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Dallazen JL, da Luz BB, Maria-Ferreira D, Nascimento AM, Cipriani TR, de Souza LM, Geppetti P, de Paula Werner MF. Local effects of natural alkylamides from Acmella oleracea and synthetic isobutylalkyl amide on neuropathic and postoperative pain models in mice. Fitoterapia 2022; 160:105224. [PMID: 35659524 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic and postoperative pain are clinical conditions that impair the patient's quality of life. The current pharmacotherapy of both painful states is ineffective and accompanied by several side effects. In order to develop new therapeutics targets, the secondary metabolites of plants have been extensively studied. Acmella oleracea ("jambu") is a native plant from the Amazon region and rich in alkylamides, bioactive compounds responsible for inducing anesthetic and chemesthetic sensations. We previously demonstrated that the intraplantar administration of an hexanic fraction (HF) rich in alkylamides from jambu and the synthetic isobutylalkyl amide (IBA) at 0.1 μg/20 μL can promote antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the local effect of HF and IBA (0.1 μg/20 μL) on neuropathic (partial sciatic nerve ligation, PSNL) and postoperative pain (plantar incision surgery, PIS) models in mice. Seven days after the PSNL, the mechanical (von Frey test) and cold (acetone-evoked evaporative cooling) allodynia, and digital gait parameters were analyzed. The intraplantar HF and IBA treatments attenuated the mechanical and cold allodynia as well as the static (max. Contact and print area) and dynamic (stand duration) parameters of digital gait analyses. On the day after PIS, the mechanical allodynia, heat hyperalgesia (hot plate, 52 ± 0.1°C), and spontaneous nociception scores were evaluated. Topical treatment with HF reduced the mechanical allodynia, heat hyperalgesia, and spontaneous nociception scores. In contrast, IBA treatment only partially reduced the mechanical allodynia. In summary, the local treatment with HF was effective on both neuropathic and postoperative pain, as opposed to IBA, which only had an effect on neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniele Maria-Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Adamara Machado Nascimento
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Multidisciplinary Center, Federal University of Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thales Ricardo Cipriani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lauro Mera de Souza
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Pierangelo Geppetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Toy PH, Loo YH, Leakasindhu S, Kan CM. Synthesis of Bungeanool, Isobungeanool, Dihydrobungeanool, Tetrahydrobungeanool, Hazaleamide, Lanyuamide III, and Analogues. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1653-4050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe bungeanools are a family of alkamide natural products isolated from the pericarps of Zanthoxylum bungeanum (Sichuan pepper), and they are structurally related to the sanshools. While the sanshools, especially hydroxy-α-sanshool, have been studied in a variety of contexts, research regarding the bungeanools has been much more limited. To facilitate their study, we have developed stereoselective syntheses of all four members of this family of compounds by using flexible routes that are also amenable to the synthesis of analogues. The key transformation in the syntheses was the stereoselective triphenylphosphine/phenol-catalyzed isomerization of an alkynoate to the corresponding conjugated E,E-dienoate.
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Luo J, Ke J, Hou X, Li S, Luo Q, Wu H, Shen G, Zhang Z. Composition, structure and flavor mechanism of numbing substances in Chinese prickly ash in the genus Zanthoxylum: A review. Food Chem 2021; 373:131454. [PMID: 34731789 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chinese prickly ash is known for producing a typical pungent sensation in Sichuan Cuisine. Accumulating evidence suggest a series of health benefits and pharmacological effects associated with prickly ash. Therefore, a systematic analysis of the composition, structural properties, detection, and flavor mechanism of numbing substances is highly necessitated to address their future application. Sanshool-based unsaturated amides are the primary cause of tingling. The numbing substances have poor stability and are prone to oxidation and decomposition reactions due to their highly unsaturated conjugated diene structures. Pungent sensations evoked by different sanshools are distinct, which is attributed to different mechanisms of interaction with membrane ion channels (TRPV1, TRPA1, and KCNK). In this paper, the composition, structural properties (such as isomerization, oxidation), detection, and flavor mechanism of numbing substances of prickly ash were summarized. The prospective application and future research direction of numbing substances in the prickly ash industry were also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Luo
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Jingxuan Ke
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hou
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Qingying Luo
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Hejun Wu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Guanghui Shen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Zhiqing Zhang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
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Cataldo A, Hagura N, Hyder Y, Haggard P. Touch inhibits touch: sanshool-induced paradoxical tingling reveals perceptual interaction between somatosensory submodalities. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202914. [PMID: 33499781 PMCID: PMC7893281 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human perception of touch is mediated by inputs from multiple channels. Classical theories postulate independent contributions of each channel to each tactile feature, with little or no interaction between channels. In contrast to this view, we show that inputs from two sub-modalities of mechanical input channels interact to determine tactile perception. The flutter-range vibration channel was activated anomalously using hydroxy-α-sanshool, a bioactive compound of Szechuan pepper, which chemically induces vibration-like tingling sensations. We tested whether this tingling sensation on the lips was modulated by sustained mechanical pressure. Across four experiments, we show that sustained touch inhibits sanshool tingling sensations in a location-specific, pressure-level and time-dependent manner. Additional experiments ruled out the mediation of this interaction by nociceptive or affective (C-tactile) channels. These results reveal novel inhibitory influence from steady pressure onto flutter-range tactile perceptual channels, consistent with early-stage interactions between mechanoreceptor inputs within the somatosensory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cataldo
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK.,Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study - University of London, Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU, UK.,Cognition, Values and Behaviour, Ludwig Maximilian University, Gabelsbergerstraße 62, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Nobuhiro Hagura
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yousef Hyder
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK.,Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK.,Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study - University of London, Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU, UK
