Zech A, Nakamura M, Wirth K, Keiner M, Behm DG. Physiology of Stretch-Mediated Hypertrophy and Strength Increases: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:2055-2075. [PMID: 37556026 PMCID: PMC10587333 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing muscle strength and cross-sectional area is of crucial importance to improve or maintain physical function in musculoskeletal rehabilitation and sports performance. Decreases in muscular performance are experienced in phases of reduced physical activity or immobilization. These decrements highlight the need for alternative, easily accessible training regimens for a sedentary population to improve rehabilitation and injury prevention routines. Commonly, muscle hypertrophy and strength increases are associated with resistance training, typically performed in a training facility. Mechanical tension, which is usually induced with resistance machines and devices, is known to be an important factor that stimulates the underlying signaling pathways to enhance protein synthesis. Findings from animal studies suggest an alternative means to induce mechanical tension to enhance protein synthesis, and therefore muscle hypertrophy by inducing high-volume stretching. Thus, this narrative review discusses mechanical tension-induced physiological adaptations and their impact on muscle hypertrophy and strength gains. Furthermore, research addressing stretch-induced hypertrophy is critically analyzed. Derived from animal research, the stretching literature exploring the impact of static stretching on morphological and functional adaptations was reviewed and critically discussed. No studies have investigated the underlying physiological mechanisms in humans yet, and thus the underlying mechanisms remain speculative and must be discussed in the light of animal research. However, studies that reported functional and morphological increases in humans commonly used stretching durations of > 30 min per session of the plantar flexors, indicating the importance of high stretching volume, if the aim is to increase muscle mass and maximum strength. Therefore, the practical applicability seems limited to settings without access to resistance training (e.g., in an immobilized state at the start of rehabilitation), as resistance training seems to be more time efficient. Nevertheless, further research is needed to generate evidence in different human populations (athletes, sedentary individuals, and rehabilitation patients) and to quantify stretching intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Universitätsallee 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Deutschland, Germany.
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
- Institute of Sport Science, Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Germany.
| | - Lars H Lohmann
- University Sports Center, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Camila D Lima
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Motion Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Ozaki, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan
| | - Klaus Wirth
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Sport Science, German University of Health and Sport, Ismaning, Germany
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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5
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Bersiner K, Park SY, Schaaf K, Yang WH, Theis C, Jacko D, Gehlert S. Resistance exercise: a mighty tool that adapts, destroys, rebuilds and modulates the molecular and structural environment of skeletal muscle. Phys Act Nutr 2023; 27:78-95. [PMID: 37583075 PMCID: PMC10440184 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2023.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Skeletal muscle regulates health and performance by maintaining or increasing strength and muscle mass. Although the molecular mechanisms in response to resistance exercise (RE) significantly target the activation of protein synthesis, a plethora of other mechanisms and structures must be involved in orchestrating the communication, repair, and restoration of homeostasis after RE stimulation. In practice, RE can be modulated by variations in intensity, continuity and volume, which affect molecular responses and skeletal muscle adaptation. Knowledge of these aspects is important with respect to planning of training programs and assessing the impact of RE training on skeletal muscle. METHODS In this narrative review, we introduce general aspects of skeletal muscle substructures that adapt in response to RE. We further highlighted the molecular mechanisms that control human skeletal muscle anabolism, degradation, repair and memory in response to acute and repeated RE and linked these aspects to major training variables. RESULTS Although RE is a key stimulus for the activation of skeletal muscle anabolism, it also induces myofibrillar damage. Nevertheless, to increase muscle mass accompanied by a corresponding adaptation of the essential substructures of the sarcomeric environment, RE must be continuously repeated. This requires the permanent engagement of molecular mechanisms that re-establish skeletal muscle integrity after each RE-induced muscle damage. CONCLUSION Various molecular regulators coordinately control the adaptation of skeletal muscle after acute and repeated RE and expand their actions far beyond muscle growth. Variations of key resistance training variables likely affect these mechanisms without affecting muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Käthe Bersiner
- Department for Biosciences of Sports, Institute of Sports Science, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - So-Young Park
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kirill Schaaf
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Woo-Hwi Yang
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, General Graduate School, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian Theis
- Center for Anaesthesiology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Daniel Jacko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gehlert
- Department for Biosciences of Sports, Institute of Sports Science, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
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6
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Andresen B, de Marees M, Schiffer T, Bloch W, Suhr F. Skeletal muscle fiber type-specific expressions of mechanosensors integrin-linked kinase, talin, and vinculin and their modulation by loading and environmental conditions in humans. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22458. [PMID: 35867073 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101377rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanosensors control muscle integrity as demonstrated in mice. However, no information is available in human muscle about the distribution of mechanosensors and their adaptations to mechanical loading and environmental conditions (hypoxia). Here, we hypothesized that mechanosensors show fiber-type-specific distributions and that loading and environmental conditions specifically regulate mechanosensors. We randomly subjected 28 healthy males to one of the following groups (n = 7 each) consisting of nine loading sessions within 3 weeks: normoxia moderate (NM), normoxia intensive (NI), hypoxia moderate (HM), and hypoxia intensive (HI). We took six biopsies: pre (T0), 4 h (T1), and 24 h (T2) after the third as well as 4 h (T3), 24 h (T4), and 72 h (T5) after the ninth training session. We analyzed subjects' maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2 max), maximal power output (Pmax), muscle fiber types and cross-sectional areas (CSA), fiber-type-specific integrin-linked kinase (ILK) localizations as well as ILK, vinculin and talin protein and gene expressions in dependence on loading and environmental conditions. V̇O2 max increased upon NM and HM, Pmax upon all interventions. Fiber types did not change, whereas CSA increased upon NI and HI, but decreased upon HM. ILK showed a type 2-specific fiber type localization. ILK, vinculin, and talin protein and gene expressions differed depending on loading and environmental conditions. Our data demonstrate that mechanosensors show fiber type-specific distributions and that exercise intensities rather than environmental variables influence their profiles in human muscles. These data are the first of their kind in human muscle and indicate that mechanosensors manage the mechanosensing at a fiber-type-specific resolution and that the intensity of mechanical stimulation has a major impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Andresen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus de Marees
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schiffer
- Outpatient Clinic for Sports Traumatology and Public Health Consultation, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Suhr
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Consumer Acceptance and Production of In Vitro Meat: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14094910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In vitro meat (IVM) is a recent development in the production of sustainable food. The consumer perception of IVM has a strong impact on the commercial success of IVM. Hence this review examines existing studies related to consumer concerns, acceptance and uncertainty of IVM. This will help create better marketing strategies for IVM-producing companies in the future. In addition, IVM production is described in terms of the types of cells and culture conditions employed. The applications of self-organising, scaffolding, and 3D printing techniques to produce IVM are also discussed. As the conditions for IVM production are controlled and can be manipulated, it will be feasible to produce a chemically safe and disease-free meat with improved consumer acceptance on a sustainable basis.
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8
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Zhao B, Ma J, He J, Ma X. Effect of micro-strain stress on in vitro proliferation and functional expression of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:93. [PMID: 35168651 PMCID: PMC8848938 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-02987-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to analyze the in vitro effect of micro-strain stress on the proliferation and functional marker expression in chondrocytes isolated from human osteoarthritis cartilage samples.
