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Dotson NM, Davis ZW, Jendritza P, Reynolds JH. Acute Neuropixels Recordings in the Marmoset Monkey. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0544-23.2024. [PMID: 38658139 PMCID: PMC11129777 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0544-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
High-density linear probes, such as Neuropixels, provide an unprecedented opportunity to understand how neural populations within specific laminar compartments contribute to behavior. Marmoset monkeys, unlike macaque monkeys, have a lissencephalic (smooth) cortex that enables recording perpendicular to the cortical surface, thus making them an ideal animal model for studying laminar computations. Here we present a method for acute Neuropixels recordings in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). The approach replaces the native dura with an artificial silicon-based dura that grants visual access to the cortical surface, which is helpful in avoiding blood vessels, ensures perpendicular penetrations, and could be used in conjunction with optical imaging or optogenetic techniques. The chamber housing the artificial dura is simple to maintain with minimal risk of infection and could be combined with semichronic microdrives and wireless recording hardware. This technique enables repeated acute penetrations over a period of several months. With occasional removal of tissue growth on the pial surface, recordings can be performed for a year or more. The approach is fully compatible with Neuropixels probes, enabling the recording of hundreds of single neurons distributed throughout the cortical column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Dotson
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Zachary W Davis
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
| | - Patrick Jendritza
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - John H Reynolds
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
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2
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Coop SH, Yates JL, Mitchell JF. Pre-saccadic Neural Enhancements in Marmoset Area MT. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e2034222023. [PMID: 38050176 PMCID: PMC10860570 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2034-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Each time we make an eye movement, attention moves before the eyes, resulting in a perceptual enhancement at the target. Recent psychophysical studies suggest that this pre-saccadic attention enhances the visual features at the saccade target, whereas covert attention causes only spatially selective enhancements. While previous nonhuman primate studies have found that pre-saccadic attention does enhance neural responses spatially, no studies have tested whether changes in neural tuning reflect an automatic feature enhancement. Here we examined pre-saccadic attention using a saccade foraging task developed for marmoset monkeys (one male and one female). We recorded from neurons in the middle temporal area with peripheral receptive fields that contained a motion stimulus, which would either be the target of a saccade or a distracter as a saccade was made to another location. We established that marmosets, like macaques, show enhanced pre-saccadic neural responses for saccades toward the receptive field, including increases in firing rate and motion information. We then examined if the specific changes in neural tuning might support feature enhancements for the target. Neurons exhibited diverse changes in tuning but predominantly showed additive and multiplicative increases that were uniformly applied across motion directions. These findings confirm that marmoset monkeys, like macaques, exhibit pre-saccadic neural enhancements during saccade foraging tasks with minimal training requirements. However, at the level of individual neurons, the lack of feature-tuned enhancements is similar to neural effects reported during covert spatial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna H Coop
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester 14627-0268, New York
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester 14627-0268, New York
| | - Jacob L Yates
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester 14627-0268, New York
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester 14627-0268, New York
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland, 20742-5025
| | - Jude F Mitchell
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester 14627-0268, New York
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester 14627-0268, New York
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3
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Afraz A. Behavioral optogenetics in nonhuman primates; a psychological perspective. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 5:100101. [PMID: 38020813 PMCID: PMC10663131 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics has been a promising and developing technology in systems neuroscience throughout the past decade. It has been difficult though to reliably establish the potential behavioral effects of optogenetic perturbation of the neural activity in nonhuman primates. This poses a challenge on the future of optogenetics in humans as the concepts and technology need to be developed in nonhuman primates first. Here, I briefly summarize the viable approaches taken to improve nonhuman primate behavioral optogenetics, then focus on one approach: improvements in the measurement of behavior. I bring examples from visual behavior and show how the choice of method of measurement might conceal large behavioral effects. I will then discuss the "cortical perturbation detection" task in detail as an example of a sensitive task that can record the behavioral effects of optogenetic cortical stimulation with high fidelity. Finally, encouraged by the rich scientific landscape ahead of behavioral optogenetics, I invite technology developers to improve the chronically implantable devices designed for simultaneous neural recording and optogenetic intervention in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Afraz
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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4
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Santana NNM, Silva EHA, dos Santos SF, Costa MSMO, Nascimento Junior ES, Engelberth RCJG, Cavalcante JS. Retinorecipient areas in the common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus): An image-forming and non-image forming circuitry. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1088686. [PMID: 36817647 PMCID: PMC9932520 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1088686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian retina captures a multitude of diverse features from the external environment and conveys them via the optic nerve to a myriad of retinorecipient nuclei. Understanding how retinal signals act in distinct brain functions is one of the most central and established goals of neuroscience. Using the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a monkey from Northeastern Brazil, as an animal model for parsing how retinal innervation works in the brain, started decades ago due to their marmoset's small bodies, rapid reproduction rate, and brain features. In the course of that research, a large amount of new and sophisticated neuroanatomical techniques was developed and employed to explain retinal connectivity. As a consequence, image and non-image-forming regions, functions, and pathways, as well as retinal cell types were described. Image-forming circuits give rise directly to vision, while the non-image-forming territories support circadian physiological processes, although part of their functional significance is uncertain. Here, we reviewed the current state of knowledge concerning retinal circuitry in marmosets from neuroanatomical investigations. We have also highlighted the aspects of marmoset retinal circuitry that remain obscure, in addition, to identify what further research is needed to better understand the connections and functions of retinorecipient structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelyane Nayara M. Santana
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Eryck H. A. Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Sâmarah F. dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Miriam S. M. O. Costa
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Expedito S. Nascimento Junior
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Rovena Clara J. G. Engelberth
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Jeferson S. Cavalcante
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil,*Correspondence: Jeferson S. Cavalcante,
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5
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Jendritza P, Klein FJ, Fries P. Multi-area recordings and optogenetics in the awake, behaving marmoset. Nat Commun 2023; 14:577. [PMID: 36732525 PMCID: PMC9895452 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset has emerged as a key model in neuroscience. Marmosets are small in size, show great potential for genetic modification and exhibit complex behaviors. Thus, it is necessary to develop technology that enables monitoring and manipulation of the underlying neural circuits. Here, we describe a novel approach to record and optogenetically manipulate neural activity in awake, behaving marmosets. Our design utilizes a light-weight, 3D printed titanium chamber that can house several high-density silicon probes for semi-chronic recordings, while enabling simultaneous optogenetic stimulation. We demonstrate the application of our method in male marmosets by recording multi- and single-unit data from areas V1 and V6 with 192 channels simultaneously, and show that optogenetic activation of excitatory neurons in area V6 can influence behavior in a detection task. This method may enable future studies to investigate the neural basis of perception and behavior in the marmoset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Jendritza
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany.
