1
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Scheele CLGJ, Herrmann D, Yamashita E, Celso CL, Jenne CN, Oktay MH, Entenberg D, Friedl P, Weigert R, Meijboom FLB, Ishii M, Timpson P, van Rheenen J. Multiphoton intravital microscopy of rodents. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2022; 2:89. [PMID: 37621948 PMCID: PMC10449057 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-022-00168-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Tissues are heterogeneous with respect to cellular and non-cellular components and in the dynamic interactions between these elements. To study the behaviour and fate of individual cells in these complex tissues, intravital microscopy (IVM) techniques such as multiphoton microscopy have been developed to visualize intact and live tissues at cellular and subcellular resolution. IVM experiments have revealed unique insights into the dynamic interplay between different cell types and their local environment, and how this drives morphogenesis and homeostasis of tissues, inflammation and immune responses, and the development of various diseases. This Primer introduces researchers to IVM technologies, with a focus on multiphoton microscopy of rodents, and discusses challenges, solutions and practical tips on how to perform IVM. To illustrate the unique potential of IVM, several examples of results are highlighted. Finally, we discuss data reproducibility and how to handle big imaging data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colinda L. G. J. Scheele
- Laboratory for Intravital Imaging and Dynamics of Tumor Progression, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Herrmann
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Department, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erika Yamashita
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Cristina Lo Celso
- Department of Life Sciences and Centre for Hematology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Sir Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Craig N. Jenne
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maja H. Oktay
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - David Entenberg
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Franck L. B. Meijboom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Sustainable Animal Stewardship, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Faculty of Humanities, Ethics Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Paul Timpson
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Department, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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2
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Pulin M, Stockhausen KE, Masseck OA, Kubitschke M, Busse B, Wiegert JS, Oertner TG. Orthogonally-polarized excitation for improved two-photon and second-harmonic-generation microscopy, applied to neurotransmitter imaging with GPCR-based sensors. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:777-790. [PMID: 35284188 PMCID: PMC8884218 DOI: 10.1364/boe.448760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins are excited by light that is polarized parallel to the dipole axis of the chromophore. In two-photon microscopy, polarized light is used for excitation. Here we reveal surprisingly strong polarization sensitivity in a class of genetically encoded, GPCR-based neurotransmitter sensors. In tubular structures such as dendrites, this effect led to a complete loss of membrane signal in dendrites running parallel to the polarization direction of the excitation beam. To reduce the sensitivity to dendritic orientation, we designed an optical device that generates interleaved pulse trains of orthogonal polarization. The passive device, which we inserted in the beam path of an existing two-photon microscope, removed the strong direction bias from fluorescence and second-harmonic (SHG) images. We conclude that for optical measurements of transmitter concentration with GPCR-based sensors, orthogonally polarized excitation is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Pulin
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kilian E. Stockhausen
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olivia A. Masseck
- Synthetic Biology, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Martin Kubitschke
- Synthetic Biology, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. Simon Wiegert
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas G. Oertner
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Bondar A, Rybakova O, Melcr J, Dohnálek J, Khoroshyy P, Ticháček O, Timr Š, Miclea P, Sakhi A, Marková V, Lazar J. Quantitative linear dichroism imaging of molecular processes in living cells made simple by open software tools. Commun Biol 2021; 4:189. [PMID: 33580182 PMCID: PMC7881160 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence-detected linear dichroism microscopy allows observing various molecular processes in living cells, as well as obtaining quantitative information on orientation of fluorescent molecules associated with cellular features. Such information can provide insights into protein structure, aid in development of genetically encoded probes, and allow determinations of lipid membrane properties. However, quantitating and interpreting linear dichroism in biological systems has been laborious and unreliable. Here we present a set of open source ImageJ-based software tools that allow fast and easy linear dichroism visualization and quantitation, as well as extraction of quantitative information on molecular orientations, even in living systems. The tools were tested on model synthetic lipid vesicles and applied to a variety of biological systems, including observations of conformational changes during G-protein signaling in living cells, using fluorescent proteins. Our results show that our tools and model systems are applicable to a wide range of molecules and polarization-resolved microscopy techniques, and represent a significant step towards making polarization microscopy a mainstream tool of biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Bondar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Science, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Rybakova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Science, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Melcr
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Dohnálek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petro Khoroshyy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Science, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Ticháček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Timr
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- CNRS, Université de Paris, UPR 9080, Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique-Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Paul Miclea
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Science, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Alina Sakhi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Marková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Lazar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Praha 6, Czech Republic.
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Science, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic.
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Martin C, Li T, Hegarty E, Zhao P, Mondal S, Ben-Yakar A. Line excitation array detection fluorescence microscopy at 0.8 million frames per second. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4499. [PMID: 30374138 PMCID: PMC6206139 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional, fluorescence imaging methods with ~1 MHz frame rates are needed for high-speed, blur-free flow cytometry and capturing volumetric neuronal activity. The frame rates of current imaging methods are limited to kHz by the photon budget, slow camera readout, and/or slow laser beam scanners. Here, we present line excitation array detection (LEAD) fluorescence microscopy, a high-speed imaging method capable of providing 0.8 million frames per second. The method performs 0.8 MHz line-scanning of an excitation laser beam using a chirped signal-driven longitudinal acousto-optic deflector to create a virtual light-sheet, and images the field-of-view with a linear photomultiplier tube array to generate a 66 × 14 pixel frame each scan cycle. We implement LEAD microscopy as a blur-free flow cytometer for Caenorhabditis elegans moving at 1 m s-1 with 3.5-µm resolution and signal-to-background ratios >200. Signal-to-noise measurements indicate future LEAD fluorescence microscopes can reach higher resolutions and pixels per frame without compromising frame rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Martin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Tianqi Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 204 E Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Evan Hegarty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 204 E Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Peisen Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 2501 Speedway, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Sudip Mondal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 204 E Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Adela Ben-Yakar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 204 E Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 2501 Speedway, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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5
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Ji N, Freeman J, Smith SL. Technologies for imaging neural activity in large volumes. Nat Neurosci 2017; 19:1154-64. [PMID: 27571194 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neural circuitry has evolved to form distributed networks that act dynamically across large volumes. Conventional microscopy collects data from individual planes and cannot sample circuitry across large volumes at the temporal resolution relevant to neural circuit function and behaviors. Here we review emerging technologies for rapid volume imaging of neural circuitry. We focus on two critical challenges: the inertia of optical systems, which limits image speed, and aberrations, which restrict the image volume. Optical sampling time must be long enough to ensure high-fidelity measurements, but optimized sampling strategies and point-spread function engineering can facilitate rapid volume imaging of neural activity within this constraint. We also discuss new computational strategies for processing and analyzing volume imaging data of increasing size and complexity. Together, optical and computational advances are providing a broader view of neural circuit dynamics and helping elucidate how brain regions work in concert to support behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ji
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeremy Freeman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Spencer L Smith
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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6
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Random-access scanning microscopy for 3D imaging in awake behaving animals. Nat Methods 2016; 13:1001-1004. [PMID: 27749836 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how neural circuits process information requires rapid measurements of activity from identified neurons distributed in 3D space. Here we describe an acousto-optic lens two-photon microscope that performs high-speed focusing and line scanning within a volume spanning hundreds of micrometers. We demonstrate its random-access functionality by selectively imaging cerebellar interneurons sparsely distributed in 3D space and by simultaneously recording from the soma, proximal and distal dendrites of neocortical pyramidal cells in awake behaving mice.
