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Lewis CP, Nakonezny PA, Sonmez AI, Ozger C, Garzon JF, Camsari DD, Yuruk D, Romanowicz M, Shekunov J, Zaccariello MJ, Vande Voort JL, Croarkin PE. A Dose-Finding, Biomarker Validation, and Effectiveness Study of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Adolescents With Depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:S0890-8567(24)01839-2. [PMID: 39245178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2024.08.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research and clinical application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) has advanced slowly. Significant gaps persist in our understanding of optimized, age-specific protocols and dosing strategies. This study aimed to compare the clinical effects of 1 Hz versus 10 Hz TMS regimens and examine a biomarker-informed treatment approach with glutamatergic intracortical facilitation (ICF). METHOD Participants with moderate-to-severe symptoms of MDD were randomized to 30 sessions of left prefrontal 1 Hz or 10 Hz TMS, stratified by baseline ICF measures. The primary clinical outcome measure was the Children's Depression Rating Scale, Revised (CDRS-R). The CDRS-R and ICF biomarker were collected weekly. RESULTS Forty-one participants received either 1 Hz (n = 22) or 10 Hz (n = 19) TMS treatments. CDRS-R scores improved compared to baseline in both 1 Hz and 10 Hz groups. For participants with low ICF at baseline, the overall least squares means of CDRS-R scores over the 6-week trial showed that depressive symptom severity was lower for the group treated with 1 Hz TMS than for those who received 10 Hz TMS. There were no significant changes in weekly ICF measurements across the 6 weeks of TMS treatment. CONCLUSION Low ICF may reflect optimal glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activity that facilitates the therapeutic effect of 1 Hz TMS through long-term depression-like mechanisms on synaptic plasticity. The stability of ICF suggests that it is a tonic, trait-like measure of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission, with potential utility to inform parameter selection for therapeutic TMS in adolescents with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Lewis
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Ayse Irem Sonmez
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Columbia University, New York, New York
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Li P, Zhou X, Luo N, Shen R, Zhu X, Zhong M, Huang S, He N, Lyu H, Huang Y, Yin Q, Zhou L, Lu Y, Tan Y, Liu J. Distinct patterns of electrophysiologic-neuroimaging correlations between Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Neuroimage 2024; 297:120701. [PMID: 38914210 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to a high degree of symptom overlap in the early stages, with movement disorders predominating, Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) may exhibit a similar decline in motor areas, yet they differ in their spread throughout the brain, ultimately resulting in two distinct diseases. Drawing upon neuroimaging analyses and altered motor cortex excitability, potential diffusion mechanisms were delved into, and comparisons of correlations across distinct disease groups were conducted in a bid to uncover significant pathological disparities. We recruited thirty-five PD, thirty-seven MSA, and twenty-eight matched controls to conduct clinical assessments, electromyographic recording, and magnetic resonance imaging scanning during the "on medication" state. Patients with neurodegeneration displayed a widespread decrease in electrophysiology in bilateral M1. Brain function in early PD was still in the self-compensatory phase and there was no significant change. MSA patients demonstrated an increase in intra-hemispheric function coupled with a decrease in diffusivity, indicating a reduction in the spread of neural signals. The level of resting motor threshold in healthy aged showed broad correlations with both clinical manifestations and brain circuits related to left M1, which was absent in disease states. Besides, ICF exhibited distinct correlations with functional connections between right M1 and left middle temporal gyrus in all groups. The present study identified subtle differences in the functioning of PD and MSA related to bilateral M1. By combining clinical information, cortical excitability, and neuroimaging intuitively, we attempt to bring light on the potential mechanisms that may underlie the development of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puyu Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ningdi Luo
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ruinan Shen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xue Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Min Zhong
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Sijia Huang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Naying He
- Radiology Department, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Haiying Lyu
- Radiology Department, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- Radiology Department, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qianyi Yin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Liche Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yong Lu
- Radiology Department, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuyan Tan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Pouyan Mehr D, Faraji N, Rezaei S, Keshavarz P. Single-locus and Haplotype Associations of GRIN2B Gene with Autism Spectrum Disorders and the Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients in Guilan, Iran. J Autism Dev Disord 2024; 54:607-614. [PMID: 36399225 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are described as generalized developmental disorders, with an average age of onset of 36 months. Genetic and environmental factors may contribute to this multifactorial disorder. The present study aimed to investigate the association of three GRIN2B polymorphisms, including rs1019385, rs1024893, and rs3764028, with ASDs. Based on the results, there was a significant difference regarding the genotype frequency of rs3764028 polymorphism between the control and case (ASD) groups (P = 0.027). According to the recessive model, this variant was associated with ASDs (P = 0.23). None of the eight haplotype models with frequencies above 0.5 showed significant differences between the case and control groups in terms of allelic frequency. The present results showed that the rs376028 variant was directly related to the phenotypic symptoms of ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donya Pouyan Mehr
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Niloofar Faraji
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sajjad Rezaei
- Department of Psychology, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Keshavarz
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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Ping A, Yang M, Xu S, Li Q, Feng Y, Gao K, Wang S, Duan K. Correlations between GRIN2B and GRIN3A gene polymorphisms and postpartum depressive symptoms in Chinese parturients undergoing cesarean section: A prospective cohort study. J Psychosom Res 2023; 168:111210. [PMID: 36898314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of postpartum depressive symptoms (PDS) and self-harm ideation with n-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor GRIN2B and GRIN3A gene polymorphisms and other risk factors in women undergoing cesarean section. METHODS A total of 362 parturients undergoing cesarean section under lumbar anesthesia were selected and their postpartum depression level was assessed by the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) at 42 days postpartum, with an EPDS score of 9/10 as the cut-off value. Three GRIN2B SNP loci (rs1805476, rs3026174, rs4522263) and five GRIN3A SNP loci (rs1983812, rs2050639, rs2050641, rs3739722, rs10989563) were selected for genotype detection. The role of each SNP, linkage disequilibrium and haplotypes in the development of postpartum depression was analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was performed for related risk factors. RESULTS PDS incidence was 16.85%, and self-harm ideation incidence was 13.54%. Univariate analysis showed that GRIN2B rs1805476, rs3026174 and rs4522263 gene polymorphisms were associated with PDS (p < 0.05), with GRIN2B rs4522263 gene also associated with maternal self-harm ideation. GRIN3A rs1983812, rs2050639, rest rs2050641, rs3739722 and rs10989563 alleles were not associated with PDS. Logistic regression analysis indicated that high pregnancy stress, as well as rs1805476 and rs4522263 alleles were PDS risk factors following cesarean delivery. GRIN2B (TTG p = 0.002) and GRIN3A (TGTTC p = 0.002) haplotypes were associated with the lower PDS incidence and higher PDS incidence respectively. CONCLUSION GRIN2B rs1805476 GG genotype, rs4522263 CC genotype and high stress during pregnancy were risk factors for PDS, whilst a significantly higher incidence of self-harm ideation was evident in parturients carrying GRIN2B rs4522263 CC genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Ping
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Mi Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Shouyu Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Qiuwen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Yunfei Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Kai Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Saiying Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China.
| | - Kaiming Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China.
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Su X, Liu H, Wang X, Pan X, Zhang X, Lu X, Zhao L, Chen Y, Shang Y, Wu F, Xiu M. Neuronavigated Repetitive Transcranial Stimulation Improves Neurocognitive Functioning in Veterans with Schizophrenia: A Possible Role of BDNF Polymorphism. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:142-150. [PMID: 35927806 PMCID: PMC10193754 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220803154820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported in the previous literatures that high-frequency (HF) neuronavigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may improve neurocognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia. Nonetheless, the heterogeneity of the research findings with regards to the effectiveness of HF-rTMS on the neurocognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia greatly hinders its clinical application. The current study was designed to determine the predictive role of BDNF variants for neurocognitive improvements after rTMS administration in veterans with schizophrenia. 109 hospitalized veterans with schizophrenia were randomly allocated to active HF-rTMS (n=63) or sham stimulation (n=46) over left DLPFC for 4 consecutive weeks. Neurocognitive functions were assessed by using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) at baseline and at the end of week 4. BDNF polymorphism was genotyped by the technicians. Compared with sham stimulation sessions, the immediate memory performance was significantly increased in active sessions after neuronavigated HF-rTMS administration. In addition, patients with the CC homozygotes demonstrated greater improvement of immediate memory after rTMS treatment, while T allele carriers showed no significant improvement in immediate memory domain relative to baseline performance of immediate memory. Our findings suggest that add-on neuronavigated HF-rTMS is beneficial on immediate memory only in patients with CC homozygotes, but not in T allele carriers. This pilot study provides further evidence for BDNF as a promise biomarker in predicting the clinical response to rTMS stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuru Su
- Hebei Province Veterians hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Hebei Province Veterians hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Xiuling Pan
- Hebei Province Veterians hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Hebei Province Veterians hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Xinyan Lu
- Hebei Province Veterians hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Long Zhao
- Hebei Province Veterians hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Yingnan Chen
- Hebei Province Veterians hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Yujie Shang
- Hebei Province Veterians hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Fengchun Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meihong Xiu
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
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Jannati A, Oberman LM, Rotenberg A, Pascual-Leone A. Assessing the mechanisms of brain plasticity by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:191-208. [PMID: 36198876 PMCID: PMC9700722 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique for focal brain stimulation based on electromagnetic induction where a fluctuating magnetic field induces a small intracranial electric current in the brain. For more than 35 years, TMS has shown promise in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders in adults. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to the TMS technique with a focus on repetitive TMS (rTMS) protocols, particularly theta-burst stimulation (TBS), and relevant rTMS-derived metrics of brain plasticity. We then discuss the TMS-EEG technique, the use of neuronavigation in TMS, the neural substrate of TBS measures of plasticity, the inter- and intraindividual variability of those measures, effects of age and genetic factors on TBS aftereffects, and then summarize alterations of TMS-TBS measures of plasticity in major neurological and psychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, depression, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, and diabetes. Finally, we discuss the translational studies of TMS-TBS measures of plasticity and their therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jannati
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lindsay M Oberman
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.
- Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Institut Guttmann, Barcelona, Spain.
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Caballero-Villarraso J, Medina FJ, Escribano BM, Agüera E, Santamaría A, Pascual-Leone A, Túnez I. Mechanisms Involved in Neuroprotective Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 21:557-573. [PMID: 34370648 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210809121922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is widely used in neurophysiology to study cortical excitability. Research over the last few decades has highlighted its added value as a potential therapeutic tool in the treatment of a broad range of psychiatric disorders. More recently, a number of studies have reported beneficial and therapeutic effects for TMS in neurodegenerative conditions and strokes. Yet, despite its recognised clinical applications and considerable research using animal models, the molecular and physiological mechanisms through which TMS exerts its beneficial and therapeutic effects remain unclear. They are thought to involve biochemical-molecular events affecting membrane potential and gene expression. In this aspect, the dopaminergic system plays a special role. This is the most directly and selectively modulated neurotransmitter system, producing an increase in the flux of dopamine (DA) in various areas of the brain after the application of repetitive TMS (rTMS). Other neurotransmitters, such as glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have shown a paradoxical response to rTMS. In this way, their levels increased in the hippocampus and striatum but decreased in the hypothalamus and remained unchanged in the mesencephalon. Similarly, there are sufficient evidence that TMS up-regulates the gene expression of BDNF (one of the main brain neurotrophins). Something similar occurs with the expression of genes such as c-Fos and zif268 that encode trophic and regenerative action neuropeptides. Consequently, the application of TMS can promote the release of molecules involved in neuronal genesis and maintenance. This capacity may mean that TMS becomes a useful therapeutic resource to antagonize processes that underlie the previously mentioned neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Caballero-Villarraso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,UGC Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Francisco J Medina
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Begoña M Escribano
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Agüera
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,UGC Neurología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Abel Santamaría
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, S.S.A. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Instituto Guttman de Neurorrehabilitación, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isaac Túnez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
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Suppa A, Asci F, Guerra A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a tool to induce and explore plasticity in humans. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 184:73-89. [PMID: 35034759 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is the main theoretical framework to explain mechanisms of learning and memory. Synaptic plasticity can be explored experimentally in animals through various standardized protocols for eliciting long-term potentiation and long-term depression in hippocampal and cortical slices. In humans, several non-invasive protocols of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation have been designed and applied to probe synaptic plasticity in the primary motor cortex, as reflected by long-term changes in motor evoked potential amplitudes. These protocols mimic those normally used in animal studies for assessing long-term potentiation and long-term depression. In this chapter, we first discuss the physiologic basis of theta-burst stimulation, paired associative stimulation, and transcranial direct current stimulation. We describe the current biophysical and theoretical models underlying the molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity, defined as activity-dependent changes in neural functions that modulate subsequent synaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), in the human motor cortex including calcium-dependent plasticity, spike-timing-dependent plasticity, the role of N-methyl-d-aspartate-related transmission and gamma-aminobutyric-acid interneuronal activity. We also review the putative microcircuits responsible for synaptic plasticity in the human motor cortex. We critically readdress the issue of variability in studies investigating synaptic plasticity and propose available solutions. Finally, we speculate about the utility of future studies with more advanced experimental approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Suppa
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Pozzilli (IS), Italy.
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Kamyshna II, Pavlovych LB, Kamyshnyi AM. Association between NMDA gene polymorphism (rs4880213) and GRIN2B blood serum levels in thyroid pathology patients. J Med Life 2022; 15:109-116. [PMID: 35186144 PMCID: PMC8852646 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2021-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The article discusses a new hypothesis that autoimmune diseases of the thyroid gland can lead to depression and neurological complications. It is believed that the neuronal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor plays a significant role in depression pathophysiology and neurological and mental diseases, respectively. The study involved 153 patients with various forms of thyroid pathology. GRIN2B levels in the sera of the patients and healthy individuals were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with highly sensitive Human GRIN2B (Glutamate Receptor, Ionotropic, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate 2B) ELISA Kit. Genotyping of the glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 1, GRIN1 (rs4880213) gene polymorphism. The CT genotype of the NMDA gene (rs4880213) was predominant in the surveyed population. The C allele of the NMDA gene was more frequent than the T allele among patients with thyroid disease. GRIN2B levels were significantly decreased in patients with postoperative hypothyroidism 3.45 times, and in patients with AIT-induced hypothyroidism, there was a probable increase in GRIN2B levels by 1.58 times compared with controls. GRIN2B levels were significantly different in patients of different groups depending on thyroid pathology. Our study showed direct close correlation (r=0.635) between GRIN2B and anti-TPO levels (p<0.001), a significant direct close correlation (r=0.527) between GRIN2B and anti-TG levels in the blood (p<0.001). Our results allow us to consider the GRIN2B level as an important prognostic minimally invasive marker of neurological complications in endocrine pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Ivanivna Kamyshna
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Ivan Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine,* Corresponding Author: Iryna Ivanivna Kamyshna, Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Ivan Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Majdan Voli 1, Ternopil, Ukraine, 46001. E-mail:
| | - Larysa Borysivna Pavlovych
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Wang J, Yu M, Zhang Q, Yan S, You D, Shi L, Zhang L, Wang L, Wu H, Cao X. Aconiti lateralis Radix Praeparata inhibits Alzheimer's disease by regulating the complex regulation network with the core of GRIN1 and MAPK1. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:311-320. [PMID: 33784489 PMCID: PMC8018400 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1900879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Current medicine for Alzheimer's disease (AD) cannot effectively reverse or block nerve injury. Traditional Chinese Medicine practice and research imply Aconiti lateralis Radix Praeparata (Fuzi) may meet this goal. OBJECTIVE Analysing the anti-AD effect of Fuzi and its potential molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS AD model cells were treated with Fuzi in 0-300 mg/mL for 24 h in 37 °C. The cell viability (CV) and length of cell projections (LCP) for each group were observed, analysed, and standardised using control as a baseline (CVs and LCPs). The Fuzi and AD relevant genes were identified basing on databases, and the molecular mechanism of Fuzi anti-AD was predicted by network analysis. RESULTS Experiment results showed that Fuzi in 0.4 mg/mL boosted LCP (LCPs = 1.2533, p ≤ 0.05), and in 1.6-100 mg/mL increased CV (CVs from 1.1673 to 1.3321, p ≤ 0.05). Bioinformatics analysis found 17 Fuzi target genes (relevant scores ≥ 20), showing strong AD relevant signals (RMS_p ≤ 0.05, related scores ≥ 5), enriched in the pathways regulating axon growth, synaptic plasticity, cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, and death (p ≤ 0.05). Especially, GRIN1 and MAPK1 interacted with APP protein and located in the key point of the "Alzheimer's disease" pathway. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Fuzi may have therapeutic and prevention potential in AD, and GRIN1 and MAPK1 may be the core of the pathways of the Fuzi anti-AD process. Fuzi should be studied more extensively, especially for the prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Huixiang Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ming Yu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Bioengineering Centre, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shan Yan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Bioengineering Centre, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Dingyun You
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lanlan Shi
- Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lihuan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Limei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hongxiang Wu
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xue Cao
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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11
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Cash RFH, Udupa K, Gunraj CA, Mazzella F, Daskalakis ZJ, Wong AHC, Kennedy JL, Chen R. Influence of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on excitatory-inhibitory balance and plasticity in human motor cortex. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:2827-2839. [PMID: 34592560 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While previous studies showed that the single nucleotide polymorphism (Val66Met) of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can impact neuroplasticity, the influence of BDNF genotype on cortical circuitry and relationship to neuroplasticity remain relatively unexplored in human. METHODS Using individualised transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) parameters, we explored the influence of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on excitatory and inhibitory neural circuitry, its relation to I-wave TMS (ITMS) plasticity and effect on the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance in 18 healthy individuals. RESULTS Excitatory and inhibitory indexes of neurotransmission were reduced in Met allele carriers. An E/I balance was evident, which was influenced by BDNF with higher E/I ratios in Val/Val homozygotes. Both long-term potentiation (LTP-) and depression (LTD-) like ITMS plasticity were greater in Val/Val homozygotes. LTP- but not LTD-like effects were restored in Met allele carriers by increasing stimulus intensity to compensate for reduced excitatory transmission. CONCLUSIONS The influence of BDNF genotype may extend beyond neuroplasticity to neurotransmission. The E/I balance was evident in human motor cortex, modulated by BDNF and measurable using TMS. Given the limited sample, these preliminary findings warrant further investigation. SIGNIFICANCE These novel findings suggest a broader role of BDNF genotype on neurocircuitry in human motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F H Cash
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - K Udupa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dept of Neurophysiology, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, India
| | - C A Gunraj
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - F Mazzella
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Z J Daskalakis
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego Health, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - A H C Wong
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J L Kennedy
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Chen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Kishore A, James P, Popa T, Thejaus A, Rajeswari P, Sarma G, Krishnan S, Meunier S. Plastic responsiveness of motor cortex to paired associative stimulation depends on cerebellar input. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:2493-2502. [PMID: 34454278 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The extent of plastic responses of motor cortex (M1) to paired associative stimulation (PAS) varies among healthy subjects. Continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) of cerebellum enhances the mean PAS-induced plasticity in groups of healthy subjects. We tested whether the initial status of Responder or Non -Responder to PAS, influenced the effect of cerebellar stimulation on PAS-induced plasticity. METHODS We assessed in 19 young healthy volunteers (8 Responders, 11 Non-Responders to PAS), how cTBS and iTBS (intermittent TBS) applied to the cerebellum before a PAS protocol influenced the plastic responsiveness of M1 to PAS. We tested whether the PAS-induced plastic effects could be depotentiated by a short cTBS protocol applied to M1 shortly after PAS and whether cerebellar stimulation influenced GABA-ergic intracortical inhibition and M1 plasticity in parallel. RESULTS Cerebellar cTBS restored the M1 response to PAS in Non-Responders while cerebellar iTBS turned the potentiating response to PAS to a depressive response in both groups. The depotentiation protocol abolished both responses. CONCLUSION Non-Responder status to PAS is a state of M1 amenable to bidirectional plastic modulation when primed by a change in cerebello-thalamic drive. SIGNIFICANCE The meaning of lack of responsiveness to certain protocols probing plasticity should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Kishore
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Kerala, India.