- International Max Planck Research School for Neural Circuits, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Frederike J Klein
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Pascal Fries
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Neural Circuits, Frankfurt, Germany
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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6
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Saghravanian SJ, Asadollahi A. Acclimatizing and training freely viewing marmosets for behavioral and electrophysiological experiments in oculomotor tasks. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15594. [PMID: 36754454 PMCID: PMC9908434 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The marmoset is a small-bodied primate with behavioral capacities and brain structures comparable to macaque monkeys and humans. Its amenability to modern biotechnological techniques like optogenetics, chemogenetics, and generation of transgenic primates have attracted neuroscientists' attention to use it as a model in neuroscience. In the past decade, several laboratories have been developing and refining tools and techniques for performing behavioral and electrophysiological experiments in this new model. In this regard, we developed a protocol to acclimate the marmoset to sit calmly in a primate chair; a method to calibrate the eye-tracking system while marmosets were freely viewing the screen; and a procedure to map motor field of neurons in the SC in freely viewing marmosets. Using a squeeze-walled transfer box, the animals were acclimatized, and chair trained in less than 4 weeks, much shorter than what other studies reported. Using salient stimuli allowed quick and accurate calibration of the eye-tracking system in untrained freely viewing marmosets. Applying reverse correlation to spiking activity and saccadic eye movements, we were able to map motor field of SC neurons in freely viewing marmosets. These refinements shortened the acclimation period, most likely reduced stress to the subjects, and allowed more efficient eye calibration and motor field mapping in freely viewing marmosets. With a penetration angle of 38 degrees, all 16 channels of the electrode array, that is, all recorded neurons across SC layers, had overlapping visual receptive and motor fields, indicating perpendicular penetration to the SC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Asadollahi
- Visuo‐Motor Systems Laboratory, Department of BiologyFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
- Present address:
Washington National Primate Research Center, and Department of Biological StructuresUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
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7
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Wu C, Su B, Xin N, Tang J, Xiao J, Luo H, Wei D, Luo F, Sun J, Fan H. An upconversion nanoparticle-integrated fibrillar scaffold combined with a NIR-optogenetic strategy to regulate neural cell performance. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:430-440. [PMID: 36524427 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02327j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics using light-sensitive proteins such as calcium transport channel rhodopsin (CatCh) opens up new possibilities for non-invasive remote manipulation of neural function. However, current optogenetic approaches for neurological disorder therapies rely on visible light excitation and are rarely applied to neurogenesis and nerve regeneration. Herein, we propose a new strategy for tissue engineering which combines optogenetic technology and biomimetic nerve scaffolds. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) were synthesized and integrated with oriented fibrillar PCL membranes with a collagen coating to establish neuro-matrix interfaces. Benefiting from the excellent bioactivity, oriented fibrillation and NIR-photoresponsivity, the CatCh-transfected PC12 cells on these interfaces exhibited enhanced cell elongation and neurite extension, as well as upregulated neurogenesis upon NIR excitation. Furthermore, a UCNP-integrated scaffold as an optogenetic actuator allowed NIR to penetrate dermal tissues to mediate neural activation, with an efficiency comparable to that of a 470 nm blue light. Compared with current visible light-excited optogenetics, our composite scaffold-mediated NIR stimulation addresses the problem of tissue penetration and will enable less-invasive neurofunctional manipulation, with the potential for remote therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengheng Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China. .,Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Borui Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Nini Xin
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jiajia Tang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jiamei Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hongrong Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Dan Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Fang Luo
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hongsong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China.
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8
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Bukhtiyarova O, Chauvette S, Seigneur J, Timofeev I. Brain states in freely behaving marmosets. Sleep 2022; 45:6586531. [PMID: 35576961 PMCID: PMC9366652 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives We evaluated common marmosets as a perspective animal model to study human sleep and wake states. Methods Using wireless neurologger recordings, we performed longitudinal multichannel local field potential (LFP) cortical, hippocampal, neck muscle, and video recordings in three freely behaving marmosets. The brain states were formally identified using self-organizing maps. Results Marmosets were generally awake during the day with occasional 1–2 naps, and they slept during the night. Major electrographic patterns fall in five clearly distinguished categories: wakefulness, drowsiness, light and deep NREM sleep, and REM. Marmosets typically had 14–16 sleep cycles per night, with either gradually increasing or relatively low, but stable delta power within the cycle. Overall, the delta power decreased throughout the night sleep. Marmosets demonstrated prominent high amplitude somatosensory mu-rhythm (10–15 Hz), accompanied with neocortical ripples, and alternated with occipital alpha rhythm (10–15 Hz). NREM sleep was characterized with the presence of high amplitude slow waves, sleep spindles and ripples in neocortex, and sharp-wave-ripple complexes in CA1. Light and deep stages differed in levels of delta and sigma power and muscle tone. REM sleep was defined with low muscle tone and activated LFP with predominant beta-activity and rare spindle-like or mu-like events. Conclusions Multiple features of sleep–wake state distribution and electrographic patterns associated with behavioral states in marmosets closely match human states, although marmoset have shorter sleep cycles. This demonstrates that marmosets represent an excellent model to study origin of human electrographical rhythms and brain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bukhtiyarova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Université Laval , Québec (Québec) , Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre , Québec (Québec) , Canada
| | | | | | - Igor Timofeev
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Université Laval , Québec (Québec) , Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre , Québec (Québec) , Canada
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9
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Mazzucato L. Neural mechanisms underlying the temporal organization of naturalistic animal behavior. eLife 2022; 11:76577. [PMID: 35792884 PMCID: PMC9259028 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturalistic animal behavior exhibits a strikingly complex organization in the temporal domain, with variability arising from at least three sources: hierarchical, contextual, and stochastic. What neural mechanisms and computational principles underlie such intricate temporal features? In this review, we provide a critical assessment of the existing behavioral and neurophysiological evidence for these sources of temporal variability in naturalistic behavior. Recent research converges on an emergent mechanistic theory of temporal variability based on attractor neural networks and metastable dynamics, arising via coordinated interactions between mesoscopic neural circuits. We highlight the crucial role played by structural heterogeneities as well as noise from mesoscopic feedback loops in regulating flexible behavior. We assess the shortcomings and missing links in the current theoretical and experimental literature and propose new directions of investigation to fill these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mazzucato
