Heat shock proteins: modifying factors in physiological stress responses and acquired thermotolerance

Comparative proteomic analysis reveals the response mechanism of freshwater leech (Whitmania pigra) under heat-stress challenge

Temperature is an environmental parameter that remarkably affects the survival and organism health of poikilothermal animal-Whitmania pigra Whitman. Heat stress destroys the physiological homeostasis of intestine tissue. However, no studies on the intestinal mucosa response of leech exposure to heat stress have been reported so far. To identify the biomarker proteins involved in heat stress response, we performed a Tandem mass tag (TMT)-based comparative proteomic analysis on leech's intestine after exposing to 27 °C and 35 °C. The cumulative mortality in the 35 °C heat stress group increased on the third day after stress compared with the control group. Mean-while, intestinal malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly up-regulated whereas total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) was significantly down-regulated. A total of 3935 proteins were identified through proteomic analysis. Heat stress resulted in 144 differential proteins; 75 were up-regulated, and 69 were down-regulated. The differential expression proteins in response to heat stress are mainly involved in calcium-binding proteins, molecular chaperones, cytoskeleton integrity, immune function and inflammation response, DNA damage and repair, ribosomal protein synthesis, stress hormones and neuro-transmitters, tumorigenesis, and apoptosis. Protein-protein network interaction analysis showed that HSP, CD8A, C3, CD63, CD81, MRPL58, MRPL15, HNRNPA1, AMBP, IGHEP1, SERPINC1, CYP3A4, ATP12A, RPS13, CaM, HSP70 binding protein, HSPA6, C4A, ANXA7, ARG1, ARG2, ATP1B, CALCA, HTR1B, and GNGT1 are the critical proteins of leeches resistance to heat stress. Our results systematically provide substantial responsive candidate proteins combating heat stress and enhance our understanding of the intrinsic response mechanisms of thermal sensitivities animal W. pigra facing heat exposure.

Responses of the mud snail Cipangopaludina cathayensis to thermal stress: Insights from metabolism, oxidative stress damage, and hepatopancreas transcriptional modulation

Global warming linked to climate change poses a significant risk to aquatic animals. Invertebrates, such as Cipangopaludina cathayensis are especially susceptible to elevated temperature. Understanding how C. cathayensis responds to high-temperature stress is crucial for predicting the putative effects of climate change on its cultivation. In this study, we exposed C. cathayensis to various temperature conditions (26 °C, 28 °C, 30 °C, and 32 °C) for 3 h, revealing that both oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates increased gradually with increasing temperature, reaching maximum values of 77.711 ± 2.364 μg·(g·h)-1 and 4.701 ± 0.036 μg·(g·h)-1 at 30 °C and 28 °C, respectively. However, values of these parameters decreased when the culture temperature increased to 32 °C. High-temperature stress also resulted in a reduced O:N ratio and decreased energy metabolism rate. To investigate how high temperature impacts antioxidant activities, immune function, and transcriptional regulation in the hepatopancreas, C. cathayensis were exposed to temperatures of 26 °C or 32 °C for 3 and 7 days, respectively. Our results indicated that high temperature disrupted the antioxidant defense system and led to immunosuppression in the hepatopancreas. Comparative transcriptome analysis identified 6638 genes with significantly altered expression between these two temperature groups. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes demonstrated that high temperature affected protein homeostasis, energy metabolism, and immune function of C. cathayensis. Together, these findings offer valuable information for evaluating the impacts of global warming on the culture of mud snail.

Review of respiratory syndromes in poultry: pathogens, prevention, and control measures

Respiratory syndromes (RS) include a variety of diseases that lead to respiratory dysfunction, resulting in significant economic losses for the poultry industry. Infectious agents and unfavourable environmental factors cause these respiratory diseases, and rapid transmission, high morbidity rates, and frequent mixed infections characterise them. The challenge in preventing and treating these diseases arises from the complexity of their triggers and the potential for secondary infections. Current vaccines often do not provide effective prevention, and the overuse of certain medications can lead to increased bacterial resistance, complicating prevention and control efforts. This review article examines the common sources of respiratory infections in poultry flocks, including infectious bronchitis virus, avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, avian metapneumovirus, pathogenic Escherichia coli, Haemophilus paragallinarum, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and Chlamydia. It also considers non-infectious factors such as adverse environmental conditions and management errors. The article provides an updated, comprehensive overview of widespread and economically significant poultry respiratory pathogens. It briefly discusses detection technology and vaccine development based on the transmission characteristics of RS. Furthermore, it explores prevention and control measures such as combination drug strategies and antibiotic alternatives to enhance understanding and implementation of effective disease prevention and control measures.

Exposure to Extreme Heat Increases Preterm Birth Risk: Hypothetical Pathophysiological Mechanisms

Preterm birth (PTB), delivery before 37 weeks of gestation, is the leading cause of neonatal mortality globally, accounting for nearly half of all neonatal deaths. While numerous established risk factors for PTB have been identified, ongoing research continues to elucidate additional contributing factors. Epidemiological studies increasingly demonstrate that elevated ambient temperature is an environmental risk factor for PTB, with odds increasing 16% during heat waves and 5% per 1°C temperature rise. This is particularly concerning given escalating global warming trends. While maternal heat susceptibility during pregnancy may be linked to compromised thermoregulation from gestational adaptations, the exact pathophysiological mechanisms leading to heat-associated PTB remain unclear, hindering therapeutic development. This review proposes multitudes potential pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to PTB that can be induced by heat. They include but are not limited to metabolic derangement, mitochondria dysfunction, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and change in cell fate. These mechanisms are derived from integrated knowledge of pregnancy physiology, parturition processes, and temperature effects on physiological pathways. We also outline future experimental approaches to test these hypotheses.

Bacterial clustering biomaterials as anti-infective therapies

In Nature, bacterial clustering by host-released peptides or nucleic acids is an evolutionarily conserved immune defense strategy employed to prevent adhesion of pathogenic microbes, which is prerequisite for most infections. Synthetic anti-adhesion strategies present as non-lethal means of targeting bacteria and may potentially be used to avoid resistance against antimicrobial therapies. From bacteria-agglutinating biomolecules discovered in nature to synthetic designs involving peptides, cationic polymers and nanoparticles, the modes of actions appear broad and unconsolidated. Herein, we present a critical review and update of the state-of-the-art in synthetic bacteria-clustering designs with proposition of a more streamlined nomenclature and classification. Overall, this review aims to consolidate the conceptual framework in the field of bacterial clustering and highlight its potentials as an avenue for discovering novel antibacterial biomaterials.

A Heat-Shock Transcription Factor in Panax ginseng, PgHSFA2, Confers Heat and Salt Resistance in Transgenic Tobacco

Panax ginseng plants are susceptible to high temperatures and intense sunlight, necessitating cultivation under artificially shaded structures. Identifying the genes associated with heat resistance is critical for advancing molecular breeding strategies to develop heat-tolerant ginseng varieties. Heat-shock transcription factors (HSFs) are widely recognized as key regulators of plant responses to abiotic stresses, primarily by controlling heat-shock proteins (HSPs). To identify HSF genes in P. ginseng, transcriptome analysis was conducted on ginseng plants subjected to heat-shock treatment (1 h at 40 °C). Among the 26 HSF unigenes annotated from the ginseng transcriptome, a unigene related to the HSFA2 family exhibited the highest transcriptional activity following heat-shock treatment. The expression of PgHSFA2, a gene identified from this unigene, was analyzed under temperature and salt-stress conditions in ginseng plants using qPCR. The results showed that PgHSFA2 was highly responsive to various abiotic stresses, including heat, cold, salt, and intense sunlight. To assess the functional role of PgHSFA2, transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing this gene were analyzed. The overexpression of PgHSFA2 led to an elevated expression of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) in tobacco, resulting in enhanced resistance to high temperature and salt stress. Transgenic tobacco plants exhibited significantly less reduction in chlorophyll fluorescence compared to nontransgenic controls when exposed to salt stress (200 and 400 mM NaCl) and high-temperature stress (42 °C), indicating improved stress tolerance. In conclusion, PgHSFA2 is a crucial HSF that regulates the transcriptional control of HSPs in ginseng plants. The constitutive expression of PgHSFA2 in transgenic ginseng could potentially confer improved tolerance to high temperatures, making it a valuable target for molecular breeding.

