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Chamrád I, Simerský R, Lenobel R, Novák O. Exploring affinity chromatography in proteomics: A comprehensive review. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1306:342513. [PMID: 38692783 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decades, the proteomics field has undergone rapid growth. Progress in mass spectrometry and bioinformatics, together with separation methods, has brought many innovative approaches to the study of the molecular biology of the cell. The potential of affinity chromatography was recognized immediately after its first application in proteomics, and since that time, it has become one of the cornerstones of many proteomic protocols. Indeed, this chromatographic technique exploiting the specific binding between two molecules has been employed for numerous purposes, from selective removal of interfering (over)abundant proteins or enrichment of scarce biomarkers in complex biological samples to mapping the post-translational modifications and protein interactions with other proteins, nucleic acids or biologically active small molecules. This review presents a comprehensive survey of this versatile analytical tool in current proteomics. To navigate the reader, the haphazard space of affinity separations is classified according to the experiment's aims and the separated molecule's nature. Different types of available ligands and experimental strategies are discussed in further detail for each of the mentioned procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Chamrád
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 241/27, CZ-77900, Olomouc, Holice, Czech Republic.
| | - Radim Simerský
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 241/27, CZ-77900, Olomouc, Holice, Czech Republic
| | - René Lenobel
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 241/27, CZ-77900, Olomouc, Holice, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 241/27, CZ-77900, Olomouc, Holice, Czech Republic
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Song SS, Park HJ, Kim YK, Kang SW. Revolutionizing biomedical research: The imperative need for heart-kidney-connected organoids. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:010902. [PMID: 38420624 PMCID: PMC10901547 DOI: 10.1063/5.0190840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Organoids significantly advanced our comprehension of organ development, function, and disease modeling. This Perspective underscores the potential of heart-kidney-connected organoids in understanding the intricate relationship between these vital organs, notably the cardiorenal syndrome, where dysfunction in one organ can negatively impact the other. Conventional models fall short in replicating this complexity, necessitating an integrated approach. By co-culturing heart and kidney organoids, combined with microfluidic and 3D bioprinting technologies, a more accurate representation of in vivo conditions can be achieved. Such interconnected systems could revolutionize our grasp of multi-organ diseases, drive drug discovery by evaluating therapeutic agents on both organs simultaneously, and reduce the need for animal models. In essence, heart-kidney-connected organoids present a promising avenue to delve deeper into the pathophysiology underlying cardiorenal disorders, bridging existing knowledge gaps, and advancing biomedical research.
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Nikravesh FY, Gholami P, Bayat E, Talebkhan Y, Mirabzadeh E, Damough S, Aliabadi HAM, Nematollahi L, Ardakani YH. Expression, Purification, and Biological Evaluation of XTEN-GCSF in a Neutropenic Rat Model. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:804-820. [PMID: 37209276 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04522-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) stimulates the proliferation of neutrophils but it has low serum half-life. Therefore, the present study was done to investigate the effect of XTENylation on biological activity, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of GCSF in a neutropenic rat model. XTEN tag was genetically fused to the N-terminal region of GCSF-encoding gene fragment and subcloned into pET28a expression vector. The cytoplasmic expressed recombinant protein was characterized through intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy (IFS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). In vitro biological activity of the XTEN-GCSF protein was evaluated on NFS60 cell line. Hematopoietic properties and pharmacokinetics were also investigated in a neutropenic rat model. An approximately 140 kDa recombinant protein was detected on SDS-PAGE. Dynamic light scattering and size exclusion chromatography confirmed the increase in hydrodynamic diameter of GCSF molecule after XTENylation. GCSF derivatives showed efficacy in proliferation of NFS60 cell line among which the XTEN-GCSF represented the lowest EC50 value (100.6 pg/ml). Pharmacokinetic studies on neutropenic rats revealed that XTEN polymer could significantly increase protein serum half-life in comparison with the commercially available GCSF molecules. PEGylated and XTENylated GCSF proteins were more effective in stimulation of neutrophils compared to the GCSF molecule alone. XTENylation of GCSF represented promising results in in vitro and in vivo studies. This approach can be a potential alternative to PEGylation strategies for increasing serum half-life of protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parisa Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Bayat
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yeganeh Talebkhan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Esmat Mirabzadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadi Damough