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Tsagareli MG, Nozadze I, Tsiklauri N, Carstens MI, Gurtskaia G, Carstens E. Thermal Hyperalgesia and Mechanical Allodynia Elicited by Histamine and Non-histaminergic Itch Mediators: Respective Involvement of TRPV1 and TRPA1. Neuroscience 2020; 449:35-45. [PMID: 33010342 PMCID: PMC8219216 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute itch is elicited by histamine, as well as non-histaminergic itch mediators including chloroquine, BAM8-22 and Ser-Leu-Ile-Gly-Arg-Leu (SLIGRL). When injected intradermally, histamine binds to histamine H1 and H4 receptors that activate transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) to depolarize pruriceptors. Chloroquine, BAM8-22, and SLIGRL, respectively, bind to Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptors MrgprA3, MrgprC11, and MrgprC11/PAR2 that in turn activate transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1). In this study we tested if histamine, chloroquine, BAM8-22 and SLIGRL elicit thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in adult male mice. We measured the latency of hindpaw withdrawal from a noxious heat stimulus, and the threshold for hindpaw withdrawal from a von Frey mechanical stimulus. Intraplantar injection of histamine resulted in significant thermal hyperalgesia (p < 0.001) and mechanical allodynia (p < 0.001) ipsilaterally that persisted for 1 h. Pretreatment with the TRPV1 antagonist AMG-517 (10 or 20 μg), but not the TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031 (50 or 100 μg), significantly attenuated the magnitude and time course of thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia elicited by histamine (p < 0.001 for both), indicating that these effects are mediated by TRPV1. In contrast, pretreatment with the TRPA1 antagonist significantly reduced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia elicited by chloroquine (p < 0.001 for both ), BAM-822 (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively) and SLGRL (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, respectively), indicating that effects elicited by these non-histaminergic itch mediators require TRPA1. TRPV1 and TRPA1 channel inhibitors thus may have potential use in reducing hyperalgesia and allodynia associated with histaminergic and non-histaminergic itch, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivliane Nozadze
- Beritashvili Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nana Tsiklauri
- Beritashvili Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Gulnaz Gurtskaia
- Beritashvili Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - E Carstens
- University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Abstract
Mouthfeel refers to the physical or textural sensations in the mouth caused by foods and beverages that are essential to the acceptability of many edible products. The sensory subqualities contributing to mouthfeel are often chemogenic in nature and include heat, burning, cooling, tingling, and numbing. These "chemesthetic" sensations are a result of the chemical activation of receptors that are associated with nerve fibers mediating pain and mechanotransduction. Each of these chemesthetic sensations in the oral cavity are transduced in the nervous system by a combination of different molecular channels/receptors expressed on trigeminal nerve fibers that innervate the mouth and tongue. The molecular profile of these channels and receptors involved in mouthfeel include many transient receptor potential channels, proton-sensitive ion channels, and potassium channels to name a few. During the last several years, studies using molecular and physiological approaches have significantly expanded and enhanced our understanding of the neurobiological basis for these chemesthetic sensations. The purpose of the current review is to integrate older and newer studies to present a comprehensive picture of the channels and receptors involved in mouthfeel. We highlight that there still continue to be important gaps in our overall knowledge on flavor integration and perception involving chemesthetic sensations, and these gaps will continue to drive future research direction and future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Simons
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amanda H Klein
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Earl Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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The Background K + Channel TRESK in Sensory Physiology and Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155206. [PMID: 32717813 PMCID: PMC7432782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
TRESK belongs to the K2P family of potassium channels, also known as background or leak potassium channels due to their biophysical properties and their role regulating membrane potential of cells. Several studies to date have highlighted the role of TRESK in regulating the excitability of specific subtypes of sensory neurons. These findings suggest TRESK could be involved in pain sensitivity. Here, we review the different evidence available that involves the channel in pain and sensory perception, from studies knocking out the channel or overexpressing it to identified mutations that link the channel to migraine pain. In addition, the therapeutic possibilities are discussed, as targeting the channel seems an interesting therapeutic approach to reduce nociceptor activation and to decrease pain.
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Fisher C, Johnson K, Okerman T, Jurgenson T, Nickell A, Salo E, Moore M, Doucette A, Bjork J, Klein AH. Morphine Efficacy, Tolerance, and Hypersensitivity Are Altered After Modulation of SUR1 Subtype K ATP Channel Activity in Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1122. [PMID: 31695594 PMCID: PMC6817471 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are found in the nervous system and are downstream targets of opioid receptors. KATP channel activity can effect morphine efficacy and may beneficial for relieving chronic pain in the peripheral and central nervous system. Unfortunately, the KATP channels exists as a heterooctomers, and the exact subtypes responsible for the contribution to chronic pain and opioid signaling in either dorsal root ganglia (DRG) or the spinal cord are yet unknown. Chronic opioid exposure (15 mg/kg morphine, s.c., twice daily) over 5 days produces significant downregulation of Kir6.2 and SUR1 in the spinal cord and DRG of mice. In vitro studies also conclude potassium flux after KATP channel agonist stimulation is decreased in neuroblastoma cells treated with morphine for several days. Mice lacking the KATP channel SUR1 subunit have reduced opioid efficacy in mechanical paw withdrawal behavioral responses compared to wild-type and heterozygous littermates (5 and 15 mg/kg, s.c., morphine). Using either short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or SUR1 cre-lox strategies, downregulation of SUR1 subtype KATP channels in the spinal cord and DRG of mice potentiated the development of morphine tolerance and withdrawal. Opioid tolerance was attenuated with intraplantar injection of SUR1 agonists, such as diazoxide and NN-414 (100 μM, 10 μL) compared to vehicle treated animals. These studies are an important first step in determining the role of KATP channel subunits in antinociception, opioid signaling, and the development of opioid tolerance, and shed light on the potential translational ability of KATP channel targeting pharmaceuticals and their possible future clinical utilization. These data suggest that increasing neuronal KATP channel activity in the peripheral nervous system may be a viable option to alleviate opioid tolerance and withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Fisher
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Kayla Johnson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Travis Okerman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Taylor Jurgenson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Austin Nickell
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Erin Salo
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Madelyn Moore
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Alexis Doucette
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - James Bjork
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School Duluth, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Amanda H Klein
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
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9
