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Ciesielska M, Adamiec M, Luciński R. S2P2-the chloroplast-located intramembrane protease and its impact on the stoichiometry and functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus of A. thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1372318. [PMID: 38559762 PMCID: PMC10978774 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1372318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
S2P2 is a nuclear-encoded protease, potentially located in chloroplasts, which belongs to the zinc-containing, intramembrane, site-2 protease (S2P) family. In A. thaliana cells, most of the S2P proteases are located within the chloroplasts, where they play an important role in the development of chloroplasts, maintaining proper stoichiometric relations between polypeptides building photosynthetic complexes and influencing the sensitivity of plants to photoinhibitory conditions. Among the known chloroplast S2P proteases, S2P2 protease is one of the least known. Its exact location within the chloroplast is not known, nor is anything known about its possible physiological functions. Therefore, we decided to investigate an intra-chloroplast localization and the possible physiological role of S2P2. To study the intra-chloroplast localization of S2P2, we used specific anti-S2P2 antibodies and highly purified chloroplast fractions containing envelope, stroma, and thylakoid proteins. To study the physiological role of the protease, we used two lines of insertion mutants lacking the S2P2 protease protein. Here, we present results demonstrating the thylakoid localization of S2P2. Moreover, we present experimental evidence indicating that the lack of S2P2 in A. thaliana chloroplasts leads to a significant decrease in the level of photosystem I and photosystem II core proteins: PsaB, PsbA, PsbD, and PsbC, as well as polypeptides building both the main light-harvesting antenna (LHC II), Lhcb1 and Lhcb2, as well as Lhcb4 and Lhcb5 polypeptides, constituting elements of the minor, peripheral antenna system. These changes are associated with a decrease in the number of PS II-LHC II supercomplexes. The consequence of these disorders is a greater sensitivity of s2p2 mutants to photoinhibition. The obtained results clearly indicate that the S2P2 protease is another thylakoid protein that plays an important role in the proper functioning of A. thaliana chloroplasts, especially in high-light-intensity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Luciński
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
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Pore AA, Kamyabi N, Bithi SS, Ahmmed SM, Vanapalli SA. Single-Cell Proliferation Microfluidic Device for High Throughput Investigation of Replicative Potential and Drug Resistance of Cancer Cells. Cell Mol Bioeng 2023; 16:443-457. [PMID: 38099214 PMCID: PMC10716102 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-023-00773-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cell proliferation represents a major hallmark of cancer biology, and manifests itself in the assessment of tumor growth, drug resistance and metastasis. Tracking cell proliferation or cell fate at the single-cell level can reveal phenotypic heterogeneity. However, characterization of cell proliferation is typically done in bulk assays which does not inform on cells that can proliferate under given environmental perturbations. Thus, there is a need for single-cell approaches that allow longitudinal tracking of the fate of a large number of individual cells to reveal diverse phenotypes. Methods We fabricated a new microfluidic architecture for high efficiency capture of single tumor cells, with the capacity to monitor cell divisions across multiple daughter cells. This single-cell proliferation (SCP) device enabled the quantification of the fate of more than 1000 individual cancer cells longitudinally, allowing comprehensive profiling of the phenotypic heterogeneity that would be otherwise masked in standard cell proliferation assays. We characterized the efficiency of single cell capture and demonstrated the utility of the SCP device by exposing MCF-7 breast tumor cells to different doses of the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin. Results The single cell trapping efficiency of the SCP device was found to be ~ 85%. At the low doses of doxorubicin (0.01 µM, 0.001 µM, 0.0001 µM), we observed that 50-80% of the drug-treated cells had undergone proliferation, and less than 10% of the cells do not proliferate. Additionally, we demonstrated the potential of the SCP device in circulating tumor cell applications where minimizing target cell loss is critical. We showed selective capture of breast tumor cells from a binary mixture of cells (tumor cells and white blood cells) that was isolated from blood processing. We successfully characterized the proliferation statistics of these captured cells despite their extremely low counts in the original binary suspension. Conclusions The SCP device has significant potential for cancer research with the ability to quantify proliferation statistics of individual tumor cells, opening new avenues of investigation ranging from evaluating drug resistance of anti-cancer compounds to monitoring the replicative potential of patient-derived cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-023-00773-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adity A. Pore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Nabiollah Kamyabi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX USA
- Present Address: 10x Genomics, Pleasanton, CA USA
| | - Swastika S. Bithi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX USA
- Present Address: College of Engineering, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX USA
| | - Shamim M. Ahmmed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX USA
- Present Address: Manufacturing Integration Engineer, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR USA
| | - Siva A. Vanapalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX USA
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Alberro-Brage A, Kryvenko V, Malainou C, Günther S, Morty RE, Seeger W, Herold S, Samakovlis C, Vadász I. Influenza virus decreases albumin uptake and megalin expression in alveolar epithelial cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260973. [PMID: 37727782 PMCID: PMC10505651 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common complication of influenza virus (IV) infection. During ARDS, alveolar protein concentrations often reach 40-90% of plasma levels, causing severe impairment of gas exchange and promoting deleterious alveolar remodeling. Protein clearance from the alveolar space is at least in part facilitated by the multi-ligand receptor megalin through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Methods To investigate whether IV infection impairs alveolar protein clearance, we examined albumin uptake and megalin expression in MLE-12 cells and alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) from murine precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) and in vivo, under IV infection conditions by flow cytometry and western blot. Transcriptional levels from AEC and broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) cells were analyzed in an in-vivo mouse model by RNAseq. Results IV significantly downregulated albumin uptake, independently of activation of the TGF-β1/GSK3β axis that has been previously implicated in the regulation of megalin function. Decreased plasma membrane abundance, total protein levels, and mRNA expression of megalin were associated with this phenotype. In IV-infected mice, we identified a significant upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-14 in BAL fluid cells. Furthermore, the inhibition of this protease partially recovered total megalin levels and albumin uptake. Discussion Our results suggest that the previously described MMP-driven shedding mechanisms are potentially involved in downregulation of megalin cell surface abundance and clearance of excess alveolar protein. As lower alveolar edema protein concentrations are associated with better outcomes in respiratory failure, our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of a timely MMP inhibition in the treatment of IV-induced ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Alberro-Brage
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
| | - Vitalii Kryvenko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
| | - Christina Malainou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Günther
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Rory E. Morty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
| | - Christos Samakovlis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - István Vadász
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
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Samuels TL, Blaine‐Sauer S, Yan K, Johnston N. Amprenavir inhibits pepsin-mediated laryngeal epithelial disruption and E-cadherin cleavage in vitro. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2023; 8:953-962. [PMID: 37621274 PMCID: PMC10446255 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) causes chronic cough, throat clearing, hoarseness, and dysphagia and can promote laryngeal carcinogenesis. More than 20% of the US population suffers from LPR and there is no effective medical therapy. Pepsin is a predominant source of damage during LPR which disrupts laryngeal barrier function potentially via E-cadherin cleavage proteolysis and downstream matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) dysregulation. Fosamprenavir (FDA-approved HIV therapeutic and prodrug of amprenavir) is a pepsin-inhibiting LPR therapeutic candidate shown to rescue damage in an LPR mouse model. This study aimed to examine amprenavir protection against laryngeal monolayer disruption and related E-cadherin proteolysis and MMP dysregulation in vitro. Methods Laryngeal (TVC HPV) cells were exposed to buffered saline, pH 7.4 or pH 4 ± 1 mg/mL pepsin ± amprenavir (10-60 min). Analysis was performed by microscopy, Western blot, and real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results Amprenavir (1 μM) rescued pepsin acid-mediated cell dissociation (p < .05). Pepsin acid caused E-cadherin cleavage indicative of regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) and increased MMP-1,3,7,9,14 24-h postexposure (p < .05). Acid alone did not cause cell dissociation or E-cadherin cleavage. Amprenavir (10 μM) protected against E-cadherin cleavage and MMP-1,9,14 induction (p < .05). Conclusions Amprenavir, at serum concentrations achievable provided the manufacturer's recommended dose of fosamprenavir for HIV, protects against pepsin-mediated cell dissociation, E-cadherin cleavage, and MMP dysregulation thought to contribute to barrier dysfunction and related symptoms during LPR. Fosamprenavir to amprenavir conversion by laryngeal epithelia, serum and saliva, and relative drug efficacies in an LPR mouse model are under investigation to inform development of inhaled formulations for LPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L. Samuels
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Simon Blaine‐Sauer
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Ke Yan
- Department of Pediatrics Quantitative Health Sciences, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Nikki Johnston
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
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Yamaguchi S, Kamino M, Hamamura M, Otsuguro KI. The cytosolic N-terminal region of heterologously-expressed transmembrane channel-like protein 1 (TMC1) can be cleaved in HEK293 cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287249. [PMID: 37352201 PMCID: PMC10289374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane channel-like protein 1 (TMC1) is a transmembrane protein forming mechano-electrical transduction (MET) channel, which transduces mechanical stimuli into electrical signals at the top of stereocilia of hair cells in the inner ear. As an unexpected phenomenon, we found that the cytosolic N-terminal (Nt) region of heterologously-expressed mouse TMC1 (mTMC1) was localized in nuclei of a small population of the transfected HEK293 cells. This raised the possibility that the Nt region of heterologously-expressed mTMC1 was cleaved and transported into the nucleus. To confirm the cleavage, we performed western blot analyses. The results revealed that at least a fragment of the Nt region was produced from heterologously-expressed mTMC1. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments identified amino acid residues which were required to produce the fragment. The accumulation of the heterologously-expressed Nt fragment into the nuclei depended on nuclear localization signals within the Nt region. Furthermore, a structural comparison showed a similarity between the Nt region of mTMC1 and basic region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors. However, transcriptome analyses using a next-generation sequencer showed that the heterologously-expression of the Nt fragment of mTMC1 hardly altered expression levels of genes. Although it is still unknown what is the precise mechanism and the physiological significance of this cleavage, these results showed that the cytosolic Nt region of heterologously-expressed mTMC1 could be cleaved in HEK293 cells. Therefore, it should be taken into account that the cleavage of Nt region might influence the functional analysis of TMC1 by the heterologous-expression system using HEK293 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Maho Kamino
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Maho Hamamura
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Otsuguro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Huang T, Lin Y, Chen J, Hu J, Chen H, Zhang Y, Zhang B, He X. CD51 Intracellular Domain Promotes Cancer Cell Neurotropism through Interacting with Transcription Factor NR4A3 in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092623. [PMID: 37174090 PMCID: PMC10177513 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The abundant nervous system in intestine provides the basis for perineural invasion (PNI) of colorectal cancer (CRC). PNI is defined as the invasion of the nerves by cancer cells. Although PNI is already known to be an independent prognostic factor in CRC, the molecular mechanism underlying PNI remains obscure. In this study, we first demonstrated that CD51 could promote the neurotropism of tumor cells through cleavage with γ-secretase to generate an intracellular domain (ICD). Mechanistically, ICD of CD51 could bind to the transcription factor NR4A3, and act as a coactivator to promote the expression of downstream effectors, such as NTRK1, NTRK3, and SEMA3E. Pharmacological inhibition of γ-secretase impedes PNI mediated by CD51 in CRC both in vitro and in vivo and may become a potential therapeutic target for PNI in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Huang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yanyun Lin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Junguo Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jiancong Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xiaosheng He