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Leila Nematollahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Kaiser-Graf D, Schulz A, Mangelsen E, Rothe M, Bolbrinker J, Kreutz R. Tissue lipidomic profiling supports a mechanistic role of the prostaglandin E2 pathway for albuminuria development in glomerular hyperfiltration. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 3:1271042. [PMID: 38205443 PMCID: PMC10777844 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2023.1271042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Background: Glomerular hyperfiltration (GH) is an important mechanism in the development of albuminuria in hypertension. The Munich Wistar Frömter (MWF) rat is a non-diabetic model of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with GH due to inherited low nephron number resulting in spontaneous albuminuria and podocyte injury. In MWF rats, we identified prostaglandin (PG) E2 (PGE2) signaling as a potential causative mechanism of albuminuria in GH. Method: For evaluation of the renal PGE2 metabolic pathway, time-course lipidomic analysis of PGE2 and its downstream metabolites 15-keto-PGE2 and 13-14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 was conducted in urine, plasma and kidney tissues of MWF rats and albuminuria-resistant spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS). Results: Lipidomic analysis revealed no dysregulation of plasma PGs over the time course of albuminuria development, while glomerular levels of PGE2 and 15-keto-PGE2 were significantly elevated in MWF compared to albuminuria-resistant SHR. Overall, averaged PGE2 levels in glomeruli were up to ×150 higher than the corresponding 15-keto-PGE2 levels. Glomerular metabolic ratios of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) were significantly lower, while metabolic ratios of prostaglandin reductases (PTGRs) were significantly higher in MWF rats with manifested albuminuria compared to SHR, respectively. Conclusion: Our data reveal glomerular dysregulation of the PGE2 metabolism in the development of albuminuria in GH, resulting at least partly from reduced PGE2 degradation. This study provides first insights into dynamic changes of the PGE2 pathway that support a role of glomerular PGE2 metabolism and signaling for early albuminuria manifestation in GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Kaiser-Graf
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela Schulz
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Mangelsen
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Juliane Bolbrinker
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhold Kreutz
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Fang W, Chen S, Jin X, Liu S, Cao X, Liu B. Metabolomics in aging research: aging markers from organs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1198794. [PMID: 37397261 PMCID: PMC10313136 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1198794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism plays an important role in regulating aging at several levels, and metabolic reprogramming is the main driving force of aging. Due to the different metabolic needs of different tissues, the change trend of metabolites during aging in different organs and the influence of different levels of metabolites on organ function are also different, which makes the relationship between the change of metabolite level and aging more complex. However, not all of these changes lead to aging. The development of metabonomics research has opened a door for people to understand the overall changes in the metabolic level in the aging process of organisms. The omics-based "aging clock" of organisms has been established at the level of gene, protein and epigenetic modifications, but there is still no systematic summary at the level of metabolism. Here, we reviewed the relevant research published in the last decade on aging and organ metabolomic changes, discussed several metabolites with high repetition rate, and explained their role in vivo, hoping to find a group of metabolites that can be used as metabolic markers of aging. This information should provide valuable information for future diagnosis or clinical intervention of aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Esselman AB, Patterson NH, Migas LG, Dufresne M, Djambazova KV, Colley ME, Van de Plas R, Spraggins JM. Microscopy-Directed Imaging Mass Spectrometry for Rapid High Spatial Resolution Molecular Imaging of Glomeruli. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37319264 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The glomerulus is a multicellular functional tissue unit (FTU) of the nephron that is responsible for blood filtration. Each glomerulus contains multiple substructures and cell types that are crucial for their function. To understand normal aging and disease in kidneys, methods for high spatial resolution molecular imaging within these FTUs across whole slide images is required. Here we demonstrate a workflow using microscopy-driven selected sampling to enable 5 μm pixel size matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) of all glomeruli within whole slide human kidney tissues. Such high spatial resolution imaging entails large numbers of pixels, increasing the data acquisition times. Automating FTU-specific tissue sampling enables high-resolution analysis of critical tissue structures, while concurrently maintaining throughput. Glomeruli were automatically segmented using coregistered autofluorescence microscopy data, and these segmentations were translated into MALDI IMS measurement regions. This allowed high-throughput acquisition of 268 glomeruli from a single whole slide human kidney tissue section. Unsupervised machine learning methods were used to discover molecular profiles of glomerular subregions and differentiate between healthy and diseased glomeruli. Average spectra for each glomerulus were analyzed using Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) and k-means clustering, yielding 7 distinct groups of differentiated healthy and diseased glomeruli. Pixel-wise k-means clustering was applied to all glomeruli, showing unique molecular profiles localized to subregions within each glomerulus. Automated microscopy-driven, FTU-targeted acquisition for high spatial resolution molecular imaging maintains high-throughput and enables rapid assessment of whole slide images at cellular resolution and identification of tissue features associated with normal aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Esselman
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Nathan Heath Patterson
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Lukasz G Migas