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Luu W, Bjork J, Salo E, Entenmann N, Jurgenson T, Fisher C, Klein AH. Modulation of SUR1 K ATP Channel Subunit Activity in the Peripheral Nervous System Reduces Mechanical Hyperalgesia after Nerve Injury in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2251. [PMID: 31067750 PMCID: PMC6539735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) is involved in hypersensitivity during chronic pain and is presumed to be a downstream target of mu opioid receptors. Multiple subtypes of KATP channels exist in the peripheral and central nervous system and their activity may be inversely correlated to chronic pain phenotypes in rodents. In this study, we investigated the different KATP channel subunits that could be involved in neuropathic pain in mice. In chronic pain models utilizing spinal nerve ligation, SUR1 and Kir6.2 subunits were found to be significantly downregulated in dorsal root ganglia and the spinal cord. Local or intrathecal administration of SUR1-KATP channel subtype agonists resulted in analgesia after spinal nerve ligation but not SUR2 agonists. In ex-vivo nerve recordings, administration of the SUR1 agonist diazoxide to peripheral nerve terminals decreased mechanically evoked potentials. Genetic knockdown of SUR1 through an associated adenoviral strategy resulted in mechanical hyperalgesia but not thermal hyperalgesia compared to control mice. Behavioral data from neuropathic mice indicate that local reductions in SUR1-subtype KATP channel activity can exacerbate neuropathic pain symptoms. Since neuropathic pain is of major clinical relevance, potassium channels present a target for analgesic therapies, especially since they are expressed in nociceptors and could play an essential role in regulating the excitability of neurons involved in pain-transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Luu
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
| | - James Bjork
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
| | - Erin Salo
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
| | - Nicole Entenmann
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
| | - Taylor Jurgenson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
| | - Cole Fisher
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
| | - Amanda H Klein
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
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10
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Dallazen JL, Maria-Ferreira D, da Luz BB, Nascimento AM, Cipriani TR, de Souza LM, Glugoski LP, Silva BJG, Geppetti P, de Paula Werner MF. Distinct mechanisms underlying local antinociceptive and pronociceptive effects of natural alkylamides from Acmella oleracea compared to synthetic isobutylalkyl amide. Fitoterapia 2018; 131:225-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gulledge TV, Collette NM, Mackey E, Johnstone SE, Moazami Y, Todd DA, Moeser AJ, Pierce JG, Cech NB, Laster SM. Mast cell degranulation and calcium influx are inhibited by an Echinacea purpurea extract and the alkylamide dodeca-2E,4E-dienoic acid isobutylamide. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 212:166-174. [PMID: 29042288 PMCID: PMC5818717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Native Americans used plants from the genus Echinacea to treat a variety of different inflammatory conditions including swollen gums, sore throats, skin inflammation, and gastrointestinal disorders. Today, various Echinacea spp. preparations are used primarily to treat upper respiratory infections. AIM OF THE STUDY The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of an ethanolic E. purpurea (L) Moench root extract and the alkylamide dodeca-2E,4E-dienoic acid isobutylamide (A15) on mast cells, which are important mediators of allergic and inflammatory responses. Inhibition of mast cell activation may help explain the traditional use of Echinacea. MATERIALS AND METHODS A15 was evaluated for its effects on degranulation, calcium influx, cytokine and lipid mediator production using bone marrow derived mast cells (BMMCs) and the transformed rat basophilic leukemia mast cell line RBL-2H3. Methods included enzymatic assays, fluorimetry, ELISAs, and microscopy. A root extract of E. purpurea, and low and high alkylamide-containing fractions prepared from this extract, were also tested for effects on mast cell function. Finally, we tested A15 for effects on calcium responses in RAW 264.7 macrophage and Jurkat T cell lines. RESULTS A15 inhibited ß-hexosaminidase release from BMMCs and RBL-2H3 cells after treatment with the calcium ionophore A23187 by 83.5% and 48.4% at 100µM, respectively. Inhibition also occurred following stimulation with IgE anti-DNP/DNP-HSA. In addition, A15 inhibited 47% of histamine release from A23187-treated RBL-2H3 cells. A15 prevented the rapid rise in intracellular calcium following FcεRI crosslinking and A23187 treatment suggesting it acts on the signals controlling granule release. An E. purpurea root extract and a fraction with high alkylamide content derived from this extract also displayed these activities while fractions with little to no detectable amounts of alkylamide did not. A15 mediated inhibition of calcium influx was not limited to mast cells as A23187-stimulated calcium influx was blocked in both RAW 264.7 and Jurkat cell lines with 60.2% and 43.6% inhibition at 1min post-stimulation, respectively. A15 also inhibited the release of TNF-α, and PGE2 to a lesser degree, following A23187 stimulation indicating its broad activity on mast cell mediator production. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that Echinacea extracts and alkylamides may be useful for treating allergic and inflammatory responses mediated by mast cells. More broadly, since calcium is a critical second messenger, the inhibitory effects of alkylamides on calcium uptake would be predicted to dampen a variety of pathological responses, suggesting new uses for this plant and its constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis V Gulledge
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Nicholas M Collette
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Emily Mackey
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Stephanie E Johnstone
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Yasamin Moazami
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Daniel A Todd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
| | - Adam J Moeser
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Joshua G Pierce
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Nadja B Cech
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
| | - Scott M Laster
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
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12
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Tihanyi BT, Ferentzi E, Beissner F, Köteles F. The neuropsychophysiology of tingling. Conscious Cogn 2017; 58:97-110. [PMID: 29096941 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tingling is a bodily sensation experienced under a variety of conditions from everyday experiences to experimental and therapeutic situations. It can be induced by both peripheral or afferent (external stimulation, peripheral pathology) and higher cognitive (expectation) processes. The paper summarizes the current scientific knowledge on the neurophysiological and psychological concomitants of the tingling sensation. Four possible models are identified and presented: the afferent, the attention-disclosed, the attention-evoked, and the efferent model. Of these, only the attention-disclosed model, i.e., attention discloses the sensation by opening the gate for suppressed sensory information, appears to be able to explain every aspect of the tingling phenomenon. Terminological issues and the possible role of the tingling phenomenon in medically unexplained symptoms, nocebo and placebo reactions, and body-oriented therapeutic interventions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedek T Tihanyi
- Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary; Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary
| | - Eszter Ferentzi
- Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary; Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary
| | - Florian Beissner
- Somatosensory and Autonomic Therapy Research, Institute of Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ferenc Köteles
- Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary.