| | - Praveen James
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Kerala, India
| | - Traian Popa
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1202 Geneva, Switzerland; Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL Valais), Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, 1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Arun Thejaus
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Kerala, India
| | - Parvathy Rajeswari
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Kerala, India
| | - Gangadhara Sarma
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Kerala, India
| | - Syam Krishnan
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Kerala, India
| | - Sabine Meunier
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelleépinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
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13
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Pellegrini M, Zoghi M, Jaberzadeh S. Genetic Polymorphisms Do Not Predict Interindividual Variability to Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex. Brain Connect 2020; 11:56-72. [PMID: 33198509 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2020.0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: High variability between individuals (i.e., interindividual variability) in response to transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has become a commonly reported issue in the tDCS literature in recent years. Inherent genetic differences between individuals have been proposed as a contributing factor to observed response variability. This study investigated whether tDCS interindividual variability was genetically mediated. Methods: A large sample size of 61 healthy males received cathodal tDCS (c-tDCS) and sham-tDCS of the primary motor cortex at 1 mA and 10 min via 6 × 4 cm active and 7 × 5 cm return electrodes. Corticospinal excitability (CSE) was assessed via 25 single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation motor-evoked potentials (MEPs). Intracortical inhibition was assessed via twenty-five 3 msec interstimulus interval (ISI) paired-pulse MEPs, known as short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI). Intracortical facilitation (ICF) was assessed via twenty-five 10 msec ISI paired-pulse MEPs. Gene variants encoding for excitatory and inhibitory neuroreceptors were determined via saliva samples. Predetermined thresholds and statistical cluster analyses were used to subgroup individuals. Results: Two distinct subgroups were identified, "responders" reducing CSE following c-tDCS and "nonresponders" showing no reduction or even increase in CSE. Differences in CSE between responders and nonresponders following c-tDCS were not explained by changes in SICI or ICF. Conclusions: No significant relationships were reported between gene variants and interindividual variability to c-tDCS, suggesting that the chosen gene variants did not influence the activity of the neuroreceptors involved in eliciting changes in CSE in responders following c-tDCS. In this largest c-tDCS study of its kind, novel insights were reported into the contribution genetic factors may play in observed interindividual variability to c-tDCS. Impact statement This study adds insight into the issue of interindividual variability to c-tDCS. It highlights not all individuals respond to c-tDCS similarly when exposed to the same stimulus parameters. This disparity in response to c-tDCS between individuals does not appear to be genetically mediated. For c-tDCS to progress to large-scale clinical application, reliability, predictability and reproducibility are essential. Systematically investigating factors contributing to interindividual variability take steps towards this progress the c-tDCS field towards the potential development of screening tools to determine clinical suitability to c-tDCS to ensure its application in those who may benefit the most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pellegrini
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maryam Zoghi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, Discipline of Physiotherapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Wilson MT, Moezzi B, Rogasch NC. Modeling motor-evoked potentials from neural field simulations of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 132:412-428. [PMID: 33450564 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a population-based biophysical model of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) following transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). METHODS We combined an existing MEP model with population-based cortical modeling. Layer 2/3 excitatory and inhibitory neural populations, modeled with neural-field theory, are stimulated with TMS and feed layer 5 corticospinal neurons, which also couple directly but weakly to the TMS pulse. The layer 5 output controls mean motoneuron responses, which generate a series of single motor-unit action potentials that are summed to estimate a MEP. RESULTS A MEP waveform was generated comparable to those observed experimentally. The model captured TMS phenomena including a sigmoidal input-output curve, common paired pulse effects (short interval intracortical inhibition, intracortical facilitation, long interval intracortical inhibition) including responses to pharmacological interventions, and a cortical silent period. Changes in MEP amplitude following theta burst paradigms were observed including variability in outcome direction. CONCLUSIONS The model reproduces effects seen in common TMS paradigms. SIGNIFICANCE The model allows population-based modeling of changes in cortical dynamics due to TMS protocols to be assessed in terms of changes in MEPs, thus allowing a clear comparison between population-based modeling predictions and typical experimental outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus T Wilson
- Te Aka Mātuatua-School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
| | - Bahar Moezzi
- Cognitive Ageing and Impairment Neurosciences Laboratory, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, The University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Nigel C Rogasch
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Australia; Brain, Mind and Society Research Hub, The School of Psychologcial Sciences, The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Australia
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15
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Tiksnadi A, Murakami T, Wiratman W, Matsumoto H, Ugawa Y. Direct comparison of efficacy of the motor cortical plasticity induction and the interindividual variability between TBS and QPS. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:1824-1833. [PMID: 33144269 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theta burst stimulation (TBS) and quadripulse stimulation (QPS) are known to induce synaptic plasticity in humans. There have been no head-to-head comparisons of the efficacy and variability between TBS and QPS. OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and interindividual variability between the original TBS and QPS protocols. We hypothesized that QPS would be more effective and less variable than TBS. METHODS Forty-six healthy subjects participated in this study. Thirty subjects participated in the main comparison experiment, and the other sixteen subjects participated in the experiment to obtain natural variation in motor-evoked potentials. The facilitatory effects were compared between intermittent TBS (iTBS) and QPS5, and the inhibitory effects were compared between continuous TBS (cTBS) and QPS50. The motor-evoked potential amplitudes elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation over the primary motor cortex were measured before the intervention and every 5 min after the intervention for 1 h. To investigate the interindividual variability, the responder/nonresponder/opposite-responder rates were also analyzed. RESULTS The facilitatory effects of QPS5 were greater than those of iTBS, and the inhibitory effects of QPS50 were much stronger than those of cTBS. The responder rate of QPS was significantly higher than that of TBS. QPS had a smaller number of opposite responders than TBS. CONCLUSION QPS is more effective and stable for synaptic plasticity induction than TBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Tiksnadi
- Department of Neurology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Takenobu Murakami
- Department of Neurology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Neurology, Tottori Prefectural Kousei Hospital, Tottori, Japan
| | - Winnugroho Wiratman
- Department of Neurology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Human Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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16
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Pellegrini M, Zoghi M, Jaberzadeh S. Can genetic polymorphisms predict response variability to anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex? Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1569-1591. [PMID: 33048398 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mediation of cortical plasticity and the role genetic variants play in previously observed response variability to transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have become important issues in the tDCS literature in recent years. This study investigated whether inter-individual variability to tDCS was in-part genetically mediated. In 61 healthy males, anodal-tDCS (a-tDCS) and sham-tDCS were administered to the primary motor cortex at 1 mA for 10-min via 6 × 4 cm active and 7 × 5 cm return electrodes. Twenty-five single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) motor evoked potentials (MEP) were recorded to represent corticospinal excitability (CSE). Twenty-five paired-pulse MEPs were recorded with 3 ms inter-stimulus interval (ISI) to assess intracortical inhibition (ICI) via short-interval intracranial inhibition (SICI) and 10 ms ISI for intracortical facilitation (ICF). Saliva samples were tested for specific genetic polymorphisms in genes encoding for excitatory and inhibitory neuroreceptors. Individuals were sub-grouped based on a pre-determined threshold and via statistical cluster analysis. Two distinct subgroups were identified, increases in CSE following a-tDCS (i.e. Responders) and no increase or even reductions in CSE (i.e. Non-responders). No changes in ICI or ICF were reported. No relationships were reported between genetic polymorphisms in excitatory receptor genes and a-tDCS responders. An association was reported between a-tDCS responders and GABRA3 gene polymorphisms encoding for GABA-A receptors suggesting potential relationships between GABA-A receptor variations and capacity to undergo tDCS-induced cortical plasticity. In the largest tDCS study of its kind, this study presents an important step forward in determining the contribution genetic factors play in previously observed inter-individual variability to tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pellegrini