- Institute of Neuroscience, Departments of Biology, Mathematics and Physics, University of Oregon
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10
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Song X, Guo Y, Li H, Chen C, Lee JH, Zhang Y, Schmidt Z, Wang X. Mesoscopic landscape of cortical functions revealed by through-skull wide-field optical imaging in marmoset monkeys. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2238. [PMID: 35474064 PMCID: PMC9042927 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The primate cerebral cortex is organized into specialized areas representing different modalities and functions along a continuous surface. The functional maps across the cortex, however, are often investigated a single modality at a time (e.g., audition or vision). To advance our understanding of the complex landscape of primate cortical functions, here we develop a polarization-gated wide-field optical imaging method for measuring cortical functions through the un-thinned intact skull in awake marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus), a primate species featuring a smooth cortex. Using this method, adjacent auditory, visual, and somatosensory cortices are noninvasively parcellated in individual subjects with detailed tonotopy, retinotopy, and somatotopy. An additional pure-tone-responsive tonotopic gradient is discovered in auditory cortex and a face-patch sensitive to motion in the lower-center visual field is localized near an auditory region representing frequencies of conspecific vocalizations. This through-skull landscape-mapping approach provides new opportunities for understanding how the primate cortex is organized and coordinated to enable real-world behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindong Song
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Yueqi Guo
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Hongbo Li
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Chenggang Chen
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Jong Hoon Lee
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Zachary Schmidt
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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11
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Scott JT, Bourne JA. Modelling behaviors relevant to brain disorders in the nonhuman primate: Are we there yet? Prog Neurobiol 2021; 208:102183. [PMID: 34728308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a profound resurgence of activity with nonhuman primates (NHPs) to model human brain disorders. From marmosets to macaques, the study of NHP species offers a unique window into the function of primate-specific neural circuits that are impossible to examine in other models. Examining how these circuits manifest into the complex behaviors of primates, such as advanced cognitive and social functions, has provided enormous insights to date into the mechanisms underlying symptoms of numerous neurological and neuropsychiatric illnesses. With the recent optimization of modern techniques to manipulate and measure neural activity in vivo, such as optogenetics and calcium imaging, NHP research is more well-equipped than ever to probe the neural mechanisms underlying pathological behavior. However, methods for behavioral experimentation and analysis in NHPs have noticeably failed to keep pace with these advances. As behavior ultimately lies at the junction between preclinical findings and its translation to clinical outcomes for brain disorders, approaches to improve the integrity, reproducibility, and translatability of behavioral experiments in NHPs requires critical evaluation. In this review, we provide a unifying account of existing brain disorder models using NHPs, and provide insights into the present and emerging contributions of behavioral studies to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Scott
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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12
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D'Souza JF, Price NSC, Hagan MA. Marmosets: a promising model for probing the neural mechanisms underlying complex visual networks such as the frontal-parietal network. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:3007-3022. [PMID: 34518902 PMCID: PMC8541938 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The technology, methodology and models used by visual neuroscientists have provided great insights into the structure and function of individual brain areas. However, complex cognitive functions arise in the brain due to networks comprising multiple interacting cortical areas that are wired together with precise anatomical connections. A prime example of this phenomenon is the frontal–parietal network and two key regions within it: the frontal eye fields (FEF) and lateral intraparietal area (area LIP). Activity in these cortical areas has independently been tied to oculomotor control, motor preparation, visual attention and decision-making. Strong, bidirectional anatomical connections have also been traced between FEF and area LIP, suggesting that the aforementioned visual functions depend on these inter-area interactions. However, advancements in our knowledge about the interactions between area LIP and FEF are limited with the main animal model, the rhesus macaque, because these key regions are buried in the sulci of the brain. In this review, we propose that the common marmoset is the ideal model for investigating how anatomical connections give rise to functionally-complex cognitive visual behaviours, such as those modulated by the frontal–parietal network, because of the homology of their cortical networks with humans and macaques, amenability to transgenic technology, and rich behavioural repertoire. Furthermore, the lissencephalic structure of the marmoset brain enables application of powerful techniques, such as array-based electrophysiology and optogenetics, which are critical to bridge the gaps in our knowledge about structure and function in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanita F D'Souza
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Nicholas S C Price
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Maureen A Hagan
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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13
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Visual Neuroscience Methods for Marmosets: Efficient Receptive Field Mapping and Head-Free Eye Tracking. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0489-20.2021. [PMID: 33863782 PMCID: PMC8143020 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0489-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The marmoset has emerged as a promising primate model system, in particular for visual neuroscience. Many common experimental paradigms rely on head fixation and an extended period of eye fixation during the presentation of salient visual stimuli. Both of these behavioral requirements can be challenging for marmosets. Here, we present two methodological developments, each addressing one of these difficulties. First, we show that it is possible to use a standard eye-tracking system without head fixation to assess visual behavior in the marmoset. Eye-tracking quality from head-free animals is sufficient to obtain precise psychometric functions from a visual acuity task. Second, we introduce a novel method for efficient receptive field (RF) mapping that does not rely on moving stimuli but uses fast flashing annuli and wedges. We present data recorded during head-fixation in areas V1 and V6 and show that RF locations are readily obtained within a short period of recording time. Thus, the methodological advancements presented in this work will contribute to establish the marmoset as a valuable model in neuroscience.