Expanding the horizons of bicyclol in multiple diseases: Mechanisms, therapeutic implications and challenges

Bicyclol, a drug stemmed from the traditional Chinese medicine Schisandra chinensis, has been widely utilized in clinical practice due to its efficacy and safety to manage hepatopathy. Its diverse biological properties-including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, immunomodulatory, antioxidative, antisteatotic, and antitumor effects-underscore its significant medicinal effects in versatile hepatic disorders, incorporating viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, acute hepatic failure, hepatic fibrosis as well as drug-induced liver injury. Furthermore, ongoing researches into the molecular mechanisms, biological activities and mode of actions concerning bicyclol have uncovered its potential therapeutic implications in other multiple diseases/conditions. Studies have indicated promising efficacy pertaining to bicyclol to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, acute lung injury, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, renal dysfunction, renal cell carcinoma, and cardiovascular diseases. Accordingly, this narrative review article summarizes the current understanding of diverse biological activities and underpinning mechanisms of bicyclol across a range of diseases, as well as its pharmacokinetics, toxicity profile and shed light on future perspectives.

Visual Field Improvement by Standardized Automated Perimetry Following Panmacular Subthreshold Diode Micropulse Laser (SDM) in Open-Angle Glaucoma and Other Optic Atrophies

Purpose: To assess the effect of subthreshold diode micropulse laser (SDM) on visual fields (VF) by standardized automated perimetry (SAP) in open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and other non-glaucomatous optic atrophies (OA). Methods: The electronic medical records in a vitreoretinal practice were searched to identify the cohort of eyes with OAG and OA that underwent SAP before and after the initial SDM meeting study inclusion and exclusion criteria. Recorded data included mean deviation (MD), mean sensitivity (MS), and pattern standard deviation (PSD) before and after treatment. Results: A total of 55 eyes of 29 patients, 17 female, aged 62-89 years (avg. 76), with 48 eyes having OAG and 7 with OA, were included in the study. All SAP tests were performed the same day prior to the first SDM treatment, and the postop SAP within one month post-treatment. There were three groups: 36 total treated eyes, 14 treated simultaneously in both eyes prior to repeat SAP, and 22 treated in one eye prior to repeat SAP, along with 19 untreated fellow eye controls. Following SDM, MD and MS were significantly improved in all treated eyes and unilaterally treated eyes (p range 1.0 × 10-4 to 7.02 × 10-6). Untreated fellow eyes were also significantly improved (p = 0.03 for both MD and MS), but the MD and MS improvements in the treated eyes were significantly greater than untreated fellow eyes (p = 0.016 for both MD and MS). Conclusions: Panmacular SDM significantly improved VF by SAP in eyes with OAG and OA. This finding has important implications for management in both conditions.

Single-cell multiome and spatial profiling reveals pancreas cell type-specific gene regulatory programs driving type 1 diabetes progression

Cell type-specific regulatory programs that drive type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the pancreas are poorly understood. Here we performed single nucleus multiomics and spatial transcriptomics in up to 32 non-diabetic (ND), autoantibody-positive (AAB+), and T1D pancreas donors. Genomic profiles from 853,005 cells mapped to 12 pancreatic cell types, including multiple exocrine sub-types. Beta, acinar, and other cell types, and related cellular niches, had altered abundance and gene activity in T1D progression, including distinct pathways altered in AAB+ compared to T1D. We identified epigenomic drivers of gene activity in T1D and AAB+ which, combined with genetic association, revealed causal pathways of T1D risk including antigen presentation in beta cells. Finally, single cell and spatial profiles together revealed widespread changes in cell-cell signaling in T1D including signals affecting beta cell regulation. Overall, these results revealed drivers of T1D progression in the pancreas, which form the basis for therapeutic targets for disease prevention.

The impact of a heat therapy intervention on pain and fibromyalgia symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia: a pilot study

Introduction

FM is characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain and associated somatic symptoms including fatigue, cognitive difficulties, and problems with sleeping. Multidisciplinary treatment of fibromyalgia including pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions are recommended to improve symptoms and physical functioning. The goal of the present pilot investigation was to evaluate the effects of heat therapy via hot water immersion on clinical and objective pain measures in addition to blood measurements of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and inflammatory markers in patients with FM.

Methods

After screening, informed consent, and enrollment into the study, all subjects underwent a baseline pre-intervention evaluation which included a battery of pain phenotyping questionnaires, quantitative sensory testing, and collection of blood for measurements of HSPs and inflammatory markers. Subjects received heat therapy three times a week for four weeks, where they were immersed in hot water for 45 min. After four weeks, participants completed the same battery of testing done at baseline.

Results

We found that four weeks of heat therapy via hot water immersion in patients with FM showed statistically significant reductions in average and worst pain NRS severity scores when compared to baseline. There was also statistically significant improvement in overall impact of fibromyalgia symptoms, physical function, and sleep-related impairment. Regarding heat shock proteins, there was a statistically significant reduction in HSP90 and induction of HSP40 and HSC70. The number of extracellular vesicles were also statistically significantly increased. There were no statistically significant changes found in depression, anxiety, quantitative sensory testing measures, or pro- or anti-inflammatory markers.

Conclusions

As a whole, these findings suggest that heat therapy via hot water immersion may be an effective non-pharmaceutical intervention for patients with FM and that its analgesic benefits may be related to decreases in HSP 90 and increases in HSP 40 and 72. Further large-scale, well-powered studies are needed to confirm our preliminary clinical and translational results.

Effects of Dietary Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Inclusion on Acute Temperature Stress Responses in Juvenile Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

This study investigated the potential of dietary gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inclusion to mitigate acute temperature stress impacting the physiological resilience of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). A total of 360 juvenile fish, with an average initial weight of 12.97 ± 0.1 g (mean ± SEM), were randomly assigned in triplicate to 18 tanks (20 fish per tank) and reared at 19.5 °C for 8 weeks, with bi-monthly collection of growth performance data. The fish were fed one of six experimental diets: control (GABA74), 174 ppm of GABA (GABA174), 275 ppm of GABA (GABA275), 396 ppm of GABA (GABA396), 476 ppm of GABA (GABA476), and 516 ppm of GABA (GABA516). At the end of the trial, one group of fish was subjected to lethal temperature stress (31 °C) for 48 h, while another was exposed to acute temperature stress (29 °C) for 6 h. Growth performance remained relatively stable across all inclusion levels (p > 0.05), with the final body weight (FBW) ranging from 48.2 ± 0.3 g (GABA174) to 50.3 ± 0.6 g (GABA516) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) varying between 2.06 ± 0.07 (GABA396) and 2.35 ± 0.07 (control). There were no significant differences in average whole-body composition across all dietary treatments, with moisture content ranging from 74.8 to 75.0%, crude protein from 17.8 to 18.2%, crude lipid from 2.89 to 3.15%, and crude ash from 3.62 to 3.80%. Similarly, there were no significant differences in cumulative survival rates during lethal temperature exposure between the GABA-supplemented groups and the control group, with an average of 28.5 ± 4.6%. Additionally, GABA inclusion did not significantly alter plasma-free amino acid profiles, antioxidant enzyme activities, or immune functions (p > 0.05). However, temperature significantly reduced the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) from 3.34 ± 0.17 to 2.29 ± 0.36 µg/mL and increased the levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) from 17.1 ± 0.8 to 46.3 ± 6.2 U/L, glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) from 14.4 ± 0.6 to 30.2 ± 2.1 U/L, glucose (GLU) from 13.3 ± 0.5 to 68.7 ± 7.7 mg/dL, total protein (TP) from 2.94 ± 0.00 to 3.21 ± 0.1 g/dL, and cortisol from 5001 ± 147 to 6395 ± 194 ng/mL. Furthermore, no significant changes were observed in the expression of key stress-related genes, including heat shock proteins (hsp60, hsp70, and hsp90) and the warm water acclimation-related gene wap65. This study establishes the safety of GABA as a dietary inclusion for olive flounder and highlights its potential to enhance stress resilience in aquaculture. However, the effectiveness of GABA-based interventions could depend on critical factors such as dosage, stress duration, and species-specific responses. Our findings highlight the need for further research to optimize GABA inclusion strategies, particularly with consideration for long-term physiological impacts.