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13
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Sanshool on The Fingertip Interferes with Vibration Detection in a Rapidly-Adapting (RA) Tactile Channel. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165842. [PMID: 27935970 PMCID: PMC5147812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An Asian spice, Szechuan pepper (sanshool), is well known for the tingling sensation it induces on the mouth and on the lips. Electrophysiological studies have revealed that its active ingredient can induce firing of mechanoreceptor fibres that typically respond to mechanical vibration. Moreover, a human behavioral study has reported that the perceived frequency of sanshool-induced tingling matches with the preferred frequency range of the tactile rapidly adapting (RA) channel, suggesting the contribution of sanshool-induced RA channel firing to its unique perceptual experience. However, since the RA channel may not be the only channel activated by sanshool, there could be a possibility that the sanshool tingling percept may be caused in whole or in part by other sensory channels. Here, by using a perceptual interference paradigm, we show that the sanshool-induced RA input indeed contributes to the human tactile processing. The absolute detection thresholds for vibrotactile input were measured with and without sanshool application on the fingertip. Sanshool significantly impaired detection of vibrations at 30 Hz (RA channel dominant frequency), but did not impair detection of higher frequency vibrations at 240 Hz (Pacinian-corpuscle (PC) channel dominant frequency) or lower frequency vibrations at 1 Hz (slowly adapting 1 (SA1) channel dominant frequency). These results show that the sanshool induces a peripheral RA channel activation that is relevant for tactile perception. This anomalous activation of RA channels may contribute to the unique tingling experience of sanshool.
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Sanshool from Zanthoxylum L. induces apoptosis in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Abstract
Chemesthetic compounds, responsible for sensations such as burning, cooling, and astringency, are difficult stimuli to work with, especially when the evaluation task requires retasting. Here, we developed a protocol by which chemesthetic compounds can be assessed using sorting. We compared the performance of two cohorts of untrained assessors on this task, one with nose clips and the other without. Similarity matrices were analyzed using multidimensional scaling (MDS) to produce perceptual maps for the two cohorts. Overall, the groupings from the nose open cohort tended to follow a biological basis, consistent with previous findings that suggest compounds that activate a common receptor will elicit similar sensations. The nose-open and nose-pinched cohorts generated significantly different maps. The nose-pinched cohort had a higher variance in the MDS solution than the nose-open group. While the nose-open cohort generated seven clusters, the nose-pinched cohort generated only two clusters, seemingly based on the ready identification of chemesthetic sensations or not. There was less consensus regarding the attributes used to describe the samples in the nose-pinched cohort than in the nose-open cohort as well, as this cohort collectively generated more attributes but fewer were significant in regression.
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Abstract
Chemesthetic compounds, responsible for sensations such as burning, cooling, and astringency, are difficult stimuli to work with, especially when the evaluation task requires retasting. Here, we developed a protocol by which chemesthetic compounds can be assessed using sorting. We compared the performance of two cohorts of untrained assessors on this task, one with nose clips and the other without. Similarity matrices were analyzed using multidimensional scaling (MDS) to produce perceptual maps for the two cohorts. Overall, the groupings from the nose open cohort tended to follow a biological basis, consistent with previous findings that suggest compounds that activate a common receptor will elicit similar sensations. The nose-open and nose-pinched cohorts generated significantly different maps. The nose-pinched cohort had a higher variance in the MDS solution than the nose-open group. While the nose-open cohort generated seven clusters, the nose-pinched cohort generated only two clusters, seemingly based on the ready identification of chemesthetic sensations or not. There was less consensus regarding the attributes used to describe the samples in the nose-pinched cohort than in the nose-open cohort as well, as this cohort collectively generated more attributes but fewer were significant in regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Byrnes
- Sensory Evaluation Center, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - John E. Hayes
- Sensory Evaluation Center, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Thermosensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channel agonists and their role in mechanical, thermal and nociceptive sensations as assessed using animal models. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2015; 8:96-108. [PMID: 26388966 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-015-9176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present paper summarizes research using animal models to investigate the roles of thermosensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in somatosensory functions including touch, temperature and pain. We present new data assessing the effects of eugenol and carvacrol, agonists of the warmth-sensitive TRPV3, on thermal, mechanical and pain sensitivity in rats. METHODS Thermal sensitivity was assessed using a thermal preference test, which measured the amount of time the animal occupied one of two adjacent thermoelectric plates set at different temperatures. Pain sensitivity was assessed as an increase in latency of hindpaw withdrawal away from a noxious thermal stimulus directed to the plantar hindpaw (Hargreaves test). Mechanical sensitivity was assessed by measuring the force exerted by an electronic von Frey filament pressed against the plantar surface that elicited withdrawal. RESULTS Topical application of eugenol and carvacrol did not significantly affect thermal preference, although there was a trend toward avoidance of the hotter surface in a 30 vs. 45°C preference test for rats treated with 1 or 10% eugenol and carvacrol. Both eugenol and carvacrol induced a concentration-dependent increase in thermal withdrawal latency (analgesia), with no significant effect on mechanosensitivity. CONCLUSIONS The analgesic effect of eugenol and carvacrol is consistent with previous studies. The tendency for these chemicals to increase the avoidance of warmer temperatures suggests a possible role for TRPV3 in warmth detection, also consistent with previous studies. Additional roles of other thermosensitive TRP channels (TRPM8 TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPM3, TRPM8, TRPA1, TRPC5) in touch, temperature and pain are reviewed.