Methods Chondrocytes isolated from human osteoarthritis cartilage samples were subjected to loading with different types of micro-strain stress. The proliferation activity was assessed by flow cytometry, and the functional expression of chondrocyte markers was detected by qRT-PCR and western blot. Results Flow cytometry results showed stimulation of proliferation of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes when an adequate micro-strain stress was applied. qRT-PCR and western blot results showed that micro-strain stress promotes human osteoarthritic chondrocyte functional marker expression. These features coincide with the upregulation of multiple proteins and genes affecting cell proliferation and functional chondrocyte marker expression, including cyclin D1, collagen II, and Rock. Conclusion Adequate micro-strain stress could activate the Rho/Rock signaling pathway in osteoarthritic chondrocytes, thus transmitting mechanical signals to the cytoskeleton. This process leads to cytoskeleton reorganization, and transmission of the mechanical signals to the downstream effectors to promote proliferation and functional marker expression of osteoarthritic chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianxiong Ma
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinquan He
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xinlong Ma
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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9
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Anderson JE. Key concepts in muscle regeneration: muscle "cellular ecology" integrates a gestalt of cellular cross-talk, motility, and activity to remodel structure and restore function. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:273-300. [PMID: 34928395 PMCID: PMC8685813 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review identifies some key concepts of muscle regeneration, viewed from perspectives of classical and modern research. Early insights noted the pattern and sequence of regeneration across species was similar, regardless of the type of injury, and differed from epimorphic limb regeneration. While potential benefits of exercise for tissue repair was debated, regeneration was not presumed to deliver functional restoration, especially after ischemia-reperfusion injury; muscle could develop fibrosis and ectopic bone and fat. Standard protocols and tools were identified as necessary for tracking injury and outcomes. Current concepts vastly extend early insights. Myogenic regeneration occurs within the environment of muscle tissue. Intercellular cross-talk generates an interactive system of cellular networks that with the extracellular matrix and local, regional, and systemic influences, forms the larger gestalt of the satellite cell niche. Regenerative potential and adaptive plasticity are overlain by epigenetically regionalized responsiveness and contributions by myogenic, endothelial, and fibroadipogenic progenitors and inflammatory and metabolic processes. Muscle architecture is a living portrait of functional regulatory hierarchies, while cellular dynamics, physical activity, and muscle-tendon-bone biomechanics arbitrate regeneration. The scope of ongoing research-from molecules and exosomes to morphology and physiology-reveals compelling new concepts in muscle regeneration that will guide future discoveries for use in application to fitness, rehabilitation, and disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy E Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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10
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Sun C, Yang X, Wang T, Cheng M, Han Y. Ovarian Biomechanics: From Health to Disease. Front Oncol 2022; 11:744257. [PMID: 35070963 PMCID: PMC8776636 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.744257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomechanics is a physical phenomenon which mainly related with deformation and movement of life forms. As a mechanical signal, it participates in the growth and development of many tissues and organs, including ovary. Mechanical signals not only participate in multiple processes in the ovary but also play a critical role in ovarian growth and normal physiological functions. Additionally, the involvement of mechanical signals has been found in ovarian cancer and other ovarian diseases, prompting us to focus on the roles of mechanical signals in the process of ovarian health to disease. This review mainly discusses the effects and signal transduction of biomechanics (including elastic force, shear force, compressive stress and tensile stress) in ovarian development as a regulatory signal, as well as in the pathological process of normal ovarian diseases and cancer. This review also aims to provide new research ideas for the further research and treatment of ovarian-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaoxu Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Tianxiao Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Min Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yangyang Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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11
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Willis CRG, Gallagher IJ, Wilkinson DJ, Brook MS, Bass JJ, Phillips BE, Smith K, Etheridge T, Stokes T, McGlory C, Gorissen SHM, Szewczyk NJ, Phillips SM, Atherton PJ. Transcriptomic links to muscle mass loss and declines in cumulative muscle protein synthesis during short-term disuse in healthy younger humans. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21830. [PMID: 34342902 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100276rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Muscle disuse leads to a rapid decline in muscle mass, with reduced muscle protein synthesis (MPS) considered the primary physiological mechanism. Here, we employed a systems biology approach to uncover molecular networks and key molecular candidates that quantitatively link to the degree of muscle atrophy and/or extent of decline in MPS during short-term disuse in humans. After consuming a bolus dose of deuterium oxide (D2 O; 3 mL.kg-1 ), eight healthy males (22 ± 2 years) underwent 4 days of unilateral lower-limb immobilization. Bilateral muscle biopsies were obtained post-intervention for RNA sequencing and D2 O-derived measurement of MPS, with thigh lean mass quantified using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Application of weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified 15 distinct gene clusters ("modules") with an expression profile regulated by disuse and/or quantitatively connected to disuse-induced muscle mass or MPS changes. Module scans for candidate targets established an experimentally tractable set of candidate regulatory molecules (242 hub genes, 31 transcriptional regulators) associated with disuse-induced maladaptation, many themselves potently tied to disuse-induced reductions in muscle mass and/or MPS and, therefore, strong physiologically relevant candidates. Notably, we implicate a putative role for muscle protein breakdown-related molecular networks in impairing MPS during short-term disuse, and further establish DEPTOR (a potent mTOR inhibitor) as a critical mechanistic candidate of disuse driven MPS suppression in humans. Overall, these findings offer a strong benchmark for accelerating mechanistic understanding of short-term muscle disuse atrophy that may help expedite development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R G Willis
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Matthew S Brook
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Joseph J Bass
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Timothy Etheridge
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tanner Stokes
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Nathaniel J Szewczyk
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK.,Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI) and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
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12
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Spradlin RA, Vassilakos G, Matheny MK, Jones NC, Goldman JL, Lei H, Barton ER. Deletion of muscle Igf1 exacerbates disuse atrophy weakness in mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:881-894. [PMID: 34292789 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00090.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy occurs as a result of prolonged periods of reduced mechanical stimulation associated with injury or disease. The growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF-1) axis and load sensing pathways can both aid in recovery from disuse through their shared downstream signaling, but their relative contributions to these processes are not fully understood. The goal of this study was to determine whether reduced muscle IGF-1 altered the response to disuse and reloading. Adult male mice with inducible muscle-specific IGF-1 deletion (MID) induced 1 wk before suspension and age-matched controls (CON) were subjected to hindlimb suspension and reloading. Analysis of muscle force, morphology, gene expression, signaling, and tissue weights was performed in nonsuspended (NS) mice, and those suspended for 7 days or reloaded following suspension for 3, 7, and 14 days. MID mice displayed diminished IGF-1 protein levels and muscle atrophy before suspension. Muscles from suspended CON mice displayed a similar extent of atrophy and depletion of IGF-1, yet combined loss of load and IGF-1 was not additive with respect to muscle mass. In contrast, soleus force generation capacity was diminished to the greatest extent when both suspension and IGF-1 deletion occurred. Recovery of mass, force, and gene expression patterns following suspension were similar in CON and MID mice, even though IGF-1 levels increased only in muscles from CON mice. Diminished strength in disuse atrophy is exacerbated with the loss of muscle IGF-1 production, whereas recovery of mass and strength upon reloading can occur even IGF-1 is low.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A mouse model with skeletal muscle-specific inducible deletion of Igf1 was used to address the importance of this growth factor for the consequences of disuse atrophy. Rapid and equivalent loss of IGF-I and mass occurred with deletion or disuse. Decrements in strength were most severe with combined loss of load and IGF-1. Return of mass and strength upon reloading was independent of IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray A Spradlin
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Georgios Vassilakos
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michael K Matheny
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Nathan C Jones
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jessica L Goldman
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Hanqin Lei
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Elisabeth R Barton
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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13
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Guo H, Zhang Y, Han T, Cui X, Lu X. Chronic intermittent hypoxia aggravates skeletal muscle aging by down-regulating Klc1/grx1 expression via Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2021; 96:104460. [PMID: 34218156 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2021.104460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sleep breathing disorder may affect skeletal muscle decline in the elderly, but the mechanism is not clear. Therefore, this study explores the mechanism of skeletal muscle aging in chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) rats. METHODS In vitro and in vivo CIH models were constructed in L6 cells and SD rats by treating chronic intermittent hypoxia. Pathological changes of skeletal muscle in vivo were measured by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by CCK-8 and Flow cytometer, respectively. The expression of KLC1/GRX1 and the proteins related to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway were measured by qRT-PCR and western blot. RESULTS CIH model was successfully established induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia with lower skeletal muscle index (SMI), increased inward migration of muscle fiber cell nucleus, and muscle cells' distance. The results showed that Wnt/β-catenin signalling was activatedin both L6 cells and CIH rats' model. KLC1 and GRX1 were significantly downregulated in the CIH model. Loss of function showed that downregulation of KLC1 promoted L6 cell and skeletal muscle aging in vitro and in vivo, respectively. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that CIH aggravated skeletal muscle aging by down-regulating KLC1/GRX1 expression via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunyun Zhang
- Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tingting Han
- Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaochuan Cui
- Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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14
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Moustogiannis A, Philippou A, Zevolis E, Taso O, Chatzigeorgiou A, Koutsilieris M. Characterization of Optimal Strain, Frequency and Duration of Mechanical Loading on Skeletal Myotubes' Biological Responses. In Vivo 2021; 34:1779-1788. [PMID: 32606147 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Mechanical loading of differentiated myoblasts in vitro may mimic loading patterns of skeletal muscle in vivo. However, it is still uncharacterized the loading conditions that can produce the most effective muscle cells' biological responses, in vitro. This study investigated the effects of different loading protocols on the expression of myogenic regulatory factors, anabolic, atrophy and pro-apoptotic factors in skeletal myotubes. MATERIALS AND METHODS C2C12 myoblasts were differentiated and underwent various stretching protocols by altering their elongation, frequency and duration, utilizing an in vitro cell tension system. The loading-induced expression changes of MyoD, Myogenin, MRF4, IGF-1 isoforms, Murf1, Atrogin, Myostatin, Foxo and Fuca were measured by Real Time-PCR. RESULTS Stretching by 2% elongation at 0.25 Hz for 12 h was overall the most effective in inducing beneficial responses. CONCLUSION A low strain, low frequency intermediate duration stretching can most effectively up-regulate myogenic/anabolic factors and down-regulate pro-apoptotic and atrophy genes in myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Moustogiannis
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastassios Philippou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Zevolis
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Orjona Taso
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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15