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
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Samuels TL, Blaine-Sauer S, Yan K, Plehhova K, Coyle C, Johnston N. Topical Alginate Protection against Pepsin-Mediated Esophageal Damage: E-Cadherin Proteolysis and Matrix Metalloproteinase Induction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097932. [PMID: 37175640 PMCID: PMC10178445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial barrier dysfunction is a hallmark of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) related to symptom origination, inflammatory remodeling and carcinogenesis. Alginate-based antireflux medications were previously shown to topically protect against peptic barrier disruption, yet the molecular mechanisms of injury and protection were unclear. Herein, Barrett's esophageal (BAR-T) cells were pretreated with buffered saline (HBSS; control), dilute alginate medications (Gaviscon Advance or Gaviscon Double Action, Reckitt Benckiser), a viscosity-matched placebo, or ADAM10 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors before exposure to HBSS pH7.4 or pH4 ± 1 mg/mL pepsin for 10-60 min. Cell viability was assessed by ATP assay; mediators of epithelial integrity, E-cadherin, ADAM10, and MMPs were examined by Western blot and qPCR. Alginate rescued peptic reduction of cell viability (p < 0.0001). Pepsin-pH4 yielded E-cadherin fragments indicative of regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) which was not rescued by inhibitors of known E-cadherin sheddases. Transcriptional targets of E-cadherin RIP fragments were elevated at 24 h (MMP-1,2,9,14; p < 0.01). Alginate rescued E-cadherin cleavage, ADAM10 maturation, and MMP induction (p < 0.01). Results support RIP as a novel mechanism of peptic injury during GERD. Alginate residue after wash-out to mimic physiologic esophageal clearance conferred lasting protection against pepsin-induced molecular mechanisms that may exacerbate GERD severity and promote carcinogenesis in the context of weakly acidic reflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L Samuels
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Simon Blaine-Sauer
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ke Yan
- Department of Pediatrics Quantitative Health Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | | | | | - Nikki Johnston
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Blaine-Sauer S, Samuels TL, Yan K, Johnston N. The Protease Inhibitor Amprenavir Protects against Pepsin-Induced Esophageal Epithelial Barrier Disruption and Cancer-Associated Changes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076765. [PMID: 37047737 PMCID: PMC10095080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) significantly impacts patient quality of life and is a major risk factor for the development of Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the standard-of-care for GERD and are among the most prescribed drugs in the world, but do not protect against nonacid components of reflux such as pepsin, or prevent reflux-associated carcinogenesis. We recently identified an HIV protease inhibitor amprenavir that inhibits pepsin and demonstrated the antireflux therapeutic potential of its prodrug fosamprenavir in a mouse model of laryngopharyngeal reflux. In this study, we assessed the capacity of amprenavir to protect against esophageal epithelial barrier disruption in vitro and related molecular events, E-cadherin cleavage, and matrix metalloproteinase induction, which are associated with GERD severity and esophageal cancer. Herein, weakly acidified pepsin (though not acid alone) caused cell dissociation accompanied by regulated intramembrane proteolysis of E-cadherin. Soluble E-cadherin responsive matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were transcriptionally upregulated 24 h post-treatment. Amprenavir, at serum concentrations achievable given the manufacturer-recommended dose of fosamprenavir, protected against pepsin-induced cell dissociation, E-cadherin cleavage, and MMP induction. These results support a potential therapeutic role for amprenavir in GERD recalcitrant to PPI therapy and for preventing GERD-associated neoplastic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Blaine-Sauer
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Tina L. Samuels
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ke Yan
- Department of Pediatrics Quantitative Health Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Nikki Johnston
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Seliverstova EV, Prutskova NP. Renal protein reabsorption impairment related to a myxosporean infection in the grass frog (Rana temporaria L.). Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1303-1316. [PMID: 37012507 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
A morphophysiological study of tubular reabsorption and mechanisms of protein endocytosis in the kidney of frogs (Rana temporaria L.) during parasitic infection was carried out. Pseudoplasmodia and spores of myxosporidia, beforehand assigned to the genus Sphaerospora, were detected in Bowman's capsules and in the lumen of individual renal tubules by light and electron microscopy. Remarkable morphological alteration and any signs of pathology in kidney tissue related to this myxosporean infection have not been noted. At the same time, significant changes in protein reabsorption and distribution of molecular markers of endocytosis in the proximal tubule (PT) cells in infected animals were detected by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. In lysozyme injection experiments, the endocytosed protein and megalin expression in the infected PTs were not revealed. Tubular expression of cubilin and clathrin decreased, but endosomal recycling marker Rab11 increased or remained unchanged. Thus, myxosporean infection resulted in the alterations in lysozyme uptake and expression of the main molecular determinants of endocytosis. The inhibition of receptor-mediated clathrin-dependent protein endocytosis in amphibian kidneys due to myxosporidiosis was shown for the first time. Established impairment of the endocytic process is a clear marker of tubular cell dysfunction that can be used to assess the functioning of amphibian kidneys during adaptation to adverse environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Seliverstova
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Torez Av., 44, Saint Petersburg, 194223, Russian Federation.
| | - Natalya P Prutskova
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Torez Av., 44, Saint Petersburg, 194223, Russian Federation
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Hodges SL, Bouza AA, Isom LL. Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis Mechanisms of Voltage-Gated Ion Channel Subunits and Cell Adhesion Molecules. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1028-1048. [PMID: 36113879 PMCID: PMC9553118 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several integral membrane proteins undergo regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP), a tightly controlled process through which cells transmit information across and between intracellular compartments. RIP generates biologically active peptides by a series of proteolytic cleavage events carried out by two primary groups of enzymes: sheddases and intramembrane-cleaving proteases (iCLiPs). Following RIP, fragments of both pore-forming and non-pore-forming ion channel subunits, as well as immunoglobulin super family (IgSF) members, have been shown to translocate to the nucleus to function in transcriptional regulation. As an example, the voltage-gated sodium channel β1 subunit, which is also an IgSF-cell adhesion molecule (CAM), is a substrate for RIP. β1 RIP results in generation of a soluble intracellular domain, which can regulate gene expression in the nucleus. In this review, we discuss the proposed RIP mechanisms of voltage-gated sodium, potassium, and calcium channel subunits as well as the roles of their generated proteolytic products in the nucleus. We also discuss other RIP substrates that are cleaved by similar sheddases and iCLiPs, such as IgSF macromolecules, including CAMs, whose proteolytically generated fragments function in the nucleus. Importantly, dysfunctional RIP mechanisms are linked to human disease. Thus, we will also review how understanding RIP events and subsequent signaling processes involving ion channel subunits and IgSF proteins may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Several ion channel subunits and immunoglobulin superfamily molecules have been identified as substrates of regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). This signal transduction mechanism, which generates polypeptide fragments that translocate to the nucleus, is an important regulator of gene transcription. RIP may impact diseases of excitability, including epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmia, and sudden death syndromes. A thorough understanding of the role of RIP in gene regulation is critical as it may reveal novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of previously intractable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Hodges
- Departments of Pharmacology (S.L.H., A.A.B., L.L.I.), Neurology (L.L.I.), and Molecular & Integrative Physiology (L.L.I.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alexandra A Bouza
- Departments of Pharmacology (S.L.H., A.A.B., L.L.I.), Neurology (L.L.I.), and Molecular & Integrative Physiology (L.L.I.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lori L Isom
- Departments of Pharmacology (S.L.H., A.A.B., L.L.I.), Neurology (L.L.I.), and Molecular & Integrative Physiology (L.L.I.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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11
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Eden A, Zhao J, Xiao Y, Gibson J, Wang C. Covalent fragment inhibits intramembrane proteolysis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:958399. [PMID: 36158579 PMCID: PMC9490316 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.958399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious public health crisis with only one current modifying treatment. The reduction of amyloid load by targeting γ-secretase (GS) has been a leading approach in AD drug discovery and development. Despite the focus on GS inhibition, multiple GS inhibitors (GSIs) have failed in clinical trials as a result of side effects including exacerbated cognitive decline. These side effects are largely attributable to inhibition of normal GS function. Standard enzyme inhibitors target catalytic or allosteric sites of the enzyme, including the active site presenilin, as previous GSIs did. To avoid issues observed from broad-spectrum GSIs we discovered that fragment 6H8 that covalently binds to the substrate of GS, the transmembrane domain of amyloid precursor protein (APPTM). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy combined with MALDI-TOF-MS established 6H8 covalently binds to APPTM. 6H8 acts as a Michael acceptor and covalently links to the side chain amines of lysine residues, specifically targeting a cluster of C-terminal lysines K53-K55. Through this modification, 6H8 can inhibit intramembrane proteolysis of an archaeal homolog of presenilin (the active subunit of GS) via substrate binding with a 2-4 μM IC50, determined by a gel-based cleavage assay. 6H8, while too small to be an effective drug candidate, can be combined with a specific non-covalent partner and function as an effective covalent warhead of a targeted covalent inhibitor (TCI). The future development of the 6H8 fragment into the covalent warhead of a TCI is, to our knowledge, a novel approach to AD drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Eden
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Jing Zhao
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Xiao
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
| | - James Gibson
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Troy, NY, United States
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12
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Jang J, Cho EH, Cho Y, Ganzorig B, Kim KY, Kim MG, Kim C. Environment-Sensitive Ectodomain Shedding of Epithin/PRSS14 Increases Metastatic Potential of Breast Cancer Cells by Producing CCL2. Mol Cells 2022; 45:564-574. [PMID: 35950457 PMCID: PMC9385564 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithin/PRSS14 is a membrane serine protease that plays a key role in tumor progression. The protease exists on the cell surface until its ectodomain shedding, which releases most of the extracellular domain. Previously, we showed that the remaining portion on the membrane undergoes intramembrane proteolysis, which results in the liberation of the intracellular domain and the intracellular domainmediated gene expression. In this study, we investigated how the intramembrane proteolysis for the nuclear function is initiated. We observed that ectodomain shedding of epithin/PRSS14 in mouse breast cancer 4T1 cells increased depending on environmental conditions and was positively correlated with invasiveness of the cells and their proinvasive cytokine production. We identified selenite as an environmental factor that can induce ectodomain shedding of the protease and increase C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) secretion in an epithin/PRSS14-dependent manner. Additionally, by demonstrating that the expression of the intracellular domain of epithin/PRSS14 is sufficient to induce CCL2 secretion, we established that epithin/PRSS14- dependent shedding and its subsequent intramembrane proteolysis are responsible for the metastatic conversion of 4T1 cells under these conditions. Consequently, we propose that epithin/PRSS14 can act as an environment-sensing receptor that promotes cancer metastasis by liberating the intracellular domain bearing transcriptional activity under conditions promoting ectodomain shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Eun Hye Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Youngkyung Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Binderya Ganzorig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Ki Yeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Moon Gyo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Chungho Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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13