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Delft Center for Systems and Control, Delft University of Technology, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Dufresne
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Katerina V Djambazova
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Madeline E Colley
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Raf Van de Plas
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Delft Center for Systems and Control, Delft University of Technology, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey M Spraggins
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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Abstract
Age is the key risk factor for diseases and disabilities of the elderly. Efforts to tackle age-related diseases and increase healthspan have suggested targeting the ageing process itself to 'rejuvenate' physiological functioning. However, achieving this aim requires measures of biological age and rates of ageing at the molecular level. Spurred by recent advances in high-throughput omics technologies, a new generation of tools to measure biological ageing now enables the quantitative characterization of ageing at molecular resolution. Epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic data can be harnessed with machine learning to build 'ageing clocks' with demonstrated capacity to identify new biomarkers of biological ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarod Rutledge
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Ageing, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hamilton Oh
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Ageing, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Graduate Program in Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Ageing, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Hada I, Shimizu A, Takematsu H, Nishibori Y, Kimura T, Fukutomi T, Kudo A, Ito-Nitta N, Kiuchi Z, Patrakka J, Mikami N, Leclerc S, Akimoto Y, Hirayama Y, Mori S, Takano T, Yan K. A Novel Mouse Model of Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome Induced by Immunization with the Podocyte Protein Crb2. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:2008-2025. [PMID: 35985815 PMCID: PMC9678040 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2022010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cause of podocyte injury in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) remains unknown. Although recent evidence points to the role of B cells and autoimmunity, the lack of animal models mediated by autoimmunity limits further research. We aimed to establish a mouse model mimicking human INS by immunizing mice with Crb2, a transmembrane protein expressed at the podocyte foot process. METHODS C3H/HeN mice were immunized with the recombinant extracellular domain of mouse Crb2. Serum anti-Crb2 antibody, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, and kidney histology were studied. For signaling studies, a Crb2-expressing mouse podocyte line was incubated with anti-Crb2 antibody. RESULTS Serum anti-Crb2 autoantibodies and significant proteinuria were detected 4 weeks after the first immunization. The proteinuria reached nephrotic range at 9-13 weeks and persisted up to 29 weeks. Initial kidney histology resembled minimal change disease in humans, and immunofluorescence staining showed delicate punctate IgG staining in the glomerulus, which colocalized with Crb2 at the podocyte foot process. A subset of mice developed features resembling FSGS after 18 weeks. In glomeruli of immunized mice and in Crb2-expressing podocytes incubated with anti-Crb2 antibody, phosphorylation of ezrin, which connects Crb2 to the cytoskeleton, increased, accompanied by altered Crb2 localization and actin distribution. CONCLUSION The results highlight the causative role of anti-Crb2 autoantibody in podocyte injury in mice. Crb2 immunization could be a useful model to study the immunologic pathogenesis of human INS, and may support the role of autoimmunity against podocyte proteins in INS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Hada
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Takematsu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yukino Nishibori
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukutomi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kudo
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Ito-Nitta
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zentaro Kiuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jaakko Patrakka
- KI/AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Naoaki Mikami
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Simon Leclerc
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yoshihiro Akimoto
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hirayama
- Vaccine & Reagent, R&D Department, Denka Co., Ltd, Gosen-City, Japan
| | - Satoka Mori
- Denka Innovation Center, Denka Co., Ltd, Machida, Japan
| | - Tomoko Takano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kunimasa Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Ye Q, Lan B, Liu H, Persson PB, Lai EY, Mao J. A critical role of the podocyte cytoskeleton in the pathogenesis of glomerular proteinuria and autoimmune podocytopathies. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 235:e13850. [PMID: 35716094 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Selective glomerular filtration relies on the membrane separating the glomerular arterioles from the Bowman space. As a major component of the glomerular filtration barrier, podocytes form foot processes by the actin cytoskeleton, which dynamically adjusts in response to environmental changes to maintain filtration barrier integrity. The slit diaphragms bridge the filtration slits between neighboring foot processes and act as signaling hubs interacting with the actin cytoskeleton. Focal adhesions relay signals to regulate actin dynamics while allowing podocyte adherence to the basement membrane. Mutations in actin regulatory and signaling proteins may disrupt the actin cytoskeleton, resulting in foot process retraction, effacement, and proteinuria. Large-scale gene expression profiling platforms, transgenic animal models, and other in vivo gene delivery methods now enhance our understanding of the interactions among podocyte focal adhesions, slit diaphragms, and actin dynamics. In addition, our team found that at least 66% of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) children have podocyte autoantibodies, which was defined as a new disease subgroup-, autoimmune podocytopathies. This review outlines the pathophysiological mechanisms of podocyte cytoskeleton protein interactions in proteinuria and glomerular podocytopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Lan