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7
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Jinno Y, Shoda K, Rial-Verde E, Yuste R, Miyawaki A, Tsutsui H. Engineering a genetically-encoded SHG chromophore by electrostatic targeting to the membrane. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:93. [PMID: 25505870 PMCID: PMC4245886 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy provides unique imaging advantages for voltage imaging and other biological applications, genetically-encoded SHG chromophores remain relatively unexplored. SHG only arises from non-centrosymmetric media, so an anisotropic arrangement of chromophores is essential to provide strong SHG signals. Here, inspired by the mechanism by which K-Ras4B associates with plasma membranes, we sought to achieve asymmetric arrangements of chromophores at the membrane-cytoplasm interface using the fluorescent protein mVenus. After adding a farnesylation motif to the C-terminus of mVenus, nine amino acids composing its β-barrel surface were replaced by lysine, forming an electrostatic patch. This protein (mVe9Knus-CVIM) was efficiently targeted to the plasma membrane in a geometrically defined manner and exhibited SHG in HEK293 cells. In agreement with its design, mVe9Knus-CVIM hyperpolarizability was oriented at a small angle (~7.3°) from the membrane normal. Genetically-encoded SHG chromophores could serve as a molecular platform for imaging membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Jinno
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Suita, Japan
| | - Keiko Shoda
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN Wako, Japan
| | - Emiliano Rial-Verde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Neurotechnology Center, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Rafael Yuste
- Department of Biological Sciences, Neurotechnology Center, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN Wako, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tsutsui
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN Wako, Japan ; Formation of and Information Processing by Neural Networks, and Control, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Kawaguchi, Japan ; Department of Material Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi, Japan
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8
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Bhattacharya D, Shil S, Goswami T, Misra A, Klein DJ. A note on second-order nonlinear optical response of high-spin bis-TEMPO diradicals with possible application. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Yan W, Peng X, Qi J, Gao J, Fan S, Wang Q, Qu J, Niu H. Dynamic fluorescence lifetime imaging based on acousto-optic deflectors. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:116004. [PMID: 25375349 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.11.116004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a dynamic fluorescence lifetime imaging (D-FLIM) system that is based on a pair of acousto-optic deflectors for the random regions of interest (ROI) study in the sample. The two-dimensional acousto-optic deflector devices are used to rapidly scan the femtosecond excitation laser beam across the sample, providing specific random access to the ROI. Our experimental results using standard fluorescent dyes in live cancer cells demonstrate that the D-FLIM system can dynamically monitor the changing process of the microenvironment in the ROI in live biological samples.
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10
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Guo L, Hu W, He X, Lux R, McLean J, Shi W. investigating acid production by Streptococcus mutans with a surface-displayed pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57182. [PMID: 23468929 PMCID: PMC3585301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidogenicity and aciduricity are the main virulence factors of the cavity-causing bacterium Streptococcus mutans. Monitoring at the individual cell level the temporal and spatial distribution of acid produced by this important oral pathogen is central for our understanding of these key virulence factors especially when S. mutans resides in multi-species microbial communities. In this study, we explored the application of pH-sensitive green fluorescent proteins (pHluorins) to investigate these important features. Ecliptic pHluorin was functionally displayed on the cell surface of S. mutans as a fusion protein with SpaP. The resulting strain (O87) was used to monitor temporal and spatial pH changes in the microenvironment of S. mutans cells under both planktonic and biofilm conditions. Using strain O87, we revealed a rapid pH drop in the microenviroment of S. mutans microcolonies prior to the decrease in the macro-environment pH following sucrose fermentation. Meanwhile, a non-uniform pH distribution was observed within S. mutans biofilms, reflecting differences in microbial metabolic activity. Furthermore, strain O87 was successfully used to monitor the S. mutans acid production profiles within dual- and multispecies oral biofilms. Based on these findings, the ecliptic pHluorin allows us to investigate in vivo and in situ acid production and distribution by the cariogenic species S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Guo
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Wei Hu
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, College of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuesong He
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Renate Lux
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jeff McLean
- J. Craig Venter Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Wenyuan Shi
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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11
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Ellis-Davies GC. A chemist and biologist talk to each other about caged neurotransmitters. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:64-73. [PMID: 23399979 PMCID: PMC3566830 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Caged compounds are small organic molecules that can be photoactivated with brief pulses of light. They are widely used to study a great variety of biological processes by physiologists, cell biologists and neuroscientists. Initially made and invented by biologists in the late 1970s, they are now made mostly by chemists, often without any dialogue with the end users, the biologists. The idea for this review is to stimulate interaction between the two communities to further the creative development and application of these powerful optical probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Cr Ellis-Davies
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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12