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maryam Zoghi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, Discipline of Physiotherapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Silvennoinen K, Balestrini S, Rothwell JC, Sisodiya SM. Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a tool to understand genetic conditions associated with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2020; 61:1818-1839. [PMID: 32783192 PMCID: PMC8432162 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genetics may enable a deeper understanding of disease mechanisms and promote a shift to more personalised medicine in the epilepsies. At present, understanding of consequences of genetic variants mainly relies on preclinical functional work; tools for acquiring similar data from the living human brain are needed. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), in particular paired-pulse TMS protocols which depend on the function of cortical GABAergic interneuron networks, has the potential to become such a tool. For this report, we identified and reviewed 23 publications on TMS studies of cortical excitability and inhibition in 15 different genes or conditions relevant to epilepsy. Reduced short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and reduced cortical silent period (CSP) duration were the most commonly reported findings, suggesting abnormal GABAA - (SICI) or GABAB ergic (CSP) signalling. For several conditions, these findings are plausible based on established evidence of involvement of the GABAergic system; for some others, they may inform future research around such mechanisms. Challenges of TMS include lack of complete understanding of the neural underpinnings of the measures used: hypotheses and analyses should be based on existing clinical and preclinical data. Further pitfalls include gathering sufficient numbers of participants, and the effect of confounding factors, especially medications. TMS-EEG is a unique perturbational technique to study the intrinsic properties of the cortex with excellent temporal resolution; while it has the potential to provide further information of use in interpreting effects of genetic variants, currently the links between measures and neurophysiology are less established. Despite these challenges, TMS is a tool with potential for elucidating the system-level in vivo functional consequences of genetic variants in people carrying genetic changes of interest, providing unique insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri Silvennoinen
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St. Peter, UK
| | - Simona Balestrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St. Peter, UK
| | - John C Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Department of UCL Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St. Peter, UK
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18
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Palaus M, Viejo-Sobera R, Redolar-Ripoll D, Marrón EM. Cognitive Enhancement via Neuromodulation and Video Games: Synergistic Effects? Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:235. [PMID: 32636739 PMCID: PMC7319101 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique able to modulate cortical excitability. This modulation may influence areas and networks responsible for specific cognitive processes, and the repetition of the induced temporary changes can produce long-lasting effects. TMS effectiveness may be enhanced when used in conjunction with cognitive training focused on specific cognitive functions. Playing video games can be an optimal cognitive training since it involves different cognitive components and high levels of engagement and motivation. The goal of this study is to assess the synergistic effects of TMS and video game training to enhance cognition, specifically, working memory and executive functions. We conducted a randomized 2 × 3 repeated measures (stimulation × time) study, randomly assigning 27 healthy volunteers to an active intermittent theta-burst stimulation or a sham stimulation group. Participants were assessed using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery before, immediately after, and 15 days after finishing the video game+TMS training. The training consisted of 10 sessions where participants played a 3D platform video game for 1.5 h. After each gaming session, TMS was applied over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). All participants improved their video gaming performance, but we did not find a synergistic effect of stimulation and video game training. Neither had we found cognitive improvements related to the stimulation. We explored possible confounding variables such as age, gender, and early video gaming experience through linear regression. The early video gaming experience was related to improvements in working memory and inhibitory control. This result, although exploratory, highlights the influence of individual variables and previous experiences on brain plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raquel Viejo-Sobera
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Jodoin M, Rouleau DM, Bellemare A, Provost C, Larson-Dupuis C, Sandman É, Laflamme GY, Benoit B, Leduc S, Levesque M, Gosselin N, De Beaumont L. Moderate to severe acute pain disturbs motor cortex intracortical inhibition and facilitation in orthopedic trauma patients: A TMS study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226452. [PMID: 32196498 PMCID: PMC7083311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary motor (M1) cortical excitability alterations are involved in the development and maintenance of chronic pain. Less is known about M1-cortical excitability implications in the acute phase of an orthopedic trauma. This study aims to assess acute M1-cortical excitability in patients with an isolated upper limb fracture (IULF) in relation to pain intensity. METHODS Eighty-four (56 IULF patients <14 days post-trauma and 28 healthy controls). IULF patients were divided into two subgroups according to pain intensity (mild versus moderate to severe pain). A single transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) session was performed over M1 to compare groups on resting motor threshold (rMT), short-intracortical inhibition (SICI), intracortical facilitation (ICF), and long-interval cortical inhibition (LICI). RESULTS Reduced SICI and ICF were found in IULF patients with moderate to severe pain, whereas mild pain was not associated with M1 alterations. Age, sex, and time since the accident had no influence on TMS measures. DISCUSSION These findings show altered M1 in the context of acute moderate to severe pain, suggesting early signs of altered GABAergic inhibitory and glutamatergic facilitatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Jodoin
- Hôpital Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (HSCM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de psychologie, de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dominique M. Rouleau
- Hôpital Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (HSCM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Bellemare
- Hôpital Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (HSCM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de psychologie, de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Camille Larson-Dupuis
- Hôpital Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (HSCM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de psychologie, de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Émilie Sandman
- Hôpital Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (HSCM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Georges-Yves Laflamme
- Hôpital Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (HSCM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Benoit
- Hôpital Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (HSCM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Leduc
- Hôpital Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (HSCM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martine Levesque
- Hôpital Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (HSCM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Hôpital Fleury, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nadia Gosselin
- Hôpital Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (HSCM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de psychologie, de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis De Beaumont
- Hôpital Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (HSCM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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20
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Kochetova OV, Avzaletdinova DS, Korytina GF, Morugova TV, Mustafina OE. The association between eating behavior and polymorphisms in GRIN2B, GRIK3, GRIA1 and GRIN1 genes in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2035-2046. [PMID: 32037472 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Excess body weight is the main risk factor of type 2 diabetes. Recent studies have shown that psychological and behavioral factors affect weight. Additionally, emerging evidence indicates that polymorphisms of neurotransmitter genes can impact eating behavior. The aim of this study was to detect the associations between SNPs in glutamatergic system genes and type 2 diabetes in the ethnic group of Tatars origin living in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). In our case-control cross-sectional study, 501 patients with type 2 diabetes (170 men and 331 women, 60.9 ± 9.2 years old (mean ± SD), BMI 30.9 ± 3.9 kg/m2 (mean ± SD) of Tatar ethnicity, and a control group of 420 Tatars (170 men and 250 women, 56.3 ± 11.6 years old (mean ± SD), BMI 24.4 ± 4.3 kg/m2 (mean ± SD), were genotyped for five SNPs in four glutamatergic genes (GRIN2B, GRIK3, GRIA1, GRIN1). Three SNPs were associated with type 2 diabetes: rs7301328 in GRIN2B [odds ratio adjusted for age, sex and BMI (ORadj) = 0.77 (95% CI 0.63-0.93), padj = 0.0077], rs1805476 in GRIN2B [ORadj = 1.25 (95% CI 1.03-1.51), padj = 0.0240], and rs2195450 in GRIA1 [ORadj = 1.35 (95% CI 1.02-1.79), padj = 0.0340]. Regression analysis revealed that rs1805476 in GRIN2B was associated with LDL level, glomerular filtration rate, BMI (p = 0.020, p = 0.012 and p = 0.018, respectively). The SNP rs7301328 in GRIN2B was associated with triglyceride levels and HbA1c (p = 0.040, p = 0.023, respectively). These associations were not significant after Bonferroni correction. We found the association between rs534131 in GRIK3, rs2195450 in GRIA1, rs1805476 in GRIN2B and diabetic retinopathy (p = 0.005, p = 0.007, p = 0.040, respectively); rs7301328 in GRIN2B was associated with hypertension (p = 0.025) and cerebrovascular disease (p = 0.013). The association between rs534131 of GRIK3, rs2195450 of GRIA1 genes and diabetic retinopathy remained significant after Bonferroni correction. The SNPs rs6293 in GRIN1 was significantly associated with eating behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes (p = 0.01). Our results demonstrate that polymorphic variants of glutamatergic genes are associated with eating behavior and diabetic complications in Tatar ethnic group residing in the Republic of Bashkortostan. We detected novel associations of the polymorphic loci in GRIN1 (rs6293) gene with external eating behavior in type 2 diabetes patients, GRIK3 (rs534131) and GRIA1 (rs2195450) genes with diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Kochetova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 October Avenue, Ufa, Russia, 450054
| | - Diana S Avzaletdinova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Bashkir State Medical University" of Healthcare Ministry of the Russian Federation, 3 Lenin St., Ufa, Russia, 45008.