Hemodynamic analysis of blood flow restriction training: a systematic review

Blood Flow Restriction Training (BFRT) is a low-load training technique that involves applying pressure to partially restrict arterial blood flow while occluding venous return. Despite its growing popularity, there is still no consensus on how combining BFRT with resistance or aerobic training influences hemodynamic responses, or on the safest and most effective methods for implementing it. This review aims to systematically identify the effects of BFRT on hemodynamic parameters. A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement guidelines. The Chinese literature search was performed in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database. English literature search was conducted in the Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. The studies included human subjects, the outcome indicators included hemodynamic evaluation indicators, and only randomized controlled trials and randomized crossover trials were considered. Non-Chinese or English literature, duplicate studies, and those with missing data were excluded. The adapted STROBE checklist was used to assess the risk of bias, 44 articles were included in this review. Results indicated that BFRT has increased heart rate and blood lactate levels, while its effect on blood oxygen saturation varies. Additionally, BFRT significantly enhances cardiac output but may either have no significant effect or cause a decrease in stroke volume. Furthermore, BFRT improves pulse wave velocity from the femur to the posterior tibia, suggesting a positive influence on cardiovascular function. BFRT induces changes in arterial structure and function, with these indicators interacting to produce both positive and negative effects on cardiovascular health. The primary mechanisms by which BFRT influences hemodynamics include the activation of the sympathetic and vagus nerves, as well as the regulation of chemical mediators in body fluids that modulate cardiovascular function. Convenient, economical, non-invasive, and easily measurable hemodynamic indicators are expected to become an efficient tool for evaluating the effects of exercise training. Further research is needed to establish the optimal compression thresholds and durations for different populations and exercise types, as well as to assess the long-term impact of BFRT on hemodynamic parameters.

BIF-induced ROS-mediated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in embryonic cell culture of Daphnia magna

Bifenthrin (BIF) is a widely used synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that poses significant risks to the environment, particularly to aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of BIF on Daphnia magna cells were evaluated using in vitro methods. To achieve this, we developed a novel embryonic cell culture system from D.magna using Modified Schneider's Insect Medium (MSIM), which demonstrated remarkable viability for over two months. The lethal concentration 50 (LC50) values of BIF were determined using this cell culture system through XTT (2,3-bis-(2‑methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulphenyl)-(2H)-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide)assays, yielding values of 7.4 µg/mL and 4.3 µg/mL for 24 h and 48 h exposures, respectively. A fluorometric intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay was employed to measure ROS production, revealing that BIF exposure induced oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. The activities of Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were significantly reduced, indicating oxidative damage. Co-treatment with N-acetylcysteine(NAC) mitigated these effects, restoring antioxidant enzyme activity and reducing (ROS) levels. Gene expression analysis via quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) showed upregulation of stress-related genes (hsp70, hsp90) and antioxidant genes (Mn/ZnSod, cat) following exposure to LC50 concentrations of BIF. However, prolonged exposure led to a downregulation of these genes, suggesting cumulative effects over time. The comet assay confirmed that BIF caused genotoxicity, as evidenced by significant increases in comet and tail lengths. Co-treatment with NAC effectively mitigated these genotoxic effects. This study highlighted the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of BIF in aquatic organisms and suggested the need for environmentally friendly pest control strategies. Also, the findings confirmed the reliability of D. magna embryonic cell cultures for assessing the toxicological effects of environmental pollutants, offering new possibilities for in vitro toxicity testing at cellular and molecular levels.

The impacts of thermal stress on dairy cattle physiology, metabolism, health, and performance: a comprehensive review

Climate change is becoming a global issue, with important implications for dairy cow performance and well-being. It is distinguished by a gradual rise in universal temperature and the risk of extreme weather occurrences. Studies have shown that heat stress (HS) impacts many biological processes that can have significant economic issues. Due to their elevated metabolic rate, cows are mostly liable to HS, which negatively affects immune function, particularly cell-mediated immune response, and subsequent reduced production performance and inferior immunity, which leads to elevated susceptibility to disease, increased incidence of intramammary infections, and an elevated somatic cell count, as well as calf mortality, particularly during the summer season. Furthermore, dry cows subjected to HS had reduced immunoglobulin levels after vaccination, although this impact fades with cooling after parturition. On the other hand, cows subjected to HS while dry demonstrate carryover impacts on the innate arm of the immunity in early lactation, resulting in losses. Heat mitigation technologies are cost-effective and necessary for sustaining milk production and the dairy farm’s profitability. Furthermore, a check of present HS mitigation measures is required to understand better and identify acceptable abatement plans for future stress management.

Glycogen synthase is required for heat shock-mediated autophagy induction in neuronal cells

Autophagy is an essential cellular process that facilitates the degradation of aggregated proteins and damaged organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis and promote cell survival. Recent studies have indicated a direct role for glycogen synthase (GS) in activating neuronal autophagy and in conferring protection against cytotoxic misfolded proteins. Since heat shock induces protein misfolding and autophagy is an essential component of the heat shock response that clears the misfolded proteins, we looked at the possible role of GS in heat shock response pathways in neuronal cells. We demonstrate an increase in the activity and level of GS and a concomitant increase in the glycogen level during the heat shock and post-heat shock recovery period. These changes had a direct correlation with autophagy induction. We further demonstrate that heat shock transcription factor 1 regulates the level and activation of GS during heat shock and that GS is essential for the induction of autophagy during heat stress in neuronal cells. Intriguingly, the partial knock-down of GS led to increased death due to heat shock in neuronal cells and Drosophila. Our study offers a novel insight into the role of GS and glycogen metabolic pathways in heat shock response in neuronal cells.

Climate-smart livestock nutrition in semi-arid Southern African agricultural systems

Climate change is disrupting the semi-arid agricultural systems in Southern Africa, where livestock is crucial to food security and livelihoods. This review evaluates the bioenergetic and agroecological scope for climate-adaptive livestock nutrition in the region. An analysis of the literature on climate change implications on livestock nutrition and thermal welfare in the regional agroecological context was conducted. The information gathered was systematically synthesized into tabular summaries of the fundamentals of climate-smart bioenergetics, thermoregulation, livestock heat stress defence mechanisms, the thermo-bioactive feed components, and potentially climate-smart feed resources in the region. The analysis supports the adoption of climate-smart livestock nutrition when conceptualized as precision feeding combined with dietary strategies that enhance thermal resilience in livestock, and the adaptation of production systems to the decline in availability of conventional feedstuffs by incorporating climate-smart alternatives. The keystone potential climate-smart alternative feedstuffs are identified to be the small cereal grains, such as sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) as dietary energy sources, the native legumes, such as the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and the marama bean (Tylosema esculentum) as protein sources, wild browse Fabaceae trees such as Vachellia spp. and Colophospermum mopane, which provide dry season and drought supplementary protein, minerals, and antioxidants, the non-fabaceous tree species such as the marula tree (Sclerocarya birrea), from which animals consume the energy and electrolyte-rich fresh fruit or processed pulp. Feedstuffs for potential circular feeding systems include the oilseed cakes from the macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) nut, the castor (Ricinus communis), and Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) beans, which are rich in protein and energy, insect feed protein and energy, primarily the black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), and microbial protein from phototrophic algae (Spirulina, Chlorella), and yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Additives for thermo-functionally enhanced diets include synthetic and natural anti-oxidants, phytogenics, biotic agents (prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics), and electrolytes. The review presents a conceptual framework for climate-smart feeding strategies that enhance system resilience across the livestock-energy-water-food nexus, to inform broader, in-depth research, promote climate-smart farm practices and support governmental policies which are tailored to the agroecology of the region.

Influence of Hyperthermia Treatment on Varroa Infestation, Viral Infections, and Honey Bee Health in Beehives

The mite Varroa destructor is widely acknowledged as the most destructive threat to honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies on a global scale. Varroa mite infestations in bee colonies are intricately linked with viral infections, collaboratively leading to diminished bee populations and accelerated colony losses. Extensive research has firmly established the correlation between varroa mites and viruses, underscoring the mite's efficiency in spreading viruses among bees and colonies. The effective control of varroa mites is expected to result in a decrease in viral infections within bee colonies. Research suggests that thermal treatments (hyperthermia) present a viable approach to combat varroa mites, with studies demonstrating the role of heat stress in reducing viral infections in affected bees. This article examines the extant literature surrounding the utilization of hyperthermia as a potential method to ameliorate the adverse impacts of varroa mites and their associated viral infections on honey bee colonies. It also outlines the thermal characteristics of these stressors. Diverse devices can be used for subjecting colonies to hyperthermia treatment, targeting mites both within and outside of brood cells. The application of thermal treatments, typically ranging between 40 and 42 °C for 1.5-3 h, as a method to reduce varroa mites and viral infections, has shown promise. Notably, the precise effectiveness of hyperthermia treatment in comparison with alternative varroa mite control measures remains uncertain within the available literature. The potential deleterious repercussions of this control mechanism on immature and mature honey bees are evaluated. Concurrently, the detrimental implications of prolonged treatment durations on colonies are discussed. Regarding viral infections, hyperthermia treatment can impact them negatively by either reducing varroa mite infestations or by inducing the production of heat shock proteins that possess potential antiviral properties. Various factors are identified as influential on hyperthermia treatment efficacy within bee colonies, including the device type and treatment duration, necessitating further empirical investigations. Additionally, this article highlights the existing gaps in the knowledge and provides insights into the prospective directions of research concerning this control method.