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Yu K, Niu X, Krook-Magnuson E, He B. Intrinsic functional neuron-type selectivity of transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2519. [PMID: 33947867 PMCID: PMC8097024 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22743-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is a promising neuromodulation technique, but its mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesize that if tFUS parameters exhibit distinct modulation effects in different neuron populations, then the mechanism can be understood through identifying unique features in these neuron populations. In this work, we investigate the effect of tFUS stimulation on different functional neuron types in in vivo anesthetized rodent brains. Single neuron recordings were separated into regular-spiking and fast-spiking units based on their extracellular spike shapes acquired through intracranial electrophysiological recordings, and further validated in transgenic optogenetic mice models of light-excitable excitatory and inhibitory neurons. We show that excitatory and inhibitory neurons are intrinsically different in response to ultrasound pulse repetition frequency (PRF). The results suggest that we can preferentially target specific neuron types noninvasively by tuning the tFUS PRF. Chemically deafened rats and genetically deafened mice were further tested for validating the directly local neural effects induced by tFUS without potential auditory confounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xiaodan Niu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Bin He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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15
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Tremblay S, Acker L, Afraz A, Albaugh DL, Amita H, Andrei AR, Angelucci A, Aschner A, Balan PF, Basso MA, Benvenuti G, Bohlen MO, Caiola MJ, Calcedo R, Cavanaugh J, Chen Y, Chen S, Chernov MM, Clark AM, Dai J, Debes SR, Deisseroth K, Desimone R, Dragoi V, Egger SW, Eldridge MAG, El-Nahal HG, Fabbrini F, Federer F, Fetsch CR, Fortuna MG, Friedman RM, Fujii N, Gail A, Galvan A, Ghosh S, Gieselmann MA, Gulli RA, Hikosaka O, Hosseini EA, Hu X, Hüer J, Inoue KI, Janz R, Jazayeri M, Jiang R, Ju N, Kar K, Klein C, Kohn A, Komatsu M, Maeda K, Martinez-Trujillo JC, Matsumoto M, Maunsell JHR, Mendoza-Halliday D, Monosov IE, Muers RS, Nurminen L, Ortiz-Rios M, O'Shea DJ, Palfi S, Petkov CI, Pojoga S, Rajalingham R, Ramakrishnan C, Remington ED, Revsine C, Roe AW, Sabes PN, Saunders RC, Scherberger H, Schmid MC, Schultz W, Seidemann E, Senova YS, Shadlen MN, Sheinberg DL, Siu C, Smith Y, Solomon SS, Sommer MA, Spudich JL, Stauffer WR, Takada M, Tang S, Thiele A, Treue S, Vanduffel W, Vogels R, Whitmire MP, Wichmann T, Wurtz RH, Xu H, Yazdan-Shahmorad A, Shenoy KV, DiCarlo JJ, Platt ML. An Open Resource for Non-human Primate Optogenetics. Neuron 2020; 108:1075-1090.e6. [PMID: 33080229 PMCID: PMC7962465 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience in small laboratory animals, but its effect on animal models more closely related to humans, such as non-human primates (NHPs), has been mixed. To make evidence-based decisions in primate optogenetics, the scientific community would benefit from a centralized database listing all attempts, successful and unsuccessful, of using optogenetics in the primate brain. We contacted members of the community to ask for their contributions to an open science initiative. As of this writing, 45 laboratories around the world contributed more than 1,000 injection experiments, including precise details regarding their methods and outcomes. Of those entries, more than half had not been published. The resource is free for everyone to consult and contribute to on the Open Science Framework website. Here we review some of the insights from this initial release of the database and discuss methodological considerations to improve the success of optogenetic experiments in NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Tremblay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Leah Acker
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arash Afraz
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel L Albaugh
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Hidetoshi Amita
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ariana R Andrei
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alessandra Angelucci
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Amir Aschner
- Dominik P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Puiu F Balan
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michele A Basso
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurobiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giacomo Benvenuti
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Martin O Bohlen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Michael J Caiola
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Roberto Calcedo
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19014, USA
| | - James Cavanaugh
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Spencer Chen
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mykyta M Chernov
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Resource Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Andrew M Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Ji Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Samantha R Debes
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Neuroscience Program, Departments of Bioengineering, Psychiatry, and Behavioral Science, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert Desimone
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Valentin Dragoi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Seth W Egger
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mark A G Eldridge
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hala G El-Nahal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Francesco Fabbrini
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederick Federer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Christopher R Fetsch
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience & Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Michal G Fortuna
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert M Friedman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Resource Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Naotaka Fujii
- Laboratory for Adaptive Intelligence, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Alexander Gail
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Adriana Galvan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Supriya Ghosh
- Department of Neurobiology and Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marc Alwin Gieselmann
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Roberto A Gulli
- Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Okihide Hikosaka
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eghbal A Hosseini
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xing Hu
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Janina Hüer
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Roger Janz
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mehrdad Jazayeri
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rundong Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Niansheng Ju
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kohitij Kar
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carsten Klein
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adam Kohn
- Dominik P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Misako Komatsu
- Laboratory for Adaptive Intelligence, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Maeda
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julio C Martinez-Trujillo
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Masayuki Matsumoto
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - John H R Maunsell
- Department of Neurobiology and Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Diego Mendoza-Halliday
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ilya E Monosov
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Neurosurgery and Pain Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ross S Muers
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Lauri Nurminen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Michael Ortiz-Rios
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany; Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Daniel J O'Shea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, and Bio-X Institute, and Neuroscience Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stéphane Palfi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (APHP), U955 INSERM IMRB eq.15, University of Paris 12 UPEC, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Christopher I Petkov
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Sorin Pojoga
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rishi Rajalingham
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Charu Ramakrishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Evan D Remington
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cambria Revsine
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Anna W Roe
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Resource Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Philip N Sabes
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Richard C Saunders
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hansjörg Scherberger
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael C Schmid
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK; Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Wolfram Schultz
- Department of Physiology, Development of Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0LT, UK
| | - Eyal Seidemann
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yann-Suhan Senova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (APHP), U955 INSERM IMRB eq.15, University of Paris 12 UPEC, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Michael N Shadlen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, The Kavli Institute for Brain Science & Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, NY 10027, USA
| | - David L Sheinberg
- Department of Neuroscience and Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Caitlin Siu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Selina S Solomon
- Dominik P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Marc A Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - John L Spudich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - William R Stauffer
- Systems Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Shiming Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Alexander Thiele
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Stefan Treue
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; MGH Martinos Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, USA
| | - Rufin Vogels
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew P Whitmire
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Robert H Wurtz
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
| | - Haoran Xu
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Azadeh Yazdan-Shahmorad
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Bioengineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Krishna V Shenoy
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Bioengineering, and Neurobiology, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute and Bio-X Institute, Neuroscience Graduate Program, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James J DiCarlo
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael L Platt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Marketing, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Majka P, Bednarek S, Chan JM, Jermakow N, Liu C, Saworska G, Worthy KH, Silva AC, Wójcik DK, Rosa MGP. Histology-Based Average Template of the Marmoset Cortex With Probabilistic Localization of Cytoarchitectural Areas. Neuroimage 2020; 226:117625. [PMID: 33301940 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid adoption of marmosets in neuroscience has created a demand for three dimensional (3D) atlases of the brain of this species to facilitate data integration in a common reference space. We report on a new open access template of the marmoset cortex (the Nencki-Monash, or NM template), representing a morphological average of 20 brains of young adult individuals, obtained by 3D reconstructions generated from Nissl-stained serial sections. The method used to generate the template takes into account morphological features of the individual brains, as well as the borders of clearly defined cytoarchitectural areas. This has resulted in a resource which allows direct estimates of the most likely coordinates of each cortical area, as well as quantification of the margins of error involved in assigning voxels to areas, and preserves quantitative information about the laminar structure of the cortex. We provide spatial transformations between the NM and other available marmoset brain templates, thus enabling integration with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and tracer-based connectivity data. The NM template combines some of the main advantages of histology-based atlases (e.g. information about the cytoarchitectural structure) with features more commonly associated with MRI-based templates (isotropic nature of the dataset, and probabilistic analyses). The underlying workflow may be found useful in the future development of 3D brain atlases that incorporate information about the variability of areas in species for which it may be impractical to ensure homogeneity of the sample in terms of age, sex and genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Majka
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Sylwia Bednarek
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jonathan M Chan
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Natalia Jermakow
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cirong Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gabriela Saworska
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katrina H Worthy
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Afonso C Silva
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel K Wójcik
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Common marmoset as a model primate for study of the motor control system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 64:103-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Roe AW, Chen G, Xu AG, Hu J. A roadmap to a columnar visual cortical prosthetic. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Histological assessment of optogenetic tools to study fronto-visual and fronto-parietal cortical networks in the rhesus macaque. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11051. [PMID: 32632196 PMCID: PMC7338380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67752-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics offers unprecedented possibilities to investigate cortical networks. Yet, the number of successful optogenetic applications in non-human primates is still low, and the consequences of opsin expression in the primate brain are not well documented. We assessed histologically if we can target cerebrocortical networks with three common optogenetic constructs (AAV2/5-CaMKIIα-eNpHR3.0-mCherry, -ChR2-eYFP, -C1V1-mCherry). The frontal eye field or the dorsal premotor area of rhesus macaques were virally injected, and the resulting transduction spread, expression specificity, and opsin trafficking into axons projecting to parietal and visual areas were examined. After variable periods (2–24 months), expression was robust for all constructs at the injection sites. The CaMKIIα promoter driven-expression was predominant, but not exclusive, in excitatory neurons. In the case of eNpHR3.0-mCherry and ChR2-eYFP, opsins were present in axonal projections to target areas, in which sparse, retrogradely transduced neurons could also be found. Finally, the intracellular distribution of opsins differed: ChR2-eYFP had almost exclusive membrane localization, while eNpHR3.0-mCherry and C1V1-mCherry showed additional intracellular accumulations, which might affect neuronal survival in the long-term. Results indicate that all three constructs can be used for local neuronal modulation, but axonal stimulation and long-term use require additional considerations of construct selection and verification.