| | - Gulnaz F Korytina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 October Avenue, Ufa, Russia, 450054
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Bashkir State Medical University" of Healthcare Ministry of the Russian Federation, 3 Lenin St., Ufa, Russia, 45008
| | - Tatyana V Morugova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Bashkir State Medical University" of Healthcare Ministry of the Russian Federation, 3 Lenin St., Ufa, Russia, 45008
| | - Olga E Mustafina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 October Avenue, Ufa, Russia, 450054
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21
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Guerra A, López-Alonso V, Cheeran B, Suppa A. Variability in non-invasive brain stimulation studies: Reasons and results. Neurosci Lett 2020; 719:133330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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22
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Wada M, Kurose S, Miyazaki T, Nakajima S, Masuda F, Mimura Y, Nishida H, Ogyu K, Tsugawa S, Mashima Y, Plitman E, Chakravarty MM, Mimura M, Noda Y. The P300 event-related potential in bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2019; 256:234-249. [PMID: 31200163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurophysiology including P300, that is a typical index of event-related potential, may be potential biomarkers for bipolar disorder (BD) and it can be useful towards elucidating the pathophysiology of BD. However, previous findings from P300 studies were inconsistent due to the heterogeneity of research methods, which make it difficult to understand the neurobiological significance of them. The aim of this study is to conduct a meta-analysis on P300 in patients with BD. METHOD A literature search was conducted using PubMed to identify studies that compared P300 event-related potential between patients with BD and healthy controls (HCs). We analyzed P300 indices such as amplitude and latency of P3a and P3b in auditory or visual paradigms. Further, moderator analyses were conducted to investigate the influence of patient characteristics (i.e. history of psychosis, diagnostic subcategories [BD-I/BD-II], and phase of illness [euthymic, manic, or depressive]) on P300 indices. RESULT Out of 124 initial records, we included 30 articles (BD: N = 1331; HCs: N = 1818). Patients with BD showed reduced P3a and P3b amplitude in both paradigms and delayed P3b latency in auditory paradigms compared to HCs. There was no influence on the history of psychosis, diagnostic subcategories, or phase of illness on P300 indices. LIMITATION The difference in medication use was difficult to control and it may affect the results. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis provides evidence for P300 abnormalities in patients with BD compared to HCs. Our results suggest that P300 may be trait markers rather than state markers in this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Wada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Kurose
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miyazaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumi Masuda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hana Nishida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kamiyu Ogyu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakiko Tsugawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuuki Mashima
- Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Eric Plitman
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Canada
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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23
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Raginis-Zborowska A, Cheng I, Pendleton N, Payton A, Ollier W, Michou E, Hamdy S. Genetic influences on the variability of response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in human pharyngeal motor cortex. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13612. [PMID: 31033149 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have reported substantial variability in response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). We hypothesized that an individual's genetic predisposition may contribute to such variability in the pharyngeal motor cortex. This study aimed to investigate the response to 1 and 5 Hz rTMS paradigms on pharyngeal motor cortex in healthy participants and its relationship with genetic predisposition. METHODS Forty-one healthy participants (25.4 ± 4.6 years old) received either or both 1 Hz (n = 39) and 5 Hz rTMS (n = 40) over pharyngeal motor cortex. Pharyngeal and thenar motor-evoked potentials were recorded at baseline and for 1 hour post-rTMS. The participants were then classified according to their response. The associations between rTMS response and gender, time of day of the stimulation, and eight prespecified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed. KEY RESULTS There was no direction-specific response to either paradigm (1 Hz: F[3.69, 129.21] = 0.78, P = 0.56; 5 Hz: F[4.08, 146.85] = 1.38, P = 0.25). Only 13% of participants showed the expected bidirectional response (inhibition for 1 Hz and excitation for 5 Hz). Significant associations were found between response and COMT (1 Hz: P = 0.03) and DRD2 (1 Hz: P = 0.02; 5 Hz: P = 0.04) polymorphisms. Carriers of minor allele G from SNP rs6269 (COMT) were more likely to show inhibitory or excitatory outcomes after 1 Hz rTMS. By contrast, carriers of minor allele A from SNP rs1800497 (DRD2) were more likely to show no response to 1 Hz rTMS and inhibition after 5 Hz rTMS. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Two SNPs from COMT and DRD2 genes may partially explain the response variability to rTMS in the pharyngeal motor system. Further research should focus on stratified approaches for neurostimulatory dysphagia treatment using rTMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Raginis-Zborowska
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ivy Cheng
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Neil Pendleton
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Antony Payton
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - William Ollier
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Emilia Michou
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Speech and Language Therapy, Western Greece University of Applied Sciences, Patras, Greece
| | - Shaheen Hamdy
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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24
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Masuda F, Nakajima S, Miyazaki T, Yoshida K, Tsugawa S, Wada M, Ogyu K, Croarkin PE, Blumberger DM, Daskalakis ZJ, Mimura M, Noda Y. Motor cortex excitability and inhibitory imbalance in autism spectrum disorder assessed with transcranial magnetic stimulation: a systematic review. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:110. [PMID: 30846682 PMCID: PMC6405856 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical excitation/inhibition (E/I) imbalances contribute to various clinical symptoms observed in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the detailed pathophysiologic underpinning of E/I imbalance remains uncertain. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) motor-evoked potentials (MEP) are a non-invasive tool for examining cortical inhibition in ASD. Here, we conducted a systematic review on TMS neurophysiology in motor cortex (M1) such as MEPs and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) between individuals with ASD and controls. Out of 538 initial records, we identified six articles. Five studies measured MEP, where four studies measured SICI. There were no differences in MEP amplitudes between the two groups, whereas SICI was likely to be reduced in individuals with ASD compared with controls. Notably, SICI largely reflects GABA(A) receptor-mediated function. Conversely, other magnetic resonance spectroscopy and postmortem methodologies assess GABA levels. The present review demonstrated that there may be neurophysiological deficits in GABA receptor-mediated function in ASD. In conclusion, reduced GABAergic function in the neural circuits could underlie the E/I imbalance in ASD, which may be related to the pathophysiology of clinical symptoms of ASD. Therefore, a novel treatment that targets the neural circuits related to GABA(A) receptor-mediated function in regions involved in the pathophysiology of ASD may be promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Masuda
- 0000 0004 1936 9959grid.26091.3cDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan ,0000 0000 9747 6806grid.410827.8Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- 0000 0004 1936 9959grid.26091.3cDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Multimodal Imaging Group, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Takahiro Miyazaki
- 0000 0004 1936 9959grid.26091.3cDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- 0000 0004 0459 167Xgrid.66875.3aDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Sakiko Tsugawa
- 0000 0004 1936 9959grid.26091.3cDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Wada
- 0000 0004 1936 9959grid.26091.3cDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kamiyu Ogyu
- 0000 0004 1936 9959grid.26091.3cDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paul E. Croarkin
- 0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bPharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Daniel M. Blumberger
- 0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Zafiris J. Daskalakis
- 0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Masaru Mimura
- 0000 0004 1936 9959grid.26091.3cDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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25
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Lin YL, Bialer M, Cabrera RM, Finnell RH, Wlodarczyk BJ. Teratogenicity of valproic acid and its constitutional isomer, amide derivative valnoctamide in mice. Birth Defects Res 2018; 111:1013-1023. [PMID: 30325584 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The anticonvulsant valproic acid (VPA) has a known teratogenic effect capable of inducing major congenital malformations and developmental disorders. A comparative teratogenicity study of VPA and its analog valnoctamide (VCD), which is a new generation candidate antiepileptic drug, was carried out using Swiss Vancouver (SWV) mice. METHODS Pregnant SWV dams were treated with either a single intraperitoneal injection of VPA (1.8 and 2.7 mmol/kg), VCD (1.8 and 2.7 mmol/kg), or vehicle on E8:12 (gestational day:hour). The numbers of implantation and resorption, viable and dead fetuses, and the presence of gross fetal visceral and skeletal abnormalities were determined (E18). Real-time Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) arrays were used to analyze the expression of 84 genes related to the processes of neurogenesis and neural stem cell differentiation. RESULTS Significant decreases in pregnancy weight gain and the number of live fetuses were observed when VPA was administered at the high dose, whereas the percentage of exencephalic fetuses was significantly increased in VPA treated compared with an equivalent VCD dosage group. There was a dose-related increase in visceral defects in the VPA-exposed fetuses. Missing skull bones and fused vertebrae in fetuses occurred at the high dose of VPA. Three genes (Mtap2, Bmp8b, and Stat3) were significantly upregulated and one (Heyl) was downregulated in samples from VPA-treated dams. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates that the teratogenicity of VPA was significantly greater than that of an equimolar dose of VCD. Four genes (Mtap2, Bmp8b, Stat3, and Heyl) represent candidate target genes for the underlying teratogenic mechanism responsible for VPA-induced malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Linda Lin
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Meir Bialer
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Robert M Cabrera
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Bogdan J Wlodarczyk
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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26