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Eggert S, Kins S, Endres K, Brigadski T. Brothers in arms: proBDNF/BDNF and sAPPα/Aβ-signaling and their common interplay with ADAM10, TrkB, p75NTR, sortilin, and sorLA in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Biol Chem 2022; 403:43-71. [PMID: 34619027 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important modulator for a variety of functions in the central nervous system (CNS). A wealth of evidence, such as reduced mRNA and protein level in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood samples of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients implicates a crucial role of BDNF in the progression of this disease. Especially, processing and subcellular localization of BDNF and its receptors TrkB and p75 are critical determinants for survival and death in neuronal cells. Similarly, the amyloid precursor protein (APP), a key player in Alzheimer's disease, and its cleavage fragments sAPPα and Aβ are known for their respective roles in neuroprotection and neuronal death. Common features of APP- and BDNF-signaling indicate a causal relationship in their mode of action. However, the interconnections of APP- and BDNF-signaling are not well understood. Therefore, we here discuss dimerization properties, localization, processing by α- and γ-secretase, relevance of the common interaction partners TrkB, p75, sorLA, and sortilin as well as shared signaling pathways of BDNF and sAPPα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Eggert
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Stefan Kins
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Brigadski
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, D-66482 Zweibrücken, Germany
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14
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Teplyashina EA, Komleva YK, Lychkovskaya EV, Deikhina AS, Salmina AB. Regulation of neurogenesis and cerebral angiogenesis by cell protein proteolysis products. RUDN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.22363/2313-0245-2021-25-2-114-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain development is a unique process characterized by mechanisms defined as neuroplasticity (synaptogenesis, synapse elimination, neurogenesis, and cerebral angiogenesis). Numerous neurodevelopmental disorders brain damage, and aging are manifested by neurological deficits that are caused by aberrant neuroplasticity. The presence of stem and progenitor cells in neurogenic niches of the brain is responsible for the formation of new neurons capable of integrating into preexisting synaptic assemblies. The determining factors for the cells within the neurogenic niche are the activity of the vascular scaffold and the availability of active regulatory molecules that establish the optimal microenvironment. It has been found that regulated intramembrane proteolysis plays an important role in the control of neurogenesis in brain neurogenic niches. Molecules generated by the activity of specific proteases can stimulate or suppress the activity of neural stem and progenitor cells, their proliferation and differentiation, migration and integration of newly formed neurons into synaptic networks. Local neoangiogenesis supports the processes of neurogenesis in neurogenic niches, which is guaranteed by the multivalent action of peptides formed from transmembrane proteins. Identification of new molecules regulating the neuroplasticity (neurogenesis and angiogenesis). i. e. enzymes, substrates, and products of intramembrane proteolysis, will ensure the development of protocols for detecting the neuroplasticity markers and targets for efficient pharmacological modulation.
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15
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Savanur MA, Weinstein-Marom H, Gross G. Implementing Logic Gates for Safer Immunotherapy of Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:780399. [PMID: 34804073 PMCID: PMC8600566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.780399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting solid tumors with absolute precision is a long-standing challenge in cancer immunotherapy. The identification of antigens, which are expressed by a large fraction of tumors of a given type and, preferably, across various types, but not by normal cells, holds the key to developing safe, off-the-shelf immunotherapies. Although the quest for widely shared, strictly tumor-specific antigens has been the focus of tremendous effort, only few such candidates have been implicated. Almost all antigens that are currently explored as targets for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or T cell receptor (TCR)-T cell therapy are also expressed by healthy cells and the risk of on-target off-tumor toxicity has remained a major concern. Recent studies suggest that this risk could be obviated by targeting instead combinations of two or more antigens, which are co-expressed by tumor but not normal cells and, as such, are tumor-specific. Moreover, the expression of a shared tumor antigen along with the lack of a second antigen that is expressed by normal tissues can also be exploited for precise recognition. Additional cues, antigenic or non-antigenic ones, which characterize the tumor microenvironment, could be harnessed to further increase precision. This review focuses on attempts to define the targetable signatures of tumors and assesses different strategies employing advanced synthetic biology for translating such information into safer modes of immunotherapy, implementing the principles of Boolean logic gates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Azharuddin Savanur
- Laboratory of Immunology, MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Hadas Weinstein-Marom
- Laboratory of Immunology, MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Gideon Gross
- Laboratory of Immunology, MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
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16
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Schwall CP, Loman TE, Martins BMC, Cortijo S, Villava C, Kusmartsev V, Livesey T, Saez T, Locke JCW. Tunable phenotypic variability through an autoregulatory alternative sigma factor circuit. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e9832. [PMID: 34286912 PMCID: PMC8287880 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically identical individuals in bacterial populations can display significant phenotypic variability. This variability can be functional, for example by allowing a fraction of stress prepared cells to survive an otherwise lethal stress. The optimal fraction of stress prepared cells depends on environmental conditions. However, how bacterial populations modulate their level of phenotypic variability remains unclear. Here we show that the alternative sigma factor σV circuit in Bacillus subtilis generates functional phenotypic variability that can be tuned by stress level, environmental history and genetic perturbations. Using single-cell time-lapse microscopy and microfluidics, we find the fraction of cells that immediately activate σV under lysozyme stress depends on stress level and on a transcriptional memory of previous stress. Iteration between model and experiment reveals that this tunability can be explained by the autoregulatory feedback structure of the sigV operon. As predicted by the model, genetic perturbations to the operon also modulate the response variability. The conserved sigma-anti-sigma autoregulation motif is thus a simple mechanism for bacterial populations to modulate their heterogeneity based on their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno M C Martins
- Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | | | | | | | - Toby Livesey
- Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Teresa Saez
- Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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17
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Sankorrakul K, Qian L, Thangnipon W, Coulson EJ. Is there a role for the p75 neurotrophin receptor in mediating degeneration during oxidative stress and after hypoxia? J Neurochem 2021; 158:1292-1306. [PMID: 34109634 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic basal forebrain (cBF) neurons are particularly vulnerable to degeneration following trauma and in neurodegenerative conditions. One reason for this is their characteristic expression of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR ), which is up-regulated and mediates neuronal death in a range of neurological and neurodegenerative conditions, including dementia, stroke and ischaemia. The signalling pathway by which p75NTR signals cell death is incompletely characterised, but typically involves activation by neurotrophic ligands and signalling through c-Jun kinase, resulting in caspase activation via mitochondrial apoptotic signalling pathways. Less well appreciated is the link between conditions of oxidative stress and p75NTR death signalling. Here, we review the literature describing what is currently known regarding p75NTR death signalling in environments of oxidative stress and hypoxia to highlight the overlap in signalling pathways and the implications for p75NTR signalling in cBF neurons. We propose that there is a causal relationship and define key questions to test this assertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornraviya Sankorrakul
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld., Australia.,Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Lei Qian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld., Australia
| | - Wipawan Thangnipon
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Elizabeth J Coulson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld., Australia
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18
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Gonzalez SM, Siddik AB, Su RC. Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis of ACE2: A Potential Mechanism Contributing to COVID-19 Pathogenesis? Front Immunol 2021; 12:612807. [PMID: 34163462 PMCID: PMC8215698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.612807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since being identified as a key receptor for SARS-CoV-2, Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been studied as one of the potential targets for the development of preventative and/or treatment options. Tissue expression of ACE2 and the amino acids interacting with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 have been mapped. Furthermore, the recombinant soluble extracellular domain of ACE2 is already in phase 2 trials as a treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Most studies have continued to focus on the ACE2 extracellular domain, which is known to play key roles in the renin angiotensin system and in amino acid uptake. However, few also found ACE2 to have an immune-modulatory function and its intracellular tail may be one of the signaling molecules in regulating cellular activation. The implication of its immune-modulatory role in preventing the cytokine-storm, observed in severe COVID-19 disease outcomes requires further investigation. This review focuses on the regulated proteolytic cleavage of ACE2 upon binding to inducer(s), such as the spike protein of SARS-CoV, the potential of cleaved ACE2 intracellular subdomain in regulating cellular function, and the ACE2's immune-modulatory function. This knowledge is critical for targeting ACE2 levels for developing prophylactic treatment or preventative measures in SARS-CoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Gonzalez
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitobag, Winnipe, MB, Canada
| | - Abu Bakar Siddik
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitobag, Winnipe, MB, Canada
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, J.C. Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ruey-Chyi Su
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitobag, Winnipe, MB, Canada
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, J.C. Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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19
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Intramembrane proteolysis of an extracellular serine protease, epithin/PRSS14, enables its intracellular nuclear function. BMC Biol 2020; 18:60. [PMID: 32493324 PMCID: PMC7271384 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithin/PRSS14, a type II transmembrane serine protease, is an emerging target of cancer therapy because of its critical roles in tumor progression and metastasis. In many circumstances, the protease, through its ectodomain shedding, exists as a soluble form and performs its proteolytic functions in extracellular environments increasing cellular invasiveness. The seemingly functional integrity of the soluble form raises the question of why the protease is initially made as a membrane-associated protein. RESULTS In this report, we show that the epithin/PRSS14 intracellular domain (EICD) can be released from the membrane by the action of signal peptide peptidase-like 2b (SPPL2b) after ectodomain shedding. The EICD preferentially localizes in the nucleus and can enhance migration, invasion, and metastasis of epithelial cancer when heterologously expressed. Unbiased RNA-seq analysis and subsequent antibody arrays showed that EICD could control the gene expression of chemokines involved in cell motility, by increasing their promoter activities. Finally, bioinformatics analysis provided evidence for the clinical significance of the intramembrane proteolysis of epithin/PRSS14 by revealing that the poor survival of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer patients with high epithin/PRSS14 expression is further worsened by high levels of SPPL2b. CONCLUSIONS These results show that ectodomain shedding of epithin/PRSS14 can initiate a unique and synchronized bidirectional signal for cancer metastasis: extracellularly broadening proteolytic modification of the surrounding environment and intracellularly reprogramming the transcriptome for metastatic conversion. Clinically, this study also suggests that the intracellular function of epithin/PRSS14 should be considered for targeting this protease for anti-cancer treatment.