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Prins NW, Mylavarapu R, Shoup AM, Debnath S, Prasad A. Spinal cord neural interfacing in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). J Neural Eng 2020; 17:016031. [PMID: 31480029 PMCID: PMC6960332 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab4104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains an ailment with no comprehensive cure, and affected patients suffer from a greatly diminished quality of life. This large population could significantly benefit from prosthetic technologies to replace missing limbs, reanimate nonfunctional limbs, and enable new modes of technologies to restore muscle control and function. While cortically driven brain machine interfaces (BMIs) have achieved great success in interfacing with an external device to restore lost functions, interfacing with the spinal cord can provide an additional site to record motor control signals, which can have its own advantages, albeit challenges from using a smaller non-human primate (NHP) model. The goal of this study is to develop such a spinal cord neural interface to record motor signals from the high cervical levels of the spinal cord in a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) model. Approach and Main Results: Detailed methods are discussed for this smaller NHP model that includes behavioral training, surgical methods for electrode placement, connector placement and wire handling, electrode specifications and modifications for accessing high cervical level interneurons and motorneurons. The study also discusses the methods and challenges involved in behavioral multi-channel extracellular recording from the marmoset spinal cord, including the major recording failure mechanisms encountered during the study. Significance: Marmosets provide a good step between rodent and larger NHP models due to their small size, ease of handling, cognitive abilities, and similarities to other primate motor systems. The study shows the feasibility of recording spinal cord signals and using marmosets as a smaller NHP model in behavioral neuroscience studies. Interfacing with the spinal cord in chronically implanted animals can provide useful information about how motor control signals within the spinal cord are transformed to cause limb movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noeline W Prins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Dr, MEA 203, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States of America
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21
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Nakajima M, Schmitt LI. Understanding the circuit basis of cognitive functions using mouse models. Neurosci Res 2019; 152:44-58. [PMID: 31857115 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how cognitive functions arise from computations occurring in the brain requires the ability to measure and perturb neural activity while the relevant circuits are engaged for specific cognitive processes. Rapid technical advances have led to the development of new approaches to transiently activate and suppress neuronal activity as well as to record simultaneously from hundreds to thousands of neurons across multiple brain regions during behavior. To realize the full potential of these approaches for understanding cognition, however, it is critical that behavioral conditions and stimuli are effectively designed to engage the relevant brain networks. Here, we highlight recent innovations that enable this combined approach. In particular, we focus on how to design behavioral experiments that leverage the ever-growing arsenal of technologies for controlling and measuring neural activity in order to understand cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Nakajima
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and the Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - L Ian Schmitt
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and the Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States; Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
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22
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Sedaghat-Nejad E, Herzfeld DJ, Hage P, Karbasi K, Palin T, Wang X, Shadmehr R. Behavioral training of marmosets and electrophysiological recording from the cerebellum. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1502-1517. [PMID: 31389752 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00389.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a promising new model for study of neurophysiological basis of behavior in primates. Like other primates, it relies on saccadic eye movements to monitor and explore its environment. Previous reports have demonstrated some success in training marmosets to produce goal-directed actions in the laboratory. However, the number of trials per session has been relatively small, thus limiting the utility of marmosets as a model for behavioral and neurophysiological studies. In this article, we report the results of a series of new behavioral training and neurophysiological protocols aimed at increasing the number of trials per session while recording from the cerebellum. To improve the training efficacy, we designed a precisely calibrated food regulation regime that motivates the subjects to perform saccade tasks, resulting in ~1,000 reward-driven trials on a daily basis. We then developed a multichannel recording system that uses imaging to target a desired region of the cerebellum, allowing for simultaneous isolation of multiple Purkinje cells in the vermis. In this report, we describe 1) the design and surgical implantation of a computer tomography (CT)-guided, subject-specific head post, 2) the design of a CT- and MRI-guided alignment tool for trajectory guidance of electrodes mounted on an absolute encoder microdrive, 3) development of a protocol for behavioral training of subjects, and 4) simultaneous recordings from pairs of Purkinje cells during a saccade task.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Marmosets present the opportunity to investigate genetically based neurological disease in primates, in particular, diseases that affect social behaviors, vocal communication, and eye movements. All of these behaviors depend on the integrity of the cerebellum. We present training methods that better motivate the subjects, allowing for improved performance, and we also present electrophysiological techniques that precisely target the subject's cerebellum, allowing for simultaneous isolation of multiple Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Sedaghat-Nejad
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David J Herzfeld
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul Hage
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kaveh Karbasi
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tara Palin
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Laboratory for Auditory Neurophysiology Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Reza Shadmehr
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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23
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Dombrowski T, Rankovic V, Moser T. Toward the Optical Cochlear Implant. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a033225. [PMID: 30323016 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
When hearing fails, cochlear implants (CIs) provide open speech perception to most of the currently half a million CI users. CIs bypass the defective sensory organ and stimulate the auditory nerve electrically. The major bottleneck of current CIs is the poor coding of spectral information, which results from wide current spread from each electrode contact. As light can be more conveniently confined, optical stimulation of the auditory nerve presents a promising perspective for a fundamental advance of CIs. Moreover, given the improved frequency resolution of optical excitation and its versatility for arbitrary stimulation patterns the approach also bears potential for auditory research. Here, we review the current state of the art focusing on the emerging concept of optogenetic stimulation of the auditory pathway. Developing optogenetic stimulation for auditory research and future CIs requires efforts toward viral gene transfer to the neurons, design and characterization of appropriate optogenetic actuators, as well as engineering of multichannel optical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Dombrowski
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Elisabeth Hospital, 44787 Bochum, Germany
| | - Vladan Rankovic
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Auditory Neuroscience and Optogenetics Group, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Moser