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Klein AH, Joe CL, Davoodi A, Takechi K, Carstens MI, Carstens E. Eugenol and carvacrol excite first- and second-order trigeminal neurons and enhance their heat-evoked responses. Neuroscience 2014; 271:45-55. [PMID: 24759772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Eugenol and carvacrol from clove and oregano, respectively, are agonists of the warmth-sensitive transient receptor potential channel TRPV3 and the irritant-sensitive transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA)-1. Eugenol and carvacrol induce oral irritation that rapidly desensitizes, accompanied by brief enhancement of innocuous warmth and heat pain in humans. We presently investigated if eugenol and carvacrol activate nociceptive primary afferent and higher order trigeminal neurons and enhance their heat-evoked responses, using calcium imaging of cultured trigeminal ganglion (TG) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, and in vivo single-unit recordings in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) of rats. Eugenol and carvacrol activated 20-30% of TG and 7-20% of DRG cells, the majority of which additionally responded to menthol, mustard oil and/or capsaicin. TG cell responses to innocuous (39°) and noxious (42 °C) heating were enhanced by eugenol and carvacrol. We identified dorsomedial Vc neurons responsive to noxious heating of the tongue in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Eugenol and carvacrol dose-dependently elicited desensitizing responses in 55% and 73% of heat-sensitive units, respectively. Responses to noxious heat were briefly enhanced by eugenol and carvacrol. Many eugenol- and carvacrol-responsive units also responded to menthol, cinnamaldehyde and capsaicin. These data support a peripheral site for eugenol and carvacrol to enhance warmth- and noxious heat-evoked responses of trigeminal neurons, and are consistent with the observation that these agonists briefly enhance warmth and heat pain on the human tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - C L Joe
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - A Davoodi
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - K Takechi
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - M I Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - E Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Akiyama T, Nagamine M, Carstens MI, Carstens E. Behavioral model of itch, alloknesis, pain and allodynia in the lower hindlimb and correlative responses of lumbar dorsal horn neurons in the mouse. Neuroscience 2014; 266:38-46. [PMID: 24530451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We have further developed a behavioral model of itch and pain in the lower hindlimb (calf) originally reported by LaMotte et al. (2011) that allows comparisons with responses of lumbar dorsal horn neurons to pruritic and noxious stimuli. Intradermal (id) microinjection of the pruritogens histamine, SLIGRL-NH2 (agonist of PAR-2 and MrgprC11) and chloroquine (agonist of MrgprA3) into the calf of the lower limb elicited significant biting and a small amount of licking directed to the injection site, over a 30-min time course. Following id injection of histamine, low-threshold mechanical stimuli reliably elicited discrete episodes of biting (alloknesis) over a longer time course; significantly less alloknesis was observed following id injection of SLIGRL-NH2. Capsaicin injections elicited licking but little biting. Following id injection of capsaicin, low-threshold mechanical stimuli elicited discrete hindlimb flinches (allodynia) over a prolonged (>2h) time course. In single-unit recordings from superficial lumbar dorsal horn neurons, low-threshold mechanically evoked responses were significantly enhanced, accompanied by receptive field expansion, following id injection of histamine in histamine-responsive neurons. This was not observed in histamine-insensitive neurons, or following id injection of saline or SLIGRL-NH2, regardless of whether the latter activated the neuron or not. These results suggest that itch-responsive neurons are selectively sensitized by histamine but not SLIGRL-NH2 to account for alloknesis. The presently described "calf" model appears to distinguish between itch- and pain-related behavioral responses, and provides a basis to investigate lumbar spinal neural mechanisms underlying itch, alloknesis, pain and allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Akiyama
- University of California, Davis, Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - M Nagamine
- University of California, Davis, Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - M I Carstens
- University of California, Davis, Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - E Carstens
- University of California, Davis, Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Abstract
Szechuan pepper, a widely used ingredient in the cuisine of many Asian countries, is known for the tingling sensation it induces on the tongue and lips. While the molecular mechanism by which Szechuan pepper activates tactile afferent fibres has been clarified, the tingling sensation itself has been less studied, and it remains unclear which fibres are responsible. We investigated the somatosensory perception of tingling in humans to identify the characteristic temporal frequency and compare this to the established selectivity of tactile afferents. Szechuan pepper was applied to the lower lip of participants. Participants judged the frequency of the tingling sensation on the lips by comparing this with the frequencies of mechanical vibrations applied to their right index finger. The perceived frequency of the tingling was consistently at around 50 Hz, corresponding to the range of tactile RA1 afferent fibres. Furthermore, adaptation of the RA1 channel by prolonged mechanical vibration reliably reduced the tingling frequency induced by Szechuan pepper, confirming that the frequency-specific tactile channel is shared between Szechuan pepper and mechanical vibration. Combining information about molecular reactions at peripheral receptors with quantitative psychophysical measurement may provide a unique method for characterizing unusual experiences by decomposing them into identifiable minimal units of sensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Hagura
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, , London WC1N 3AR, UK