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pontus B Persson
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Translational Physiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - En Yin Lai
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Translational Physiology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
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Tang W, Panja S, Jogdeo CM, Tang S, Yu A, Oupický D. Study of Renal Accumulation of Targeted Polycations in Acute Kidney Injury. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2064-2074. [PMID: 35394757 PMCID: PMC9150723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a global healthcare burden characterized by rapid loss of renal function and high morbidity and mortality. Chemokine receptor CXCR4 participates in the renal infiltration of immune cells following injury and in local inflammatory enhancement. Injured renal tubule cells overexpress CXCR4, which could be used as a target for improved drug delivery in AKI. Plerixafor is a small-molecule CXCR4 antagonist that has shown beneficial effects against AKI and has been previously developed into a polymeric analog (polymeric plerixafor, PP). With the goal of gaining a better understanding of how overall charge and hydrophilicity affect renal accumulation of PP, we have synthesized PP copolymers containing hydroxyl, carboxyl, primary amine, and alkyl moieties using Michael-type addition copolymerization. All synthesized copolymers showed excellent CXCR4-binding and inhibiting ability in vitro and improved cellular uptake in hypoxia-reoxygenation stimulated mouse tubule cells. Analysis of serum protein binding revealed that polymers with hydroxyl group modification showed the least amount of protein binding. Biodistribution of the polymers was tested in a unilateral ischemia reperfusion-induced AKI mouse model. The results showed significant differences in accumulation in the injured kidneys depending on the net charge and hydrophilicity of the polymers. The findings of this study will guide the development of polymeric drug carriers for targeted delivery to injured kidneys for better AKI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Tang
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Sudipta Panja
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Chinmay M. Jogdeo
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Siyuan Tang
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ao Yu
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - David Oupický
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Kruse ARS, Spraggins JM. Uncovering Molecular Heterogeneity in the Kidney With Spatially Targeted Mass Spectrometry. Front Physiol 2022; 13:837773. [PMID: 35222094 PMCID: PMC8874197 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.837773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney functions through the coordination of approximately one million multifunctional nephrons in 3-dimensional space. Molecular understanding of the kidney has relied on transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses of kidney homogenate, but these approaches do not resolve cellular identity and spatial context. Mass spectrometry analysis of isolated cells retains cellular identity but not information regarding its cellular neighborhood and extracellular matrix. Spatially targeted mass spectrometry is uniquely suited to molecularly characterize kidney tissue while retaining in situ cellular context. This review summarizes advances in methodology and technology for spatially targeted mass spectrometry analysis of kidney tissue. Profiling technologies such as laser capture microdissection (LCM) coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry provide deep molecular coverage of specific tissue regions, while imaging technologies such as matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) molecularly profile regularly spaced tissue regions with greater spatial resolution. These technologies individually have furthered our understanding of heterogeneity in nephron regions such as glomeruli and proximal tubules, and their combination is expected to profoundly expand our knowledge of the kidney in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R. S. Kruse
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Spraggins
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey M. Spraggins,
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12
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Taguchi K, Hayashi Y, Ohuchi M, Yamada H, Yagishita S, Enoki Y, Matsumoto K, Hamada A. Augmented clearance of nivolumab is associated with renal functions in chronic renal disease model rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:822-826. [PMID: 34348939 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinically approved dose of nivolumab is 240 mg Q2W. However, previous studies have shown that baseline nivolumab clearance (CL) is associated with treatment outcomes in patients with solid cancers, thus motivating researchers to identify prognostic factors and indices influencing nivolumab CL. This study used chronic kidney disease model rats to investigate whether chronic renal impairment affected nivolumab CL and explored the surrogate markers associated with nivolumab CL. We observed that the total CL for nivolumab (CLtot) was approximately 1.42-times higher in chronic kidney disease model rats than that in sham rats with an increased urinary excretion. Additionally, CLtot showed positive correlation with renal CL for nivolumab (CLR), but not with extrarenal CL. Furthermore, the baseline levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine CL, and urinary albumin/creatine ratio based on laboratory data were also significantly correlated with CLR Our findings suggest that nivolumab CL increases as renal function deteriorates due to an increased excretion of nivolumab in the urine; additionally, laboratory data reflecting renal function may be a feasible index to qualitatively estimate nivolumab CL prior to nivolumab treatment under conditions of renal impairment. Significance Statement We demonstrated that nivolumab was rapidly eliminated from the circulation in chronic kidney disease model rats compared to sham rats with an increased urinary nivolumab excretion. Moreover, nivolumab clearance was significantly correlated with the baseline levels of certain laboratory parameters reflecting renal functions. These results indicate the potential applicability of baseline renal function as a prognostic index to qualitatively estimate nivolumab clearance prior to nivolumab treatment under conditions with renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mayu Ohuchi