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Auditory Neuroscience and Optogenetics Group, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Auditory Neuroscience Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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24
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Thang DC, Wang Z, Lu X, Xing B. Precise cell behaviors manipulation through light-responsive nano-regulators: recent advance and perspective. Theranostics 2019; 9:3308-3340. [PMID: 31244956 PMCID: PMC6567964 DOI: 10.7150/thno.33888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology-assisted spatiotemporal manipulation of biological events holds great promise in advancing the practice of precision medicine in healthcare systems. The progress in internal and/or external stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms for highly specific cellular regulations and theranostic controls offer potential clinical translations of the revolutionized nanomedicine. To successfully implement this new paradigm, the emerging light-responsive nanoregulators with unparalleled precise cell functions manipulation have gained intensive attention, providing UV-Vis light-triggered photocleavage or photoisomerization studies, as well as near-infrared (NIR) light-mediated deep-tissue applications for stimulating cellular signal cascades and treatment of mortal diseases. This review discusses current developments of light-activatable nanoplatforms for modulations of various cellular events including neuromodulations, stem cell monitoring, immunomanipulation, cancer therapy, and other biological target intervention. In summary, the propagation of light-controlled nanomedicine would place a bright prospect for future medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Cong Thang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- International Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Bengang Xing
- Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute (SSIJRI), Guangzhou 510000, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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25
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Characterization of oral microbiota in marmosets: Feasibility of using the marmoset as a human oral disease model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0207560. [PMID: 30730898 PMCID: PMC6366748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With rapid aging of the world’s population, the demand for research, for a better understanding of aging and aging-related disorders, is increasing. Ideally, such research should be conducted on human subjects. However, due to ethical considerations, animals such as rodents and monkeys are used as alternatives. Among these alternative models, non-human primates are preferred because of their similarities with humans. The small South American common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) may offer several advantages over other non-human primates in terms of its smaller size, shorter life-span, and dental anatomy identical to humans. The purpose of this study was to determine the viability of using the marmoset as a human oral disease model. We collected saliva samples from eight marmosets and eight human subjects. Prokaryotic DNA was extracted from the saliva samples, and 16S bacterial rRNA gene sequencing was performed on each of the samples. Our results indicated that the types of oral microbiomes detected among human and marmoset samples were nearly indistinguishable. In contrast, the oral microbiomes of our human and marmoset subjects were distinctly different from those reported for rats and dogs, which are currently popular research animals. The oral microbiomes of marmosets showed greater diversity than those of humans. However, the oral microbiota of marmosets exhibited less variation than those of humans, which may be attributed to the fact that the marmoset subjects were kept in a controlled environment with identical lifestyles. The characteristics of its oral microbiota, combined with other technical advantages, suggest that the marmoset may provide the best animal model thus far for the study of oral health. This study characterized the oral microbes of the marmoset, thereby providing information to support future application of the marmoset as a model for age-related oral disease.
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26
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Miller CT, Hale ME, Okano H, Okabe S, Mitra P. Comparative Principles for Next-Generation Neuroscience. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:12. [PMID: 30787871 PMCID: PMC6373779 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience is enjoying a renaissance of discovery due in large part to the implementation of next-generation molecular technologies. The advent of genetically encoded tools has complemented existing methods and provided researchers the opportunity to examine the nervous system with unprecedented precision and to reveal facets of neural function at multiple scales. The weight of these discoveries, however, has been technique-driven from a small number of species amenable to the most advanced gene-editing technologies. To deepen interpretation and build on these breakthroughs, an understanding of nervous system evolution and diversity are critical. Evolutionary change integrates advantageous variants of features into lineages, but is also constrained by pre-existing organization and function. Ultimately, each species’ neural architecture comprises both properties that are species-specific and those that are retained and shared. Understanding the evolutionary history of a nervous system provides interpretive power when examining relationships between brain structure and function. The exceptional diversity of nervous systems and their unique or unusual features can also be leveraged to advance research by providing opportunities to ask new questions and interpret findings that are not accessible in individual species. As new genetic and molecular technologies are added to the experimental toolkits utilized in diverse taxa, the field is at a key juncture to revisit the significance of evolutionary and comparative approaches for next-generation neuroscience as a foundational framework for understanding fundamental principles of neural function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory T Miller
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Melina E Hale
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science (CBS), Wako, Japan
| | - Shigeo Okabe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Partha Mitra
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
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27
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Abstract
Primate visual cortex is organized into columns that process different features of a visual scene, such as color, orientation preference, and ocular dominance. Until now, their small size has made it difficult to modulate them directly. Here, we report for the first time that focal targeting of light-sensitive ion channels (channelrhodopsins) in macaques using lentiviral vectors allows one to stimulate functional domains. We show that such targeted stimulation leads to selective activation of anatomically connected neighboring domains with similar function. Such a fine-scale optical stimulation approach is capable of mapping functionally specific domain-based neuronal networks. Its potential for linking such networks to optogenetic modulation of perception and behavior opens doors for developing targeted, domain-based neuroprosthetics. In primates, visual perception is mediated by brain circuits composed of submillimeter nodes linked together in specific networks that process different types of information, such as eye specificity and contour orientation. We hypothesized that optogenetic stimulation targeted to cortical nodes could selectively activate such cortical networks. We used viral transfection methods to confer light sensitivity to neurons in monkey primary visual cortex. Using intrinsic signal optical imaging and single-unit electrophysiology to assess effects of targeted optogenetic stimulation, we found that (i) optogenetic stimulation of single ocular dominance columns (eye-specific nodes) revealed preferential activation of nearby same-eye columns but not opposite-eye columns, and (ii) optogenetic stimulation of single orientation domains increased visual response of matching orientation domains and relatively suppressed nonmatching orientation selectivity. These findings demonstrate that optical stimulation of single nodes leads to modulation of functionally specific cortical networks related to underlying neural architecture.