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Boucher Y, Felizardo R, Klein AH, Carstens MI, Carstens E. Gustatory modulation of the responses of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis neurons to noxious stimulation of the tongue in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:2812-22. [PMID: 23802589 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Certain tastants inhibit oral irritation by capsaicin, whereas anesthesia of the chorda tympani (CT) enhances oral capsaicin burn. We tested the hypothesis that tastants activate the CT to suppress responses of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) neurons to noxious oral stimuli. In anesthetized rats, we recorded Vc unit responses to noxious electrical, chemical (pentanoic acid, 200 μm) and thermal (55 °C) stimulation of the tongue. Electrically evoked responses were significantly reduced by a tastant mix and individually applied NaCl, monosodium glutamate (MSG), and monopotassium glutamate. Sucrose, citric acid, quinine and water (control) had no effect. Pentanoic acid-evoked responses were similarly attenuated by NaCl and MSG, but not by other tastants. Responses to noxious heat were not affected by any tastant. Transection and/or anesthesia of the CT bilaterally affected neither Vc neuronal responses to electrical or pentanoic acid stimulation, nor the depressant effect of NaCl and MSG on electrically evoked responses. Calcium imaging showed that neither NaCl nor MSG directly excited any trigeminal ganglion cells or affected their responses to pentanoic acid. GABA also had no effect, arguing against peripheral effects of GABA, NaCl or MSG on lingual nocicepive nerve endings. The data also rule out a central mechanism, as the effects of NaCl and MSG were intact following CT transection. We speculate that the effect is mediated peripherally by the release from taste receptor cells (type III) of some mediator(s) other than GABA to indirectly inhibit trigeminal nociceptors. The results also indicate that the CT does not exert a tonic inhibitory effect on nociceptive Vc neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Boucher
- UFR Odontologie, Université Diderot Paris, Paris, France
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Eugenol and carvacrol induce temporally desensitizing patterns of oral irritation and enhance innocuous warmth and noxious heat sensation on the tongue. Pain 2013; 154:2078-2087. [PMID: 23791894 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Eugenol and carvacrol, from the spices clove and oregano, respectively, are agonists of TRPV3, which is implicated in transduction of warmth and possibly heat pain. We investigated the temporal dynamics of lingual irritation elicited by these agents, and their effects on innocuous warmth and heat pain, using a half-tongue method in human subjects. The irritant sensation elicited by both eugenol and carvacrol decreased across repeated applications at a 1-minute interstimulus interval (self-desensitization) which persisted for at least 10 minutes. Both agents also cross-desensitized capsaicin-evoked irritation. Eugenol and carvacrol significantly increased the magnitude of perceived innocuous warmth (44 °C) for >10 minutes, and briefly (<5 minutes) enhanced heat pain elicited by a 49 °C stimulus. Similar albeit weaker effects were observed when thermal stimuli were applied after the tongue had been desensitized by repeated application of eugenol or carvacrol, indicating that the effect is not due solely to summation of chemoirritant and thermal sensations. Neither chemical affected sensations of innocuous cool or cold pain. A separate group of subjects was asked to subdivide eugenol and carvacrol irritancy into subqualities, the most frequently reported being numbing and warmth, with brief burning, stinging/pricking, and tingle, confirming an earlier study. Eugenol, but not carvacrol, reduced detection of low-threshold mechanical stimuli. Eugenol and carvacrol enhancement of innocuous warmth may involve sensitization of thermal gating of TRPV3 expressed in peripheral warm fibers. The brief heat hyperalgesia following eugenol may involve a TRPV3-mediated enhancement of thermal gating of TRPV1 expressed in lingual polymodal nociceptors.
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Callejo G, Giblin JP, Gasull X. Modulation of TRESK background K+ channel by membrane stretch. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64471. [PMID: 23691227 PMCID: PMC3655163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-pore domain K+ channel TRESK is expressed in dorsal root ganglion and trigeminal sensory neurons where it is a major contributor to background K+ current. TRESK acts as a break to prevent excessive sensory neuron activation and decreases in its expression or function have been involved in neuronal hyperexcitability after injury/inflammation, migraine or altered sensory perception (tingling, cooling and pungent burning sensations). All these effects have implicated this channel in nociception and mechanotransduction. To determine the role of TRESK in sensory transduction, we studied its sensitivity to changes in membrane tension (stretch) in heterologous systems, F-11 cells and trigeminal neurons. Laminar shear stress increased TRESK currents by 22–30%. An increase in membrane tension induced by cell swelling (hypotonic medium) produced a reversible elevation of TRESK currents (39.9%). In contrast, cell shrinkage (hypertonic solution) produced the opposite effect. Membrane crenators or cup-formers produced equivalent effects. In trigeminal sensory neurons, TRESK channels were mechanically stimulated by negative pressure, which led to a 1.51-fold increase in channel open probability. TRESK-like currents in trigeminal neurons were additively inhibited by arachidonic acid, acidic pH and hypertonic stimulation, conditions usually found after tissue inflammation. Our results show that TRESK is modulated by changes in cell membrane tension and/or cell volume. Several key players released during inflammation or tissue injury could modulate sensory neuron activation through small changes in membrane tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Callejo
- Neurophysiology Lab, Deptartment of Physiological Sciences I, Medical School, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonathan P. Giblin
- Neurophysiology Lab, Deptartment of Physiological Sciences I, Medical School, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Gasull
- Neurophysiology Lab, Deptartment of Physiological Sciences I, Medical School, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The hairs of the skin not only function to prevent heat loss but also have important sensory functions. Recent work has now established that each hair of the skin is innervated by one or more of three types of mechanoreceptor ending. Each of these three mechanoreceptor types possesses distinct molecular features and detects distinctive information about skin touch, which is relayed to specific brain locations in a somatotopic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G. Lechner
- Department of Neuroscience, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gary R. Lewin