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20
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Liu X, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Ubarretxena-Belandia I, Forth S, Lieberman RL, Wang C. Substrate-Enzyme Interactions in Intramembrane Proteolysis: γ-Secretase as the Prototype. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:65. [PMID: 32508589 PMCID: PMC7248309 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramembrane-cleaving proteases (I-CLiPs) catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within the transmembrane regions of membrane protein substrates, releasing bioactive fragments that play roles in many physiological and pathological processes. Based on their catalytic mechanism and nucleophile, I-CLiPs are classified into metallo, serine, aspartyl, and glutamyl proteases. Presenilin is the most prominent among I-CLiPs, as the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase (GS) complex responsible for cleaving the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch, as well as many other membrane substrates. Recent cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of GS provide new details on how presenilin recognizes and cleaves APP and Notch. First, presenilin transmembrane helix (TM) 2 and 6 are dynamic. Second, upon binding to GS, the substrate TM helix is unwound from the C-terminus, resulting in an intermolecular β-sheet between the substrate and presenilin. The transition of the substrate C-terminus from α-helix to β-sheet is proposed to expose the scissile peptide bond in an extended conformation, leaving it susceptible to protease cleavage. Despite the astounding new insights in recent years, many crucial questions remain unanswered regarding the inner workings of γ-secretase, however. Key unanswered questions include how the enzyme recognizes and recruits substrates, how substrates are translocated from an initial docking site to the active site, how active site aspartates recruit and coordinate catalytic water, and the nature of the mechanisms of processive trimming of the substrate and product release. Answering these questions will have important implications for drug discovery aimed at selectively reducing the amyloid load in Alzheimer's disease (AD) with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Liu
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Jing Zhao
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Yingkai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Iban Ubarretxena-Belandia
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Scott Forth
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Raquel L. Lieberman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
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21
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Li F, Wang Y, Li C, Marquez-Lago TT, Leier A, Rawlings ND, Haffari G, Revote J, Akutsu T, Chou KC, Purcell AW, Pike RN, Webb GI, Ian Smith A, Lithgow T, Daly RJ, Whisstock JC, Song J. Twenty years of bioinformatics research for protease-specific substrate and cleavage site prediction: a comprehensive revisit and benchmarking of existing methods. Brief Bioinform 2019; 20:2150-2166. [PMID: 30184176 PMCID: PMC6954447 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bby077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles of proteolytic cleavage have been intensively investigated and discussed during the past two decades. This irreversible chemical process has been frequently reported to influence a number of crucial biological processes (BPs), such as cell cycle, protein regulation and inflammation. A number of advanced studies have been published aiming at deciphering the mechanisms of proteolytic cleavage. Given its significance and the large number of functionally enriched substrates targeted by specific proteases, many computational approaches have been established for accurate prediction of protease-specific substrates and their cleavage sites. Consequently, there is an urgent need to systematically assess the state-of-the-art computational approaches for protease-specific cleavage site prediction to further advance the existing methodologies and to improve the prediction performance. With this goal in mind, in this article, we carefully evaluated a total of 19 computational methods (including 8 scoring function-based methods and 11 machine learning-based methods) in terms of their underlying algorithm, calculated features, performance evaluation and software usability. Then, extensive independent tests were performed to assess the robustness and scalability of the reviewed methods using our carefully prepared independent test data sets with 3641 cleavage sites (specific to 10 proteases). The comparative experimental results demonstrate that PROSPERous is the most accurate generic method for predicting eight protease-specific cleavage sites, while GPS-CCD and LabCaS outperformed other predictors for calpain-specific cleavage sites. Based on our review, we then outlined some potential ways to improve the prediction performance and ease the computational burden by applying ensemble learning, deep learning, positive unlabeled learning and parallel and distributed computing techniques. We anticipate that our study will serve as a practical and useful guide for interested readers to further advance next-generation bioinformatics tools for protease-specific cleavage site prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyi Li
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yanan Wang
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chen Li
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology,ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana T Marquez-Lago
- Department of Genetics and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - André Leier
- Department of Genetics and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Neil D Rawlings
- EMBL European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus,Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Gholamreza Haffari
- Monash Centre for Data Science, Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jerico Revote
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tatsuya Akutsu
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kuo-Chen Chou
- Gordon Life Science Institute, Boston, MA 02478, USA
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Robert N Pike
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Geoffrey I Webb
- Monash Centre for Data Science, Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - A Ian Smith
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Trevor Lithgow
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Roger J Daly
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - James C Whisstock
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jiangning Song
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Monash Centre for Data Science, Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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22
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Matsuhisa K, Saito A, Cai L, Kaneko M, Okamoto T, Sakaue F, Asada R, Urano F, Yanagida K, Okochi M, Kudo Y, Matsumoto M, Nakayama KI, Imaizumi K. Production of BBF2H7‐derived small peptide fragments via endoplasmic reticulum stress‐dependent regulated intramembrane proteolysis. FASEB J 2019; 34:865-880. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901748r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Matsuhisa
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
- Department of Stress Protein Processing Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
- Department of Stress Protein Processing Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Longjie Cai
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Masayuki Kaneko
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Takumi Okamoto
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Fumika Sakaue
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
- Department of Stress Protein Processing Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Rie Asada
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology Metabolism, and Lipid Research Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Fumihiko Urano
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology Metabolism, and Lipid Research Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Kanta Yanagida
- Neuropsychiatry Department of Integrated Medicine Division of Internal Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | - Masayasu Okochi
- Neuropsychiatry Department of Integrated Medicine Division of Internal Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | - Yukitsuka Kudo
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Medical Institute of Bioregulation Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Keiichi I. Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Medical Institute of Bioregulation Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kazunori Imaizumi
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
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23
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Lee YJ, Ch'ng TH. RIP at the Synapse and the Role of Intracellular Domains in Neurons. Neuromolecular Med 2019; 22:1-24. [PMID: 31346933 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) occurs in a cell when transmembrane proteins are cleaved by intramembrane proteases such as secretases to generate soluble protein fragments in the extracellular environment and the cytosol. In the cytosol, these soluble intracellular domains (ICDs) have local functions near the site of cleavage or in many cases, translocate to the nucleus to modulate gene expression. While the mechanism of RIP is relatively well studied, the fate and function of ICDs for most substrate proteins remain poorly characterized. In neurons, RIP occurs in various subcellular compartments including at the synapse. In this review, we summarize current research on RIP in neurons, focusing specifically on synaptic proteins where the presence and function of the ICDs have been reported. We also briefly discuss activity-driven processing of RIP substrates at the synapse and the cellular machinery that support long-distance transport of ICDs from the synapse to the nucleus. Finally, we describe future challenges in this field of research in the context of understanding the contribution of ICDs in neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jun Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 10-01-01 M, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.,Interdisciplinary Graduate School (IGS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Toh Hean Ch'ng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 10-01-01 M, Singapore, 308232, Singapore. .,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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24
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Tongkobpetch S, Rungsiwiwut R, Pruksananonda K, Suphapeetiporn K, Shotelersuk V. Generation of two human iPSC lines (MDCUi001-A and MDCUi001-B) from dermal fibroblasts of a Thai patient with X-linked osteogenesis imperfecta using integration-free Sendai virus. Stem Cell Res 2019; 39:101493. [PMID: 31326747 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Two clones of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were generated from dermal fibroblasts isolated from a one-year-old Thai patient with X-linked osteogenesis imperfecta. The patient harbored a mutation, p.N459S, in the MBTPS2 gene. The cells were reprogrammed using an integration-free Sendai virus containing KLF4, c-MYC, OCT4 and SOX2. Both of the established iPSC lines (MDCUi001-A and MDCUi001-B) maintained normal karyotype, expressed pluripotent markers and differentiated into all three germ layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siraprapa Tongkobpetch
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ruttachuk Rungsiwiwut
- Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Reproductive Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Kamthorn Pruksananonda
- Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Reproductive Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kanya Suphapeetiporn
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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25
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Xie X, Guo N, Xue G, Xie D, Yuan C, Harrison J, Li J, Jiang L, Huang M. Solution Structure of SpoIVB Reveals Mechanism of PDZ Domain-Regulated Protease Activity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1232. [PMID: 31244791 PMCID: PMC6581720 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Intramembrane proteases hydrolyze peptide bonds within the cell membrane as the decision-making step of various signaling pathways. Sporulation factor IV B protease (SpoIVB) and C-terminal processing proteases B (CtpB) play central roles in cellular differentiation via regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) process which activates pro-σK processing at the σK checkpoint during spore formation. SpoIVB joins CtpB in belonging to the widespread family of PDZ-proteases, but much remains unclear about the molecular mechanisms and structure of SpoIVB. In this study, we expressed inactive SpoIVB (SpoIVBS378A) fused with maltose binding protein (MBP)-tag and obtained the solution structure of SpoIVBS378A from its small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data. The fusion protein is more soluble, stable, and yields higher expression compared to SpoIVB without the tag. MBP-tag not only facilitates modeling of the structure in the SAXS envelope but also evaluates reliability of the model. The solution structure of SpoIVBS378A fits closely with the experimental scattering data (χ2= 1.76). Comparing the conformations of PDZ-proteases indicates that SpoIVB adopts a PDZ-protease pattern similar to the high temperature requirement A proteases (HtrAs) rather than CtpB. We not only propose that SpoIVB uses a more direct and simple way to cleave the substrates than that of CtpB, but also that they work together as signal amplifiers to activate downstream proteins in the RIP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Xie
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nannan Guo
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guangpu Xue
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Daoqing Xie
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Cai Yuan
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Joshua Harrison
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jinyu Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
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26
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Podoplanin in Inflammation and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030707. [PMID: 30736372 PMCID: PMC6386838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Podoplanin is a small cell-surface mucin-like glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in the development of the alveoli, heart, and lymphatic vascular system. Emerging evidence indicates that it is also involved in the control of mammary stem-cell activity and biogenesis of platelets in the bone marrow, and exerts an important function in the immune response. Podoplanin expression is upregulated in different cell types, including fibroblasts, macrophages, T helper cells, and epithelial cells, during inflammation and cancer, where it plays important roles. Podoplanin is implicated in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, promotes inflammation-driven and cancer-associated thrombosis, and stimulates cancer cell invasion and metastasis through a variety of strategies. To accomplish its biological functions, podoplanin must interact with other proteins located in the same cell or in neighbor cells. The binding of podoplanin to its ligands leads to modulation of signaling pathways that regulate proliferation, contractility, migration, epithelial⁻mesenchymal transition, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. In this review, we describe the diverse roles of podoplanin in inflammation and cancer, depict the protein ligands of podoplanin identified so far, and discuss the mechanistic basis for the involvement of podoplanin in all these processes.