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Shao Y, Liu H, Qin W, Qu J, Peng X, Niu H, Gao BZ. Addressable, large-field second harmonic generation microscopy based on 2D acousto-optical deflector and spatial light modulator. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2012; 108:10.1007/s00340-012-5164-9. [PMID: 24307756 PMCID: PMC3846096 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-012-5164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present an addressable, large-field second harmonic generation microscope by combining a 2D acousto-optical deflector with a spatial light modulator. The SLM shapes an incoming mode-locked, near-infrared Ti:Sapphire laser beam into a multifocus array, which can be rapidly scanned by changing the incident angle of the laser beam using a 2D acousto-optical deflector. Compared to the single-beam-scan technique, the multifocus array scan can increase the scanning rate and the field-of-view size with the multi-region imaging ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Shao
- College of Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Honghai Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and COMSET, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Wan Qin
- Department of Bioengineering and COMSET, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Junle Qu
- College of Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiang Peng
- College of Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hanben Niu
- College of Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bruce Z. Gao
- Department of Bioengineering and COMSET, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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13
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Random-access Two-photon Microscopy for Neural Activity Observation*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2012.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Shao Y, Qin W, Liu H, Qu J, Peng X, Niu H, Gao BZ. Ultrafast, large-field multiphoton microscopy based on an acousto-optic deflector and a spatial light modulator. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:2532-4. [PMID: 22743445 PMCID: PMC3698978 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.002532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present an ultrafast, large-field multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscope with high lateral and axial resolutions based on a two-dimensional (2-D) acousto-optical deflector (AOD) scanner and spatial light modulator (SLM). When a phase-only SLM is used to shape the near-infrared light from a mode-locked titanium:sapphire laser into a multifocus array including the 0-order beam, a 136 μm × 136 μm field of view is achieved with a 60× objective using a 2-D AOD scanner without any mechanical scan element. The two-photon fluorescence image of a neuronal network that was obtained using this system demonstrates that our microscopy permits observation of dynamic biological events in a large field with high-temporal and -spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Shao
- College of Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wan Qin
- Department of Bioengineering and COMSET, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - Honghai Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and COMSET, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - Junle Qu
- College of Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiang Peng
- College of Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hanben Niu
- College of Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bruce Z. Gao
- Department of Bioengineering and COMSET, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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Entenberg D, Wyckoff J, Gligorijevic B, Roussos ET, Verkhusha VV, Pollard JW, Condeelis J. Setup and use of a two-laser multiphoton microscope for multichannel intravital fluorescence imaging. Nat Protoc 2011; 6:1500-20. [PMID: 21959234 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing biological mechanisms dependent upon the interaction of many cell types in vivo requires both multiphoton microscope systems capable of expanding the number and types of fluorophores that can be imaged simultaneously while removing the wavelength and tunability restrictions of existing systems, and enhanced software for extracting critical cellular parameters from voluminous 4D data sets. We present a procedure for constructing a two-laser multiphoton microscope that extends the wavelength range of excitation light, expands the number of simultaneously usable fluorophores and markedly increases signal to noise via 'over-clocking' of detection. We also utilize a custom-written software plug-in that simplifies the quantitative tracking and analysis of 4D intravital image data. We begin by describing the optics, hardware, electronics and software required, and finally the use of the plug-in for analysis. We demonstrate the use of the setup and plug-in by presenting data collected via intravital imaging of a mouse model of breast cancer. The procedure may be completed in ∼24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Entenberg
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, and Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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16
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Madden JT, DeWalt EL, Simpson GJ. Two-photon excited UV fluorescence for protein crystal detection. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2011; 67:839-46. [PMID: 21931215 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444911028253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon excited ultraviolet fluorescence (TPE-UVF) microscopy is explored for sensitive protein-crystal detection as a complement to second-order nonlinear optical imaging of chiral crystals (SONICC). Like conventional ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF), TPE-UVF generates image contrast based on the intrinsic fluorescence of aromatic residues, generally producing higher fluorescence emission within crystals than the mother liquor by nature of the higher local protein concentration. However, TPE-UVF has several advantages over conventional UVF, including (i) insensitivity to optical scattering, allowing imaging in turbid matrices, (ii) direct compatibility with conventional optical plates and windows by using visible light for excitation, (iii) elimination of potentially damaging out-of-plane UV excitation, (iv) improved signal to noise through background reduction from out-of-plane excitation and (v) relatively simple integration into instrumentation developed for SONICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T Madden
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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17
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Two-photon polarization microscopy reveals protein structure and function. Nat Methods 2011; 8:684-90. [PMID: 21725301 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins are a large, diverse group of proteins, serving a multitude of cellular functions. They are difficult to study because of their requirement of a lipid membrane for function. Here we show that two-photon polarization microscopy can take advantage of the cell membrane requirement to yield insights into membrane protein structure and function, in living cells and organisms. The technique allows sensitive imaging of G-protein activation, changes in intracellular calcium concentration and other processes, and is not limited to membrane proteins. Conveniently, many suitable probes for two-photon polarization microscopy already exist.