Molecular Characterization and Seasonal Variation in Expression of HSP70.1 Gene in Gangatiri Cattle and Its Comparison with Buffalo

Under tropical climate heat stress is a major challenge for livestock production. HSP70.1 is a ubiquitously expressed protein maintaining cellular machinery through proper folding of denatured proteins and prevents cellular apoptosis and protect cell from heat stress. Therefore, present investigation was undertaken to explore genetic variability in HSP70.1 gene in Gangatiri cattle, its comparison with buffalo sequences and differential expression in different season. The allelic variant was identified by sequencing amplified PCR product of HSP70.1 gene by primer walking. Season-wise total RNA samples was prepared for differential expression study. Brilliant SYBR Green QPCR technique was used to study the expression kinetics of this gene. DNA sequencing by primer walking identified four allelic variants in Gangatiri cattle. Sequence alignment study revealed four, six and one substitutions in the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), coding and 3' untranslated region ((3'UTR) of HSP70.1 gene, respectively. Comparative analysis of HSP70.1 gene revealed that Cattle has shorter 5'UTR and 3' UTR than the buffalo. In Gangatiri cattle, summer season has significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) expression of HSP70.1 than the spring and winter. The relative expression of HSP70.1 was increased by more than six folds in summer and nearly 1.5 folds higher in winter in comparison to the spring season. Therefore, HSP70.1 may be considered to have a critical role in the development of thermal tolerance in Gangatiri cattle.

Retinal Pigment Epithelium Under Oxidative Stress: Chaperoning Autophagy and Beyond

The structural and functional integrity of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays a key role in the normal functioning of the visual system. RPE cells are characterized by an efficient system of photoreceptor outer segment phagocytosis, high metabolic activity, and risk of oxidative damage. RPE dysfunction is a common pathological feature in various retinal diseases. Dysregulation of RPE cell proteostasis and redox homeostasis is accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species generation during the impairment of phagocytosis, lysosomal and mitochondrial failure, and an accumulation of waste lipidic and protein aggregates. They are the inducers of RPE dysfunction and can trigger specific pathways of cell death. Autophagy serves as important mechanism in the endogenous defense system, controlling RPE homeostasis and survival under normal conditions and cellular responses under stress conditions through the degradation of intracellular components. Impairment of the autophagy process itself can result in cell death. In this review, we summarize the classical types of oxidative stress-induced autophagy in the RPE with an emphasis on autophagy mediated by molecular chaperones. Heat shock proteins, which represent hubs connecting the life supporting pathways of RPE cells, play a special role in these mechanisms. Regulation of oxidative stress-counteracting autophagy is an essential strategy for protecting the RPE against pathological damage when preventing retinal degenerative disease progression.

Effects of Production System With or Without Growth-Promoting Technologies on Growth and Blood Expression of (Cyto)Chemokines and Heat Shock and Tight Junction Proteins in Bos taurus and indicus Breeds During Summer Season

Heat stress (HS) induced by global warming is a real welfare, productivity, and economic burden of cattle production. However, some cattle breeds have superior physiological adaptive traits to others, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully defined. The present study aimed, therefore, to determine the expression profile of stress-related molecular signatures in the blood of thermosensitive Angus (Bos taurus) and thermotolerant Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle breeds managed without (CON) or with growth-promoting technology (TRT) during the summer (April-October, 2023) season in Colorado, US. Body weight (BW) was significantly increased from April to October, and the amplitude was greater for the Angus compared to the Brahman breed. The TRT system slightly increased BW, mainly in the Angus breed. Molecular analyses showed that all tested genes were expressed in beef cattle blood. When comparing production systems, the expression of HSP1A1 was significantly upregulated, and HSP90 was downregulated in CON compared to TRT cattle. The expression of IL6, CCL20, and OCLN was induced by the CON system only in the Angus and not in the Brahman breed. At the breed level, Angus cattle exhibited greater expression of IL10, CCL20, and CLDN1 compared to their Brahman counterparts. There was a significant period by production system as well as period by breed interactions. The expression of HSP1A1 increased in both breeds during October. The expression of IL10, CXCL14, CXCR2, and CLDN1 was affected by the production systems in a period-dependent manner. However, the expression of IL6, CXCL14, CCL5, and CXCR2 was upregulated in Angus cattle in a period-sensitive manner. In summary, HSPs, (chemo)cytokines, and tight junction proteins are expressed in the whole blood of beef cattle, and their expression is regulated in a breed-, period-, and/or production system-dependent manner. This could open new vistas for future research to identify molecular signatures for non-invasive stress monitoring and/or marker-assisted genetic selection for robustness and resilience to HS.

Association between physiological responses and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expressions in the vulnerable populations of Kuala Lumpur

Continued heat exposure can cause physiological and cellular responses. This study investigated the association between physiological responses and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expressions in Kuala Lumpur's urban vulnerable population. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 54 participants from four areas classified as experiencing moderate to strong heat stress. Physiological measurements included core body temperature, heart rate, and diastolic and systolic blood pressure. RT-qPCR and ELISA were also performed on blood samples to assess HSP70 gene and protein expressions. Despite indoor heat stress, participants maintained normal physiological parameters while there were significant indications of HSP70 expression at both the gene and protein levels. However, our study found no significant correlation (p > 0.05) between physiological responses and HSP70 expressions. This study shows no interaction between physiological responses and HSP70 expressions in the study population, revealing the complex mechanisms of indoor heat stress in vulnerable individuals.

Prenatal Acoustic Signals Influence Nestling Heat Shock Protein Response to Heat and Heterophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in a Desert Bird

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are essential to cellular protection against heat stress. However, the causes of inter-individual variation in HSP regulation remain unclear. This study aimed to test the impact of early-life conditions on the HSP response to heat in zebra finches. In this arid-adapted bird, incubating parents emit "heat-calls" at high temperatures, which adaptively alter offspring's phenotypes. Embryos were exposed to heat-calls or control-calls, and at 13 days post-hatch nestlings were separated into two different experiments to test responses to either chronic nest temperature ("in-nest" experiment) or an acute "heat-challenge". Blood samples were collected to measure levels of heat shock cognate 70, heat shock protein 90α, corticosterone and the heterophil-to-lymphocyte (H/L) ratio. In the in-nest experiment, both HSPs were upregulated in response to increasing nest temperatures only in control-calls nestlings (HSC70: p = 0.010, HSP90α: p = 0.050), which also had a marginally higher H/L ratio overall than heat-call birds (p = 0.066). These results point to a higher heat sensitivity in control-call nestlings. Furthermore, comparing across experiments, only the H/L ratio differed, being higher in heat-challenged than in in-nest nestlings (p = 0.009). Overall, this study shows for the first time that a prenatal acoustic signal of heat affects the nestling HSP response to postnatal temperature.

Susceptibility of Human Spermatozoa to Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: Evaluation of DNA Damage and Biomarkers

Nowadays, developing countries have seen a reduction in male reproductive parameters, and it has been linked to the exposure of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which are able to mimic or disrupt steroid hormone actions. Also, nanoparticles have shown effects on the male reproductive system, in particular the use of TiO2-NPs in drugs, cosmetics, and food as pigment additives, and, thanks to their small size (1-100 nm), provide themselves the opportunity to be internalized by the body and pass the blood-testis barrier (BTB). Therefore, TiO2-NPs can act on spermatogenesis and spermatozoa. In this study, we carried out an in vitro assay on human spermatozoa to evaluate the effects of TiO2-NPs at the concentrations of 500, 250, 100, and 50 ppm. Exposure did not statistically alter sperm parameters (e.g., motility and viability) but induced damage to sperm DNA and the expression of biomarkers by spermatozoa. This immunofluorescence investigation showed a positivity for biomarkers of stress (HSP70 and MTs) on the connecting piece of spermatozoa and also for sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) biomarkers. The SHBG protein acts as a carrier of androgens and estrogens, regulating their bioavailability; therefore, its expression in the in vitro assay did not rule out the ability of TiO2-NPs to act as endocrine disruptors.