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27
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Huang Y, Chanou A, Kranz G, Pan M, Kohlbauer V, Ettinger A, Gires O. Membrane-associated epithelial cell adhesion molecule is slowly cleaved by γ-secretase prior to efficient proteasomal degradation of its intracellular domain. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:3051-3064. [PMID: 30598504 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) is a key mechanism for activating transmembrane proteins such as epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) for cellular signaling and degradation. EpCAM is highly expressed in carcinomas and progenitor and embryonic stem cells and is involved in the regulation of cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Strictly sequential cleavage of EpCAM through RIP involves initial shedding of the extracellular domain by α-secretase (ADAM) and β-secretase (BACE) sheddases, generating a membrane-tethered C-terminal fragment EpCTF. Subsequently, the rate-limiting γ-secretase complex catalyzes intramembrane cleavage of EpCTF, generating an extracellular EpCAM-Aβ-like fragment and an intracellular EpICD fragment involved in nuclear signaling. Here, we have combined biochemical approaches with live-cell imaging of fluorescent protein tags to investigate the kinetics of γ-secretase-mediated intramembrane cleavage of EpCTF. We demonstrate that γ-secretase-mediated proteolysis of exogenously and endogenously expressed EpCTF is a slow process with a 50% protein turnover in cells ranging from 45 min to 5.5 h. The slow cleavage was dictated by γ-secretase activity and not by EpCTF species, as indicated by cross-species swapping experiments. Furthermore, both human and murine EpICDs generated from EpCTF by γ-secretase were degraded efficiently (94-99%) by the proteasome. Hence, proteolytic cleavage of EpCTF is a comparably slow process, and EpICD generation does not appear to be suited for rapidly transducing extracellular cues into nuclear signaling, but appears to provide steady signals that can be further controlled through efficient proteasomal degradation. Our approach provides an unbiased bioassay to investigate proteolytic processing of EpCTF in single living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchi Huang
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany, .,the Department of Spinal Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Anna Chanou
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gisela Kranz
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Min Pan
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Kohlbauer
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Ettinger
- the Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Marchioninistrasse 25, 81377 München, Germany, and
| | - Olivier Gires
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany, .,the Clinical Cooperation Group Personalized Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Tumors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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28
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Al-Maskari M, Care MA, Robinson E, Cocco M, Tooze RM, Doody GM. Site-1 protease function is essential for the generation of antibody secreting cells and reprogramming for secretory activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14338. [PMID: 30254311 PMCID: PMC6156501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) and activation of XBP1 is necessary for high secretory efficiency and functional differentiation of antibody secreting cells (ASCs). The UPR additionally includes a branch in which membrane-bound transcription factors, exemplified by ATF6, undergo intramembrane-proteolysis by the sequential action of site-1 (MBTPS1/S1P) and site-2 proteases (MBTPS2/S2P) and release of the cytoplasmic domain as an active transcription factor. Such regulation is shared with a family of CREB3-related transcription factors and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs). Of these, we identify that the CREB3 family member CREB3L2 is strongly induced and activated during the transition from B-cell to plasma cell state. Inhibition of site-1 protease leads to a profound reduction in plasmablast number linked to induction of autophagy. Plasmablasts generated in the presence of site-1 protease inhibitor segregated into CD38high and CD38low populations, the latter characterized by a marked reduction in the capacity to secrete IgG. Site-1 protease inhibition is accompanied by a distinctive change in gene expression associated with amino acid, steroid and fatty acid synthesis pathways. These results demonstrate that transcriptional control of metabolic programs necessary for secretory activity can be targeted via site-1 protease inhibition during ASC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Al-Maskari
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A Care
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
- Bioinformatics Group, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Robinson
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Cocco
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Reuben M Tooze
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Gina M Doody
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom.
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29
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Clemente N, Abdine A, Ubarretxena-Belandia I, Wang C. Coupled Transmembrane Substrate Docking and Helical Unwinding in Intramembrane Proteolysis of Amyloid Precursor Protein. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12411. [PMID: 30120254 PMCID: PMC6098081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramembrane-cleaving proteases (I-CLiPs) play crucial roles in physiological and pathological processes, such as Alzheimer’s disease and cancer. However, the mechanisms of substrate recognition by I-CLiPs remain poorly understood. The aspartic I-CLiP presenilin is the catalytic subunit of the γ-secretase complex, which releases the amyloid-β peptides (Aβs) through intramembrane proteolysis of the transmembrane domain of the amyloid precursor protein (APPTM). Here we used solution NMR to probe substrate docking of APPTM to the presenilin homologs (PSHs) MCMJR1 and MAMRE50, which cleaved APPTM in the NMR tube. Chemical shift perturbation (CSP) showed juxtamembrane regions of APPTM mediate its docking to MCMJR1. Binding of the substrate to I-CLiP decreased the magnitude of amide proton chemical shifts δH at the C-terminal half of the substrate APPTM, indicating that the docking to the enzyme weakens helical hydrogen bonds and unwinds the substrate transmembrane helix around the initial ε-cleavage site. The APPTM V44M substitution linked to familial AD caused more CSP and helical unwinding around the ε-cleavage site. MAMRE50, which cleaved APPTM at a higher rate, also caused more CSP and helical unwinding in APPTM than MCMJR1. Our data suggest that docking of the substrate transmembrane helix and helical unwinding is coupled in intramembrane proteolysis and FAD mutation modifies enzyme/substrate interaction, providing novel insights into the mechanisms of I-CLiPs and AD drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolina Clemente
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180, USA
| | - Alaa Abdine
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Iban Ubarretxena-Belandia
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180, USA.