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18
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Functional mapping of single spines in cortical neurons in vivo. Nature 2011; 475:501-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nature10193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Gualtieri EJ, Guo F, Kissick DJ, Jose J, Kuhn RJ, Jiang W, Simpson GJ. Detection of membrane protein two-dimensional crystals in living cells. Biophys J 2011; 100:207-14. [PMID: 21190673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is notoriously difficult to grow membrane protein crystals and solve membrane protein structures. Improved detection and screening of membrane protein crystals are needed. We have shown here that second-order nonlinear optical imaging of chiral crystals based on second harmonic generation can provide sensitive and selective detection of two-dimensional protein crystalline arrays with sufficiently low background to enable crystal detection within the membranes of live cells. The method was validated using bacteriorhodopsin crystals generated in live Halobacterium halobium bacteria and confirmed by electron microscopy from the isolated crystals. Additional studies of alphavirus glycoproteins indicated the presence of localized crystalline domains associated with virus budding from mammalian cells. These results suggest that in vivo crystallization may provide a means for expediting membrane protein structure determination for proteins exhibiting propensities for two-dimensional crystal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Gualtieri
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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20
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Imitola J, Côté D, Rasmussen S, Xie XS, Liu Y, Chitnis T, Sidman RL, Lin CP, Khoury SJ. Multimodal coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy reveals microglia-associated myelin and axonal dysfunction in multiple sclerosis-like lesions in mice. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:021109. [PMID: 21361672 PMCID: PMC3061329 DOI: 10.1117/1.3533312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Myelin loss and axonal degeneration predominate in many neurological disorders; however, methods to visualize them simultaneously in live tissue are unavailable. We describe a new imaging strategy combining video rate reflectance and fluorescence confocal imaging with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy tuned to CH(2) vibration of myelin lipids, applied in live tissue of animals with chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Our method allows monitoring over time of demyelination and neurodegeneration in brain slices with high spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. Local areas of severe loss of lipid signal indicative of demyelination and loss of the reflectance signal from axons were seen in the corpus callosum and spinal cord of EAE animals. Even in myelinated areas of EAE mice, the intensity of myelin lipid signals is significantly reduced. Using heterozygous knock-in mice in which green fluorescent protein replaces the CX(3)CR1 coding sequence that labels central nervous system microglia, we find areas of activated microglia colocalized with areas of altered reflectance and CARS signals reflecting axonal injury and demyelination. Our data demonstrate the use of multimodal CARS microscopy for characterization of demyelinating and neurodegenerative pathology in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, and further confirm the critical role of microglia in chronic inflammatory neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Imitola
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Partner Multiple Sclerosis Center, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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21
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Kirkby PA, Naga Srinivas N, Silver RA. A compact Acousto-Optic Lens for 2D and 3D femtosecond based 2-photon microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:13721-45. [PMID: 20588506 PMCID: PMC2948528 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.013720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We describe a high speed 3D Acousto-Optic Lens Microscope (AOLM) for femtosecond 2-photon imaging. By optimizing the design of the 4 AO Deflectors (AODs) and by deriving new control algorithms, we have developed a compact spherical AOL with a low temporal dispersion that enables 2-photon imaging at 10-fold lower power than previously reported. We show that the AOLM can perform high speed 2D raster-scan imaging (>150 Hz) without scan rate dependent astigmatism. It can deflect and focus a laser beam in a 3D random access sequence at 30 kHz and has an extended focusing range (>137 mum; 40X 0.8NA objective). These features are likely to make the AOLM a useful tool for studying fast physiological processes distributed in 3D space.
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22
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Przybylo M, Borowik T, Langner M. Fluorescence Techniques for Determination of the Membrane Potentials in High Throughput Screening. J Fluoresc 2010; 20:1139-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-010-0665-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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23
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Kögel T, Rudolf R, Hodneland E, Hellwig A, Kuznetsov SA, Seiler F, Söllner TH, Barroso J, Gerdes HH. Distinct Roles of Myosin Va in Membrane Remodeling and Exocytosis of Secretory Granules. Traffic 2010; 11:637-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Khiroug SS, Pryazhnikov E, Coleman SK, Jeromin A, Keinänen K, Khiroug L. Dynamic visualization of membrane-inserted fraction of pHluorin-tagged channels using repetitive acidification technique. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:141. [PMID: 19948025 PMCID: PMC2794868 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in neuronal excitability, synaptic efficacy and generally in cell signaling often result from insertion of key molecules into plasma membrane (PM). Many of the techniques used for monitoring PM insertion lack either spatial or temporal resolution. RESULTS We improved the imaging method based on time-lapse total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and pHluorin tagging by supplementing it with a repetitive extracellular acidification protocol. We illustrate the applicability of this method by showing that brief activation of NMDA receptors ("chemical LTP") in cultured hippocampal neurons induced a persistent PM insertion of glutamate receptors containing the pHluorin-tagged GluR-A(flip) subunits. CONCLUSION The repetitive acidification technique provides a more accurate way of monitoring the PM-inserted fraction of fluorescently tagged molecules and offers a good temporal and spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguei S Khiroug
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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25
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NI J, QIAO L, WANG C, ZHAO F, CHENG Y, XU Z. Two-colour two-photon confocal microscopy with isotropic three-dimensional resolution and parallel excitation. J Microsc 2009; 234:205-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Stutzmann G. Seeing the brain in action: how multiphoton imaging has advanced our understanding of neuronal function. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2008; 14:482-491. [PMID: 18986602 DOI: 10.1017/s143192760808080x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Gaining insight into how the nervous system functions is a challenge for scientists, particularly because the static morphology of the brain and the cells within tell little about how they actually work. Fixed specimens can provide critical structural information, but the jump to functional neurobiology in living cells is obviated with these preparations. In order to grasp the complexity of neuronal activity, it is necessary to observe the brain in action, from the level of subcellular signaling to the whole organism. Recent advances in nonlinear microscopy have given rise to a new era for biological research. In particular, the introduction of multiphoton excitation has drastically improved the depth and speed to which we can probe brain function. In order to better appreciate recent contributions of multiphoton microscopy to our current and future understanding of biological systems, an historical awareness of past microscopy applications is useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Stutzmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, The Chicago Medical School, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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27
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Asselberghs I, Flors C, Ferrighi L, Botek E, Champagne B, Mizuno H, Ando R, Miyawaki A, Hofkens J, Van der Auweraer M, Clays K. Second-harmonic generation in GFP-like proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:15713-9. [PMID: 18950177 DOI: 10.1021/ja805171q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The second-order nonlinear optical properties of green fluorescent proteins (GFPs), such as the photoswitchable Dronpa and enhanced GFP (EGFP), have been studied at both the theoretical and experimental levels. In the case of Dronpa, both approaches are consistent in showing the rather counterintuitive result of a larger second-order nonlinear polarizability (or first hyperpolarizability, beta) for the protonated state, which has a higher transition energy, than for the deprotonated, fluorescent state with its absorption at lower energy. Moreover, the value of beta for the protonated form of Dronpa is among the highest reported for proteins. In addition to the pH dependence, we have found a wavelength dependence in the beta values. These properties are essential for the practical use of Dronpa or other GFP-like fluorescent proteins as second-order nonlinear fluorophores for symmetry-sensitive nonlinear microscopy imaging and as nonlinear optical sensors for electrophysiological processes. An accurate value of the first hyperpolarizability is also essential for any qualitative analysis of the nonlinear images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Asselberghs