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Deane CS, Willis CRG, Phillips BE, Atherton PJ, Harries LW, Ames RM, Szewczyk NJ, Etheridge T. Transcriptomic meta-analysis of disuse muscle atrophy vs. resistance exercise-induced hypertrophy in young and older humans. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:629-645. [PMID: 33951310 PMCID: PMC8200445 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle atrophy manifests across numerous diseases; however, the extent of similarities/differences in causal mechanisms between atrophying conditions in unclear. Ageing and disuse represent two of the most prevalent and costly atrophic conditions, with resistance exercise training (RET) being the most effective lifestyle countermeasure. We employed gene-level and network-level meta-analyses to contrast transcriptomic signatures of disuse and RET, plus young and older RET to establish a consensus on the molecular features of, and therapeutic targets against, muscle atrophy in conditions of high socio-economic relevance. METHODS Integrated gene-level and network-level meta-analysis was performed on publicly available microarray data sets generated from young (18-35 years) m. vastus lateralis muscle subjected to disuse (unilateral limb immobilization or bed rest) lasting ≥7 days or RET lasting ≥3 weeks, and resistance-trained older (≥60 years) muscle. RESULTS Disuse and RET displayed predominantly separate transcriptional responses, and transcripts altered across conditions were mostly unidirectional. However, disuse and RET induced directly inverted expression profiles for mitochondrial function and translation regulation genes, with COX4I1, ENDOG, GOT2, MRPL12, and NDUFV2, the central hub components of altered mitochondrial networks, and ZMYND11, a hub gene of altered translation regulation. A substantial number of genes (n = 140) up-regulated post-RET in younger muscle were not similarly up-regulated in older muscle, with young muscle displaying a more pronounced extracellular matrix (ECM) and immune/inflammatory gene expression response. Both young and older muscle exhibited similar RET-induced ubiquitination/RNA processing gene signatures with associated PWP1, PSMB1, and RAF1 hub genes. CONCLUSIONS Despite limited opposing gene profiles, transcriptional signatures of disuse are not simply the converse of RET. Thus, the mechanisms of unloading cannot be derived from studying muscle loading alone and provides a molecular basis for understanding why RET fails to target all transcriptional features of disuse. Loss of RET-induced ECM mechanotransduction and inflammatory profiles might also contribute to suboptimal ageing muscle adaptations to RET. Disuse and age-dependent molecular candidates further establish a framework for understanding and treating disuse/ageing atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S Deane
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK.,Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Craig R G Willis
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Lorna W Harries
- RNA-Mediated Mechanisms of Disease Group, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Ryan M Ames
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Nathaniel J Szewczyk
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK.,Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute & Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Timothy Etheridge
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
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16
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Wette SG, Birch NP, Soop M, Zügel M, Murphy RM, Lamb GD, Smith HK. Expression of titin-linked putative mechanosensing proteins in skeletal muscle after power resistance exercise in resistance-trained men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 130:545-561. [PMID: 33356984 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00711.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the molecular responses to power resistance exercise that lead to skeletal muscle remodeling and enhanced athletic performance. We assessed the expression of titin-linked putative mechanosensing proteins implicated in muscle remodeling: muscle ankyrin repeat proteins (Ankrd 1, Ankrd 2, and Ankrd 23), muscle-LIM proteins (MLPs), muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF-1), and associated myogenic proteins (MyoD1, myogenin, and myostatin) in skeletal muscle in response to power resistance exercise with or without a postexercise meal, in fed, resistance-trained men. A muscle sample was obtained from the vastus lateralis of seven healthy men on separate days, 3 h after 90 min of rest (Rest) or power resistance exercise with (Ex + Meal) or without (Ex) a postexercise meal to quantify mRNA and protein levels. The levels of phosphorylated HSP27 (pHSP27-Ser15) and cytoskeletal proteins in muscle and creatine kinase activity in serum were also assessed. The exercise increased (P ≤ 0.05) pHSP27-Ser15 (∼6-fold) and creatine kinase (∼50%), whereas cytoskeletal protein levels were unchanged (P > 0.05). Ankrd 1 (∼15-fold) and MLP (∼2-fold) mRNA increased, whereas Ankrd 2, Ankrd 23, MuRF-1, MyoD1, and myostatin mRNA were unchanged. Ankrd 1 (∼3-fold, Ex) and MLPb (∼20-fold, Ex + Meal) protein increased, but MLPa, Ankrd 2, Ankrd 23, and the myogenic proteins were unchanged. The postexercise meal did not affect the responses observed. Power resistance exercise, as performed in practice, induced subtle early responses in the expression of MLP and Ankrd 1 yet had little effect on the other proteins investigated. These findings suggest possible roles for MLP and Ankrd 1 in the remodeling of skeletal muscle in individuals who regularly perform this type of exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to assess the early changes in the expression of titin-linked putative mechanosensing proteins and associated myogenic regulatory factors in skeletal muscle after power resistance exercise in fed, resistance-trained men. We report that power resistance exercise induces subtle early responses in the expression of Ankrd 1 and MLP, suggesting these proteins play a role in the remodeling of skeletal muscle in individuals who regularly perform this type of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G Wette
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel P Birch
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mattias Soop
- Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Karolinska Institutet at Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martina Zügel
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham D Lamb
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heather K Smith
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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17
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Carvalho L, Junior RM, Truffi G, Serra A, Sander R, De Souza EO, Barroso R. Is stronger better? Influence of a strength phase followed by a hypertrophy phase on muscular adaptations in resistance-trained men. Res Sports Med 2020; 29:536-546. [PMID: 33241958 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1853546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although used by resistance-trained individuals, it is unknown if increasing muscle strength prior to hypertrophy training leads to greater muscle growth and strength gains. We investigated muscle thickness and maximum strength in 26 resistance-trained men who were randomly assigned to either: STHT, consisted in a 3-week strength-oriented training period (4x1-3 repetition maximum [RM]) prior to a 5-week hypertrophy-oriented period (4x8-12RM), or HT, which comprised an 8-week hypertrophy-oriented training period. Vastus lateralis muscle thickness, and back squat and leg-press 1-RM were assessed at pre, third week, and after 8 weeks of training. When pre-to-post changes are compared, STHT induced greater muscle growth (p = 0.049; 95%CI = 0.15-3.2%; d = 0.81) and strength gains in the back squat (p = 0.015; 95%CI = 1.5-13%; d = 1.05) and leg-press 45° (p = 0.044; 95%CI = 0.16-9.9%; d = 0.79) compared to HT. Our results support the use of a period to increase muscle strength prior to an HT to increase muscle thickness and maximum strength in resistance-trained men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Carvalho
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Roberto Moriggi Junior
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Truffi
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Adriano Serra
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Sander
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eduardo O De Souza
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Renato Barroso
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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18
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Winchester LJ, Morris CE, Badinger J, Wiczynski TL, VanWye WR. Blood Flow Restriction at High Resistance Loads Increases the Rate of Muscular Fatigue, but Does Not Increase Plasma Markers of Myotrauma or Inflammation. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2419-2426. [PMID: 32740287 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Winchester, LJ, Morris, CE, Badinger, J, Wiczynski, TL, and VanWye, WR. Blood flow restriction at high resistance loads increases the rate of muscular fatigue, but does not increase plasma markers of myotrauma or inflammation. J Strength Cond Res 34(9): 2419-2426, 2020-High-load resistance training and blood flow restriction (BFR) training at low loads both promote protein synthesis and growth through different cell signaling mechanisms. Therefore, co-activation of these pathways could result in a synergistic effect for additional growth enhancement. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how BFR effects performance and physiological responses after an acute bout of high-load barbell squat training. Twelve resistance-trained, college-aged men and women performed 5 sets of barbell squats at 75% of 1 repetition maximum until failure under traditional (TRAD; control) or intermittent BFR conditions. Perceived limb pain and number of repetitions performed were recorded after each set. Blood samples were collected at baseline and 1-hour postexercise after each trial for analysis of myoglobin and interleukin-6 (IL-6). An alpha level of p < 0.05 was used to determine significance. Blood flow restriction trial performance significantly declined at set 3 and was lower than performance during control, whereas control performance did not decrease until set 5. Perceived limb pain was statistically increased with BFR use for the whole trial and was significantly higher with BFR during set 3 than observed during TRAD. Plasma myoglobin and IL-6 were significantly increased after both trials when compared with baseline, but were not significantly different between trials. Intermittent BFR use during high-load barbell squats increases the rate of muscular fatigue and perceived limb pain, but does not increase muscular damage or inflammatory response. Data obtained from this study can be used by fitness professionals as a means of potentially enhancing the rate of muscular hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Winchester
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - Cody E Morris
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Joseph Badinger
- School of Kinesiology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky; and
| | - Teresa L Wiczynski
- School of Kinesiology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky; and
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19
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Sakushima K, Yoshikawa M, Osaki T, Miyamoto N, Hashimoto T. Moderate hypoxia promotes skeletal muscle cell growth and hypertrophy in C2C12 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:921-927. [PMID: 32173524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies have implied that a hypoxic environment may be a factor that influences muscle hypertrophy, scant attention has been paid to the effect of oxygen molecules on the morphological characteristics of muscle. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of semisevere (i.e., 5%) to moderate (i.e., 10% or 15%) hypoxic environments on the morphological characteristics of skeletal muscle and the associated mechanisms. C2C12 skeletal muscle cells were divided into various groups, namely, the normoxia group (20.9% O2) and hypoxia groups (5% O2, 10% O2, and 15% O2), and cell growth and the expression of associated proteins in the hypoxia groups were compared with those in the normoxia group. The myotube diameter and cell differentiation index were determined on day 6 by immunocytochemical analyses. The expression of proteins associated with muscle cell differentiation (MyoD and myogenin) and muscle hypertrophy (mTOR and p70s6K) were analyzed by Western blotting. We found that compared with normoxia, a 5% oxygen environment inhibited differentiation and caused muscle atrophy. However, compared with normoxia, a 10% oxygen environment promoted muscle differentiation, and 10% oxygen and 15% oxygen environments induced muscle hypertrophy. Compared with normoxia, a 10% oxygen environment promoted myogenin and the expression of mTOR, p70s6K, and the metabolic signal AMPK. We concluded that a hypoxic environment, if not too severe, may promote muscle differentiation and hypertrophy by increasing the expression of proteins associated with muscle cell differentiation and hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Sakushima
- Faculty of Sport & Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Maki Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Sport & Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Osaki
- Faculty of Sport & Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan; Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naokazu Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-Gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport & Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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20
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Chen X, Du W, Cai Z, Ji S, Dwivedi M, Chen J, Zhao G, Chu J. Uniaxial Stretching of Cell-Laden Microfibers for Promoting C2C12 Myoblasts Alignment and Myofibers Formation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:2162-2170. [PMID: 31856565 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-shaped cellular constructs have attracted increasing attention in the regeneration of blood vessels, nerve networks, and skeletal myofibers. Nevertheless, the generation of functional fiber-shaped cellular constructs suffers from limited appropriate microfiber-based fabrication approaches and the maintenance of regenerated tissue functions. Herein, we demonstrate a silicone-tube-based coagulant bath free method to fabricate tens of centimeters long cell-laden microfibers using single UV exposure without pretreatment of nozzles or microchannels. By modulating the exposure time, the gelatin methacrylate microfibers with tissue-like microstructures and mechanical properties are obtained. Then, a culture system integrated with a pillar well-array based stretching device is used to apply uniaxial stretching with various strain ratios in situ to cell-laden microfibers in a 60 mm petri dish. Cells with improved spreading, elongation, and alignment are obtained under uniaxial stretching. Moreover, the promotional effects of uniaxial stretching on the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts, the formation, and contractility of myofibers become more pronounced with increasing strain ratio and achieve saturation level as strain ratio up to ∼35%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenqiang Du
- Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus , Ohio 43205 , United States
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , Ohio 43205 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Jianfeng Chen
- Department of Mechanics Engineering , Nanchang University , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330031 , China
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21
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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of periodontal disease (PD) associated with physical exercise on inflammatory mediators and muscle repair. Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (SH), healthy trained (TH), sedentary with PD (SP), and trained with PD (TP). PD was induced in groups SP and TP while the trained groups performed treadmill exercises for 8 weeks. For the analysis of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and leukocyte count, we collected blood samples. Cryolesions were induced in the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius, which were analyzed for morphological changes. The presence of PD modified leukocyte counts, while exercise showed an additive role. PD increased levels of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α, and physical exercise changed only values of IL-10. The association between physical exercise and PD was responsible for an increased concentration of leukocytes in the region of the inflammation. Serum levels of inflammatory markers were modified by PD and, when combined with exercise, may negatively modulate inflammation. The association between PD and physical exercise showed the most significant changes in the number of inflammatory cells and may negatively influence the process of muscle repair.