- Department of Neuroscience, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Nilius B, Appendino G. Spices: the savory and beneficial science of pungency. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 164:1-76. [PMID: 23605179 DOI: 10.1007/112_2013_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spicy food does not only provide an important hedonic input in daily life, but has also been anedoctically associated to beneficial effects on our health. In this context, the discovery of chemesthetic trigeminal receptors and their spicy ligands has provided the mechanistic basis and the pharmacological means to investigate this enticing possibility. This review discusses in molecular terms the connection between the neurophysiology of pungent spices and the "systemic" effects associated to their trigeminality. It commences with a cultural and historical overview on the Western fascination for spices, and, after analysing in detail the mechanisms underlying the trigeminality of food, the main dietary players from the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of cation channels are introduced, also discussing the "alien" distribution of taste receptors outside the oro-pharingeal cavity. The modulation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 by spices is next described, discussing how spicy sensations can be turned into hedonic pungency, and analyzing the mechanistic bases for the health benefits that have been associated to the consumption of spices. These include, in addition to a beneficial modulation of gastro-intestinal and cardio-vascular function, slimming, the optimization of skeletal muscle performance, the reduction of chronic inflammation, and the prevention of metabolic syndrome and diabetes. We conclude by reviewing the role of electrophilic spice constituents on cancer prevention in the light of their action on pro-inflammatory and pro-cancerogenic nuclear factors like NFκB, and on their interaction with the electrophile sensor protein Keap1 and the ensuing Nrf2-mediated transcriptional activity. Spicy compounds have a complex polypharmacology, and just like any other bioactive agent, show a balance of beneficial and bad actions. However, at least for moderate consumption, the balance seems definitely in favour of the positive side, suggesting that a spicy diet, a caveman-era technology, could be seriously considered in addition to caloric control and exercise as a measurement to prevent and control many chronic diseases associate to malnutrition from a Western diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Nilius
- KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Leuven, Belgium,
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26
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The transient receptor potential channel TRPA1: from gene to pathophysiology. Pflugers Arch 2012; 464:425-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gyekis JP, Dingman MA, Revitsky AR, Bryant BP, Vandenbergh DJ, Frank ME, Blizard DA. Gustatory, trigeminal, and olfactory aspects of nicotine intake in three mouse strains. Behav Genet 2012; 42:820-9. [PMID: 22618163 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-012-9546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies of nicotine consumption in rodents often intend to investigate nicotine's post-absorptive effects, yet little is known about the pre-absorptive sensory experience of nicotine drinking, including gustatory, trigeminal, and olfactory influences. We conditioned taste aversion (CTA) to nicotine in males of 3 inbred mouse strains: C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, and 129X1/SvJ by repeatedly pairing 150 μg/ml nicotine drinking with lithium chloride injections. Generalization to a variety of bitter, sour, sweet, salty, and irritant solutions and to nicotine odor was then examined. Nicotine CTA generalized to the bitter stimulus quinine hydrochloride and the chemosensory irritant spilanthol in all strains. It also showed strain specificity, generalizing to hydrogen peroxide (an activator of TRPA1) in C57BL/6J mice and to the olfactory cue of nicotine in DBA/2J mice. These behavioral assays demonstrate that the sensory properties of nicotine are complex and include multiple gustatory, irritant, and olfactory components. How these qualities combine at the level of perception remains to be assessed, but sensory factors clearly exert an important influence on nicotine ingestion and their contribution to net intake of nicotine should not be neglected in animal or human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Gyekis
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, 201 Research Building D, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Loyd DR, Chen PB, Hargreaves KM. Anti-hyperalgesic effects of anti-serotonergic compounds on serotonin- and capsaicin-evoked thermal hyperalgesia in the rat. Neuroscience 2011; 203:207-15. [PMID: 22209919 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral serotonergic system has been implicated in the modulation of an array of pain states, from migraine to fibromyalgia; however, the mechanism by which serotonin (5HT) induces pain is unclear. Peripherally released 5HT induces thermal hyperalgesia, possibly via modulation of the transient receptor potential V1 (TRPV1) channel, which is gated by various noxious stimuli, including capsaicin. We previously reported in vitro that 5HT increases calcium accumulation in the capsaicin-sensitive population of sensory neurons with a corresponding increase in proinflammatory neuropeptide release, and both are antagonized by pretreatment with 5HT(2A) and 5HT(3) antagonists, as well as the anti-migraine drug sumatriptan. In the current study, we extended these findings in vivo using the rat hind paw thermal assay to test the hypothesis that peripheral 5HT enhances TRPV1-evoked thermal hyperalgesia that can be attenuated with 5HT(2A) and 5HT(3) receptor antagonists, as well as sumatriptan. Thermal hyperalgesia and edema were established by 5HT injection (0.1-10 nmol/100 μl) into the rat hind paw, and the latency to paw withdrawal (PWL) from noxious heat was determined. Rats were then pretreated with either 5HT before capsaicin (3 nmol/10 μl), the 5HT(2A) receptor antagonist ketanserin or the 5HT(3) receptor antagonist granisetron (0.0001-0.1 nmol/100 μl) before 5HT and/or capsaicin, or the 5HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist sumatriptan (0.01-1 nmol/100 μl) before capsaicin, and PWL was determined. We report that 5HT pretreatment enhances TRPV1-evoked thermal hyperalgesia, which is attenuated with local pretreatment with ketanserin, granisetron, or sumatriptan. We also report that peripheral 5HT induced a similar magnitude of thermal hyperalgesia in male and female rats. Overall, our results provide in vivo evidence supporting an enhancing role of 5HT on TRPV1-evoked thermal hyperalgesia, which can be attenuated by peripheral serotonergic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Loyd
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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Klein A, Carstens MI, Carstens E. Facial injections of pruritogens or algogens elicit distinct behavior responses in rats and excite overlapping populations of primary sensory and trigeminal subnucleus caudalis neurons. J Neurophysiol 2011; 106:1078-88. [PMID: 21653727 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00302.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether intradermal cheek injection of pruritogens or algogens differentially elicits hindlimb scratches or forelimb wipes in Sprague-Dawley rats, as recently reported in mice. We also investigated responses of primary sensory trigeminal ganglion (TG) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells, as well as second-order neurons in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc), to pruritic and algesic stimuli. 5-HT was the most effective chemical to elicit dose-dependent bouts of hindlimb scratches directed to the cheek, with significantly less forelimb wiping, consistent with itch. Chloroquine also elicited significant scratching but not wiping. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC; mustard oil) elicited dose-dependent wiping with no significant scratching. Capsaicin elicited equivalent numbers of scratch bouts and wipes, suggesting a mixed itch and pain sensation. By calcium imaging, ∼ 6% of cultured TG and DRG cells responded to 5-HT. The majority of 5-HT-sensitive cells also responded to chloroquine, AITC, and/or capsaicin, and one-third responded to histamine. Using a chemical search strategy, we identified single units in Vc that responded to intradermal cheek injection of 5-HT. Most were wide dynamic range (WDR) or nociceptive specific (NS), and a few were mechanically insensitive. The large majority additionally responded to AITC and/or capsaicin and thus were not pruritogen selective. These results suggest that primary and second-order neurons responsive to pruritogens and algogens may utilize a population coding mechanism to distinguish between itch and pain, sensations that are behaviorally manifested by distinct hindlimb scratching and forelimb wiping responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Tulleuda A, Cokic B, Callejo G, Saiani B, Serra J, Gasull X. TRESK channel contribution to nociceptive sensory neurons excitability: modulation by nerve injury. Mol Pain 2011; 7:30. [PMID: 21527011 PMCID: PMC3095542 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuronal hyperexcitability is a crucial phenomenon underlying spontaneous and evoked pain. In invertebrate nociceptors, the S-type leak K+ channel (analogous to TREK-1 in mammals) plays a critical role of in determining neuronal excitability following nerve injury. Few data are available on the role of leak K2P channels after peripheral axotomy in mammals. Results Here we describe that rat sciatic nerve axotomy induces hyperexcitability of L4-L5 DRG sensory neurons and decreases TRESK (K2P18.1) expression, a channel with a major contribution to total leak current in DRGs. While the expression of other channels from the same family did not significantly change, injury markers ATF3 and Cacna2d1 were highly upregulated. Similarly, acute sensory neuron dissociation (in vitro axotomy) produced marked hyperexcitability and similar total background currents compared with neurons injured in vivo. In addition, the sanshool derivative IBA, which blocked TRESK currents in transfected HEK293 cells and DRGs, increased intracellular calcium in 49% of DRG neurons in culture. Most IBA-responding neurons (71%) also responded to the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin, indicating that they were nociceptors. Additional evidence of a biological role of TRESK channels was provided by behavioral evidence of pain (flinching and licking), in vivo electrophysiological evidence of C-nociceptor activation following IBA injection in the rat hindpaw, and increased sensitivity to painful pressure after TRESK knockdown in vivo. Conclusions In summary, our results clearly support an important role of TRESK channels in determining neuronal excitability in specific DRG neurons subpopulations, and show that axonal injury down-regulates TRESK channels, therefore contributing to neuronal hyperexcitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Tulleuda
- Neurophysiology Lab, Dept, Physiological Sciences I, Medical School, University of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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Klein AH, Iodi Carstens M, McCluskey TS, Blancher G, Simons CT, Slack JP, Furrer S, Carstens E. Novel menthol-derived cooling compounds activate primary and second-order trigeminal sensory neurons and modulate lingual thermosensitivity. Chem Senses 2011; 36:649-58. [PMID: 21511802 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjr029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We presently investigated 2 novel menthol derivatives GIV1 and GIV2, which exhibit strong cooling effects. In previous human psychophysical studies, GIV1 delivered in a toothpaste medium elicited a cooling sensation that was longer lasting compared with GIV2 and menthol carboxamide (WS-3). In the current study, we investigated the molecular and cellular effects of these cooling agents. In calcium flux studies of TRPM8 expressed in HEK cells, both GIV1 and GIV2 were approximately 40- to 200-fold more potent than menthol and WS-3. GIV1 and GIV2 also activated TRPA1 but at levels that were 400 times greater than those required for TRPM8 activation. In calcium imaging studies, subpopulations of cultured rat trigeminal ganglion and dorsal root ganglion cells responded to GIV1 and/or GIV2; the majority of these were also activated by menthol and some were additionally activated by the TRPA1 agonist cinnamaldehyde and/or the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin. We also made in vivo single-unit recordings from cold-sensitive neurons in rat trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc). GIV 1 and GIV2 directly excited some Vc neurons, GIV1 significantly enhanced their responses to cooling, and both GIV1 and GIV2 reduced responses to noxious heat. These novel cooling compounds provide additional molecular tools to investigate the neural processes of cold sensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Ren C, Gao X, Steinberg GK, Zhao H. Limb remote-preconditioning protects against focal ischemia in rats and contradicts the dogma of therapeutic time windows for preconditioning. Neuroscience 2007. [PMID: 18201834 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Remote ischemic preconditioning is an emerging concept for stroke treatment, but its protection against focal stroke has not been established. We tested whether remote preconditioning, performed in the ipsilateral hind limb, protects against focal stroke and explored its protective parameters. Stroke was generated by a permanent occlusion of the left distal middle cerebral artery (MCA) combined with a 30 min occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries (CCA) in male rats. Limb preconditioning was generated by 5 or 15 min occlusion followed with the same period of reperfusion of the left hind femoral artery, and repeated for two or three cycles. Infarct was measured 2 days later. The results showed that rapid preconditioning with three cycles of 15 min performed immediately before stroke reduced infarct size from 47.7+/-7.6% of control ischemia to 9.8+/-8.6%; at two cycles of 15 min, infarct was reduced to 24.7+/-7.3%; at two cycles of 5 min, infarct was not reduced. Delayed preconditioning with three cycles of 15 min conducted 2 days before stroke also reduced infarct to 23.0+/-10.9%, but with two cycles of 15 min it offered no protection. The protective effects at these two therapeutic time windows of remote preconditioning are consistent with those of conventional preconditioning, in which the preconditioning ischemia is induced in the brain itself. Unexpectedly, intermediate preconditioning with three cycles of 15 min performed 12 h before stroke also reduced infarct to 24.7+/-4.7%, which contradicts the current dogma for therapeutic time windows for the conventional preconditioning that has no protection at this time point. In conclusion, remote preconditioning performed in one limb protected against ischemic damage after focal cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, MSLS Building, P306, 1201 Welch Road, Room P306, Stanford, CA 94305-5327, USA
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