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D and F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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28
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Otsu Y, Bormuth V, Wong J, Mathieu B, Dugué GP, Feltz A, Dieudonné S. Optical monitoring of neuronal activity at high frame rate with a digital random-access multiphoton (RAMP) microscope. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 173:259-70. [PMID: 18634822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon microscopy offers the promise of monitoring brain activity at multiple locations within intact tissue. However, serial sampling of voxels has been difficult to reconcile with millisecond timescales characteristic of neuronal activity. This is due to the conflicting constraints of scanning speed and signal amplitude. The recent use of acousto-optic deflector scanning to implement random-access multiphoton microscopy (RAMP) potentially allows to preserve long illumination dwell times while sampling multiple points-of-interest at high rates. However, the real-life abilities of RAMP microscopy regarding sensitivity and phototoxicity issues, which have so far impeded prolonged optical recordings at high frame rates, have not been assessed. Here, we describe the design, implementation and characterisation of an optimised RAMP microscope. We demonstrate the application of the microscope by monitoring calcium transients in Purkinje cells and cortical pyramidal cell dendrites and spines. We quantify the illumination constraints imposed by phototoxicity and show that stable continuous high-rate recordings can be obtained. During these recordings the fluorescence signal is large enough to detect spikes with a temporal resolution limited only by the calcium dye dynamics, improving upon previous techniques by at least an order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Otsu
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, CNRS UMR 8544, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm 75005, Paris, France
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29
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Rational optimization and imaging in vivo of a genetically encoded optical voltage reporter. J Neurosci 2008; 28:5582-93. [PMID: 18495892 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0055-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hybrid voltage sensor (hVOS) combines membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein and the hydrophobic anion dipicrylamine (DPA) to provide a promising tool for optical recording of electrical activity from genetically defined populations of neurons. However, large fluorescence signals are obtained only at high DPA concentrations (>3 mum) that increase membrane capacitance to a level that suppresses neural activity. Here, we develop a quantitative model of the sensor to guide its optimization and achieved an approximate threefold increase in fractional fluorescence change at a lower DPA concentration of 2 mum. Using this optimized voltage reporter, we perform optical recordings of evoked activity in the Drosophila antennal lobe with millisecond temporal resolution but fail to detect action potentials, presumably because spike initiation and/or propagation are inhibited by the capacitive load added even at reduced DPA membrane densities. We evaluate strategies for potential further improvement of hVOS quantitatively and derive theoretical performance limits for optical voltage reporters in general.
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30
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Lillis KP, Eng A, White JA, Mertz J. Two-photon imaging of spatially extended neuronal network dynamics with high temporal resolution. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 172:178-84. [PMID: 18539336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simple two-photon fluorescence imaging strategy, called targeted path scanning (TPS), to monitor the dynamics of spatially extended neuronal networks with high spatiotemporal resolution. Our strategy combines the advantages of mirror-based scanning, minimized dead time, ease of implementation, and compatibility with high-resolution low-magnification objectives. To demonstrate the performance of TPS, we monitor the calcium dynamics distributed across an entire juvenile rat hippocampus (>1.5mm), at scan rates of 100 Hz, with single cell resolution and single action potential sensitivity. Our strategy for fast, efficient two-photon microscopy over spatially extended regions provides a particularly attractive solution for monitoring neuronal population activity in thick tissue, without sacrificing the signal-to-noise ratio or high spatial resolution associated with standard two-photon microscopy. Finally, we provide the code to make our technique generally available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle P Lillis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States
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31
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32
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Moreaux L, Laurent G. Estimating firing rates from calcium signals in locust projection neurons in vivo. Front Neural Circuits 2007; 1:2. [PMID: 18946544 PMCID: PMC2526277 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.04.002.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining intracellular electrophysiology and multi-photon calcium imaging in vivo, we studied the relationship between calcium signals (sampled at 500-750 Hz) and spike output in principal neurons in the locust antennal lobe. Our goal was to determine whether the firing rate of individual neurons can be estimated in vivo with calcium imaging and, if so, to measure directly the accuracy and resolution of our estimates. Using the calcium indicator Oregon Green BAPTA-1, we describe a simple method to reconstruct firing rates from dendritic calcium signals with 80-90% accuracy and 50 ms temporal resolution.
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33
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Vucinić D, Sejnowski TJ. A compact multiphoton 3D imaging system for recording fast neuronal activity. PLoS One 2007; 2:e699. [PMID: 17684546 PMCID: PMC1933593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We constructed a simple and compact imaging system designed specifically for the recording of fast neuronal activity in a 3D volume. The system uses an Yb:KYW femtosecond laser we designed for use with acousto-optic deflection. An integrated two-axis acousto-optic deflector, driven by digitally synthesized signals, can target locations in three dimensions. Data acquisition and the control of scanning are performed by a LeCroy digital oscilloscope. The total cost of construction was one order of magnitude lower than that of a typical Ti:sapphire system. The entire imaging apparatus, including the laser, fits comfortably onto a small rig for electrophysiology. Despite the low cost and simplicity, the convergence of several new technologies allowed us to achieve the following capabilities: i) full-frame acquisition at video rates suitable for patch clamping; ii) random access in under ten microseconds with dwelling ability in the nominal focal plane; iii) three-dimensional random access with the ability to perform fast volume sweeps at kilohertz rates; and iv) fluorescence lifetime imaging. We demonstrate the ability to record action potentials with high temporal resolution using intracellularly loaded potentiometric dye di-2-ANEPEQ. Our design proffers easy integration with electrophysiology and promises a more widespread adoption of functional two-photon imaging as a tool for the study of neuronal activity. The software and firmware we developed is available for download at http://neurospy.org/ under an open source license.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Electrophysiology/instrumentation
- Electrophysiology/methods
- Equipment Design
- Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism
- Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/instrumentation
- Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional/economics
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional/instrumentation
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods
- Lasers
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/economics
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/instrumentation
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/methods
- Neurons/physiology
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Time Factors
- Ytterbium/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Vucinić
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
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34
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Martini J, Andresen V, Anselmetti D. Scattering suppression and confocal detection in multifocal multiphoton microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2007; 12:034010. [PMID: 17614718 DOI: 10.1117/1.2736425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a new descanned parallel (32-fold) pinhole and photomultiplier detection array for multifocal multiphoton microscopy that effectively reduces the blurring effect originating from scattered fluorescence photons in strongly scattering biological media. With this method, we achieve a fourfold improvement in photon statistics for detecting ballistic photons and an increase in spatial resolution by 21% in the lateral and 35% in the axial direction compared to single-beam non-descanned multiphoton microscopy. The new detection concept has been applied to plant leaves and pollen grains to verify the improvements in imaging quality.