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30
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Nayak T, Trotter J, Sakry D. The Intracellular Cleavage Product of the NG2 Proteoglycan Modulates Translation and Cell-Cycle Kinetics via Effects on mTORC1/FMRP Signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:231. [PMID: 30131676 PMCID: PMC6090502 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The NG2 proteoglycan is expressed by oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and is abundantly expressed by tumors such as melanoma and glioblastoma. Functions of NG2 include an influence on proliferation, migration and neuromodulation. Similar to other type-1 membrane proteins, NG2 undergoes proteolysis, generating a large ectodomain, a C-terminal fragment (CTF) and an intracellular domain (ICD) via sequential action of α- and γ-secretases which is enhanced by neuronal activity. Functional roles of NG2 have so far been shown for the full-length protein, the released ectodomain and CTF, but not for the ICD. In this study, we characterized the role of the NG2 ICD in OPC and Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) cells. Overexpressed ICD is predominantly localized in the cell cytosol, including the distal processes of OPCs. Nuclear localisation of a fraction of the ICD is dependent on Nuclear Localisation Signals. Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry followed by functional analysis indicated that the NG2 ICD modulates mRNA translation and cell-cycle kinetics. In OPCs and HEK cells, ICD overexpression results in an mTORC1-dependent upregulation of translation, as well as a shift of the cell population toward S-phase. NG2 ICD increases the active (phosphorylated) form of mTOR and modulates downstream signaling cascades, including increased phosphorylation of p70S6K1 and increased expression of eEF2. Strikingly, levels of FMRP, an RNA-binding protein that is regulated by mTOR/p70S6K1/eEF2 were decreased. In neurons, FMRP acts as a translational repressor under activity-dependent control and is mutated in Fragile X Syndrome (FXS). Knock-down of endogenous NG2 in primary OPC reduced translation and mTOR/p70S6K1 phosphorylation in Oli-neu. Here, we identify the NG2 ICD as a regulator of translation in OPCs via modulation of the well-established mTORC1 pathway. We show that FXS-related FMRP signaling is not exclusive to neurons but plays a role in OPCs. This provides a signal cascade in OPC which can be influenced by the neuronal network, since the NG2 ICD has been shown to be generated by constitutive as well as activity-dependent cleavage. Our results also elucidate a possible role of NG2 in tumors exhibiting enhanced rates of translation and rapid cell cycle kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoyita Nayak
- Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Trotter
- Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dominik Sakry
- Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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31
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Kim K, Goldberg IJ, Graham MJ, Sundaram M, Bertaggia E, Lee SX, Qiang L, Haeusler RA, Metzger D, Chambon P, Yao Z, Ginsberg HN, Pajvani UB. γ-Secretase Inhibition Lowers Plasma Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins by Stabilizing the LDL Receptor. Cell Metab 2018; 27:816-827.e4. [PMID: 29576536 PMCID: PMC5884729 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Excess plasma triglycerides (TGs) are a key component of obesity-induced metabolic syndrome. We have shown that γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) treatment improves glucose tolerance due to inhibition of hepatic Notch signaling but found additional Notch-independent reduction of plasma TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in GSI-treated, as well as hepatocyte-specific, γ-secretase knockout (L-Ncst) mice, which suggested a primary effect on hepatocyte TRL uptake. Indeed, we found increased VLDL and LDL particle uptake in L-Ncst hepatocytes and Ncst-deficient hepatoma cells, in part through reduced γ-secretase-mediated low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) cleavage and degradation. To exploit this novel finding, we generated a liver-selective Nicastrin ASO, which recapitulated glucose and lipid improvements of L-Ncst mice, with increased levels of hepatocyte LDLR. Collectively, these results identify the role of hepatic γ-secretase to regulate LDLR and suggest that liver-specific GSIs may simultaneously improve multiple aspects of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- KyeongJin Kim
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Meenakshi Sundaram
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Enrico Bertaggia
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel X Lee
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Qiang
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca A Haeusler
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Zemin Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Utpal B Pajvani
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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32
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Fatah H, Benfaed N, Chana RS, Chunara MH, Barratt J, Baines RJ, Brunskill NJ. Reduced proximal tubular expression of protein endocytic receptors in proteinuria is associated with urinary receptor shedding. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2017; 33:934-943. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfx321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiwa Fatah
- Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nura Benfaed
- Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ravinder S Chana
- Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Mohamed H Chunara
- Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jonathan Barratt
- Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Nephrology, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Richard J Baines
- Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Nephrology, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Nigel J Brunskill
- Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Nephrology, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
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33
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Small things matter: Implications of APP intracellular domain AICD nuclear signaling in the progression and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 156:189-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Development of an optimized synthetic Notch receptor as an in vivo cell-cell contact sensor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5467-5472. [PMID: 28490499 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703205114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection and manipulation of direct cell-cell contact in complex tissues is a fundamental and challenging problem in many biological studies. Here, we report an optimized Notch-based synthetic receptor (synNQ) useful to study direct cell-cell interactions in Drosophila With the synNQ system, cells expressing a synthetic receptor, which contains Notch activation machinery and a downstream transcriptional activator, QF, are activated by a synthetic GFP ligand expressed by contacting neighbor cells. To avoid cis-inhibition, mutually exclusive expression of the synthetic ligand and receptor is achieved using the "flippase-out" system. Expression of the synthetic GFP ligand is controlled by the Gal4/UAS system for easy and broad applications. Using synNQ, we successfully visualized cell-cell interactions within and between most fly tissues, revealing previously undocumented cell-cell contacts. Importantly, in addition to detection of cells in contact with one another, synNQ allows for genetic manipulation in all cells in contact with a targeted cell population, which we demonstrate in the context of cell competition in developing wing disks. Altogether, the synNQ genetic system will enable a broad range of studies of cell contact in developmental biology.
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Lindert U, Cabral WA, Ausavarat S, Tongkobpetch S, Ludin K, Barnes AM, Yeetong P, Weis M, Krabichler B, Srichomthong C, Makareeva EN, Janecke AR, Leikin S, Röthlisberger B, Rohrbach M, Kennerknecht I, Eyre DR, Suphapeetiporn K, Giunta C, Marini JC, Shotelersuk V. MBTPS2 mutations cause defective regulated intramembrane proteolysis in X-linked osteogenesis imperfecta. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11920. [PMID: 27380894 PMCID: PMC4935805 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a collagen-related bone dysplasia. We identified an X-linked recessive form of OI caused by defects in MBTPS2, which encodes site-2 metalloprotease (S2P). MBTPS2 missense mutations in two independent kindreds with moderate/severe OI cause substitutions at highly conserved S2P residues. Mutant S2P has normal stability, but impaired functioning in regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) of OASIS, ATF6 and SREBP transcription factors, consistent with decreased proband secretion of type I collagen. Further, hydroxylation of the collagen lysine residue (K87) critical for crosslinking is reduced in proband bone tissue, consistent with decreased lysyl hydroxylase 1 in proband osteoblasts. Reduced collagen crosslinks presumptively undermine bone strength. Also, proband osteoblasts have broadly defective differentiation. These mutations provide evidence that RIP plays a fundamental role in normal bone development. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is genetically linked to autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive mutations. Here, Marini et al. describe two families with X-chromosome-linked OI with mutations in MBTPS2 that alter regulated intramembrane proteolysis and subsequent defects in collagen crosslinking and osteoblast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uschi Lindert
- Division of Metabolism, Connective Tissue Unit and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8032, Switzerland
| | - Wayne A Cabral
- Section on Heritable Disorders of Bone and Extracellular Matrix, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Surasawadee Ausavarat
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Siraprapa Tongkobpetch
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Katja Ludin
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau 5001, Switzerland
| | - Aileen M Barnes
- Section on Heritable Disorders of Bone and Extracellular Matrix, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Patra Yeetong
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Maryann Weis
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Birgit Krabichler
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Chalurmpon Srichomthong
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Elena N Makareeva
- Section on Physical Biochemistry, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Andreas R Janecke
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Sergey Leikin
- Section on Physical Biochemistry, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Benno Röthlisberger
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau 5001, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Rohrbach
- Division of Metabolism, Connective Tissue Unit and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8032, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Kennerknecht
- Institute of Human Genetics, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - David R Eyre
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Kanya Suphapeetiporn
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Cecilia Giunta
- Division of Metabolism, Connective Tissue Unit and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8032, Switzerland
| | - Joan C Marini
- Section on Heritable Disorders of Bone and Extracellular Matrix, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Ectodomain cleavage of FLT1 regulates receptor activation and function and is not required for its downstream intracellular cleavage. Exp Cell Res 2016; 344:103-111. [PMID: 27017929 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
FLT1 is a cell surface VEGF receptor which is cleaved to release an N-terminal ectodomain which binds VEGF and PlGF and can antagonize the effects of VEGF in the extracellular milieu. To further evaluate FLT1 processing we expressed tagged FLT1 constructs in HEK293 and COS7 cells where we demonstrate, by deletion mapping, that the cleavage site is immediately adjacent to the transmembrane domain (TMD) between residues 759 and 763. Cleavage reciprocally regulates free VEGF in conditioned media and we show that the cleavage site is also transferable to another transmembrane receptor. A second cleavage event downstream of the ectodomain cleavage releases a cytosolic C-terminal FLT1 fragment and this intracellular cleavage of FLT1 is not catalyzed or regulated by the upstream ectodomain cleavage since abolition of the ectodomain cleavage has no impact on the downstream cleavage event. The downstream cleavage event is not susceptible to γ-secretase inhibitors and overexpression of presenilin 1, the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase did not change the downstream intracellular cleavage event. Furthermore, this cleavage did not occur via a previously published valine residue (767V) in the TMD of FLT1, indicating the existence of another cleavage pathway. We tested the impact of the ectodomain cleavage on p44/42 MAP kinase activation and demonstrate that compared to wild type FLT1, cleavage resistant FLT1 constructs failed to stimulate p44/42 MAP kinase activation. Our results indicate that FLT1 ectodomain cleavage not only regulates the availability of free VEGF in the extracellular milieu but also regulates cellular signaling via the ERK kinase pathway.
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Abstract
Limited proteolysis is a pivotal mechanism regulating protein functions. Identifying physiologically or pathophysiologically relevant cleavage sites helps to develop molecular tools that can be used for diagnostics or therapeutics. During proteolysis of secretory and membrane proteins, part of the cleaved protein is liberated and destined to undergo degradation but should retain original cleavage sites created by proteolytic enzymes. We profiled endogenous peptides accumulated for 4 h in media conditioned by primary cultured rat cardiac fibroblasts. A total of 3916 redundant peptide sequences from 94 secretory proteins and membrane proteins served to identify limited cleavage sites, both annotated and unannotated, for signal peptide or propeptide removal, peptide hormone processing, ectodomain shedding, and regulated intramembrane proteolysis. Incorrectly predicted signal cleavage sites are found in typical proteins such as extracellular matrix proteins and the peptide hormone precursor adrenomedullin ADM. The revealed signal peptide cleavage site for ADM was experimentally verified by identifying the major molecular form of flanking proadrenomedullin N-terminal peptide. We suggest that profiling of endogenous peptides, like transcriptome sequence reads, makes sense in regular cells such as fibroblasts and that peptidomics provides insight into proteolysis-regulated protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsuchiya
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center , Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Osaki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center , Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Naoto Minamino
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center , Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center , Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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The membrane anchor of the transcriptional activator SREBP is characterized by intrinsic conformational flexibility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12390-5. [PMID: 26392539 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513782112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) is a conserved mechanism crucial for numerous cellular processes, including signaling, transcriptional regulation, axon guidance, cell adhesion, cellular stress responses, and transmembrane protein fragment degradation. Importantly, it is relevant in various diseases including Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Even though a number of structures of different intramembrane proteases have been solved recently, fundamental questions concerning mechanistic underpinnings of RIP and therapeutic interventions remain. In particular, this includes substrate recognition, what properties render a given substrate amenable for RIP, and how the lipid environment affects the substrate cleavage. Members of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) family of transcription factors are critical regulators of genes involved in cholesterol/lipid homeostasis. After site-1 protease cleavage of the inactive SREBP transmembrane precursor protein, RIP of the anchor intermediate by site-2 protease generates the mature transcription factor. In this work, we have investigated the labile anchor intermediate of SREBP-1 using NMR spectroscopy. Surprisingly, NMR chemical shifts, site-resolved solvent exposure, and relaxation studies show that the cleavage site of the lipid-signaling protein intermediate bears rigid α-helical topology. An evolutionary conserved motif, by contrast, interrupts the secondary structure ∼9-10 residues C-terminal of the scissile bond and acts as an inducer of conformational flexibility within the carboxyl-terminal transmembrane region. These results are consistent with molecular dynamics simulations. Topology, stability, and site-resolved dynamics data suggest that the cleavage of the α-helical substrate in the case of RIP may be associated with a hinge motion triggered by the molecular environment.