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22
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Liang J, Zeng Z, Zhang Y, Chen N. Regulatory role of exercise-induced autophagy for sarcopenia. Exp Gerontol 2019; 130:110789. [PMID: 31765742 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is an aging-related disease, described as the progressive reduction in mass and strength of skeletal muscle. Sarcopenia is typically characterized as the accumulation of damaged products due to an imbalance between protein synthesis and protein degradation. This imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation is attributed to impaired autophagic signal pathways. Sarcopenia can predispose elderly patients to several complications that may significantly impact patient quality of life. Recent evidence indicates that autophagy is required for the control of skeletal muscle mass under catabolic conditions and plays a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis and integrity of skeletal muscle, specifically at appropriate level of autophagy. Exercise may be considered as a stress stimulus that can substantially modulate cellular signaling to promote metabolic adaptations. Appropriate exercise can induce autophagy or regulate the functional status of autophagy. Additionally, exercise-induced autophagy is the most effective treatment available in slowing down sarcopenia, improving mitochondrial quality, and the number of quiescent satellite cells, as a process that depends on basal autophagy. The molecular mechanisms underpinning the development of sarcopenia, however, remained largely unknown. In this narrative review, the current molecular mechanisms of sarcopenia are discussed from the perspective of exercise-induced autophagy and the effect of different exercise modalities on this response. This narrative review will aim to provide the references for developing scientific and optimal intervention strategies including exercise intervention for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia through regulating autophagic signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiling Liang
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhengzhong Zeng
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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23
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Mathes S, Vanmunster M, Bloch W, Suhr F. Evidence for skeletal muscle fiber type-specific expressions of mechanosensors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2987-3004. [PMID: 30701284 PMCID: PMC11105595 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensors govern muscle tissue integrity and constitute a subcellular structure known as costameres. Costameres physically link the muscle extracellular matrix to contractile and signaling 'hubs' inside muscle fibers mainly via integrins and are localized beneath sarcolemmas of muscle fibers. Costameres are the main mechanosensors converting mechanical cues into biological events. However, the fiber type-specific costamere architecture in muscles is unexplored. We hypothesized that fiber types differ in the expression of genes coding for costamere components. By coupling laser microdissection to a multiplex tandem qPCR approach, we demonstrate that type 1 and type 2 fibers indeed show substantial differences in their mechanosensor complexes. We confirmed these data by fiber type population-specific protein analysis and confocal microscopy-based localization studies. We further show that knockdown of the costamere gene integrin-linked kinase (Ilk) in muscle precursor cells results in significantly increased slow-myosin-coding Myh7 gene, while the fast-myosin-coding genes Myh1, Myh2, and Myh4 are downregulated. In parallel, protein synthesis-enhancing signaling molecules (p-mTORSer2448, p < 0.05; p-P70S6KThr389, tendency with p < 0.1) were reduced upon Ilk knockdown. However, overexpression of slow type-inducing NFATc1 in muscle precursor cells did not change Ilk or other costamere gene expressions. In addition, we demonstrate fiber type-specific costamere gene regulation upon mechanical loading and unloading conditions. Our data imply that costamere genes, such as Ilk, are involved in the control of muscle fiber characteristics. Further, they identify costameres as muscle fiber type-specific loading management 'hubs' and may explain adaptation differences of muscle fiber types to mechanical (un)loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mathes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mathias Vanmunster
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, Bus 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Suhr
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, Bus 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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24
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Song J, Wang Y, Yuan X, Ji Q, Fan C, Zhao H, Hao W, Ren D. Stretching magnitude-dependent inactivation of AKT by ROS led to enhanced p53 mitochondrial translocation and myoblast apoptosis. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1182-1197. [PMID: 30865562 PMCID: PMC6724521 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-12-0770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we had shown that high magnitude stretch (HMS), rather than low magnitude stretch (LMS), induced significant apoptosis of skeletal muscle C2C12 myoblasts. However, the molecular mechanism remains obscure. In this study, we found that p53 protein accumulated in the nucleus of LMS-loaded cells, whereas it translocated into mitochondria of HMS-loaded cells. Knocking down endogenous p53 by shRNA abrogated HMS-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that overaccumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during HMS-inactivated AKT that was activated in LMS-treated cells, which accounted for the distinct p53 subcellular localizations under HMS and LMS. Blocking ROS generation by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or overexpressing constitutively active AKT vector (CA-AKT) inhibited HMS-incurred p53 mitochondrial translocation and promoted its nuclear targeting. Moreover, both NAC and CA-AKT significantly attenuated HMS-induced C2C12 apoptosis. Finally, we found that Ser389 phosphorylation of p53 was a downstream event of ROS-inactivated AKT pathway, which was critical to p53 mitochondrial trafficking during HMS stimuli. Transfecting p53-shRNA C2C12s with the mutant p53 (S389A) that was unable to target p53 to mitochondria underwent significantly lower apoptosis than transfection with wild-type p53. Altogether, our study uncovered that mitochondrial localization of p53, resulting from p53 Ser389 phosphorylation through ROS-inactivated AKT pathway, prompted C2C12 myoblast apoptosis during HMS stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Song
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiuxia Ji
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cunhui Fan
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjing Hao
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dapeng Ren
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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25
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Nakayama KH, Shayan M, Huang NF. Engineering Biomimetic Materials for Skeletal Muscle Repair and Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801168. [PMID: 30725530 PMCID: PMC6589032 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although skeletal muscle is highly regenerative following injury or disease, endogenous self-regeneration is severely impaired in conditions of volume traumatic muscle loss. Consequently, tissue engineering approaches are a promising means to regenerate skeletal muscle. Biological scaffolds serve as not only structural support for the promotion of cellular ingrowth but also impart potent modulatory signaling cues that may be beneficial for tissue regeneration. In this work, the progress of tissue engineering approaches for skeletal muscle engineering and regeneration is overviewed, with a focus on the techniques to create biomimetic engineered tissue using extracellular cues. These factors include mechanical and electrical stimulation, geometric patterning, and delivery of growth factors or other bioactive molecules. The progress of evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of these approaches in preclinical models of muscle injury is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina H Nakayama
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- The Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mahdis Shayan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- The Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ngan F Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- The Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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26
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Isolation and characterization of three skeletal troponin genes and association with growth-related traits in Exopalaemon carinicauda. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:705-718. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Filipova D, Henry M, Rotshteyn T, Brunn A, Carstov M, Deckert M, Hescheler J, Sachinidis A, Pfitzer G, Papadopoulos S. Distinct transcriptomic changes in E14.5 mouse skeletal muscle lacking RYR1 or Cav1.1 converge at E18.5. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194428. [PMID: 29543863 PMCID: PMC5854361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In skeletal muscle the coordinated actions of two mechanically coupled Ca2+ channels-the 1,4-dihydropyridine receptor (Cav1.1) and the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RYR1)-underlie the molecular mechanism of rapid cytosolic [Ca2+] increase leading to contraction. While both [Ca2+]i and contractile activity have been implicated in the regulation of myogenesis, less is known about potential specific roles of Cav1.1 and RYR1 in skeletal muscle development. In this study, we analyzed the histology and the transcriptomic changes occurring at E14.5 -the end of primary myogenesis and around the onset of intrauterine limb movement, and at E18.5 -the end of secondary myogenesis, in WT, RYR1-/-, and Cav1.1-/- murine limb skeletal muscle. At E14.5 the muscle histology of both mutants exhibited initial alterations, which became much more severe at E18.5. Immunohistological analysis also revealed higher levels of activated caspase-3 in the Cav1.1-/- muscles at E14.5, indicating an increase in apoptosis. With WT littermates as controls, microarray analyses identified 61 and 97 differentially regulated genes (DEGs) at E14.5, and 493 and 1047 DEGs at E18.5, in RYR1-/- and Cav1.1-/- samples, respectively. Gene enrichment analysis detected no overlap in the affected biological processes and pathways in the two mutants at E14.5, whereas at E18.5 there was a significant overlap of DEGs in both mutants, affecting predominantly processes linked to muscle contraction. Moreover, the E18.5 vs. E14.5 comparison revealed multiple genotype-specific DEGs involved in contraction, cell cycle and miRNA-mediated signaling in WT, neuronal and bone development in RYR1-/-, and lipid metabolism in Cav1.1-/- samples. Taken together, our study reveals discrete changes in the global transcriptome occurring in limb skeletal muscle from E14.5 to E18.5 in WT, RYR1-/- and Cav1.1-/- mice. Our results suggest distinct functional roles for RYR1 and Cav1.1 in skeletal primary and secondary myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilyana Filipova
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Margit Henry
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tamara Rotshteyn
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Brunn