Acclimation to constant and fluctuating temperatures promotes distinct metabolic responses in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus)

The Arctic is warming three times faster than the global average, imposing challenges to cold-adapted fish, such as Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus). We evaluated stress and metabolic responses of Arctic char to different thermal acclimation scenarios to determine whether responses to thermal variation differed from those to stable exposures. Fish were exposed for 7 days to one of four treatments: (1) control (12°C); (2) mean (16°C), corresponding to the mean temperature of the diel thermal cycle; (3) constant high temperature (20°C); and (4) diel thermal cycling (12 to 20°C every 24 h). Exposure to 20°C causes increases plasma lactate and glucose, an imbalance in antioxidant systems, and oxidative stress in the liver. The 20°C treatment also elevated fractional rates of protein synthesis and caused oxidative stress in the heart. Stress responses were more pronounced in diel thermal cycling than in mean (16°C) fish, indicating that peak exposure temperatures or variation are physiologically important. Cortisol was highest in diel thermal cycling fish and oxidative stress was noted in the liver. Gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity was also significantly reduced in diel thermal cycling fish, suggesting gill remodeling in response to an osmoregulatory stress. Exposure to a constant 20°C was more challenging than a diel thermal cycle, demonstrating the importance of daily cooling to recovery. Arctic char inhabit a thermally variable environment and understanding how this impacts their physiology will be critical for informing conservation strategies in the context of a rapidly warming Arctic.

Laser-Based Therapy Approaches in the Retina: A Review of Micropulse Laser Therapy for Diabetic Retinopathy

PURPOSE

This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms and clinical utility of subthreshold micropulse laser (SML) therapy in the context of retinal care. Subthreshold or "nondestructive" laser therapy encompasses treatment modalities that induce minimal or no harm to retinal or choroidal tissue and leave no visible sings post-application, while achieving clinical efficacy.

METHODS

A comprehensive review of literature sourced from databases including PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science was conducted, focusing on articles published before February 2024, and discussing the contemporary use of SML therapy in treating diabetic retinopathy (DR).

RESULTS

The review presents evidence from scientific literature supporting SML therapy as a viable therapeutic approach for management of DR. Across numerous studies, SML therapy has demonstrated safety and additional therapeutic efficacy without causing damage to underlying retinal tissue.

CONCLUSION

Subthreshold laser treatment emerges as a safe strategy for addressing DR. Numerous studies have shown its additional efficacy to anti-VEGF pharmacotherapy, which is the currently approved monotherapy for complications of DR. Ongoing research and clinical investigations aim to further elucidate the mechanisms and optimize the therapeutic advantages of this technology.

Early life thermal conditioning alters heat-shock protein expression in response to an adult thermal stressor

Developmental environmental stressors can have instructive effects on an organism's phenotype. This developmental plasticity can prepare organisms for potentially stressful future environments, circumventing detrimental effects on fitness. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying such adaptive plasticity are understudied, especially in vertebrates. We hypothesized that captive male zebra finches (Taeniopygia castanotis) exposed to a mild heat conditioning during development would acquire a persisting thermotolerance, and exhibit increased heat-shock protein (HSP) levels associated with a decrease in oxidative damage when exposed to a high-intensity stressor in adulthood. To test this, we exposed male finches to a prolonged mild heat conditioning (38°C) or control (22°C) treatment as juveniles. Then in a 2 × 2 factorial manner, these finches were exposed to a high heat stressor (42°C) or control (22°C) treatment as adults. Following the adult treatment, we collected testes and liver tissue and measured HSP70, HSP90, and HSP60 protein levels. In the testes, finches exhibited lower levels of HSP90 and HSP60 when exposed to the high heat stressor in adulthood if they were exposed to the mild heat conditioning as juveniles. In the liver, finches exposed to the high heat stressor in adulthood had reduced HSP90 and HSP60 levels, regardless of whether they were conditioned as juveniles. In some cases, elevated testes HSP60 levels were associated with increased liver oxidative damage and diminishment of a condition-dependent trait, indicating potential stress-induced tradeoffs. Our results indicate that a mild conditioning during development can have persisting effects on HSP expression and acquired thermotolerance.

Progressive Thickening of Retinal Nerve Fiber and Ganglion Cell Complex Layers Following SDM Laser Vision Protection Therapy in Open-Angle Glaucoma

INTRODUCTION

This work aims to determine the effect on nerve fiber layer (NFL) and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness trends in eyes with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) treated with Vision Protection Therapy™ (VPT).

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) measured NFL and GCC thickness trends was performed, excluding eyes with poor-quality scans and principal diagnoses other than OAG. This study compares eyes with OAG managed conventionally with IOP control alone (controls) to eyes managed with the addition of VPT (VPT eyes). The direction (+ or -) and magnitude (microns/year) of the OCT trends were the study endpoints.

RESULTS

Seventy-eight control eyes of 40 patients and 61 VPT-treated eyes of 39 patients were included in the study. Positive NFL trends were noted in 5% of control eyes vs. 71% of VPT eyes (p < 0.0001). Positive GCC trends were noted in 8% of control eyes vs. 43% of VPT eyes (p < 0.0001). Mean NFL trends (µm/year) were - 0.692 for controls vs. 0.347 for VPT (p < 0.0001). Mean GCC trends (µm/year) were - 0.554 for controls vs. - 0.148 for VPT (p = 0.0175).

CONCLUSIONS

The addition of VPT to the conventional management of OAG resulted in highly significant improvements in NFL and GCC trends, indicating a reversal of key indicators of glaucoma severity and progression.

High temperature induces oxidative stress in spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) and leads to inflammation and apoptosis

Our study aims to examine the changes of long-term high temperature on the mortality and health status of spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus), as well as to screen suitable biomarkers to determine whether the spotted seabass is under heat stress. In this study, 360 juvenile spotted seabass were evenly distributed into three temperature-controlled systems at 27 °C (N, normal temperature), 31 °C (M, moderate temperature), and 35 °C (H, high temperature) for an 8-week aquaculture experiment. The results revealed that 35 °C water temperature significantly increased the mortality and the MDA content in tissues (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, 35 °C water temperature significantly increased the activity of SOD enzyme and T-AOC capacity in tissues, as well as the expression of hsp60, hsp70, and hsp90 (P < 0.05). Additionally, the expression of nrf2, il1β, il8, caspase3, caspase9, and bax in the liver significantly increased (P < 0.05), while the expression of keap1, il10, tgfβ, and bcl2 decreased significantly (P < 0.05). These results indicate that 35 °C water temperature induces oxidative stress in spotted seabass, leading to tissue oxidative damage, promoting inflammation and apoptosis in liver, and increasing mortality. However, the organism compensates by heightening its antioxidant capacity via the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway and inducing high expression of heat shock proteins for self-protection. Furthermore, the alterations in the mRNA level of hsp70 and MDA content in the liver, muscle, and kidney can serve as indicators for evaluating spotted seabass under prolonged heat stress.

Thermo-adaptive evolution of Corynebacterium glutamicum reveals the regulatory functions of fasR and hrcA in heat tolerance

BACKGROUND

High-temperature fermentation technology is promising in improving fermentation speed and product quality, and thereby widely used in various fields such as food, pharmaceuticals, and biofuels. However, extreme temperature conditions can disrupt cell membrane structures and interfere with the functionality of biological macromolecules (e.g. proteins and RNA), exerting detrimental effects on cellular viability and fermentation capability.

RESULTS

Herein, a microbial thermotolerance improvement strategy was developed based on adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) for efficient high-temperature fermentation. Employing this strategy, we have successfully obtained Corynebacterium glutamicum strains with superior resistance to high temperatures. Specifically, the genome analysis indicated that the evolved strains harbored 13 missense genetic mutations and 3 same-sense genetic mutations compared to the non-evolved parent strain. Besides, reverse transcription quantitative PCR analysis (RT qPCR) of the hrcA-L119P mutant demonstrated that both groEL genes were upregulated under 42 °C, which enabled the construction of robust strains with improved heat tolerance. Furthermore, a significant increase in FAS-IA and FAS-IB expression of the fasR-L102F strain was proved to play a key role in protecting cells against heat stress.

CONCLUSIONS

This work systematically reveals the thermotolerance mechanisms of Corynebacterium glutamicum and opens a new avenue for revolutionizing the design of cell factories to boost fermentation efficiency.

O-GlcNAc modification of HSP27 alters its protein interactions and promotes refolding of proteins through the BAG3/HSP70 co-chaperone

Almost all types of cellular stress induce post-translational O-GlcNAc modifications of proteins, and this increase promotes cell survival. We previously demonstrated that O-GlcNAc on certain small heat shock proteins (sHSPs), including HSP27, directly increases their chaperone activity as one potential protective mechanism. Here, we furthered our use of synthetic proteins to prepare biotinylated sHSPs and show that O-GlcNAc modification of HSP27 also changes how it interacts within the sHSP system and the broader HSP network. Specifically, we show that O-GlcNAc modified HSP27 binds more strongly to the co-chaperone protein BAG3, which then promotes refolding of a model substrate by HSP70. We use proteomics to identify other potential HSP27 interactions that are changed by O-GlcNAc, including one that we confirm with another sHSP, αB-crystallin. These findings add additional evidence for O-GlcNAc as a switch for regulating protein-protein interactions and for modifications of chaperones as one mechanism by which O-GlcNAc protects against protein aggregation.