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Yesildag B, Bock T, Herrmanns K, Wollscheid B, Stoffel M. Kin of IRRE-like Protein 2 Is a Phosphorylated Glycoprotein That Regulates Basal Insulin Secretion. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25891-906. [PMID: 26324709 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.684704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct interactions among pancreatic β-cells via cell surface proteins inhibit basal and enhance stimulated insulin secretion. Here, we functionally and biochemically characterized Kirrel2, an immunoglobulin superfamily protein with β-cell-specific expression in the pancreas. Our results show that Kirrel2 is a phosphorylated glycoprotein that co-localizes and interacts with the adherens junction proteins E-cadherin and β-catenin in MIN6 cells. We further demonstrate that the phosphosites Tyr(595-596) are functionally relevant for the regulation of Kirrel2 stability and localization. Analysis of the extracellular and intracellular domains of Kirrel2 revealed that it is cleaved and shed from MIN6 cells and that the remaining membrane spanning cytoplasmic domain is processed by γ-secretase complex. Kirrel2 knockdown with RNA interference in MIN6 cells and ablation of Kirrel2 from mice with genetic deletion resulted in increased basal insulin secretion from β-cells, with no immediate influence on stimulated insulin secretion, total insulin content, or whole body glucose metabolism. Our results show that in pancreatic β-cells Kirrel2 localizes to adherens junctions, is regulated by multiple post-translational events, including glycosylation, extracellular cleavage, and phosphorylation, and engages in the regulation of basal insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcak Yesildag
- From the Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich
| | - Thomas Bock
- the Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Auguste-Piccard-Hof 1, 8093 Zurich, and
| | - Karolin Herrmanns
- From the Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich
| | - Bernd Wollscheid
- the Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Auguste-Piccard-Hof 1, 8093 Zurich, and
| | - Markus Stoffel
- From the Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, the Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Auguste-Piccard-Hof 1, 8093 Zurich, and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Li Q, Zhang N, Zhang L, Ma H. Differential evolution of members of the rhomboid gene family with conservative and divergent patterns. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:368-380. [PMID: 25417867 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Rhomboid proteins are intramembrane serine proteases that are involved in a plethora of biological functions, but the evolutionary history of the rhomboid gene family is not clear. We performed a comprehensive molecular evolutionary analysis of the rhomboid gene family and also investigated the organization and sequence features of plant rhomboids in different subfamilies. Our results showed that eukaryotic rhomboids could be divided into five subfamilies (RhoA-RhoD and PARL). Most orthology groups appeared to be conserved only as single or low-copy genes in all lineages in RhoB-RhoD and PARL, whereas RhoA genes underwent several duplication events, resulting in multiple gene copies. These duplication events were due to whole genome duplications in plants and animals and the duplicates might have experienced functional divergence. We also identified a novel group of plant rhomboid (RhoB1) that might have lost their enzymatic activity; their existence suggests that they might have evolved new mechanisms. Plant and animal rhomboids have similar evolutionary patterns. In addition, there are mutations affecting key active sites in RBL8, RBL9 and one of the Brassicaceae PARL duplicates. This study delineates a possible evolutionary scheme for intramembrane proteins and illustrates distinct fates and a mechanism of evolution of gene duplicates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology Center for Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology Center for Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology Center for Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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41
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Dollé L, Theise ND, Schmelzer E, Boulter L, Gires O, van Grunsven LA. EpCAM and the biology of hepatic stem/progenitor cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G233-50. [PMID: 25477371 PMCID: PMC4329473 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00069.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane glycoprotein, which is frequently and highly expressed on carcinomas, tumor-initiating cells, selected tissue progenitors, and embryonic and adult stem cells. During liver development, EpCAM demonstrates a dynamic expression, since it can be detected in fetal liver, including cells of the parenchyma, whereas mature hepatocytes are devoid of EpCAM. Liver regeneration is associated with a population of EpCAM-positive cells within ductular reactions, which gradually lose the expression of EpCAM along with maturation into hepatocytes. EpCAM can be switched on and off through a wide panel of strategies to fine-tune EpCAM-dependent functional and differentiative traits. EpCAM-associated functions relate to cell-cell adhesion, proliferation, maintenance of a pluripotent state, regulation of differentiation, migration, and invasion. These functions can be conferred by the full-length protein and/or EpCAM-derived fragments, which are generated upon regulated intramembrane proteolysis. Control by EpCAM therefore not only depends on the presence of full-length EpCAM at cellular membranes but also on varying rates of the formation of EpCAM-derived fragments that have their own regulatory properties and on changes in the association of EpCAM with interaction partners. Thus spatiotemporal localization of EpCAM in immature liver progenitors, transit-amplifying cells, and mature liver cells will decisively impact the regulation of EpCAM functions and might be one of the triggers that contributes to the adaptive processes in stem/progenitor cell lineages. This review will summarize EpCAM-related molecular events and how they relate to hepatobiliary differentiation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dollé
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Neil D. Theise
- 2Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York;
| | - Eva Schmelzer
- 3McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
| | - Luke Boulter
- 4Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland; and
| | - Olivier Gires
- 5Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Leo A. van Grunsven
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;
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Plastid intramembrane proteolysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1847:910-4. [PMID: 25528366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Progress in the field of regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) in recent years has not surpassed plant biology. Nevertheless, reports on RIP in plants, and especially in chloroplasts, are still scarce. Of the four different families of intramembrane proteases, only two have been linked to chloroplasts so far, rhomboids and site-2 proteases (S2Ps). The lack of chloroplast-located rhomboid proteases was associated with reduced fertility and aberrations in flower morphology, probably due to perturbations in jasmonic acid biosynthesis, which occurs in chloroplasts. Mutations in homologues of S2P resulted in chlorophyll deficiency and impaired chloroplast development, through a yet unknown mechanism. To date, the only known substrate of RIP in chloroplasts is a PHD transcription factor, located in the envelope. Upon proteolytic cleavage by an unknown protease, the soluble N-terminal domain of this protein is released from the membrane and relocates to the nucleus, where it activates the transcription of the ABA response gene ABI4. Continuing studies on these proteases and substrates, as well as identification of the genes responsible for different chloroplast mutant phenotypes, are expected to shed more light on the roles of intramembrane proteases in chloroplast biology.
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Petutschnig EK, Stolze M, Lipka U, Kopischke M, Horlacher J, Valerius O, Rozhon W, Gust AA, Kemmerling B, Poppenberger B, Braus GH, Nürnberger T, Lipka V. A novel Arabidopsis CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (CERK1) mutant with enhanced pathogen-induced cell death and altered receptor processing. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:955-67. [PMID: 25041086 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants detect pathogens by sensing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) through pattern recognition receptors. Pattern recognition receptor complexes also have roles in cell death control, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we report isolation of cerk1-4, a novel mutant allele of the Arabidopsis chitin receptor CERK1 with enhanced defense responses. We identified cerk1-4 in a forward genetic screen with barley powdery mildew and consequently characterized it by pathogen assays, mutant crosses and analysis of defense pathways. CERK1 and CERK1-4 proteins were analyzed biochemically. The cerk1-4 mutation causes an amino acid exchange in the CERK1 ectodomain. Mutant plants maintain chitin signaling capacity but exhibit hyper-inducible salicylic acid concentrations and deregulated cell death upon pathogen challenge. In contrast to chitin signaling, the cerk1-4 phenotype does not require kinase activity and is conferred by the N-terminal part of the receptor. CERK1 undergoes ectodomain shedding, a well-known process in animal cell surface proteins. Wild-type plants contain the full-length CERK1 receptor protein as well as a soluble form of the CERK1 ectodomain, whereas cerk1-4 plants lack the N-terminal shedding product. Our work suggests that CERK1 may have a chitin-independent role in cell death control and is the first report of ectodomain shedding in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena K Petutschnig
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht von Haller Institute, Georg August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany; The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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Raikwar NS, Liu KZ, Thomas CP. N-terminal cleavage and release of the ectodomain of Flt1 is mediated via ADAM10 and ADAM 17 and regulated by VEGFR2 and the Flt1 intracellular domain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112794. [PMID: 25387128 PMCID: PMC4227870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Flt is one of the cell surface VEGF receptors which can be cleaved to release an N-terminal extracellular fragment which, like alternately transcribed soluble Flt1 (sFlt1), can antagonize the effects of VEGF. In HUVEC and in HEK293 cells where Flt1 was expressed, metalloprotease inhibitors reduced Flt1 N-terminal cleavage. Overexpression of ADAM10 and ADAM17 increased cleavage while knockdown of ADAM10 and ADAM17 reduced N-terminal cleavage suggesting that these metalloproteases were responsible for Flt1 cleavage. Protein kinase C (PKC) activation increased the abundance and the cleavage of Flt1 but this did not require any residues within the intracellular portion of Flt1. ALLN, a proteasomal inhibitor, increased the abundance of Flt1 which was additive to the effect of PKC. Removal of the entire cytosolic region of Flt1 appeared to stimulate cleavage of Flt1 and Flt1 was no longer sensitive to ALLN suggesting that the cytosolic region contained a degradation domain. Knock down of c-CBL, a ring finger ubiquitin ligase, in HEK293 cells increased the expression of Flt1 although it did not appear to require a previously published tyrosine residue (1333Y) in the C-terminus of Flt1. Increasing VEGFR2 expression increased VEGF-stimulated sFlt1 expression and progressively reduced the cleavage of Flt1 with Flt1 staying bound to VEGFR2 as a heterodimer. Our results imply that secreted sFlt1 and cleaved Flt1 will tend to have local effects as a VEGF antagonist when released from cells expressing VEGFR2 and more distant effects when released from cells lacking VEGFR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita S. Raikwar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Kang Z. Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Christie P. Thomas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Prostaglandin D2 synthase/GPR44: a signaling axis in PNS myelination. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:1682-92. [PMID: 25362470 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin 1 type III is processed following regulated intramembrane proteolysis, which allows communication from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. We found that the intracellular domain of neuregulin 1 type III upregulated the prostaglandin D2 synthase (L-pgds, also known as Ptgds) gene, which, together with the G protein-coupled receptor Gpr44, forms a previously unknown pathway in PNS myelination. Neuronal L-PGDS is secreted and produces the PGD2 prostanoid, a ligand of Gpr44. We found that mice lacking L-PGDS were hypomyelinated. Consistent with this, specific inhibition of L-PGDS activity impaired in vitro myelination and caused myelin damage. Furthermore, in vivo ablation and in vitro knockdown of glial Gpr44 impaired myelination. Finally, we identified Nfatc4, a key transcription factor for myelination, as one of the downstream effectors of PGD2 activity in Schwann cells. Thus, L-PGDS and Gpr44 are previously unknown components of an axo-glial interaction that controls PNS myelination and possibly myelin maintenance.