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mariana Carstov
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martina Deckert
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriele Pfitzer
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Symeon Papadopoulos
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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28
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de Sousa Neto IV, Durigan JLQ, Guzzoni V, Tibana RA, Prestes J, de Araujo HSS, Marqueti RDC. Effects of Resistance Training on Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity in Skeletal Muscles and Blood Circulation During Aging. Front Physiol 2018; 9:190. [PMID: 29593554 PMCID: PMC5857587 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex, multifactorial process characterized by the accumulation of deleterious effects, including biochemical adaptations of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of resistance training (RT) on metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) activity in skeletal muscles and, MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity in the blood circulation of young and old rats. Twenty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 7 per group): young sedentary (YS); young trained (YT), old sedentary (OS), and old trained (OT). The stair climbing RT consisted of one training session every 2 other day, with 8–12 dynamic movements per climb. The animals were euthanized 48 h after the end of the experimental period. MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity was measured by zymography. There was higher active MMP-2 activity in the lateral gastrocnemius and flexor digitorum profundus muscles in the OT group when compared to the OS, YS, and YT groups (p ≤ 0.001). Moreover, there was higher active MMP-2 activity in the medial gastrocnemius muscle in the OT group when compared to the YS and YT groups (p ≤ 0.001). The YS group presented lower active MMP-2 activity in the soleus muscle than the YT, OS, OT groups (p ≤ 0.001). With respect to active MMP-2/9 activity in the bloodstream, the OT group displayed significantly reduced activity (p ≤ 0.001) when compared to YS and YT groups. In conclusion, RT up-regulates MMP-2 activity in aging muscles, while down-regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the blood circulation, suggesting that it may be a useful tool for the maintenance of ECM remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo V de Sousa Neto
- Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - João L Q Durigan
- Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Guzzoni
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ramires A Tibana
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Jonato Prestes
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Rita de Cássia Marqueti
- Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
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29
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Nitzsche N, Neuendorf T, Gehlert S, Fröhlich M, Schulz H. Cellular activation of selected signaling proteins through resistance training—a training methodological perspective. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-017-0473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Tieland M, Trouwborst I, Clark BC. Skeletal muscle performance and ageing. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:3-19. [PMID: 29151281 PMCID: PMC5803609 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The world population is ageing rapidly. As society ages, the incidence of physical limitations is dramatically increasing, which reduces the quality of life and increases healthcare expenditures. In western society, ~30% of the population over 55 years is confronted with moderate or severe physical limitations. These physical limitations increase the risk of falls, institutionalization, co-morbidity, and premature death. An important cause of physical limitations is the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, also referred to as sarcopenia. Emerging evidence, however, clearly shows that the decline in skeletal muscle mass is not the sole contributor to the decline in physical performance. For instance, the loss of muscle strength is also a strong contributor to reduced physical performance in the elderly. In addition, there is ample data to suggest that motor coordination, excitation-contraction coupling, skeletal integrity, and other factors related to the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems are critically important for physical performance in the elderly. To better understand the loss of skeletal muscle performance with ageing, we aim to provide a broad overview on the underlying mechanisms associated with elderly skeletal muscle performance. We start with a system level discussion and continue with a discussion on the influence of lifestyle, biological, and psychosocial factors on elderly skeletal muscle performance. Developing a broad understanding of the many factors affecting elderly skeletal muscle performance has major implications for scientists, clinicians, and health professionals who are developing therapeutic interventions aiming to enhance muscle function and/or prevent mobility and physical limitations and, as such, support healthy ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tieland
- Faculty of Sports and NutritionAmsterdam University of Applied SciencesDr. Meurerlaan 81067 SMAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Inez Trouwborst
- Faculty of Sports and NutritionAmsterdam University of Applied SciencesDr. Meurerlaan 81067 SMAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Brian C. Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI)Ohio University250 Irvine HallAthensOH 45701USA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesOhio UniversityAthensOH 45701USA
- Department of Geriatric MedicineOhio UniversityAthensOH 45701USA
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31
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Takagi R, Ogasawara R, Takegaki J, Tsutaki A, Nakazato K, Ishii N. Influence of past injurious exercise on fiber type-specific acute anabolic response to resistance exercise in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:16-22. [PMID: 28912360 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00480.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the influence of past injurious exercise on anabolic response of skeletal muscle fibers to resistance exercise (RE). Wistar rats were divided into exercise (E) and exercise-after-injury (I-E) groups. At age 10 wk, the right gastrocnemius muscle in each rat in the I-E group was subjected to strenuous eccentric contractions. Subsequently, RE was imposed on the same muscle of each rat at 14 wk of age in both groups. Peak joint torque and total force generation per body mass during RE were similar between the groups. Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in the I-E group was higher than that in the E group 6 h after RE. Furthermore, levels of phospho-p70S6 kinase (Thr389) and phospho-ribosomal protein S6 (phospho-rpS6) (Ser240/244), a downstream target of p70S6 kinase, were higher in the I-E group than in the E group. For the anabolic response in each fiber type, the I-E group showed a higher MPS response in type IIb, IIa, and I fibers and a higher phospho-rpS6 response in type IIx, IIa, and I fibers than the E group. In the I-E group, the relative content of myosin heavy chain (MHC) IIa was higher and that of MHC IIb was lower than those in the E group. In addition, type IIa fibers showed a lower MPS response to RE than type IIb fibers in the I-E group. In conclusion, the past injurious exercise enhanced the MPS and phospho-rpS6 responses in type IIb, IIa, and I fibers and type IIx, IIa, and I fibers, respectively. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Past injurious exercise increased the muscle protein synthesis (MPS) response and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling activation to resistance exercise. In the responses of each fiber type, the past injurious exercise increased the MPS and phosphorylation ribosomal protein (Ser240/244) responses in type IIb, IIa, and I fibers and type IIx, IIa, and I fibers, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Takagi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo , Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology , Aichi , Japan
| | - Junya Takegaki
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Arata Tsutaki
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Naokata Ishii
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
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32
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Miller BF, Hamilton KL, Majeed ZR, Abshire SM, Confides AL, Hayek AM, Hunt ER, Shipman P, Peelor FF, Butterfield TA, Dupont‐Versteegden EE. Enhanced skeletal muscle regrowth and remodelling in massaged and contralateral non-massaged hindlimb. J Physiol 2018; 596:83-103. [PMID: 29090454 PMCID: PMC5746529 DOI: 10.1113/jp275089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Muscle fibre cross sectional area is enhanced with massage in the form of cyclic compressive loading during regrowth after atrophy. Massage enhances protein synthesis of the myofibrillar and cytosolic, but not the mitochondrial fraction, in muscle during regrowth. Focal adhesion kinase activation and satellite cell number are elevated in muscles undergoing massage during regrowth. Muscle fibre cross sectional area and protein synthesis of the myofibrillar fraction, but not DNA synthesis, are elevated in muscle of the contralateral non-massaged limb. Massage in the form of cyclic compressive loading is a potential anabolic intervention during muscle regrowth after atrophy. ABSTRACT Massage, in the form of cyclic compressive loading (CCL), is associated with multiple health benefits, but its potential anabolic effect on atrophied muscle has not been investigated. We hypothesized that the mechanical activity associated with CCL induces an anabolic effect in skeletal muscle undergoing regrowth after a period of atrophy. Fischer-Brown Norway rats at 10 months of age were hindlimb unloaded for a period of 2 weeks. The rats were then allowed reambulation with CCL applied at a 4.5 N load at 0.5 Hz frequency for 30 min every other day for four bouts during a regrowth period of 8 days. Muscle fibre cross sectional area was enhanced by 18% with massage during regrowth compared to reloading alone, and this was accompanied by elevated myofibrillar and cytosolic protein as well as DNA synthesis. Focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation indicated that CCL increased mechanical stimulation, while a higher number of Pax7+ cells likely explains the elevated DNA synthesis. Surprisingly, the contralateral non-massaged limb exhibited a comparable 17% higher muscle fibre size compared to reloading alone, and myofibrillar protein synthesis, but not DNA synthesis, was also elevated. We conclude that massage in the form of CCL induces an anabolic response in muscles regrowing after an atrophy-inducing event. We suggest that massage can be used as an intervention to aid in the regrowth of muscle lost during immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F. Miller
- Health and Exercise ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523‐1582USA
| | - Karyn L. Hamilton
- Health and Exercise ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523‐1582USA
| | - Zana R. Majeed
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
| | - Sarah M. Abshire
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
- Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
| | - Amy L. Confides
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
- Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
| | - Amanda M. Hayek
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
| | - Emily R. Hunt
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
| | - Patrick Shipman
- Department of MathematicsColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523‐1582USA
| | - Frederick F. Peelor
- Health and Exercise ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523‐1582USA
| | - Timothy A. Butterfield
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
- Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
| | - Esther E. Dupont‐Versteegden
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
- Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
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33
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Mersmann F, Bohm S, Arampatzis A. Imbalances in the Development of Muscle and Tendon as Risk Factor for Tendinopathies in Youth Athletes: A Review of Current Evidence and Concepts of Prevention. Front Physiol 2017; 8:987. [PMID: 29249987 PMCID: PMC5717808 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendons feature the crucial role to transmit the forces exerted by the muscles to the skeleton. Thus, an increase of the force generating capacity of a muscle needs to go in line with a corresponding modulation of the mechanical properties of the associated tendon to avoid potential harm to the integrity of the tendinous tissue. However, as summarized in the present narrative review, muscle and tendon differ with regard to both the time course of adaptation to mechanical loading as well as the responsiveness to certain types of mechanical stimulation. Plyometric loading, for example, seems to be a more potent stimulus for muscle compared to tendon adaptation. In growing athletes, the increased levels of circulating sex hormones might additionally augment an imbalanced development of muscle strength and tendon mechanical properties, which could potentially relate to the increasing incidence of tendon overload injuries that has been indicated for adolescence. In fact, increased tendon stress and strain due to a non-uniform musculotendinous development has been observed recently in adolescent volleyball athletes, a high-risk group for tendinopathy. These findings highlight the importance to deepen the current understanding of the interaction of loading and maturation and demonstrate the need for the development of preventive strategies. Therefore, this review concludes with an evidence-based concept for a specific loading program for increasing tendon stiffness, which could be implemented in the training regimen of young athletes at risk for tendinopathy. This program incorporates five sets of four contractions with an intensity of 85–90% of the isometric voluntary maximum and a movement/contraction duration that provides 3 s of high magnitude tendon strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
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34
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Pardo PS, Lopez MA, Mohamed JS, Boriek AM. Anisotropic mechanosensitive pathways in the diaphragm and their implications in muscular dystrophies. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2017; 38:437-446. [PMID: 28986699 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-017-9483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The diaphragm is the "respiratory pump;" the muscle that generates pressure to allow ventilation. Diaphragm muscles play a vital function and thus are subjected to continuous mechanical loading. One of its peculiarities is the ability to generate distinct mechanical and biochemical responses depending on the direction through which the mechanical forces applied to it. Contractile forces originated from its contractile components are transmitted to other structural components of its muscle fibers and the surrounding connective tissue. The anisotropic mechanical properties of the diaphragm are translated into biochemical signals that are directionally mechanosensitive by mechanisms that appear to be unique to this muscle. Here, we reviewed the current state of knowledge on the biochemical pathways regulated by mechanical signals emphasizing their anisotropic behavior in the normal diaphragm and analyzed how they are affected in muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Pardo
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael A Lopez
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Junaith S Mohamed
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Division of Exercise Physiology, Department of Human Performance, Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Aladin M Boriek
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Zissler A, Steinbacher P, Zimmermann R, Pittner S, Stoiber W, Bathke AC, Sänger AM. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Accelerates Regeneration After Acute Skeletal Muscle Injury. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:676-684. [PMID: 27729321 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516668622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle injuries are among the most common sports-related lesions in athletes; however, optimal treatment remains obscure. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) may be a promising approach in this context, because it has gained increasing importance in tissue regeneration in various medical fields. HYPOTHESIS ESWT stimulates and accelerates regenerative processes of acute muscle injuries. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 experimental groups (2 ESWT+ groups and 2 ESWT- groups) as well as an uninjured control group (n ≥ 6 in each group). An acute cardiotoxin-induced injury was set into the quadriceps femoris muscle of rats in the experimental groups. A single ESWT session was administered to injured muscles of the ESWT+ groups 1 day after injury, whereas ESWT- groups received no further treatment. At 4 and 7 days after injury, 1 each of the ESWT+ and ESWT- groups was euthanized. Regenerating lesions were excised and analyzed by histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry to assess fiber size, myonuclear content, and recruitment of satellite cells. RESULTS The size and myonuclear content of regenerating fibers in ESWT+ muscle was significantly increased compared with ESWT- muscle fibers at both 4 and 7 days after injury. Similarly, at both time points, ESWT+ muscles exhibited significantly higher contents of pax7-positive satellite cells, mitotically active H3P+ cells, and, of cells expressing the myogenic regulatory factors, myoD and myogenin, indicating enhanced proliferation and differentiation rates of satellite cells after ESWT. Mitotic activity at 4 days after injury was doubled in ESWT+ compared with ESWT- muscles. CONCLUSION ESWT stimulates regeneration of skeletal muscle tissue and accelerates repair processes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE We provide evidence for accelerated regeneration of damaged skeletal muscle after ESWT. Although further studies are necessary, our findings support the view that ESWT is an effective method to improve muscle healing, with special relevance to sports injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Zissler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Steinbacher
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Reinhold Zimmermann
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Salzburg General Hospital, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Pittner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Walter Stoiber
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Arne C Bathke
- Department of Mathematics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Sun Y, Huang Y, Hu G, Zhang X, Ruan Z, Zhao X, Guo C, Tang Z, Li X, You X, Lin H, Zhang Y, Shi Q. Comparative Transcriptomic Study of Muscle Provides New Insights into the Growth Superiority of a Novel Grouper Hybrid. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168802. [PMID: 28005961 PMCID: PMC5179234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Grouper (Epinephelus spp.) is a group of fish species with great economic importance in Asian countries. A novel hybrid grouper, generated by us and called the Hulong grouper (Hyb), has better growth performance than its parents, E. fuscoguttatus (Efu, ♀) and E. lanceolatus (Ela, ♂). We previously reported that the GH/IGF (growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor) system in the brain and liver contributed to the superior growth of the Hyb. In this study, using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), we analyzed RNA expression levels of comprehensive genes in the muscle of the hybrid and its parents. Our data showed that genes involved in glycolysis and calcium signaling in addition to troponins are up-regulated in the Hyb. The results suggested that the activity of the upstream GH/IGF system in the brain and liver, along with the up-regulated glycolytic genes as well as ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and troponins related to the calcium signaling pathway in muscle, led to enhanced growth in the hybrid grouper. Muscle contraction inducing growth could be the major contributor to the growth superiority in our novel hybrid grouper, which may be a common mechanism for hybrid superiority in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guojun Hu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinhui Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ruan
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuanyu Guo
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhujing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinxin You
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (Hl); (YZ); (QS)
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (Hl); (YZ); (QS)
| | - Qiong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI, Shenzhen, China
- Center for Marine Research, School of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (Hl); (YZ); (QS)
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Shadrin IY, Khodabukus A, Bursac N. Striated muscle function, regeneration, and repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4175-4202. [PMID: 27271751 PMCID: PMC5056123 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As the only striated muscle tissues in the body, skeletal and cardiac muscle share numerous structural and functional characteristics, while exhibiting vastly different size and regenerative potential. Healthy skeletal muscle harbors a robust regenerative response that becomes inadequate after large muscle loss or in degenerative pathologies and aging. In contrast, the mammalian heart loses its regenerative capacity shortly after birth, leaving it susceptible to permanent damage by acute injury or chronic disease. In this review, we compare and contrast the physiology and regenerative potential of native skeletal and cardiac muscles, mechanisms underlying striated muscle dysfunction, and bioengineering strategies to treat muscle disorders. We focus on different sources for cellular therapy, biomaterials to augment the endogenous regenerative response, and progress in engineering and application of mature striated muscle tissues in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we discuss the challenges and perspectives in translating muscle bioengineering strategies to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Y Shadrin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 3000 Science Drive, Hudson Hall 136, Durham, NC, 27708-90281, USA
| | - A Khodabukus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 3000 Science Drive, Hudson Hall 136, Durham, NC, 27708-90281, USA
| | - N Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 3000 Science Drive, Hudson Hall 136, Durham, NC, 27708-90281, USA.