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Nandi T, Lamoth CJC, van Keeken HG, Bakker LBM, Kok I, Salem GJ, Fisher BE, Hortobágyi T. In Standing, Corticospinal Excitability Is Proportional to COP Velocity Whereas M1 Excitability Is Participant-Specific. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:303. [PMID: 30104968 PMCID: PMC6077221 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Reductions in the base of support (BOS) make standing difficult and require adjustments in the neural control of sway. In healthy young adults, we determined the effects of reductions in mediolateral (ML) BOS on peroneus longus (PL) motor evoked potential (MEP), intracortical facilitation (ICF), short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and long interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We also examined whether participant-specific neural excitability influences the responses to increasing standing difficulty. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that with increasing standing difficulty MEP size increased, SICI decreased (both p < 0.05) and ICF trended to decrease (p = 0.07). LICI decreased only in a sub-set of participants, demonstrating atypical facilitation. Spearman's Rank Correlation showed a relationship of ρ = 0.50 (p = 0.001) between MEP size and ML center of pressure (COP) velocity. Measures of M1 excitability did not correlate with COP velocity. LICI and ICF measured in the control task correlated with changes in LICI and ICF, i.e., the magnitude of response to increasing standing difficulty. Therefore, corticospinal excitability as measured by MEP size contributes to ML sway control while cortical facilitation and inhibition are likely involved in other aspects of sway control while standing. Additionally, neural excitability in standing is determined by an interaction between task difficulty and participant-specific neural excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Nandi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Claudine J C Lamoth
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Helco G van Keeken
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lisanne B M Bakker
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Iris Kok
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - George J Salem
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Beth E Fisher
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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27
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Alfimova MV, Golimbet VE, Korovaitseva GI, Lezheiko TV, Tikhonov DV, Ganisheva TK, Berezin NB, Snegireva AA, Shemiakina TK. [A role of interactions between N-methyl-D-aspartate and dopamine receptors in facial emotion recognition impairment in schizophrenia]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2017; 117:47-52. [PMID: 28745671 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20171176147-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To search for genetic mechanisms of facial emotion recognition (FER) impairment, one of the features of schizophrenia that affects social adaptation of patients. Based on the view implicating the interplay between dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems into the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, authors explored the interaction effects of the C366G polymorphism in the GRIN2B gene encoding NMDA receptor subunit NR2B with ANKK1/DRD2 Taq1A and 48-VNTR DRD4 polymorphisms on FER. MATERIAL AND METHODS GRIN2B -DRD2 interaction effects were studied in a sample of 237 patients and 235 healthy controls, GRIN2B - DRD4 in 268 patients and 208 controls. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Both effects were significant in combined samples of patients and controls (GRIN2B X DRD2, F=4.12, p=0.043; GRIN2B X DRD4, F=6.43, p=0.012). Further analysis confirmed the interaction effect of GRIN2B and DRD2 polymorphisms on FER in patients with schizophrenia. In patients with a less efficient allele of the DRD2 in the absence of the minor allele of the GRIN2B C366G polymorphism, the results were close to normal values while patients with minor alleles of both polymorphisms showed the worst results. This finding is in line with the conceptions on a possible role of NMDA-receptor hypofunction and D2-mediated regulation of NMDA-receptor activity in FER impairments in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - N B Berezin
- Alekseev Psychiatric Hospital #1, Moscow, Russia
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28
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Ding M, Shen W, Hu Y. The Role of miR-539 in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Chronic Neuropathic Pain. PAIN MEDICINE 2017; 18:2433-2442. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnx004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Cash RFH, Noda Y, Zomorrodi R, Radhu N, Farzan F, Rajji TK, Fitzgerald PB, Chen R, Daskalakis ZJ, Blumberger DM. Characterization of Glutamatergic and GABA A-Mediated Neurotransmission in Motor and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Using Paired-Pulse TMS-EEG. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:502-511. [PMID: 27461082 PMCID: PMC5399228 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) are noninvasive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measures of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition and glutamatergic excitatory transmission, respectively. Conventionally these measures have been restricted to the motor cortex. We investigated whether SICI and ICF could be recorded from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) using combined TMS and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG). We first characterized the neural signature of SICI and ICF in M1 in terms of TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) and spectral power modulation. Subsequently, these paradigms were applied in the DLPFC to determine whether similar neural signatures were evident. With TMS at M1, SICI and ICF led to bidirectional modulation (inhibition and facilitation, respectively) of P30 and P60 TEP amplitude, which correlated with MEP amplitude changes. With DLPFC stimulation, P60 was bidirectionally modulated by SICI and ICF in the same manner as for M1 stimulation, whereas P30 was absent. The sole modulation of early TEP components is in contradistinction to other measures such as long-interval intracortical inhibition and may reflect modulation of short latency excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs). Overall, the data suggest that SICI and ICF can be recorded using TMS-EEG in DLPFC providing noninvasive measures of glutamatergic and GABAA receptor-mediated neurotransmission. This may facilitate future research attempting to ascertain the role of these neurotransmitters in the pathophysiology and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin F H Cash
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada,Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Reza Zomorrodi
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Natasha Radhu
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Faranak Farzan
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert Chen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel M Blumberger
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Head, Late-Life Mood Disorders Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 1001 Queen St. W. Unit 4-115, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada, Tel: +1 416 535 8501, Fax: +1 416 583 4613, E-mail:
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Alfimova MV, Golimbet VE, Korovaitseva GI, Abramova LI, Lezheiko TV, Aksenova EV. [The association between the GRIN2B gene and verbal fluency and impairment of abstract thinking in schizophrenia]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2016; 116:42-46. [PMID: 27240047 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20161164142-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To search for the association between the GRIN2B gene and signs of thought and speech disorders which may be the result of decreased accessibility to the mental lexicon. MATERIAL AND METHODS The association between the GRIN2B polymorphism rs7301328 with semantic verbal fluency and five symptoms of thought and speech disorders, as assessed with the PANSS, was studied in 552 patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION There was the association of the GRIN2B gene with verbal fluency and the PANSS item «Difficulty in Abstract Thinking». The association was not modified by verbal fluency. The results suggest that the GRIN2B gene may modify the linguistic processes involved in the retrieval of information from the mental lexicon on the basis of semantic traits and, moreover, contribute to the variability of clinical symptoms of impairment of abstract thinking in patients with schizophrenia. The heterozygous genotype may be protective against the development of thought and speech disorders.
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Saghazadeh A, Esfahani SA, Rezaei N. Genetic polymorphisms and the adequacy of brain stimulation: state of the art. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:1043-54. [PMID: 27228124 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1194202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heterogeneity of therapeutic response to brain stimulation techniques has inspired scientists to uncover the secrets to success or failure of these projects. Genetic polymorphisms are one of the major causes of this heterogeneity. AREAS COVERED More than twenty genetic variants within more than ten genes (e.g. BDNF, COMT, DRD2, TRPV1, 5-HT1A, 5-HHT, P2RX7, VEGF, TPH1, TPH2, ACE, APOE, GNB3, NET, NMDA receptors, and RGS4) have been investigated, among which the BDNF gene and its polymorphism, Val66Met, is the best documented variant. We review the genotypic combinations, which are reported to interact with the work of brain stimulation, of which the DRD2 C957T polymorphism is the most prominent type. Finally, implications of transcranial magnetic stimulation in deciphering the interaction between genetic background (e.g. SCN1A and 5-HTT) and drugs (e.g. carbamazepine and citalopram) at the cortical excitability level is explained. Expert commentary: Studies are ongoing to find missing factors responsible for heterogeneity of response to brain stimulation techniques. Further knowledge about genetic factors affecting the therapeutic response to brain stimulation techniques might provide helpful guidelines for choosing ideal candidates for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amene Saghazadeh
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b NeuroImmunology Research Association (NIRA) , Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran
| | - Shadi A Esfahani
- c Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,d Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA) , Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,e Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,f Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA) , Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran
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Suppa A, Huang YZ, Funke K, Ridding M, Cheeran B, Di Lazzaro V, Ziemann U, Rothwell J. Ten Years of Theta Burst Stimulation in Humans: Established Knowledge, Unknowns and Prospects. Brain Stimul 2016; 9:323-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Influence of Genetic Variants of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor on Emotion and Social Behavior in Adolescents. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:6851592. [PMID: 26819771 PMCID: PMC4706971 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6851592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence has suggested that the epigenetic regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors plays a crucial role in neuropsychiatric disorders. Previous exploratory studies have been primarily based on evidence from patients and have rarely sampled the general population. This exploratory study examined the relationship of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variations in the genes encoding the NMDA receptor (i.e., GRIN1, GRIN2A, GRIN2B, GRIN2C, and GRIN2D) with emotion and social behavior in adolescents. For this study, 832 tenth-grade Taiwanese volunteers were recruited, and their scores from the Beck Youth Inventories were used to evaluate their emotional and social impairments. Based on these scores, GRIN1 (rs4880213) was significantly associated with depression and disruptive behavior. In addition, GRIN2B (rs7301328) was significantly associated with disruptive behavior. Because emotional and social impairment greatly influence learning ability, the findings of this study provide important information for clinical treatment and the development of promising prevention and treatment strategies, especially in the area of psychological adjustment.