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Sorting an LDL receptor with bound PCSK9 to intracellular degradation. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:76-81. [PMID: 25222343 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article reviews the mechanism by which the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) that has bound proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), is rerouted to intracellular degradation instead of being recycled. METHODS A search of relevant published literature has been conducted. RESULTS PCSK9 binds to the LDLR at the cell surface. It is the catalytic domain of PCSK9 that binds to the epidermal growth factor repeat A of the LDLR. The LDLR:PCSK9 complex is internalized through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Due to an additional electrostatic interaction at acidic pH between the C-terminal domain of PCSK9 and the ligand-binding domain of the LDLR, PCSK9 remains bound to the LDLR in the sorting endosome. As a consequence, the LDLR fails to adopt a closed conformation and is degraded instead of being recycled. The mechanism for the failure of the LDLR to recycle appears to involve ectodomain cleavage of the extended LDLR by a cysteine cathepsin in the sorting endosome. The cleaved LDLR ectodomain will be confined to the vesicular part of the sorting endosome for degradation in the endosomal/lysosomal tract. CONCLUSION Ectodomain cleavage of an LDLR with bound PCSK9 in the sorting endosome disrupts the normal recycling of the LDLR.
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Smolarkiewicz M, Skrzypczak T, Michalak M, Leśniewicz K, Walker JR, Ingram G, Wojtaszek P. Gamma-secretase subunits associate in intracellular membrane compartments in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3015-27. [PMID: 24723404 PMCID: PMC4071823 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-secretase is a multisubunit complex with intramembrane proteolytic activity. In humans it was identified in genetic screens of patients suffering from familial forms of Alzheimer's disease, and since then it was shown to mediate cleavage of more than 80 substrates, including amyloid precursor protein or Notch receptor. Moreover, in animals, γ-secretase was shown to be involved in regulation of a wide range of cellular events, including cell signalling, regulation of endocytosis of membrane proteins, their trafficking, and degradation. Here we show that genes coding for γ-secretase homologues are present in plant genomes. Also, amino acid motifs crucial for γ-secretase activity are conserved in plants. Moreover, all γ-secretase subunits: PS1/PS2, APH-1, PEN-2, and NCT colocalize and interact with each other in Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts. The intracellular localization of γ-secretase subunits in Arabidopsis protoplasts revealed a distribution in endomembrane system compartments that is consistent with data from animal studies. Together, our data may be considered as a starting point for analysis of γ-secretase in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Smolarkiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Skrzypczak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Michalak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Leśniewicz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - J Ross Walker
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Gwyneth Ingram
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK UMR 5667 CNRS-INRA-ENSL-UCB Lyon I, Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, ENS Lyon, 46, Allée d'Italie, 69364 LYON Cedex 07, France
| | - Przemysław Wojtaszek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Yan HB, Lou ZZ, Li L, Brindley PJ, Zheng Y, Luo X, Hou J, Guo A, Jia WZ, Cai X. Genome-wide analysis of regulatory proteases sequences identified through bioinformatics data mining in Taenia solium. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:428. [PMID: 24899069 PMCID: PMC4070553 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cysticercosis remains a major neglected tropical disease of humanity in many regions, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, Central America and elsewhere. Owing to the emerging drug resistance and the inability of current drugs to prevent re-infection, identification of novel vaccines and chemotherapeutic agents against Taenia solium and related helminth pathogens is a public health priority. The T. solium genome and the predicted proteome were reported recently, providing a wealth of information from which new interventional targets might be identified. In order to characterize and classify the entire repertoire of protease-encoding genes of T. solium, which act fundamental biological roles in all life processes, we analyzed the predicted proteins of this cestode through a combination of bioinformatics tools. Functional annotation was performed to yield insights into the signaling processes relevant to the complex developmental cycle of this tapeworm and to highlight a suite of the proteases as potential intervention targets. Results Within the genome of this helminth parasite, we identified 200 open reading frames encoding proteases from five clans, which correspond to 1.68% of the 11,902 protein-encoding genes predicted to be present in its genome. These proteases include calpains, cytosolic, mitochondrial signal peptidases, ubiquitylation related proteins, and others. Many not only show significant similarity to proteases in the Conserved Domain Database but have conserved active sites and catalytic domains. KEGG Automatic Annotation Server (KAAS) analysis indicated that ~60% of these proteases share strong sequence identities with proteins of the KEGG database, which are involved in human disease, metabolic pathways, genetic information processes, cellular processes, environmental information processes and organismal systems. Also, we identified signal peptides and transmembrane helices through comparative analysis with classes of important regulatory proteases. Phylogenetic analysis using Bayes approach provided support for inferring functional divergence among regulatory cysteine and serine proteases. Conclusion Numerous putative proteases were identified for the first time in T. solium, and important regulatory proteases have been predicted. This comprehensive analysis not only complements the growing knowledge base of proteolytic enzymes, but also provides a platform from which to expand knowledge of cestode proteases and to explore their biochemistry and potential as intervention targets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-428) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu Province, PR China.
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Shukla J, Gupta R, Thakur KG, Gokhale R, Gopal B. Structural basis for the redox sensitivity of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis SigK-RskA σ-anti-σ complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:1026-36. [PMID: 24699647 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The host-pathogen interactions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are significantly influenced by redox stimuli and alterations in the levels of secreted antigens. The extracytoplasmic function (ECF) σ factor σ(K) governs the transcription of the serodominant antigens MPT70 and MPT83. The cellular levels of σ(K) are regulated by the membrane-associated anti-σ(K) (RskA) that localizes σ(K) in an inactive complex. The crystal structure of M. tuberculosis σ(K) in complex with the cytosolic domain of RskA (RskAcyto) revealed a disulfide bridge in the -35 promoter-interaction region of σ(K). Biochemical experiments reveal that the redox potential of the disulfide-forming cysteines in σ(K) is consistent with its role as a sensor. The disulfide bond in σ(K) influences the stability of the σ(K)-RskAcyto complex but does not interfere with σ(K)-promoter DNA interactions. It is noted that these disulfide-forming cysteines are conserved across homologues, suggesting that this could be a general mechanism for redox-sensitive transcription regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinal Shukla
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Radhika Gupta
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rajesh Gokhale
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - B Gopal
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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Mutation G805R in the transmembrane domain of the LDL receptor gene causes familial hypercholesterolemia by inducing ectodomain cleavage of the LDL receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:321-7. [PMID: 24918045 PMCID: PMC4048843 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation G805R is in the transmembrane domain of the LDLR. A polar residue in the transmembrane domain induced metalloproteinase cleavage. Mutation G805R caused reduced amounts of the precursor LDLR. Reduced amounts of precursor LDLR led to reduced amounts of the mature LDLR. Mutation G805R prevented γ-secretase cleavage within the transmembrane domain.
More than 1700 mutations in the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene have been found to cause familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). These are commonly divided into five classes based upon their effects on the structure and function of the LDLR. However, little is known about the mechanism by which mutations in the transmembrane domain of the LDLR gene cause FH. We have studied how the transmembrane mutation G805R affects the function of the LDLR. Based upon Western blot analyses of transfected HepG2 cells, mutation G805R reduced the amounts of the 120 kDa precursor LDLR in the endoplasmic reticulum. This led to reduced amounts of the mature 160 kDa LDLR at the cell surface. However, significant amounts of a secreted 140 kDa G805R-LDLR ectodomain fragment was observed in the culture media. Treatment of the cells with the metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat largely restored the amounts of the 120 and 160 kDa forms in cell lysates, and prevented secretion of the 140 kDa ectodomain fragment. Together, these data indicate that a metalloproteinase cleaved the ectodomain of the 120 kDa precursor G805R-LDLR in the endoplasmic reticulum. It was the presence of the polar Arg805 and not the lack of Gly805 which led to ectodomain cleavage. Arg805 also prevented γ-secretase cleavage within the transmembrane domain. It is conceivable that introducing a charged residue within the hydrophobic membrane lipid bilayer, results in less efficient incorporation of the 120 kDa G805R-LDLR in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and makes it a substrate for metalloproteinase cleavage.
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