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Hua W, Zhang M, Wang Y, Yu L, Zhao T, Qiu X, Wang L. Mechanical stretch regulates microRNA expression profile via NF-κB activation in C2C12 myoblasts. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5084-5092. [PMID: 27840929 PMCID: PMC5355701 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation are involved in mechanical stretch-induced skeletal muscle regeneration. However, there are a small number of miRNAs that have been reported to be associated with NF‑κB activation during mechanical stretch-induced myogenesis. In the present study, C2C12 myoblasts underwent cyclic mechanical stretch in vitro, to explore the relationship between miRNA expression and NF‑κB activation during stretch-mediated myoblast proliferation. The results revealed that 10% deformation, 0.125 Hz cyclic mechanical stretch could promote myoblast proliferation. The miRNA expression profile was subsequently altered; miR‑500, ‑1934, ‑31, ‑378, ‑331 and ‑5097 were downregulated, whereas miR‑1941 was upregulated. These miRNAs were all involved in stretch‑mediated myoblast proliferation. Notably, the expression of these miRNAs was reversed following treatment of 0.125 Hz mechanically stretched C2C12 cells with NF‑κB inhibitors, which was accompanied by C2C12 cell growth suppression. Therefore, the present study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to demonstrate that the NF‑κB‑dependent miRNA profile is associated with mechanical stretch-induced myoblast proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Hua
- Department of Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Mahui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yongkui Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhong Qiu
- Department of Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Leyu Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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An F, Wang J. Study on differentiation during embryonic development across selective and ancestral breeds. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:835-840. [PMID: 27709729 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to explore the effect of strain on diverging post-hatch muscle properties, muscle regulation during embryo development was investigated in selected and unselected breeds. Four broiler strains were used: JingNing (JN) chicken (a Chinese native chicken), HuangYu (HY) broiler, BaiYu (BY) broiler and Hyline layer (commercial crossbred chickens). Results showed that the four breeds had almost the same characteristic during different incubation periods. BY broilers moved more than JN and Hyline layers from Hamburger & Hamilton stage (HH)24 to HH31 (P < 0.05). HY broilers moved more than JN and Hyline layers from HH27 to HH31 (P < 0.01). All the embryos were heavier daily from HH24 to ED18 (P < 0.05); broilers presented greater body weights than JN and hyline layers (P > 0.05); broilers presented smaller fiber diameter than JN chickens before HH31 (P > 0.05). From then on, JN chicken exhibited smaller fiber diameter compared to the broilers (P > 0.05). Western blotting indicated all the breeds had continuous insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) expression, with the highest expression level in broilers from HH19 to HH24 and highest expression level in JN chicks from HH27 to HH31. The results indicated that the diverging growth among breeds was already shown in embryonic stages; the different expression patterns of IGF-I may be involved in cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengli An
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jianlin Wang
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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40
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Li Z, Fan Z, Xu Y, Niu H, Xie X, Liu Z, Guan J. Thermosensitive and Highly Flexible Hydrogels Capable of Stimulating Cardiac Differentiation of Cardiosphere-Derived Cells under Static and Dynamic Mechanical Training Conditions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:15948-57. [PMID: 27281488 PMCID: PMC5386508 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac stem cell therapy has been considered as a promising strategy for heart tissue regeneration. Yet achieving cardiac differentiation after stem cell transplantation remains challenging. This compromises the efficacy of current stem cell therapy. Delivery of cells using matrices that stimulate the cardiac differentiation may improve the degree of cardiac differentiation in the heart tissue. In this report, we investigated whether elastic modulus of highly flexible poly(N-isopropylamide) (PNIPAAm)-based hydrogels can be modulated to stimulate the encapsulated cardiosphere derived cells (CDCs) to differentiate into cardiac lineage under static condition and dynamic stretching that mimics the heart beating condition. We have developed hydrogels whose moduli do not change under both dynamic stretching and static conditions for 14 days. The hydrogels had the same chemical structure but different elastic moduli (11, 21, and 40 kPa). CDCs were encapsulated into these hydrogels and cultured under either native heart-mimicking dynamic stretching environment (12% strain and 1 Hz frequency) or static culture condition. CDCs were able to grow in all three hydrogels. The greatest growth was found in the hydrogel with elastic modulus of 40 kPa. The dynamic stretching condition stimulated CDC growth. The CDCs demonstrated elastic modulus-dependent cardiac differentiation under both static and dynamic stretching conditions as evidenced by gene and protein expressions of cardiac markers such as MYH6, CACNA1c, cTnI, and Connexin 43. The highest differentiation was found in the 40 kPa hydrogel. These results suggest that delivery of CDCs with the 40 kPa hydrogel may enhance cardiac differentiation in the infarct hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqing Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Zhaobo Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yanyi Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Hong Niu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Xiaoyun Xie
- Department of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jianjun Guan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Kalamgi RC, Larsson L. Mechanical Signaling in the Pathophysiology of Critical Illness Myopathy. Front Physiol 2016; 7:23. [PMID: 26869939 PMCID: PMC4740381 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete loss of mechanical stimuli of skeletal muscles, i.e., the loss of external strain, related to weight bearing, and internal strain, related to the contraction of muscle cells, is uniquely observed in pharmacologically paralyzed or deeply sedated mechanically ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The preferential loss of myosin and myosin associated proteins in limb and trunk muscles is a significant characteristic of critical illness myopathy (CIM) which separates CIM from other types of acquired muscle weaknesses in ICU patients. Mechanical silencing is an important factor triggering CIM. Microgravity or ground based microgravity models form the basis of research on the effect of muscle unloading-reloading, but the mechanisms and effects may differ from the ICU conditions. In order to understand how mechanical tension regulates muscle mass, it is critical to know how muscles sense mechanical information and convert stimulus to intracellular biochemical actions and changes in gene expression, a process called cellular mechanotransduction. In adult skeletal muscles and muscle fibers, this process may differ, the same stimulus can cause divergent response and the same fiber type may undergo opposite changes in different muscles. Skeletal muscle contains multiple types of mechano-sensors and numerous structures that can be affected differently and hence respond differently in distinct muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca C Kalamgi
- Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Larsson
- Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
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42
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Gao S, Carson JA. Lewis lung carcinoma regulation of mechanical stretch-induced protein synthesis in cultured myotubes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 310:C66-79. [PMID: 26491045 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00052.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stretch can activate muscle and myotube protein synthesis through mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. While it has been established that tumor-derived cachectic factors can induce myotube wasting, the effect of this catabolic environment on myotube mechanical signaling has not been determined. We investigated whether media containing cachectic factors derived from Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) can regulate the stretch induction of myotube protein synthesis. C2C12 myotubes preincubated in control or LLC-derived media were chronically stretched. Protein synthesis regulation by anabolic and catabolic signaling was then examined. In the control condition, stretch increased mTORC1 activity and protein synthesis. The LLC treatment decreased basal mTORC1 activity and protein synthesis and attenuated the stretch induction of protein synthesis. LLC media increased STAT3 and AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in myotubes, independent of stretch. Both stretch and LLC independently increased ERK1/2, p38, and NF-κB phosphorylation. In LLC-treated myotubes, the inhibition of ERK1/2 and p38 rescued the stretch induction of protein synthesis. Interestingly, either leukemia inhibitory factor or glycoprotein 130 antibody administration caused further inhibition of mTORC1 signaling and protein synthesis in stretched myotubes. AMP-activated protein kinase inhibition increased basal mTORC1 signaling activity and protein synthesis in LLC-treated myotubes, but did not restore the stretch induction of protein synthesis. These results demonstrate that LLC-derived cachectic factors can dissociate stretch-induced signaling from protein synthesis through ERK1/2 and p38 signaling, and that glycoprotein 130 signaling is associated with the basal stretch response in myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Gao
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina; and
| | - James A Carson
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina; and Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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43
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Graham ZA, Gallagher PM, Cardozo CP. Focal adhesion kinase and its role in skeletal muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2015; 36:305-15. [PMID: 26142360 PMCID: PMC4659753 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-015-9415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has a remarkable ability to respond to different physical stresses. Loading muscle through exercise, either anaerobic or aerobic, can lead to increases in muscle size and function while, conversely, the absence of muscle loading stimulates rapid decreases in size and function. A principal mediator of this load-induced change is focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a downstream non-receptor tyrosine kinase that translates the cytoskeletal stress and strain signals transmitted across the cytoplasmic membrane by integrins to activate multiple anti-apoptotic and cell growth pathways. Changes in FAK expression and phosphorylation have been found to correlate to specific developmental states in myoblast differentiation, muscle fiber formation and muscle size in response to loading and unloading. With the capability to regulate costamere formation, hypertrophy and glucose metabolism, FAK is a molecule with diverse functions that are important in regulating muscle cell health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Graham
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 W. Kingsbridge Rd., Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Christopher P Cardozo
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 W. Kingsbridge Rd., Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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44
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Pearson SJ, Hussain SR. A review on the mechanisms of blood-flow restriction resistance training-induced muscle hypertrophy. Sports Med 2015; 45:187-200. [PMID: 25249278 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It has traditionally been believed that resistance training can only induce muscle growth when the exercise intensity is greater than 65% of the 1-repetition maximum (RM). However, more recently, the use of low-intensity resistance exercise with blood-flow restriction (BFR) has challenged this theory and consistently shown that hypertrophic adaptations can be induced with much lower exercise intensities (<50% 1-RM). Despite the potent hypertrophic effects of BFR resistance training being demonstrated by numerous studies, the underlying mechanisms responsible for such effects are not well defined. Metabolic stress has been suggested to be a primary factor responsible, and this is theorised to activate numerous other mechanisms, all of which are thought to induce muscle growth via autocrine and/or paracrine actions. However, it is noteworthy that some of these mechanisms do not appear to be mediated to any great extent by metabolic stress but rather by mechanical tension (another primary factor of muscle hypertrophy). Given that the level of mechanical tension is typically low with BFR resistance exercise (<50% 1-RM), one may question the magnitude of involvement of these mechanisms aligned to the adaptations reported with BFR resistance training. However, despite the low level of mechanical tension, it is plausible that the effects induced by the primary factors (mechanical tension and metabolic stress) are, in fact, additive, which ultimately contributes to the adaptations seen with BFR resistance training. Exercise-induced mechanical tension and metabolic stress are theorised to signal a number of mechanisms for the induction of muscle growth, including increased fast-twitch fibre recruitment, mechanotransduction, muscle damage, systemic and localised hormone production, cell swelling, and the production of reactive oxygen species and its variants, including nitric oxide and heat shock proteins. However, the relative extent to which these specific mechanisms are induced by the primary factors with BFR resistance exercise, as well as their magnitude of involvement in BFR resistance training-induced muscle hypertrophy, requires further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen John Pearson