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28
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Miller CT. Why marmosets? Dev Neurobiol 2018; 77:237-243. [PMID: 28170158 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cory T Miller
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, California
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29
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Johnston KD, Barker K, Schaeffer L, Schaeffer D, Everling S. Methods for chair restraint and training of the common marmoset on oculomotor tasks. J Neurophysiol 2018; 119:1636-1646. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00866.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The oculomotor system is the most thoroughly understood sensorimotor system in the brain, due in large part to electrophysiological studies carried out in macaque monkeys trained to perform oculomotor tasks. A disadvantage of the macaque model is that many cortical oculomotor areas of interest lie within sulci, making high-density array and laminar recordings impractical. Many techniques of molecular biology developed in rodents, such as optogenetic manipulation of neuronal subtypes, are also limited in this species. The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) possesses a smooth cortex, allowing easy access to frontoparietal oculomotor areas, and may bridge the gap between systems neuroscience in macaques and molecular techniques. Techniques for restraint, training, and neural recording in these animals have been well developed in auditory neuroscience. Those for oculomotor neuroscience, however, remain at a relatively early stage. In this article we provide details of a custom-designed restraint chair for marmosets, a combination head restraint/recording chamber allowing access to cortical oculomotor areas and providing stability suitable for eye movement and neural recordings, as well as a training protocol for oculomotor tasks. We additionally report the results of a psychophysical study in marmosets trained to perform a saccade task using these methods, showing that, as in rhesus and humans, marmosets exhibit a “gap effect,” a decrease in reaction time when the fixation stimulus is removed before the onset of a visual saccade target. These results are the first evidence of this effect in marmosets and support the common marmoset model for neurophysiological investigations of oculomotor control. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The ability to carry out neuronal recordings in behaving primates has provided a wealth of information regarding the neural circuits underlying the control of eye movements. Such studies require restraint of the animal within a primate chair, head fixation, methods of acclimating the animals to this restraint, and the use of operant conditioning methods for training on oculomotor tasks. In contrast to the macaque model, relatively few studies have reported in detail methods for use in the common marmoset. In this report we detail custom-designed equipment and methods by which we have used to successfully train head-restrained marmosets to perform basic oculomotor tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Johnston
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Everling
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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30
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David SV. Incorporating behavioral and sensory context into spectro-temporal models of auditory encoding. Hear Res 2018; 360:107-123. [PMID: 29331232 PMCID: PMC6292525 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
For several decades, auditory neuroscientists have used spectro-temporal encoding models to understand how neurons in the auditory system represent sound. Derived from early applications of systems identification tools to the auditory periphery, the spectro-temporal receptive field (STRF) and more sophisticated variants have emerged as an efficient means of characterizing representation throughout the auditory system. Most of these encoding models describe neurons as static sensory filters. However, auditory neural coding is not static. Sensory context, reflecting the acoustic environment, and behavioral context, reflecting the internal state of the listener, can both influence sound-evoked activity, particularly in central auditory areas. This review explores recent efforts to integrate context into spectro-temporal encoding models. It begins with a brief tutorial on the basics of estimating and interpreting STRFs. Then it describes three recent studies that have characterized contextual effects on STRFs, emerging over a range of timescales, from many minutes to tens of milliseconds. An important theme of this work is not simply that context influences auditory coding, but also that contextual effects span a large continuum of internal states. The added complexity of these context-dependent models introduces new experimental and theoretical challenges that must be addressed in order to be used effectively. Several new methodological advances promise to address these limitations and allow the development of more comprehensive context-dependent models in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen V David
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, MC L335A, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
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31
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Hoglen NEG, Larimer P, Phillips EAK, Malone BJ, Hasenstaub AR. Amplitude modulation coding in awake mice and squirrel monkeys. J Neurophysiol 2018; 119:1753-1766. [PMID: 29364073 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00101.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Both mice and primates are used to model the human auditory system. The primate order possesses unique cortical specializations that govern auditory processing. Given the power of molecular and genetic tools available in the mouse model, it is essential to understand the similarities and differences in auditory cortical processing between mice and primates. To address this issue, we directly compared temporal encoding properties of neurons in the auditory cortex of awake mice and awake squirrel monkeys (SQMs). Stimuli were drawn from a sinusoidal amplitude modulation (SAM) paradigm, which has been used previously both to characterize temporal precision and to model the envelopes of natural sounds. Neural responses were analyzed with linear template-based decoders. In both species, spike timing information supported better modulation frequency discrimination than rate information, and multiunit responses generally supported more accurate discrimination than single-unit responses from the same site. However, cortical responses in SQMs supported better discrimination overall, reflecting superior temporal precision and greater rate modulation relative to the spontaneous baseline and suggesting that spiking activity in mouse cortex was less strictly regimented by incoming acoustic information. The quantitative differences we observed between SQM and mouse cortex support the idea that SQMs offer advantages for modeling precise responses to fast envelope dynamics relevant to human auditory processing. Nevertheless, our results indicate that cortical temporal processing is qualitatively similar in mice and SQMs and thus recommend the mouse model for mechanistic questions, such as development and circuit function, where its substantial methodological advantages can be exploited. NEW & NOTEWORTHY To understand the advantages of different model organisms, it is necessary to directly compare sensory responses across species. Contrasting temporal processing in auditory cortex of awake squirrel monkeys and mice, with parametrically matched amplitude-modulated tone stimuli, reveals a similar role of timing information in stimulus encoding. However, disparities in response precision and strength suggest that anatomical and biophysical differences between squirrel monkeys and mice produce quantitative but not qualitative differences in processing strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerissa E G Hoglen
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California , San Francisco, California.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California , San Francisco, California.,Coleman Memorial Laboratory, University of California , San Francisco, California.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California , San Francisco, California.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California , San Francisco, California.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California , San Francisco, California
| | - Phillip Larimer
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California , San Francisco, California.,Coleman Memorial Laboratory, University of California , San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurology, University of California , San Francisco, California
| | - Elizabeth A K Phillips
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California , San Francisco, California.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California , San Francisco, California.,Coleman Memorial Laboratory, University of California , San Francisco, California.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California , San Francisco, California
| | - Brian J Malone
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California , San Francisco, California.,Coleman Memorial Laboratory, University of California , San Francisco, California.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California , San Francisco, California
| | - Andrea R Hasenstaub
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California , San Francisco, California.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California , San Francisco, California.,Coleman Memorial Laboratory, University of California , San Francisco, California.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California , San Francisco, California
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32