Radiofrequency ablation: mechanisms and clinical applications

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), a form of thermal ablation, employs localized heat to induce protein denaturation in tissue cells, resulting in cell death. It has emerged as a viable treatment option for patients who are ineligible for surgery in various diseases, particularly liver cancer and other tumor-related conditions. In addition to directly eliminating tumor cells, RFA also induces alterations in the infiltrating cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME), which can significantly impact treatment outcomes. Moreover, incomplete RFA (iRFA) may lead to tumor recurrence and metastasis. The current challenge is to enhance the efficacy of RFA by elucidating its underlying mechanisms. This review discusses the clinical applications of RFA in treating various diseases and the mechanisms that contribute to the survival and invasion of tumor cells following iRFA, including the roles of heat shock proteins, hypoxia, and autophagy. Additionally, we analyze‌ the changes occurring in infiltrating cells within the TME after iRFA. Finally, we provide a comprehensive summary of clinical trials involving RFA in conjunction with other treatment modalities in the field of cancer therapy, aiming to offer novel insights and references for improving the effectiveness of RFA.

Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Key Genes Involved in Response and Recovery to High Heat Stress Induced by Fire in Schima superba

Fire-resistant tree species play a crucial role in forest fire prevention, utilizing several physiological and molecular mechanisms to respond to extreme heat stress. Many transcription factors (TFs) and genes are known to be involved in the regulatory network of heat stress response in plants. However, their roles in response to high temperatures induced by fire remain less understood. In this study, we investigated Schima superba, a fire-resistant tree, to elucidate these mechanisms. Leaves of S. superba seedlings were exposed to fire stimulation for 10 s, 30 s, and 1 min, followed by a 24-h recovery period. Fifteen transcriptomes were assembled to identify key molecular and biological pathways affected by high temperatures. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis revealed essential candidate genes and TFs involved in the heat stress response, including members of the ethylene-responsive factors, WRKY, MYB, bHLH, and Nin-like families. Genes related to heat shock proteins/factors, lipid metabolism, antioxidant enzymes, dehydration responses, and hormone signal transduction were differentially expressed after heat stress and recovery, underscoring their roles in cellular process and recovery after heat stress. This study advances our understanding of plant response and defense strategies against extreme abiotic stresses.

JRK binds satellite III DNA and is necessary for the heat shock response

JRK is a DNA-binding protein of the pogo superfamily of transposons, which includes the well-known centromere binding protein B (CENP-B). Jrk null mice exhibit epilepsy, and growth and reproductive disorders, consistent with its relatively high expression in the brain and reproductive tissues. Human JRK DNA variants and gene expression levels are implicated in cancers and neuropsychiatric disorders. JRK protein modulates β-catenin-TCF activity but little is known of its cellular functions. Based on its homology to CENP-B, we determined whether JRK binds centromeric or other satellite DNAs. We show that human JRK binds satellite III DNA, which is abundant at the chromosome 9q12 juxtacentromeric region and on Yq12, both sites of nuclear stress body assembly. Human JRK-GFP overexpressed in HeLa cells strongly localises to 9q12. Using an anti-JRK antiserum we show that endogenous JRK co-localises with a subset of centromeres in non-stressed cells, and with heat shock factor 1 following heat shock. Knockdown of JRK in HeLa cells proportionately reduces heat shock protein gene expression in heat-shocked cells. A role for JRK in regulating the heat shock response is consistent with the mouse Jrk null phenotype and suggests that human JRK may act as a modifier of diseases with a cellular stress component.

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: An Update on the Current State of Management

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a relatively common retinal disorder that leads to central vision impairment, often with a high recurrence rate. The exact etiology and pathogenetic mechanisms have not been fully elucidated but are likely to be associated with hyperpermeability of the choroidal capillaries and failure of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), leading to serous detachment of the neurosensory retina. Multimodal imaging plays a critical role in the diagnostic approach and monitoring of CSCR. Fortunately, the natural course of the disease is usually self-limiting, with spontaneous resolution and total fluid reabsorption. However, some patients may exhibit recurrences or persistent subretinal fluid (chronic CSCR), leading to progressive and irreversible RPE atrophy or photoreceptor damage. Thus, to prevent permanent visual loss, individualized treatment should be considered. Recent developments in the diagnostic and therapeutic approach have contributed to better outcomes in patients with CSCR. More studies are required to improve our understanding of epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment, with a significant impact on the management of this challenging clinical entity. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the clinical features, diagnostic workup, and therapeutic approach of CSCR.

Thermal tolerance plasticity and dynamics of thermal tolerance in Eublepharis macularius: Implications for future climate-driven heat stress

The intensity and duration of heat waves, as well as average global temperatures, are expected to increase due to climate change. Heat waves can cause physiological stress and reduce fitness in animals. Species can reduce overheating risk through phenotypic plasticity, which allows them to raise their thermal tolerance limits over time. This mechanism could be important for ectotherms whose body temperatures are directly influenced by available environmental temperatures. Geckos are a large, diverse group of ectotherms that vary in their thermal habitats and times of daily activity, which could affect how they physiologically adjust to heat waves. Data on thermal physiology are scarce for reptiles, with only one study in geckos. Understanding thermal tolerance and plasticity, and their relationship, is essential for understanding how some species are able to adjust or adapt to changing temperatures. In this study, we estimated thermal tolerance and plasticity, and their interaction, in the crepuscular gecko, Eublepharis macularius, a species that is emerging as a model for reptile biology. After estimating basal thermal tolerance for 28 geckos, thermal tolerance was measured for each individual a second time at several timepoints (3, 6, or 24 h) to determine thermal tolerance plasticity. We found that thermal tolerance plasticity (1) does not depend on the basal thermal tolerance of the organism, (2) was highest after 6 h from initial heat shock, and (3) was negatively influenced by individual body mass. Our findings contribute to the increasing body of work focused on understanding the influence of biological and environmental factors on thermal tolerance plasticity in organisms and provide phenotypic data to further investigate the molecular basis of thermal tolerance plasticity in organisms.

Embryonic thermal manipulation: a potential strategy to mitigate heat stress in broiler chickens for sustainable poultry production

Due to high environmental temperatures and climate change, heat stress is a severe concern for poultry health and production, increasing the propensity for food insecurity. With climate change causing higher temperatures and erratic weather patterns in recent years, poultry are increasingly vulnerable to this environmental stressor. To mitigate heat stress, nutritional, genetic, and managerial strategies have been implemented with some success. However, these strategies did not adequately and sustainably reduce the heat stress. Therefore, it is crucial to take proactive measures to mitigate the effects of heat stress on poultry, ensuring optimal production and promoting poultry well-being. Embryonic thermal manipulation (TM) involves manipulating the embryonic environment's temperature to enhance broilers' thermotolerance and growth performance. One of the most significant benefits of this approach is its cost-effectiveness and saving time associated with traditional management practices. Given its numerous advantages, embryonic TM  is a promising strategy for enhancing broiler production and profitability in the poultry industry. TM increases the standard incubation temperature in the mid or late embryonic stage to induce epigenetic thermal adaption and embryonic metabolism. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the available literature and scientific evidence of the beneficial effect of pre-hatch thermal manipulation on broiler health and performance.

Phosphorylation of 399S at CsHsp70 of Cymbidium sinense is essential to maintain chlorophyll stability

The Chinese orchids symbolise nobility and gentility in China, and the variation of leaf color makes Cymbidium sinense more diversified and valuable. However, its color variations especially at the protein level still remain largely unexplored. In this study, the proteomics and phosphoproteomics of Cymbidium sinense leaf color variation mutants were studied. A total of 1059 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) and 1127 differentially abundant phosphorylation sites belonging to 644 phosphoproteins (DAPPs) were identified in the yellow section of leaf variegation mutant of Cymbidium sinense (MY) compared with the green section (MG). Moreover, 349 co-expressing proteins were found in both omics' datasets, while only 26 proteins showed the same expression patterns in the two omics. The interaction network analysis of kinases and phosphatases showed that DAPs and DAPPs in photosynthesis, response to hormones, pigment metabolic process, phosphorylation, glucose metabolic process, and dephosphorylation might contribute to leaf color variation. The abundance of 28 Hsps and 28 phosphorylation sites belonging to 10 Hsps showed significant differences between MG and MY. CsHsp70 was selected to explore the function in Cymbidium sinense leaf variegation. The results showed CsHsp70 is essential for maintaining photosynthetic pigment content and the 399S phosphorylation site is crucial to the function of CsHsp70. Collectively, our findings construct a comprehensive coverage of protein and protein phosphorylation in leaf variegation of C. sinense, providing valuable insights into its formation mechanisms.