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MESH Headings
- Artifacts
- Image Enhancement/instrumentation
- Image Enhancement/methods
- Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/instrumentation
- Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods
- Light
- Microscopy, Confocal/instrumentation
- Microscopy, Confocal/methods
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/instrumentation
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/methods
- Reproducibility of Results
- Scattering, Radiation
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted/instrumentation
- Subtraction Technique
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Martini
- Bielefeld University, Department of Physics, Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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35
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Sjulson L, Miesenböck G. Optical recording of action potentials and other discrete physiological events: a perspective from signal detection theory. Physiology (Bethesda) 2007; 22:47-55. [PMID: 17289930 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00036.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical imaging of physiological events in real time can yield insights into biological function that would be difficult to obtain by other experimental means. However, the detection of all-or-none events, such as action potentials or vesicle fusion events, in noisy single-trial data often requires a careful balance of tradeoffs. The analysis of such experiments, as well as the design of optical reporters and instrumentation for them, is aided by an understanding of the principles of signal detection. This review illustrates these principles, using as an example action potential recording with optical voltage reporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sjulson
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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36
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Shang Y, Claridge-Chang A, Sjulson L, Pypaert M, Miesenböck G. Excitatory local circuits and their implications for olfactory processing in the fly antennal lobe. Cell 2007; 128:601-12. [PMID: 17289577 PMCID: PMC2866183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Conflicting views exist of how circuits of the antennal lobe, the insect equivalent of the olfactory bulb, translate input from olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) into projection-neuron (PN) output. Synaptic connections between ORNs and PNs are one-to-one, yet PNs are more broadly tuned to odors than ORNs. The basis for this difference in receptive range remains unknown. Analyzing a Drosophila mutant lacking ORN input to one glomerulus, we show that some of the apparent complexity in the antennal lobe's output arises from lateral, interglomerular excitation of PNs. We describe a previously unidentified population of cholinergic local neurons (LNs) with multiglomerular processes. These excitatory LNs respond broadly to odors but exhibit little glomerular specificity in their synaptic output, suggesting that PNs are driven by a combination of glomerulus-specific ORN afferents and diffuse LN excitation. Lateral excitation may boost PN signals and enhance their transmission to third-order neurons in a mechanism akin to stochastic resonance.
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37
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Nevian T, Helmchen F. Calcium indicator loading of neurons using single-cell electroporation. Pflugers Arch 2007; 454:675-88. [PMID: 17334778 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-007-0234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies of subcellular Ca(2+) signaling rely on methods for labeling cells with fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator dyes. In this study, we demonstrate the use of single-cell electroporation for Ca(2+) indicator loading of individual neurons and small neuronal networks in rat neocortex in vitro and in vivo. Brief voltage pulses were delivered through glass pipettes positioned close to target cells. This approach resulted in reliable and rapid (within seconds) loading of somata and subsequent complete labeling of dendritic and axonal arborizations. By using simultaneous whole-cell recordings in brain slices, we directly addressed the effect of electroporation on neurons. Cell viability was high (about 85%) with recovery from the membrane permeabilization occurring within a minute. Electrical properties of recovered cells were indistinguishable before and after electroporation. In addition, Ca(2+) transients with normal appearance could be evoked in dendrites, spines, and axonal boutons of electroporated cells. Using negative-stains of somata, targeted single-cell electroporation was equally applicable in vivo. We conclude that electroporation is a simple approach that permits Ca(2+) indicator loading of multiple cells with low background staining within a short amount of time, which makes it especially well suited for functional imaging of subcellular Ca(2+) dynamics in small neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nevian
- Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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38
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Zeng S, Lv X, Bi K, Zhan C, Li D, Chen WR, Xiong W, Jacques SL, Luo Q. Analysis of the dispersion compensation of acousto-optic deflectors used for multiphoton imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2007; 12:024015. [PMID: 17477730 DOI: 10.1117/1.2714061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The acousto-optic deflector (AOD) is highly preferred in laser scanning microscopy for its fast scanning ability and random-addressing capability. However, its application in two-photon microscopy is frustrated by the dispersion of the AOD, which results in beam distortion and pulse lengthening. We report the analysis of simultaneous compensation for the angular dispersion and temporal dispersion of the AOD by merely introducing a single dispersive element such as a prism or a grating. Besides serving as a scanner, the AOD is also a part of the compressor pair by integrating the dispersive nature of the AO interaction. This compensation principle is effective for both one-dimensional (1-D) AOD and two-dimensional (2-D) AOD scanning. Switching from a 1-D to a 2-D system requires proper optical alignment with the compensation element, but does not involve any new components. Analytical expressions are given to illustrate the working principle and to help with understanding the design of the system. Fluorescence images of beads and cells are shown to demonstrate the performance of two-photon microscopy when applying this compensated 2-D AOD as scanner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqun Zeng
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Photonics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430074 China.