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Center Research Institute., Japan
| | - Hotaka Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University of Pharmacy, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yagishita
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Center Research Institute., Japan
| | - Yuki Enoki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University of Pharmacy, Japan
| | | | - Akinobu Hamada
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Center Research Institute., Japan
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13
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Wang X, Zhong X, Li J, Liu Z, Cheng L. Inorganic nanomaterials with rapid clearance for biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8669-8742. [PMID: 34156040 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00461h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic nanomaterials that have inherently exceptional physicochemical properties (e.g., catalytic, optical, thermal, electrical, or magnetic performance) that can provide desirable functionality (e.g., drug delivery, diagnostics, imaging, or therapy) have considerable potential for application in the field of biomedicine. However, toxicity can be caused by the long-term, non-specific accumulation of these inorganic nanomaterials in healthy tissues, preventing their large-scale clinical utilization. Over the past several decades, the emergence of biodegradable and clearable inorganic nanomaterials has offered the potential to prevent such long-term toxicity. In addition, a comprehensive understanding of the design of such nanomaterials and their metabolic pathways within the body is essential for enabling the expansion of theranostic applications for various diseases and advancing clinical trials. Thus, it is of critical importance to develop biodegradable and clearable inorganic nanomaterials for biomedical applications. This review systematically summarizes the recent progress of biodegradable and clearable inorganic nanomaterials, particularly for application in cancer theranostics and other disease therapies. The future prospects and opportunities in this rapidly growing biomedical field are also discussed. We believe that this timely and comprehensive review will stimulate and guide additional in-depth studies in the area of inorganic nanomedicine, as rapid in vivo clearance and degradation is likely to be a prerequisite for the future clinical translation of inorganic nanomaterials with unique properties and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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14
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Fenner BP, Darden DB, Kelly LS, Rincon J, Brakenridge SC, Larson SD, Moore FA, Efron PA, Moldawer LL. Immunological Endotyping of Chronic Critical Illness After Severe Sepsis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:616694. [PMID: 33659259 PMCID: PMC7917137 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.616694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved management of severe sepsis has been one of the major health care accomplishments of the last two decades. Due to enhanced recognition and improved management of severe sepsis, in-hospital mortality has been reduced by up to 40%. With that good news, a new syndrome has unfortunately replaced in-hospital multi-organ failure and death. This syndrome of chronic critical illness (CCI) includes sepsis patients who survive the early "cytokine or genomic storm," but fail to fully recover, and progress into a persistent state of manageable organ injury requiring prolonged intensive care. These patients are commonly discharged to long-term care facilities where sepsis recidivism is high. As many as 33% of sepsis survivors develop CCI. CCI is the result, at least in part, of a maladaptive host response to chronic pattern-recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated processes. This maladaptive response results in dysregulated myelopoiesis, chronic inflammation, T-cell atrophy, T-cell exhaustion, and the expansion of suppressor cell functions. We have defined this panoply of host responses as a persistent inflammatory, immune suppressive and protein catabolic syndrome (PICS). Why is this important? We propose that PICS in survivors of critical illness is its own common, unique immunological endotype driven by the constant release of organ injury-associated, endogenous alarmins, and microbial products from secondary infections. While this syndrome can develop as a result of a diverse set of pathologies, it represents a shared outcome with a unique underlying pathobiological mechanism. Despite being a common outcome, there are no therapeutic interventions other than supportive therapies for this common disorder. Only through an improved understanding of the immunological endotype of PICS can rational therapeutic interventions be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany P Fenner
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - D B Darden
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lauren S Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jaimar Rincon
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Scott C Brakenridge
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Shawn D Larson
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Frederick A Moore