- Centre for Health, Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences Research, University of Salford, Manchester, M6 6PU, UK,
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45
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Kurth F, Franco-Obregón A, Casarosa M, Küster SK, Wuertz-Kozak K, Dittrich PS. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 2-mediated shear-stress responses in C2C12 myoblasts are regulated by serum and extracellular matrix. FASEB J 2015. [PMID: 26207028 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-275396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The developmental sensitivity of skeletal muscle to mechanical forces is unparalleled in other tissues. Calcium entry via reputedly mechanosensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channel classes has been shown to play an essential role in both the early proliferative stage and subsequent differentiation of skeletal muscle myoblasts, particularly TRP canonical (TRPC) 1 and TRP vanilloid (TRPV) 2. Here we show that C2C12 murine myoblasts respond to fluid flow-induced shear stress with increments in cytosolic calcium that are largely initiated by the mechanosensitive opening of TRPV2 channels. Response to fluid flow was augmented by growth in low extracellular serum concentration (5 vs. 20% fetal bovine serum) by greater than 9-fold and at 18 h in culture, coincident with the greatest TRPV2 channel expression under identical conditions (P < 0.02). Fluid flow responses were also enhanced by substrate functionalization with laminin, rather than with fibronectin, agreeing with previous findings that the gating of TRPV2 is facilitated by laminin. Fluid flow-induced calcium increments were blocked by ruthenium red (27%) and SKF-96365 (38%), whereas they were unaltered by 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, further corroborating that TRPV2 channels play a predominant role in fluid flow mechanosensitivity over that of TRPC1 and TRP melastatin (TRPM) 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kurth
- *Department of Biosystems and Science Engineering and Institute for Biomechanics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and National University Hospital Sports Centre, Singapore
| | - Alfredo Franco-Obregón
- *Department of Biosystems and Science Engineering and Institute for Biomechanics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and National University Hospital Sports Centre, Singapore
| | - Marco Casarosa
- *Department of Biosystems and Science Engineering and Institute for Biomechanics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and National University Hospital Sports Centre, Singapore
| | - Simon K Küster
- *Department of Biosystems and Science Engineering and Institute for Biomechanics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and National University Hospital Sports Centre, Singapore
| | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- *Department of Biosystems and Science Engineering and Institute for Biomechanics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and National University Hospital Sports Centre, Singapore
| | - Petra S Dittrich
- *Department of Biosystems and Science Engineering and Institute for Biomechanics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and National University Hospital Sports Centre, Singapore
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Czifra G, Szöllősi A, Nagy Z, Boros M, Juhász I, Kiss A, Erdődi F, Szabó T, Kovács I, Török M, Kovács L, Blumberg PM, Bíró T. Protein kinase Cδ promotes proliferation and induces malignant transformation in skeletal muscle. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 19:396-407. [PMID: 25283340 PMCID: PMC4407591 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we investigated the isoform-specific roles of certain protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth. Here, we provide the first intriguing functional evidence that nPKCδ (originally described as an inhibitor of proliferation in various cells types) is a key player in promoting both in vitro and in vivo skeletal muscle growth. Recombinant overexpression of a constitutively active nPKCδ in C2C12 myoblast increased proliferation and inhibited differentiation. Conversely, overexpression of kinase-negative mutant of nPKCδ (DN-nPKCδ) markedly inhibited cell growth. Moreover, overexpression of nPKCδ also stimulated in vivo tumour growth and induced malignant transformation in immunodeficient (SCID) mice whereas that of DN-nPKCδ suppressed tumour formation. The role of nPKCδ in the formation of rhabdomyosarcoma was also investigated where recombinant overexpression of nPKCδ in human rhabdomyosarcoma RD cells also increased cell proliferation and enhanced tumour formation in mouse xenografts. The other isoforms investigated (PKCα, β, ε) exerted only minor (mostly growth-inhibitory) effects in skeletal muscle cells. Collectively, our data introduce nPKCδ as a novel growth-promoting molecule in skeletal muscles and invite further trials to exploit its therapeutic potential in the treatment of skeletal muscle malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Czifra
- DE-MTA "Lendület" Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
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Use it or lose it: multiscale skeletal muscle adaptation to mechanical stimuli. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2014; 14:195-215. [PMID: 25199941 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-014-0607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle undergoes continuous turnover to adapt to changes in its mechanical environment. Overload increases muscle mass, whereas underload decreases muscle mass. These changes are correlated with, and enabled by, structural alterations across the molecular, subcellular, cellular, tissue, and organ scales. Despite extensive research on muscle adaptation at the individual scales, the interaction of the underlying mechanisms across the scales remains poorly understood. Here, we present a thorough review and a broad classification of multiscale muscle adaptation in response to a variety of mechanical stimuli. From this classification, we suggest that a mathematical model for skeletal muscle adaptation should include the four major stimuli, overstretch, understretch, overload, and underload, and the five key players in skeletal muscle adaptation, myosin heavy chain isoform, serial sarcomere number, parallel sarcomere number, pennation angle, and extracellular matrix composition. Including this information in multiscale computational models of muscle will shape our understanding of the interacting mechanisms of skeletal muscle adaptation across the scales. Ultimately, this will allow us to rationalize the design of exercise and rehabilitation programs, and improve the long-term success of interventional treatment in musculoskeletal disease.
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48
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Sanchez AMJ, Bernardi H, Py G, Candau RB. Autophagy is essential to support skeletal muscle plasticity in response to endurance exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R956-69. [PMID: 25121614 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00187.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise is a stress that can substantially modulate cellular signaling mechanisms to promote morphological and metabolic adaptations. Skeletal muscle protein and organelle turnover is dependent on two major cellular pathways: Forkhead box class O proteins (FOXO) transcription factors that regulate two main proteolytic systems, the ubiquitin-proteasome, and the autophagy-lysosome systems, including mitochondrial autophagy, and the MTORC1 signaling associated with protein translation and autophagy inhibition. In recent years, it has been well documented that both acute and chronic endurance exercise can affect the autophagy pathway. Importantly, substantial efforts have been made to better understand discrepancies in the literature on its modulation during exercise. A single bout of endurance exercise increases autophagic flux when the duration is long enough, and this response is dependent on nutritional status, since autophagic flux markers and mRNA coding for actors involved in mitophagy are more abundant in the fasted state. In contrast, strength and resistance exercises preferentially raise ubiquitin-proteasome system activity and involve several protein synthesis factors, such as the recently characterized DAGK for mechanistic target of rapamycin activation. In this review, we discuss recent progress on the impact of acute and chronic exercise on cell component turnover systems, with particular focus on autophagy, which until now has been relatively overlooked in skeletal muscle. We especially highlight the most recent studies on the factors that can impact its modulation, including the mode of exercise and the nutritional status, and also discuss the current limitations in the literature to encourage further works on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M J Sanchez
- Department of Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre and Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Performance Santé Altitude, EA 4604, Font-Romeu, France;
| | - Henri Bernardi
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier, France; and
| | - Guillaume Py
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Robin B Candau
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
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49
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Is there a minimum intensity threshold for resistance training-induced hypertrophic adaptations? Sports Med 2014; 43:1279-88. [PMID: 23955603 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In humans, regimented resistance training has been shown to promote substantial increases in skeletal muscle mass. With respect to traditional resistance training methods, the prevailing opinion is that an intensity of greater than ~60 % of 1 repetition maximum (RM) is necessary to elicit significant increases in muscular size. It has been surmised that this is the minimum threshold required to activate the complete spectrum of fiber types, particularly those associated with the largest motor units. There is emerging evidence, however, that low-intensity resistance training performed with blood flow restriction (BFR) can promote marked increases in muscle hypertrophy, in many cases equal to that of traditional high-intensity exercise. The anabolic effects of such occlusion-based training have been attributed to increased levels of metabolic stress that mediate hypertrophy at least in part by enhancing recruitment of high-threshold motor units. Recently, several researchers have put forth the theory that low-intensity exercise (≤50 % 1RM) performed without BFR can promote increases in muscle size equal, or perhaps even superior, to that at higher intensities, provided training is carried out to volitional muscular failure. Proponents of the theory postulate that fatiguing contractions at light loads is simply a milder form of BFR and thus ultimately results in maximal muscle fiber recruitment. Current research indicates that low-load exercise can indeed promote increases in muscle growth in untrained subjects, and that these gains may be functionally, metabolically, and/or aesthetically meaningful. However, whether hypertrophic adaptations can equal that achieved with higher intensity resistance exercise (≤60 % 1RM) remains to be determined. Furthermore, it is not clear as to what, if any, hypertrophic effects are seen with low-intensity exercise in well-trained subjects as experimental studies on the topic in this population are lacking. Practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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50
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Hong Y, Kim JH, Jin Y, Lee S, Park K, Lee Y, Chang KT, Hong Y. Melatonin treatment combined with treadmill exercise accelerates muscular adaptation through early inhibition of CHOP-mediated autophagy in the gastrocnemius of rats with intra-articular collagenase-induced knee laxity. J Pineal Res 2014; 56:175-88. [PMID: 24313305 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of melatonin intervention on gastrocnemius remodeling in rats with collagenase-induced knee instability. Type VII collagenase was injected into the right knee to induce joint laxity with cartilage destruction. Melatonin (MT; 10 mg/kg) injection was performed twice daily subcutaneously, and treadmill exercise (Ex; 11 m/min) was conducted for 1 hr/day at a frequency of 5 days/wk for 4 wks. The gastrocnemius mass, which was reduced with collagenase injection only (Veh), was increased with collagenase injection with melatonin treatment with and without exercise in the early phase, and the mass in both limbs was significantly different in the Veh compared with the MT group. However, there was an increase in the relative muscle weight to body weight ratio in the Veh group at the advanced stage. Insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) was downregulated in the Veh group, whereas IGF-IR was upregulated in the MT and MT + Ex groups. Joint laxity induced enhancement of autophagic proteolysis (LC3 II) in the muscle, which was recovered to values similar to those in the normal control group (Con) compared with those in the MT and MT+Ex groups. Although intra-articular collagenase increased the total C/EBP homology protein (CHOP) levels at 1 wk and decreased them at 4 wks in the Veh group, CHOP in the nucleus was upregulated continuously. Prolonged melatonin treatment with and without exercise intervention suppressed nuclear localization of ATF4 and CHOP with less activation of caspase-3, at the advanced phase. Moreover, the interventions promoted the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms under the control of myogenin. Concomitant with a beneficial effect of melatonin with and without exercise, step length of the saline-injected limb and the collagenase-injected supporting side was maintained at values similar to those in control rats. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that melatonin with and without exercise accelerate remodeling of the gastrocnemius through inhibition of nuclear CHOP in rats with collagenase-induced knee instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkyung Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae, Korea; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease Center, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
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