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Komatsu M, Sugano E, Tomita H, Fujii N. A Chronically Implantable Bidirectional Neural Interface for Non-human Primates. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:514. [PMID: 28966573 PMCID: PMC5605616 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics has potential applications in the study of epilepsy and neuroprostheses, and for studies on neural circuit dynamics. However, to achieve translation to clinical usage, optogenetic interfaces that are capable of chronic stimulation and monitoring with minimal brain trauma are required. We aimed to develop a chronically implantable device for photostimulation of the brain of non-human primates. We used a micro-light-emitting diode (LED) array with a flexible polyimide film. The array was combined with a whole-cortex electrocorticographic (ECoG) electrode array for simultaneous photostimulation and recording. Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) was virally transduced into the cerebral cortex of common marmosets, and then the device was epidurally implanted into their brains. We recorded the neural activity during photostimulation of the awake monkeys for 4 months. The neural responses gradually increased after the virus injection for ~8 weeks and remained constant for another 8 weeks. The micro-LED and ECoG arrays allowed semi-invasive simultaneous stimulation and recording during long-term implantation in the brains of non-human primates. The development of this device represents substantial progress in the field of optogenetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Komatsu
- Ichinohe Group, Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Brain Science InstituteSaitama, Japan
| | - Eriko Sugano
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Iwate UniversityIwate, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomita
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Iwate UniversityIwate, Japan
| | - Naotaka Fujii
- Laboratory for Adaptive Intelligence, RIKEN Brain Science InstituteSaitama, Japan
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33
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Tracking Down Nonresponsive Cortical Neurons in Cochlear Implant Stimulation. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-COM-0095-17. [PMID: 28660249 PMCID: PMC5485376 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0095-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Oikonomidis L, Santangelo AM, Shiba Y, Clarke FH, Robbins TW, Roberts AC. A dimensional approach to modeling symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders in the marmoset monkey. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:328-353. [PMID: 27589556 PMCID: PMC5412688 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Some patients suffering from the same neuropsychiatric disorder may have no overlapping symptoms whilst others may share symptoms common to other distinct disorders. Therefore, the Research Domain Criteria initiative recognises the need for better characterisation of the individual symptoms on which to focus symptom-based treatment strategies. Many of the disorders involve dysfunction within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and so the marmoset, due to their highly developed PFC and small size, is an ideal species for studying the neurobiological basis of the behavioural dimensions that underlie these symptoms.Here we focus on a battery of tests that address dysfunction spanning the cognitive (cognitive inflexibility and working memory), negative valence (fear generalisation and negative bias) and positive valence (anhedonia) systems pertinent for understanding disorders such as ADHD, Schizophrenia, Anxiety, Depression and OCD. Parsing the separable prefrontal and striatal circuits and identifying the selective neurochemical modulation (serotonin vs dopamine) that underlie cognitive dysfunction have revealed counterparts in the clinical domain. Aspects of the negative valence system have been explored both at individual- (trait anxiety and genetic variation in serotonin transporter) and circuit-based levels enabling the understanding of generalisation processes, negative biases and differential responsiveness to SSRIs. Within the positive valence system, the combination of cardiovascular and behavioural measures provides a framework for understanding motivational, anticipatory and consummatory aspects of anhedonia and their neurobiological mechanisms. Together, the direct comparison of experimental findings in marmosets with clinical studies is proving an excellent translational model to address the behavioural dimensions and neurobiology of neuropsychiatric symptoms. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 328-353, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Oikonomidis
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea M Santangelo
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshiro Shiba
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - F Hannah Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Angela C Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
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Eliades SJ, Miller CT. Marmoset vocal communication: Behavior and neurobiology. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:286-299. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Eliades
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Cory T. Miller
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory; University of California San Diego; San Diego California
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Walker J, MacLean J, Hatsopoulos NG. The marmoset as a model system for studying voluntary motor control. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:273-285. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Walker
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
| | - Jason MacLean
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
- Department of Neurobiology; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
| | - Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
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Watakabe A, Sadakane O, Hata K, Ohtsuka M, Takaji M, Yamamori T. Application of viral vectors to the study of neural connectivities and neural circuits in the marmoset brain. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:354-372. [PMID: 27706918 PMCID: PMC5324647 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It is important to study the neural connectivities and functions in primates. For this purpose, it is critical to be able to transfer genes to certain neurons in the primate brain so that we can image the neuronal signals and analyze the function of the transferred gene. Toward this end, our team has been developing gene transfer systems using viral vectors. In this review, we summarize our current achievements as follows. 1) We compared the features of gene transfer using five different AAV serotypes in combination with three different promoters, namely, CMV, mouse CaMKII (CaMKII), and human synapsin 1 (hSyn1), in the marmoset cortex with those in the mouse and macaque cortices. 2) We used target‐specific double‐infection techniques in combination with TET‐ON and TET‐OFF using lentiviral retrograde vectors for enhanced visualization of neural connections. 3) We used an AAV‐mediated gene transfer method to study the transcriptional control for amplifying fluorescent signals using the TET/TRE system in the primate neocortex. We also established systems for shRNA mediated gene targeting in a neocortical region where a gene is significantly expressed and for expressing the gene using the CMV promoter for an unexpressed neocortical area in the primate cortex using AAV vectors to understand the regulation of downstream genes. Our findings have demonstrated the feasibility of using viral vector mediated gene transfer systems for the study of primate cortical circuits using the marmoset as an animal model. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 354–372, 2017
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiya Watakabe
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Osamu Sadakane
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Katsusuke Hata
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanari Ohtsuka
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takaji
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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Miller CT, Freiwald WA, Leopold DA, Mitchell JF, Silva AC, Wang X. Marmosets: A Neuroscientific Model of Human Social Behavior. Neuron 2016; 90:219-33. [PMID: 27100195 PMCID: PMC4840471 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) has garnered interest recently as a powerful model for the future of neuroscience research. Much of this excitement has centered on the species' reproductive biology and compatibility with gene editing techniques, which together have provided a path for transgenic marmosets to contribute to the study of disease as well as basic brain mechanisms. In step with technical advances is the need to establish experimental paradigms that optimally tap into the marmosets' behavioral and cognitive capacities. While conditioned task performance of a marmoset can compare unfavorably with rhesus monkey performance on conventional testing paradigms, marmosets' social behavior and cognition are more similar to that of humans. For example, marmosets are among only a handful of primates that, like humans, routinely pair bond and care cooperatively for their young. They are also notably pro-social and exhibit social cognitive abilities, such as imitation, that are rare outside of the Apes. In this Primer, we describe key facets of marmoset natural social behavior and demonstrate that emerging behavioral paradigms are well suited to isolate components of marmoset cognition that are highly relevant to humans. These approaches generally embrace natural behavior, which has been rare in conventional primate testing, and thus allow for a new consideration of neural mechanisms underlying primate social cognition and signaling. We anticipate that through parallel technical and paradigmatic advances, marmosets will become an essential model of human social behavior, including its dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory T Miller
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Winrich A Freiwald
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David A Leopold
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 6001 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jude F Mitchell
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, 358 Meliora Hall, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Afonso C Silva
- Section on Cerebral Microcirculation, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 6001 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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