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Philip A Efron
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lyle L Moldawer
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
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15
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Sales MDLM, Kratje R, Oggero M, Ceaglio N. Bifunctional GM-CSF-derived peptides as tools for O-glycoengineering and protein tagging. J Biotechnol 2020; 327:18-27. [PMID: 33387593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapid development of effective biotherapeutics has been a concern during the last couple decades. In our work we designed two novel peptide tags, GMOP and mGMOP, derived from the N-terminal region of human granulocyte and macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF), which contain four and six potential O-glycosylation sites, respectively. These peptide tags were fused to the N-terminus of human interferon-α2b (hIFN-α2b), a therapeutic antiviral and antiproliferative protein rapidly cleared from circulation. Two new molecules were obtained which, consistently with the presence of O-glycans, showed higher molecular masses, more negatively charged isoforms, and higher sialic acid content compared to wild-type IFN. In vitro bioactivity of purified chimeras revealed a similar antiviral specific biological activity (SBA) compared to unmodified IFN. A reduction of antiproliferative SBA was only observed for mGMOP-IFN. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed a notable improvement in terminal half-life (t1/2elim) (3.3 and 2.8 times-longer) and a marked reduction of the apparent clearance (CLapp, 3.7 and 4.1-fold lower for GMOP-IFN and mGMOP-IFN in comparison with native IFN, respectively). Furthermore, the in vitro thermal and plasma stability of both proteins was improved. Finally, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that recognizes an N-terminal GM-CSF epitope was able to bind both chimeras in western blots and ELISAs. This demonstrates the potential of both peptides to behave as bifunctional tags to create novel long-acting biotherapeutics and to facilitate detection and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Los Milagros Sales
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242, S3000ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Kratje
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242, S3000ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marcos Oggero
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242, S3000ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Natalia Ceaglio
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 472.4, C.C. 242, S3000ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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16
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17
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Kim TY, Nam YR, Park JH, Lee DE, Kim HS. Site-Specific Lipidation of a Small-Sized Protein Binder Enhances the Antitumor Activity through Extended Blood Half-Life. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:19778-19784. [PMID: 32803073 PMCID: PMC7424708 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein and peptide therapeutics tend to have a short blood circulation time mainly caused by rapid clearance in kidney, leading to a low therapeutic efficacy. Here, we demonstrate that the antitumor activity of a small-sized protein binder can be significantly enhanced by prolonged blood half-life through site-specific lipidation. An unnatural amino acid was genetically incorporated into a specific site with the highest accessibility in a human interleukin-6 (IL-6)-targeting protein binder with a size of 30.8 kDa, followed by conjugation with palmitic acid using cooper-free click chemistry. The resulting protein binder was shown to have a binding capacity for serum albumin, maintaining a comparable binding affinity for human IL-6 to the native protein binder. The terminal half-life of the lipidated protein binder was estimated to be 10.7 h, whereas the native one had a half-life of 20 min, resulting in a significantly enhanced tumor suppression effect. The present approach can be generally applied to small-sized therapeutic proteins for the elongation of circulation time and increase of bioavailability in blood, consequently enhancing their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yoon Kim
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - You Ree Nam
- Advanced
Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic
Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Park
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Dong-Eun Lee
- Advanced
Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic
Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea
| | - Hak-Sung Kim
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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18
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Huang Q, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Timashev P, Ma X, Liang XJ. Adaptive changes induced by noble-metal nanostructures in vitro and in vivo. Theranostics 2020; 10:5649-5670. [PMID: 32483410 PMCID: PMC7254997 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique features of noble-metal nanostructures (NMNs) are leading to unprecedented expansion of research and exploration of their application in therapeutics, diagnostics and bioimaging fields. With the ever-growing applications of NMNs, both therapeutic and environmental NMNs are likely to be exposed to tissues and organs, requiring careful studies towards their biological effects in vitro and in vivo. Upon NMNs exposure, tissues and cells may undergo a series of adaptive changes both in morphology and function. At the cellular level, the accumulation of NMNs in various subcellular organelles including lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and nucleus may interfere with their functions, causing changes in a variety of cellular functions, such as digestion, protein synthesis and secretion, energy metabolism, mitochondrial respiration, and proliferation. In animals, retention of NMNs in metabolic-, respiratory-, immune-related, and other organs can trigger significant physiological and pathological changes to these organs and influence their functions. Exploring how NMNs interact with tissues and cells and the underlying mechanisms are of vital importance for their future applications. Here, we illustrate the characteristics of NMNs-induced adaptive changes both in vitro and in vivo. Potential strategies in the design of NMNs are also discussed to take advantage of beneficial adaptive changes and avoid unfavorable changes for the proper implementation of these nanoplatforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Sino-Danish College of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Sino-Danish College of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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19