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Effects of VU0410120, a novel GlyT1 inhibitor, on measures of sociability, cognition and stereotypic behaviors in a mouse model of autism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 61:10-7. [PMID: 25784602 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The NMDA receptor is a highly regulated glutamate-gated cationic channel receptor that has an important role in the regulation of sociability and cognition. The genetically-inbred Balb/c mouse has altered endogenous tone of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission and is a model of impaired sociability, relevant to Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). Because glycine is an obligatory co-agonist that works cooperatively with glutamate to promote opening of the ion channel, one prominent strategy to promote NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission involves inhibition of the glycine type 1 transporter (GlyT1). The current study evaluated the dose-dependent effects of VU0410120, a selective, high-affinity competitive GlyT1 inhibitor, on measures of sociability, cognition and stereotypic behaviors in Balb/c and Swiss Webster mice. The data show that doses of VU0410120 (i.e., 18 and 30mg/kg) that improve measures of sociability and spatial working memory in the Balb/c mouse strain elicit intense stereotypic behaviors in the Swiss Webster comparator strain (i.e., burrowing and jumping). Furthermore, the data suggest that selective GlyT1 inhibition improves sociability and spatial working memory at doses that do not worsen or elicit stereotypic behaviors in a social situation in the Balb/c strain. However, the elicitation of stereotypic behaviors in the Swiss Webster comparator strain at therapeutically relevant doses of VU0410120 suggest that genetic factors (i.e., mouse strain differences) influence sensitivity to GlyT1-elicited stereotypic behaviors, and emergence of intense stereotypic behaviors may be dose-limiting side effects of this interventional strategy.
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Caveolin-1 in the anterior cingulate cortex modulates chronic neuropathic pain via regulation of NMDA receptor 2B subunit. J Neurosci 2015; 35:36-52. [PMID: 25568101 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1161-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is still a basic science and clinical challenge. Unraveling of the neurobiological mechanisms involved in chronic pain will offer novel targets for the development of therapeutic strategies. It is well known that central sensitization in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays a critical role in initiation, development, and maintenance of chronic pain. However, the underlying mechanisms still remain elusive. Here, we reported that caveolin-1 (Cav-1), a scaffolding protein in membrane rafts, was persistently upregulated and activated in the ACC neurons after chronic constriction injury (CCI) in mice. Knockdown or blocking of Cav-1 in the contralateral ACC to the injury side reversed CCI-induced pain behavioral and neuronal sensitization and overexpression of Cav-1 in the ipsilateral ACC-induced pain behavior in the unaffected hindpaw. Furthermore, we found that Cav-1 directly binding with NMDA receptor 2B subunit (NR2B) and promotion of NR2B surface levels in the ACC contributed to modulation of chronic neuropathic pain. Disrupting the interaction of Cav-1 and NR2B through microinjection of a short peptide derived from the C-terminal of NR2B into the ACC exhibited a significant anti-nociception effect associated with decrease of surface NR2B expression. Moreover, Cav-1 increased intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and activated the ERK/CREB signaling pathway in an NR2B-dependent manner in the ACC. Our findings implicate that Cav-1 in the ACC neurons modulates chronic neuropathic pain via regulation of NR2B and subsequent activation of ERK/CREB signaling, suggesting a possible caveolin-mediated process would participate in neuronal transmission pathways implicated in pain modulation.
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Weiss S, Mori F, Rossi S, Centonze D. Disability in multiple sclerosis: When synaptic long-term potentiation fails. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 43:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Cárdenas-Morales L, Grön G, Sim EJ, Stingl JC, Kammer T. Neural activation in humans during a simple motor task differs between BDNF polymorphisms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96722. [PMID: 24828051 PMCID: PMC4020821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism has been linked to decreased synaptic plasticity involved in motor learning tasks. We investigated whether individual differences in this polymorphism may promote differences in neural activity during a two-alternative forced-choice motor performance. In two separate sessions, the BOLD signal from 22 right-handed healthy men was measured during button presses with the left and right index finger upon visual presentation of an arrow. 11 men were Val66Val carriers (ValVal group), the other 11 men carried either the Val66Met or the Met66Met polymorphism (Non-ValVal group). Reaction times, resting and active motor thresholds did not differ between ValVal and Non-ValVal groups. Compared to the ValVal group the Non-ValVal group showed significantly higher BOLD signals in the right SMA and motor cingulate cortex during motor performance. This difference was highly consistent for both hands and across all four sessions. Our finding suggests that this BDNF polymorphism may not only influence complex performance during motor learning but is already associated with activation differences during rather simple motor tasks. The higher BOLD signal observed in Non-ValVal subjects suggests the presence of cumulative effects of the polymorphism on the motor system, and may reflect compensatory functional activation mediating equal behavioral performance between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizbeth Cárdenas-Morales
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
- Neurological Department, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Georg Grön
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Eun-Jin Sim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia C. Stingl
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Research Department, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Kammer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Rogasch NC, Daskalakis ZJ, Fitzgerald PB. Cortical inhibition, excitation, and connectivity in schizophrenia: a review of insights from transcranial magnetic stimulation. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:685-96. [PMID: 23722199 PMCID: PMC3984517 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a debilitating mental illness with an elusive pathophysiology. Over the last decade, theories emphasizing cortical dysfunction have received increasing attention to explain the heterogeneous symptoms experienced in SCZ. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive form of brain stimulation that is particularly suited to probing the fidelity of specific excitatory and inhibitory neuronal populations in conscious humans. In this study, we review the contribution of TMS in assessing inhibitory and excitatory neuronal populations and their long-range connections in SCZ. In addition, we discuss insights from combined TMS and electroencephalography into the functional consequences of impaired excitation/inhibition on cortical oscillations in SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel C. Rogasch
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Level 4, 607 Street, Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; tel: +61-3-9076-6593, fax: +61-3-9076-6588, e-mail:
| | - Zafiris J. Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul B. Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Mori F, Kusayanagi H, Nicoletti CG, Weiss S, Marciani MG, Centonze D. Cortical plasticity predicts recovery from relapse in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2013; 20:451-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458513512541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is characterized by the occurrence of clinical relapses, followed by remitting phases of a neurological deficit. Clinical remission after a relapse can be complete, with a return to baseline function that was present before, but is sometimes only partial or absent. Remyelination and repair of the neuronal damage do contribute to recovery, but they are usually incomplete. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that synaptic plasticity, namely long-term potentiation (LTP), may represent an additional substrate for compensating the clinical defect that results from the incomplete repair of neuronal damage. Methods: We evaluated the correlation between a measure of LTP, named paired associative stimulation (PAS), at the time of relapse and symptom recovery, in a cohort of 22 newly-diagnosed MS patients. Results: PAS-induced LTP was normal in patients with complete recovery, and reduced in patients showing incomplete or absent recovery, 12 weeks after the relapse onset. A multivariate regression model showed that PAS-induced LTP and age may contribute to predict null, partial or complete symptom recovery after a relapse. Conclusion: Synaptic plasticity may contribute to symptom recovery after a relapse in MS; and PAS, measured during a relapse, may be used as a predictor of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mori
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Rome, Italy
| | - Hajime Kusayanagi
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Gabri Nicoletti
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Rome, Italy
| | - Sagit Weiss
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Marciani
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Rome, Italy
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Sokolowski M, Ben-Efraim YJ, Wasserman J, Wasserman D. Glutamatergic GRIN2B and polyaminergic ODC1 genes in suicide attempts: associations and gene-environment interactions with childhood/adolescent physical assault. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:985-92. [PMID: 22850629 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complex etiology of suicidal behavior has frequently been investigated in relation to monoaminergic neurotransmission, but other neurosystems have shown alterations as well, involving excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) molecular components, together with the modulating polyamines. Sufficiently powered and family-based association studies of glutamatergic and GABAergic genes with suicidal behavior are nonexistent, but several studies have been reported for polyamines. We therefore conducted, for the first time ever, an extensive family-based study of 113 candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in 24 glutamatergic and GABA genes, in addition to interrelated polyaminergic genes, on the outcome of severe suicide attempts (SAs). The family-based analysis (n=660 trios) was supplemented with gene-environment interaction (G × E), case-control (n=519 controls) and subgroup analyses. The main observations were the previously unreported association and linkage of SNPs rs2268115 and rs220557 in GRIN2B, as well as of SNPs rs1049500 and rs2302614 in ODC1 (P<10(-2)). Furthermore, GRIN2B haplotypic associations were observed, in particular with a four-SNP AGGC haplotype (rs1805247-rs1806201-rs1805482-rs2268115; P<10(-5)), and a third SNP rs7559979 in ODC1 showed G × E with serious childhood/adolescent physical assault (P<10(-4)). SA subjects were characterized by transdiagnostic trait anger and past year alcohol-drug use disorders, but not by alcohol-drug use at SA, depression, anxiety or psychosis diagnoses. We also discuss a first ever confirmatory observation of SNP rs6526342 (polyaminergic SAT1) in SA, originally identified in completed suicides. The results suggest that specific genetic variants in a subset of glutamatergic (GRIN2B) and polyaminergic (ODC1) neurosystem genes may be of importance in certain suicidal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sokolowski