Transcriptome analysis revealed potential mechanisms of channel catfish growth advantage over blue catfish in a tank culture environment

Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) are two economically important freshwater aquaculture species in the United States, with channel catfish contributing to nearly half of the country's aquaculture production. While differences in economic traits such as growth rate and disease resistance have been noted, the extent of transcriptomic variance across various tissues between these species remains largely unexplored. The hybridization of female channel catfish with male blue catfish has led to the development of superior hybrid catfish breeds that exhibit enhanced growth rates and improved disease resistance, which dominate more than half of the total US catfish production. While hybrid catfish have significant growth advantages in earthen ponds, channel catfish were reported to grow faster in tank culture environments. In this study, we confirmed channel fish's superiority in growth over blue catfish in 60-L tanks at 10.8 months of age (30.3 g and 11.6 g in this study, respectively; p < 0.001). In addition, we conducted RNA sequencing experiments and established transcriptomic resources for the heart, liver, intestine, mucus, and muscle of both species. The number of expressed genes varied across tissues, ranging from 5,036 in the muscle to over 20,000 in the mucus. Gene Ontology analysis has revealed the functional specificity of differentially expressed genes within their respective tissues, with significant pathway enrichment in metabolic pathways, immune activity, and stress responses. Noteworthy tissue-specific marker genes, including lrrc10, fabp2, myog, pth1a, hspa9, cyp21a2, agt, and ngtb, have been identified. This transcriptome resource is poised to support future investigations into the molecular mechanisms underlying environment-dependent heterosis and advance genetic breeding efforts of hybrid catfish.

Testicular expression of heat SHOCK proteins 60, 70, and 90 in cryptorchid horses

Heat shock proteins are the most evolutionarily conserved protein families induced by stressors including hyperthermia. In the context of pathologies of the male reproductive tract, cryptorchidism is the most common genital defect that compromises the reproductive potential of the male because it induces an increase in intratesticular temperature. In equine species, cryptorchidism affects almost 9 % of newborns and few studies have been carried out on the molecular aspects of the retained testis. In this study, the expression pattern of HSP60, 70, and 90 in abdominal and inguinal testes, in their contralateral descended normally testes, and in testes of normal horses were investigated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The histomorphological investigation of retained and scrotal testes was also investigated. The seminiferous epithelium of the retained testes showed a vacuolized appearance and displayed a completely blocked spermatogenesis for lacking meiotic and spermiogenetic cells. On the contrary, the contralateral scrotal testes did not show morphological damage and the seminiferous epithelium displayed all phases of the spermatogenetic cycle as in the normal testes. The morphology of Leydig cells was not affected by the cryptorchid state. Western blot and immunohistochemistry evidenced that equine testis (both scrotal and retained) expresses the three investigated HSPs. More in detail, the Western blot evidenced that HSP70 is the more expressed chaperone and that together with HSP90 it is highly expressed in the retained gonad (P < 0.05). The immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of the three HSPs in the spermatogonia of normal and cryptorchid testes. Spermatogonia of retained testes showed the lowest expression of HSP60 and the highest expression of HSP90. Spermatocytes, spermatids of scrotal testes, and the Sertoli cells of retained and scrotal testes did not display HSP60 whereas expressed HSP70 and HSP90. These two proteins were also localized in the nucleus of the premeiotic cells. The Leydig cells displayed the three HSPs with the higher immunostaining of HSP70 and 90 in the cryptorchid testes. The results indicate that the heat stress condition occurring in the cryptorchid testis influences the expression of HSPs.

HSP gene superfamily in Aspongopus chinensis Dallas: unravelling identification, characterisation and expression patterns during diapause and non-diapause stages

Aspongopus chinensis Dallas 1851, an insect of important economic value, faces challenges in artificial breeding due to mandatory diapause and limited access to wild resources. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are thought to influence diapause in insects, but little is known about their role in A. chinensis during diapause. This study used genomic methods to identify 25 Hsp genes in A. chinensis, including two Hsp90, 14 Hsp70, four Hsp60 and five small Hsp genes, were located on seven chromosomes, respectively. The gene structures among the same families are relatively conserved. Meanwhile, the motif compositions and secondary structures of A. chinensis Hsps (AcHsps) were predicted. RNA-seq data and fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis showed that there were differences in the expression patterns of AcHsps in diapause and non-diapause stages, and AcHsp70-5 was significantly differentially expressed in both analysis, which was enriched in the pathway of response to hormone. All the results showed that Hsps play an important role in the diapause mechanism of A. chinensis. Our observations highlight the molecular evolution of the Hsp gene and their effect on diapause in A. chinensis.

Alterations in network robustness upon simultaneous temperature and pH perturbations

Nervous systems have evolved to function consistently in the face of the normal environmental fluctuations experienced by animals. The stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of the crab, Cancer borealis, produces a motor output that has been studied for its remarkable robustness in response to single global perturbations. Changes in environments, however, are often complex and multifactorial. Therefore, we studied the robustness of the pyloric network in the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) in response to simultaneous perturbations of temperature and pH. We compared the effects of elevated temperatures on the pyloric rhythm at control, acid, or base pHs. In each pH recordings were made at 11°C, and then the temperature was increased until the rhythms became disorganized ("crashed"). Pyloric burst frequencies and phase relationships showed minor differences between pH groups until reaching close to the crash temperatures. However, the temperatures at which the rhythms were disrupted were lower in the two extreme pH conditions. This indicates that one environmental stress can make an animal less resilient to a second stressor.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Resilience to environmental fluctuations is important for all animals. It is common that animals encounter multiple stressful events at the same time, the cumulative impacts of which are largely unknown. This study examines the effects of temperature and pH on the nervous system of crabs that live in the fluctuating environments of the Northern Atlantic Ocean. The ranges of tolerance to one perturbation, temperature, are reduced under the influence of a second, pH.

Selection Signal Analysis Reveals Hainan Yellow Cattle Are Being Selectively Bred for Heat Tolerance

Hainan yellow cattle are indigenous Zebu cattle from southern China known for their tolerance of heat and strong resistance to disease. Generations of adaptation to the tropical environment of southern China and decades of artificial breeding have left identifiable selection signals in their genomic makeup. However, information on the selection signatures of Hainan yellow cattle is scarce. Herein, we compared the genomes of Hainan yellow cattle with those of Zebu, Qinchuan, Nanyang, and Yanbian cattle breeds by the composite likelihood ratio method (CLR), Tajima's D method, and identifying runs of homozygosity (ROHs), each of which may provide evidence of the genes responsible for heat tolerance in Hainan yellow cattle. The results showed that 5210, 1972, and 1290 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were screened by the CLR method, Tajima's D method, and ROH method, respectively. A total of 453, 450, and 325 genes, respectively, were identified near these SNPs. These genes were significantly enriched in 65 Gene Ontology (GO) functional terms and 11 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways (corrected p < 0.05). Five genes-Adenosylhomocysteinase-like 2, DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C3, heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1A, CD53 molecule, and zinc finger and BTB domain containing 12-were recognized as candidate genes associated with heat tolerance. After further functional verification of these genes, the research results may benefit the understanding of the genetic mechanism of the heat tolerance in Hainan yellow cattle, which lay the foundation for subsequent studies on heat stress in this breed.

Molecular and functional characterization of heat-shock protein 70 in Aphis gossypii under thermal and xenobiotic stresses

Aphis gossypii, a globally distributed and economically significant pest of several crops, is known to infest a wide range of host plants. Heat shock proteins (Hsps), acting as molecular chaperones, are essential for the insect's environmental stress responses. The present study investigated the molecular characteristics and expression patterns of AgHsp70, a heat shock protein gene, in Aphis gossypii. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that AgHsp70 shared high similarity with homologs from other insects, suggesting a conserved function across species. The developmental expression profiles of AgHsp70 in A. gossypii showed that the highest transcript levels were observed in the fourth instar nymphs, while the lowest levels were detected in the third instar nymphs. Heat stress and exposure to four different xenobiotics (2-tridecanone, tannic acid, gossypol, and flupyradifurone (4-[(2,2-difluoroethyl)amino]-2(5H)-furanone)) significantly up-regulated AgHsp70 expression. Knockdown of AgHsp70 using RNAi obviously increased the susceptibility of cotton aphids to 2-tridecanone, gossypol and flupyradifurone. Dual-luciferase reporter assays revealed that gossypol and flupyradifurone significantly enhanced the promoter activity of AgHsp70 at a concentration of 10 mg/L. Furthermore, we identified the transcription factor heat shock factor (HSF) as a regulator of AgHsp70, as silencing AgHSF reduced AgHsp70 expression. Our results shed light on the role of AgHsp70 in xenobiotic adaptation and thermo-tolerance.