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39
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Bi K, Zeng S, Xue S, Sun J, Lv X, Li D, Luo Q. Position of the prism in a dispersion-compensated acousto-optic deflector for multiphoton imaging. APPLIED OPTICS 2006; 45:8560-5. [PMID: 17086269 DOI: 10.1364/ao.45.008560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a dispersion-compensated acousto-optic deflector (AOD) for steering femtosecond laser pulses was examined with the prism located before or after the AOD, which is regarded as prism-AOD and AOD-prism, respectively. Comparisons are made over parameters including the spot spatial pattern, output pulse width, scanning linearity, the field of view, and the transmission rate. Fluorescence images of 170 nm diameter beads and cells were measured to provide an overall evaluation for these femtosecond laser beam scanning configurations. On the basis of these experiments, the prism-AOD configuration is concluded to be more advantageous for the purpose of simultaneous compensation for the spatial and temporal dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Bi
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Opto-electronics, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Photonics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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40
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Saggau P. New methods and uses for fast optical scanning. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2006; 16:543-50. [PMID: 16962769 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Advanced optical imaging techniques used in neurobiology commonly employ fluorescent molecules for studying the structure and function of neural tissue. To obtain adequate spatio-temporal resolution, sophisticated scanning schemes are used to manage the excitation light going to and emission light coming from objects under observation. Although the fundamental principles of these techniques remain the same, such as scanning point illumination and point detection for confocal imaging, their physical implementation is the subject of technological advance, for example, the advent of inertia-free discontinuous scanning schemes. In general, the aims of these technological advances are to improve the spatio-temporal resolution of and/or reduce potential photodamage caused by optical imaging in live neural tissue. The number of recent advances in scanning methods indicates their increasing importance in imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Saggau
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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41
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Kasai H, Kishimoto T, Nemoto T, Hatakeyama H, Liu TT, Takahashi N. Two-photon excitation imaging of exocytosis and endocytosis and determination of their spatial organization. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:850-77. [PMID: 16996640 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon excitation imaging is the least invasive optical approach to study living tissues. We have established two-photon extracellular polar-tracer (TEP) imaging with which it is possible to visualize and quantify all exocytic events in the plane of focus within secretory tissues. This technology also enables estimate of the precise diameters of vesicles independently of the spatial resolution of the optical microscope, and determination of the fusion pore dynamics at nanometer resolution using TEP-imaging based quantification (TEPIQ). TEP imaging has been applied to representative secretory glands, e.g., exocrine pancreas, endocrine pancreas, adrenal medulla and a pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12), and has revealed unexpected diversity in the spatial organization of exocytosis and endocytosis crucial for the physiology and pathology of secretory tissues and neurons. TEP imaging and TEPIQ analysis are powerful tools for elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms of exocytosis and certain related diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, and the development of new therapeutic agents and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Kasai
- Division of Biophysics, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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42
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Blunck R, Chanda B, Bezanilla F. Nano to micro -- fluorescence measurements of electric fields in molecules and genetically specified neurons. J Membr Biol 2006; 208:91-102. [PMID: 16645739 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-005-0822-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Our central nervous system is based on the generation and propagation of electrical signals along the neuronal pathways. These variations of the membrane potential are arranged by the concerted action of ion channels in the neuronal membrane. Therefore, the exact measurement of the electric field in the central nervous system is the focus of intensive investigation. While electrophysiological methods provide exact measurements on the single-cell or single-molecule level with high temporal resolution, they are limited in their spatial resolution ranging from a few single cells to a single molecule. To thoroughly understand how the voltage-dependent ion channels sense the membrane potential and are precisely gated by it, the electric field within the protein has to be investigated. Likewise, the propagation of electrical impulses in a network of neurons involves a large number of cells, which have to be monitored simultaneously. For these endeavors, optical methods have proven to be useful due to their scalability, temporal and spatial resolution. Here, we will summarize the properties of the optical probes that we used to determine the electrical field strength within voltage-sensitive ion channels and discuss the hybrid approach to detect membrane potential changes in genetically specified neurons in terms of design, limitations and future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Blunck
- Departments of Physiology and Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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43
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Abstract
The brain is complex and dynamic. The spatial scales of interest to the neurobiologist range from individual synapses (approximately 1 microm) to neural circuits (centimeters); the timescales range from the flickering of channels (less than a millisecond) to long-term memory (years). Remarkably, fluorescence microscopy has the potential to revolutionize research on all of these spatial and temporal scales. Two-photon excitation (2PE) laser scanning microscopy allows high-resolution and high-sensitivity fluorescence microscopy in intact neural tissue, which is hostile to traditional forms of microscopy. Over the last 10 years, applications of 2PE, including microscopy and photostimulation, have contributed to our understanding of a broad array of neurobiological phenomena, including the dynamics of single channels in individual synapses and the functional organization of cortical maps. Here we review the principles of 2PE microscopy, highlight recent applications, discuss its limitations, and point to areas for future research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Svoboda
- HHMI, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.
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44
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Nguyen QT, Tsai PS, Kleinfeld D. MPScope: a versatile software suite for multiphoton microscopy. J Neurosci Methods 2006; 156:351-9. [PMID: 16621010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MPScope is a software suite to control and analyze data from custom-built multiphoton laser scanning fluorescence microscopes. The acquisition program MPScan acquires, displays and stores movies, linescans, image stacks or arbitrary regions from up to four imaging channels and up to two analog inputs, while plotting the intensity of regions of interest in real-time. Bidirectional linescans allow 256 x 256 pixel frames to be acquired at up to 10 fps with typical galvanometric scanners. A fast stack mode combines movie acquisition with continuous z-focus motion and adjustment of laser intensity for constant image brightness. Fast stacks can be automated by custom programs running in an integrated scripting environment, allowing a 1 mm(3) cortical volume to be sampled in 1 billion voxels in approximately 1 h. The analysis program MPView allows viewing of stored frames, projections, automatic detection of cells and plotting of their average intensity across frames, direct frame transfer to Matlab, AVI movie creation and file export to ImageJ. The combination of optimized code, multithreading and COM (Common Object Model) technologies enables MPScope to fully take advantage of custom-built two-photon microscopes and to simplify their realization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quoc-Thang Nguyen
- Physics Department, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-7697, USA.