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Opposite roles of NMDA receptors in relapsing and primary progressive multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67357. [PMID: 23840674 PMCID: PMC3696106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic transmission and plasticity mediated by NMDA receptors (NMDARs) could modulate the severity of multiple sclerosis (MS). Here the role of NMDARs in MS was first explored in 691 subjects carrying specific allelic variants of the NR1 subunit gene or of the NR2B subunit gene of this glutamate receptor. The analysis was replicated for significant SNPs in an independent sample of 1548 MS subjects. The C allele of rs4880213 was found to be associated with reduced NMDAR-mediated cortical excitability, and with increased probability of having more disability than the CT/TT MS subjects. MS severity was higher in the CC group among relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS) patients, while primary progressive MS (PP-MS) subjects homozygous for the T allele had more pronounced clinical worsening. Mean time to first relapse, but not to an active MRI scan, was lower in the CC group of RR-MS patients, and the number of subjects with two or more clinical relapses in the first two years of the disease was higher in CC compared to CT/TT group. Furthermore, the percentage of relapses associated with residual disability was lower in subjects carrying the T allele. Lesion load at the MRI was conversely unaffected by the C or T allele of this SNP in RR-MS patients. Axonal and neuronal degeneration at the optical coherence tomography was more severe in the TT group of PP-MS patients, while reduced retinal nerve fiber thickness had less consequences on visual acuity in RR-MS patients bearing the T allele. Finally, the T allele was associated with preserved cognitive abilities at the Rao's brief repeatable neuropsychological battery in RR-MS. Signaling through glutamate NMDARs enhances both compensatory synaptic plasticity and excitotoxic neurodegeneration, impacting in opposite ways on RR-MS and PP-MS pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Freitas C, Farzan F, Pascual-Leone A. Assessing brain plasticity across the lifespan with transcranial magnetic stimulation: why, how, and what is the ultimate goal? Front Neurosci 2013; 7:42. [PMID: 23565072 PMCID: PMC3613699 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustaining brain and cognitive function across the lifespan must be one of the main biomedical goals of the twenty-first century. We need to aim to prevent neuropsychiatric diseases and, thus, to identify and remediate brain and cognitive dysfunction before clinical symptoms manifest and disability develops. The brain undergoes a complex array of changes from developmental years into old age, putatively the underpinnings of changes in cognition and behavior throughout life. A functionally “normal” brain is a changing brain, a brain whose capacity and mechanisms of change are shifting appropriately from one time-point to another in a given individual's life. Therefore, assessing the mechanisms of brain plasticity across the lifespan is critical to gain insight into an individual's brain health. Indexing brain plasticity in humans is possible with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which, in combination with neuroimaging, provides a powerful tool for exploring local cortical and brain network plasticity. Here, we review investigations to date, summarize findings, and discuss some of the challenges that need to be solved to enhance the use of TMS measures of brain plasticity across all ages. Ultimately, TMS measures of plasticity can become the foundation for a brain health index (BHI) to enable objective correlates of an individual's brain health over time, assessment across diseases and disorders, and reliable evaluation of indicators of efficacy of future preventive and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Freitas
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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The influence of genetic factors on brain plasticity and recovery after neural injury. Curr Opin Neurol 2012; 25:682-8. [DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e32835a360a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Pilato F, Profice P, Ranieri F, Capone F, Di Iorio R, Florio L, Di Lazzaro V. Synaptic plasticity in neurodegenerative diseases evaluated and modulated by in vivo neurophysiological techniques. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:563-71. [PMID: 22821187 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8302-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several studies demonstrated in experimental models and in humans synaptic plasticity impairment in some neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and schizophrenia. Recently new neurophysiological tools, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation, have been introduced in experimental and clinical settings for studying physiology of the brain and modulating cortical activity. These techniques use noninvasive transcranial electrical or magnetic stimulation to modulate neurons activity in the human brain. Cortical stimulation might enhance or inhibit the activity of cortico-subcortical networks, depending on stimulus frequency and intensity, current polarity, and other stimulation parameters such as the configuration of the induced electric field and stimulation protocols. On this basis, in the last two decades, these techniques have rapidly become valuable tools to investigate physiology of the human brain and have been applied to treat drug-resistant neurological and psychiatric diseases. Here we describe these techniques and discuss the mechanisms that may explain these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pilato
- Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Hamada M, Murase N, Hasan A, Balaratnam M, Rothwell JC. The Role of Interneuron Networks in Driving Human Motor Cortical Plasticity. Cereb Cortex 2012; 23:1593-605. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rossi S, Motta C, Studer V, Monteleone F, De Chiara V, Buttari F, Barbieri F, Bernardi G, Battistini L, Cutter G, Stüve O, Salvetti M, Centonze D. A genetic variant of the anti-apoptotic protein Akt predicts natalizumab-induced lymphocytosis and post-natalizumab multiple sclerosis reactivation. Mult Scler 2012; 19:59-68. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458512448106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients discontinuing natalizumab treatment are at risk of disease reactivation. No clinical or surrogate parameters exist to identify patients at risk of post-natalizumab MS reactivation. Objective: To determine the role of natalizumab-induced lymphocytosis and of Akt polymorphisms in disease reactivation after natalizumab discontinuation. Methods: Peripheral leukocyte count and composition were monitored in 93 MS patients during natalizumab treatment, and in 56 of these subjects who discontinued the treatment. Genetic variants of the anti-apoptotic protein Akt were determined in all subjects because natalizumab modulates the apoptotic pathway and lymphocyte survival is regulated by the apoptotic cascade. Results: Natalizumab-induced peripheral lymphocytosis protected from post-natalizumab MS reactivation. Subjects who relapsed or had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) worsening after treatment cessation, in fact, had milder peripheral lymphocyte increases during the treatment, largely caused by less marked T cell increase. Furthermore, subjects carrying a variant of the gene coding for Akt associated with reduced anti-apoptotic efficiency (rs2498804T) had lower lymphocytosis and higher risk of disease reactivation. Conclusion: This study identified one functionally meaningful genetic variant within the Akt signaling pathway that is associated with both lymphocyte count and composition alterations during natalizumab treatment, and with the risk of disease reactivation after natalizumab discontinuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rossi
- Clinica Neurologica, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello/ Fondazione Santa Lucia, Italy
| | - Caterina Motta
- Clinica Neurologica, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello/ Fondazione Santa Lucia, Italy
| | - Valeria Studer
- Clinica Neurologica, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello/ Fondazione Santa Lucia, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Monteleone
- Clinica Neurologica, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello/ Fondazione Santa Lucia, Italy
| | - Valentina De Chiara
- Clinica Neurologica, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello/ Fondazione Santa Lucia, Italy
| | - Fabio Buttari
- Clinica Neurologica, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello/ Fondazione Santa Lucia, Italy
| | - Francesca Barbieri
- Clinica Neurologica, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello/ Fondazione Santa Lucia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bernardi
- Clinica Neurologica, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello/ Fondazione Santa Lucia, Italy
| | - Luca Battistini
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello/ Fondazione Santa Lucia, Italy
| | - Gary Cutter
- Department of Biostatiscs, University of Alabama, USA
| | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology, Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, USA
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Centre for Experimental Neurologica Therapies, S. Andrea Hospital, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Clinica Neurologica, Università Tor Vergata, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello/ Fondazione Santa Lucia, Italy
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Yoo HJ, Cho IH, Park M, Yang SY, Kim SA. Family based association of GRIN2A and GRIN2B with Korean autism spectrum disorders. Neurosci Lett 2012; 512:89-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Goldsworthy MR, Pitcher JB, Ridding MC. The application of spaced theta burst protocols induces long-lasting neuroplastic changes in the human motor cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 35:125-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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