Effects of Temperature Adaptation on the Metabolism and Physiological Properties of Sturgeon Fish Larvae Cell Line

This study investigated how Atlantic sturgeon cells respond to elevated temperatures, shedding light on the potential impacts of climate change on fish. Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus), an IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List species and evolutionarily related to paleonisiform species, may have considerable physiological adaptability, suggesting that this species may be able to cope with changing climatic conditions and higher temperatures. To test this hypothesis, the AOXlar7y cell line was examined at 20 °C (control) and at elevated temperatures of 25 °C and 28 °C. Parameters including proliferation, vitality, morphology, and gene expressions related to proliferation, stemness, and stress were evaluated. Additionally, to achieve a comprehensive understanding of cellular changes, mitochondrial and metabolic activities were assessed using Seahorse XF96. AOXlar7y cells adapted to 28 °C exhibited enhanced mitochondrial adaptability, plasticity, heightened cell proliferation, and increased hsp70 expression. Increased baseline respiration indicated elevated ATP demand, which is potentially linked to higher cell proliferation and heat stress defense. Cells at 28 °C also displayed elevated reserve respiration capacity, suggesting adaptation to energy demands. At 25 °C, AOXlar7y cells showed no changes in basal respiration or mitochondrial capacity, suggesting unchanged ATP demand compared to cells cultivated at 20 °C. Proliferation and glycolytic response to energy requirements were diminished, implying a connection between glycolysis inhibition and proliferation suppression. These research results indicate sturgeon cells are capable of withstanding and adapting to an 8 °C temperature increase. This cellular analysis lays a foundation for future studies aimed at a deeper understanding of fish cell physiological adaptations, which will contribute to a better knowledge of environmental threats facing Atlantic sturgeon and fish populations amid climate change.

Comprehensive Proteomic Analysis of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Seeds Reveal Shared and Unique Proteins Involved in Terminal Drought Stress Response in Tolerant and Sensitive Genotypes

This study identified proteomic changes in the seeds of two tolerant (SB-DT3 and SB-DT2) and two sensitive (Merlot and Stampede) common bean genotypes in response to terminal drought stress. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were abundant in the susceptible genotype compared to the tolerant line. DEPs associated with starch biosynthesis, protein-chromophore linkage, and photosynthesis were identified in both genotypes, while a few DEPs and enriched biological pathways exhibited genotype-specific differences. The tolerant genotypes uniquely showed DEPs related to sugar metabolism and plant signaling, while the sensitive genotypes displayed more DEPs involved in plant-pathogen interaction, proteasome function, and carbohydrate metabolism. DEPs linked with chaperone and signal transduction were significantly altered between both genotypes. In summary, our proteomic analysis revealed both conserved and genotype-specific DEPs that could be used as targets in selective breeding and developing drought-tolerant common bean genotypes.

The response of heat shock proteins in honey bees to abiotic and biotic stressors

Honey bees, Apis mellifera, are the most important managed pollinators worldwide. They are highly impacted by various abiotic and biotic stressors, especially temperature extremes, which can lead to cellular damage and death. The induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) has been recorded in honey bees as a response to various types of stressors. HSPs are classified into different gene families according to their molecular weights. HSPs play an important role in maintaining cellular protein homeostasis due to their contribution as molecular chaperones or co-chaperones. HSPs in honey bees have complex functions with induction even under normal colony conditions. Previous studies have suggested various functions of HSPs to protect cells from damage under exposure to environmental stressors, pollutants, and pathogens. Surprisingly, HSPs have also been found to play roles in larval development and age-related tasks. The expression of HSPs varies depending on tissue type, developmental stage, age, and stress period. This article reviews studies on HSPs (sHSPs, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90) in honey bees and highlights gaps in the available knowledge. This review is crucial for honey bee research, particularly in the face of climate change challenges.

Effects of acute and chronic chromium stress on the expression of heat shock protein genes and activities of antioxidant enzymes in larvae of Orthetrum albistylum

The dragonfly species Orthetrum albistylum, can accumulate heavy metals from its aquatic environment and thus serves as a biological indicator for monitoring and evaluating water quality. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play important biological roles in resistance to various types of environmental stress. The full-length cDNA sequences of the heat shock cognate (hsc) 70 and heat shock protein (hsp) 70 genes were cloned from O. albistylum larvae. Relative levels of expression of hsc70 and hsp70 in the head, epidermis, midgut, and adipose tissue were measured by qRT-PCR after chronic and acute contamination of 5-8 instar larvae with chromium (Cr) solution, and under control conditions. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in chronically contaminated larvae were also measured. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the cloned hsc70 and hsp70 genes were highly homologous to known HSP70 family members reported in other insects. The mRNA levels of hsc70 and hsp70 did not differ significantly in various larval tissues. Under chronic chromium stress, hsc70 and hsp70 expression were upregulated to a maximum and then downregulated; hsp70 mRNA levels were higher than those of hsc70 at all concentrations of chromium. Under acute chromium stress, hsc70 expression was inhibited at low chromium concentrations and upregulated at chromium concentrations higher than 125 mg/L. However, hsp70 expression was higher than that in the control group and markedly higher than that of hsc70. Changes in SOD and CAT activities displayed consistent trends for different chronic chromium concentrations, first increasing and then decreasing over time. Collectively, these findings demonstrated the response of the HSP family of genes and antioxidant enzymes following exposure to heavy metal stress, as well as their potential applicability as biomarkers for monitoring environmental pollutants.

A comprehensive review of the interaction between COVID-19 spike proteins with mammalian small and major heat shock proteins

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel disease that had devastating effects on human lives and the country's economies worldwide. This disease shows similar parasitic traits, requiring the host's biomolecules for its survival and propagation. Spike glycoproteins severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 spike protein) located on the surface of the COVID-19 virus serve as a potential hotspot for antiviral drug development based on their structure. COVID-19 virus calls into action the chaperonin system that assists the attacker, hence favoring infection. To investigate the interaction that occurs between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human molecular chaperons (HSPA8 and sHSP27), a series of steps were carried out which included sequence attainment and analysis, followed by multiple sequence alignment, homology modeling, and protein-protein docking which we performed using Cluspro to predict the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human molecular chaperones of interest. Our findings depicted that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein consists of three distinct chains, chains A, B, and C, which interact forming hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic interactions with both human HSPA8 and HSP27 with -828.3 and -827.9 kcal/mol as binding energies for human HSPA8 and -1166.7 and -1165.9 kcal/mol for HSP27.

Comprehensive genome‑wide analysis of the chicken heat shock protein family: identification, genomic organization, and expression profiles in indigenous chicken with highly pathogenic avian influenza infection

BACKGROUND

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) function as molecular chaperones with critical roles in chicken embryogenesis, immune response to infectious diseases, and response to various environmental stresses. However, little is known on HSP genes in chicken. In this study, to understand the roles of chicken HSPs, we performed genome-wide identification, expression, and functional analyses of the HSP family genes in chicken.

RESULTS

A total of 76 HSP genes were identified in the chicken genome, which were further classified into eight distinct groups (I-VIII) based on phylogenetic tree analysis. The gene-structure analysis revealed that the members of each clade had the same or similar exon-intron structures. Chromosome mapping suggested that HSP genes were widely dispersed across the chicken genome, except in chromosomes 16, 18, 22, 25, 26, and 28-32, which lacked chicken HSP genes. On the other hand, the interactions among chicken HSPs were limited, indicating that the remaining functions of HSPs could be investigated in chicken. Moreover, KEGG pathway analysis showed that the HSP gene family was involved in the regulation of heat stress, apoptotic, intracellular signaling, and immune response pathways. Finally, RNA sequencing data revealed that, of the 76 chicken HSP genes, 46 were differentially expressed at 21 different growth stages in chicken embryos, and 72 were differentially expressed on post-infection day 3 in two indigenous Ri chicken lines infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides significant insights into the potential functions of HSPs in chicken, including the regulation of apoptosis, heat stress, chaperone activity, intracellular signaling, and immune response to infectious diseases.