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45
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Zeng S, Lv X, Zhan C, Chen WR, Xiong W, Jacques SL, Luo Q. Simultaneous compensation for spatial and temporal dispersion of acousto-optical deflectors for two-dimensional scanning with a single prism. OPTICS LETTERS 2006; 31:1091-3. [PMID: 16625913 DOI: 10.1364/ol.31.001091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The dispersive nature of the acousto-optical deflector (AOD) presents a challenge to applications of two sequential orthogonal AODs (a two-dimensional AOD) as XY scanners in multiphoton microscopy. Introducing a prism before the two-dimensional (2D) AOD allows both temporal and spatial dispersion to be compensated for simultaneously. A 90 fs laser pulse was broadened to 572 fs without compensation, and 143 fs with compensation. The ratio of long axis to short axis of the exiting laser beam spot was 3.50 without compensation and 1.14 with compensation. The insertion loss was 37%. Two-photon fluorescence microscopy used the compensated 2D AOD scanner to image a fluorescent microsphere, which improves signal intensity -15-fold compared with the uncompensated scanner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqun Zeng
- National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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46
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Salomé R, Kremer Y, Dieudonné S, Léger JF, Krichevsky O, Wyart C, Chatenay D, Bourdieu L. Ultrafast random-access scanning in two-photon microscopy using acousto-optic deflectors. J Neurosci Methods 2006; 154:161-74. [PMID: 16458361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Revised: 12/10/2005] [Accepted: 12/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon scanning microscopy (TPSM) is a powerful tool for imaging deep inside living tissues with sub-cellular resolution. The temporal resolution of TPSM is however strongly limited by the galvanometric mirrors used to steer the laser beam. Fast physiological events can therefore only be followed by scanning repeatedly a single line within the field of view. Because acousto-optic deflectors (AODs) are non-mechanical devices, they allow access at any point within the field of view on a microsecond time scale and are therefore excellent candidates to improve the temporal resolution of TPSM. However, the use of AOD-based scanners with femtosecond pulses raises several technical difficulties. In this paper, we describe an all-digital TPSM setup based on two crossed AODs. It includes in particular an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) placed at 45 degrees with respect to the AODs to pre-compensate for the large spatial distortions of femtosecond pulses occurring in the AODs, in order to optimize the spatial resolution and the fluorescence excitation. Our setup allows recording from freely selectable point-of-interest at high speed (1kHz). By maximizing the time spent on points of interest, random-access TPSM (RA-TPSM) constitutes a promising method for multiunit recordings with millisecond resolution in biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Salomé
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR CNRS 8544, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Biologie, Paris, France
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47
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Abstract
With few exceptions biological tissues strongly scatter light, making high-resolution deep imaging impossible for traditional-including confocal-fluorescence microscopy. Nonlinear optical microscopy, in particular two photon-excited fluorescence microscopy, has overcome this limitation, providing large depth penetration mainly because even multiply scattered signal photons can be assigned to their origin as the result of localized nonlinear signal generation. Two-photon microscopy thus allows cellular imaging several hundred microns deep in various organs of living animals. Here we review fundamental concepts of nonlinear microscopy and discuss conditions relevant for achieving large imaging depths in intact tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritjof Helmchen
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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48
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Iyer V, Hoogland TM, Saggau P. Fast functional imaging of single neurons using random-access multiphoton (RAMP) microscopy. J Neurophysiol 2005; 95:535-45. [PMID: 16221746 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00865.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful study of dendritic signaling and computation requires the ability to simultaneously monitor neuronal activity at multiple cellular sites. While the difficulties of accessing dendritic submicron structures with conventional micropipette approaches are generally overcome by optical recording techniques, their spatio-temporal resolution has limited such studies to few sites or slow signals. Here we present a novel approach to functional imaging, termed random-access multiphoton (RAMP) microscopy, which combines multiphoton excitation with an inertia-free scanning mechanism. RAMP microscopy employs two-dimensional acousto-optic deflection to rapidly position a focused near-infrared ultrafast laser beam between dwell periods at multiple user-selected sites. Because neuronal structures are generally sparse, activity located throughout various compartments, including thin dendritic branches and spines, can be mapped at high frame rates while maintaining the signal-to-noise ratio of conventional scanning microscopy. Moreover, RAMP microscopy maintains the excellent structural imaging capability of multiphoton excitation, i.e., intrinsic optical sectioning and high lateral resolution from within highly light-scattering brain tissue. RAMP microscopy thus comprises a versatile tool for investigating correlations of dendritic structure and function with significantly enhanced experimental throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Iyer
- Department of Neuroscience, One Baylor Plaza, S603, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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49
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Miesenböck G, Kevrekidis IG. Optical imaging and control of genetically designated neurons in functioning circuits. Annu Rev Neurosci 2005; 28:533-63. [PMID: 16022604 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.051804.101610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Proteins with engineered sensitivities to light are infiltrating the biological mechanisms by which neurons generate and detect electrochemical signals. Encoded in DNA and active only in genetically specified target cells, these proteins provide selective optical interfaces for observing and controlling signaling by defined groups of neurons in functioning circuits, in vitro and in vivo. Light-emitting sensors of neuronal activity (reporting calcium increase, neurotransmitter release, or membrane depolarization) have begun to reveal how information is represented by neuronal assemblies, and how these representations are transformed during the computations that inform behavior. Light-driven actuators control the electrical activities of central neurons in freely moving animals and establish causal connections between the activation of specific neurons and the expression of particular behaviors. Anchored within mathematical systems and control theory, the combination of finely resolved optical field sensing and finely resolved optical field actuation will open new dimensions for the analysis of the connectivity, dynamics, and plasticity of neuronal circuits, and perhaps even for replacing lost--or designing novel--functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gero Miesenböck
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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50
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Dombeck DA, Sacconi L, Blanchard-Desce M, Webb WW. Optical recording of fast neuronal membrane potential transients in acute mammalian brain slices by second-harmonic generation microscopy. J Neurophysiol 2005; 94:3628-36. [PMID: 16093337 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00416.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although nonlinear microscopy and fast (approximately 1 ms) membrane potential (Vm) recording have proven valuable for neuroscience applications, their potentially powerful combination has not yet been shown for studies of Vm activity deep in intact tissue. We show that laser illumination of neurons in acute rat brain slices intracellularly filled with FM4-64 dye generates an intense second-harmonic generation (SHG) signal from somatic and dendritic plasma membranes with high contrast >125 microm below the slice surface. The SHG signal provides a linear response to DeltaVm of approximately 7.5%/100 mV. By averaging repeated line scans (approximately 50), we show the ability to record action potentials (APs) optically with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of approximately 7-8. We also show recording of fast Vm steps from the dendritic arbor at depths inaccessible with previous methods. The high membrane contrast and linear response of SHG to DeltaVm provides the advantage that signal changes are not degraded by background and can be directly quantified in terms of DeltaVm. Experimental comparison of SHG and two-photon fluorescence Vm recording with the best known probes for each showed that the SHG technique is superior for Vm recording in brain slice applications, with FM4-64 as the best tested SHG Vm probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Dombeck
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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