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Peterson NC, Mahalingaiah PK, Fullerton A, Di Piazza M. Application of microphysiological systems in biopharmaceutical research and development. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:697-708. [PMID: 31967156 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00962k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Within the last 10 years, several tissue microphysiological systems (MPS) have been developed and characterized for retention of morphologic characteristics and specific gene/protein expression profiles from their natural in vivo state. Once developed, their utility is typically further tested by comparing responses to known toxic small-molecule pharmaceuticals in efforts to develop strategies for further toxicity testing of compounds under development. More recently, application of this technology in biopharmaceutical (large molecules) development is beginning to be more appreciated. In this review, we describe some of the advances made for tissue-specific MPS and outline the advantages and challenges of applying and further developing MPS technology in preclinical biopharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman C Peterson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | | | | | - Matteo Di Piazza
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
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20
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Kim TY, Park JH, Shim HE, Choi DS, Lee DE, Song JJ, Kim HS. Prolonged half-life of small-sized therapeutic protein using serum albumin-specific protein binder. J Control Release 2019; 315:31-39. [PMID: 31654685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Many small-sized proteins and peptides, such as cytokines and hormones, are clinically used for the treatment of a variety of diseases. However, their short half-life in blood owing to fast renal clearance usually results in a low therapeutic efficacy and frequent dosing. Here we present the development of a human serum albumin (HSA)-specific protein binder with a binding affinity of 4.3nM through a phage display selection and modular evolution approach to extend the blood half-life of a small-sized therapeutic protein. As a proof-of-concept, the protein binder composed of LRR (Leucine-rich repeat) modules was genetically fused to the N-terminus of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1). The fused GLP-1 was shown to have a significantly improved pharmacokinetic property: The terminal half-life of the fused GLP-1 increased to approximately 10h, and the area under the curve was 5-times higher than that of the control. The utility and potential of our approach was demonstrated by the efficient control of the blood glucose level in type-2 diabetes mouse models using the HSA-specific protein binder-fused GLP-1 over a prolonged time period. The present approach can be effectively used in enhancing the efficacy of small-sized therapeutic proteins and peptides through an enhanced blood circulation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Eun Shim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Seong Choi
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Eun Lee
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Joon Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hak-Sung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Hawkins RB, Raymond SL, Stortz JA, Horiguchi H, Brakenridge SC, Gardner A, Efron PA, Bihorac A, Segal M, Moore FA, Moldawer LL. Chronic Critical Illness and the Persistent Inflammation, Immunosuppression, and Catabolism Syndrome. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1511. [PMID: 30013565 PMCID: PMC6036179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated host immune responses to infection often occur, leading to sepsis, multiple organ failure, and death. Some patients rapidly recover from sepsis, but many develop chronic critical illness (CCI), a debilitating condition that impacts functional outcomes and long-term survival. The “Persistent Inflammation, Immunosuppression, and Catabolism Syndrome” (PICS) has been postulated as the underlying pathophysiology of CCI. We propose that PICS is initiated by an early genomic and cytokine storm in response to microbial invasion during the early phase of sepsis. However, once source control, antimicrobial coverage, and supportive therapies have been initiated, we propose that the persistent inflammation in patients developing CCI is a result of ongoing endogenous alarmin release from damaged organs and loss of muscle mass. This ongoing alarmin and danger-associated molecular pattern signaling causes chronic inflammation and a shift in bone marrow stem cell production toward myeloid cells, contributing to chronic anemia and lymphopenia. We propose that therapeutic interventions must target the chronic organ injury and lean tissue wasting that contribute to the release of endogenous alarmins and the expansion and deposition of myeloid progenitors that are responsible for the propagation and persistence of CCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell B Hawkins
- Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Steven L Raymond
- Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Julie A Stortz
- Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Hiroyuki Horiguchi
- Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Scott C Brakenridge
- Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Anna Gardner
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Philip A Efron
- Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Azra Bihorac
- Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mark Segal
- Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Frederick A Moore
- Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lyle L Moldawer
- Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
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22
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Hutchinson JA, Burholt S, Hamley IW, Lundback AK, Uddin S, Gomes dos Santos A, Reza M, Seitsonen J, Ruokolainen J. The Effect of Lipidation on the Self-Assembly of the Gut-Derived Peptide Hormone PYY3–36. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2296-2308. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Hutchinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Burholt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian W. Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Shahid Uddin
- Medimmune, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mehedi Reza
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jani Seitsonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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23
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Punyaratabandhu N, Kongoup P, Dechadilok P, Katavetin P, Triampo W. Transport of Spherical Particles Through Fibrous Media and a Row of Parallel Cylinders: Applications to Glomerular Filtration. J Biomech Eng 2018; 139:2648279. [PMID: 28779521 DOI: 10.1115/1.4037550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Viewed in renal physiology as a refined filtration device, the glomerulus filters large volumes of blood plasma while keeping proteins within blood circulation. Effects of macromolecule size and macromolecule hydrodynamic interaction with the nanostructure of the cellular layers of the glomerular capillary wall on the glomerular size selectivity are investigated through a mathematical simulation based on an ultrastructural model. The epithelial slit, a planar arrangement of fibers connecting the epithelial podocytes, is represented as a row of parallel cylinders with nonuniform spacing between adjacent fibers. The mean and standard deviation of gap half-width between its fibers are based on values recently reported from electron microscopy. The glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is represented as a fibrous medium containing fibers of two different sizes: the size of type IV collagens and that of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The endothelial cell layer is modeled as a layer full of fenestrae that are much larger than solute size and filled with GAGs. The calculated total sieving coefficient agrees well with the sieving coefficients of ficolls obtained from in vivo urinalysis in humans, whereas the computed glomerular hydraulic permeability also falls within the range estimated from human glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Our result indicates that the endothelial cell layer and GBM significantly contribute to solute and fluid restriction of the glomerular barrier, whereas, based on the structure of the epithelial slit obtained from electron microscopy, the contribution of the epithelial slit could be smaller than previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numpong Punyaratabandhu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 6th Floor, Mahamakut Building, Payathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand e-mail:
| | - Pimkhwan Kongoup
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 6th Floor, Mahamakut Building, Payathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand e-mail:
| | - Panadda Dechadilok
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 6th Floor, Mahamakut Building, Payathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand e-mail:
| | - Pisut Katavetin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand e-mail:
| | - Wannapong Triampo
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6, Bangkok 10400, Thailand e-mail:
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24
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Bourquin J, Milosevic A, Hauser D, Lehner R, Blank F, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Biodistribution, Clearance, and Long-Term Fate of Clinically Relevant Nanomaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704307. [PMID: 29389049 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Realization of the immense potential of nanomaterials for biomedical applications will require a thorough understanding of how they interact with cells, tissues, and organs. There is evidence that, depending on their physicochemical properties and subsequent interactions, nanomaterials are indeed taken up by cells. However, the subsequent release and/or intracellular degradation of the materials, transfer to other cells, and/or translocation across tissue barriers are still poorly understood. The involvement of these cellular clearance mechanisms strongly influences the long-term fate of used nanomaterials, especially if one also considers repeated exposure. Several nanomaterials, such as liposomes and iron oxide, gold, or silica nanoparticles, are already approved by the American Food and Drug Administration for clinical trials; however, there is still a huge gap of knowledge concerning their fate in the body. Herein, clinically relevant nanomaterials, their possible modes of exposure, as well as the biological barriers they must overcome to be effective are reviewed. Furthermore, the biodistribution and kinetics of nanomaterials and their modes of clearance are discussed, knowledge of the long-term fates of a selection of nanomaterials is summarized, and the critical points that must be considered for future research are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Bourquin
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ana Milosevic
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hauser
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Roman Lehner
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Blank
- Respiratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 50, 3008, Bern
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Moriyama T, Sasaki K, Karasawa K, Uchida K, Nitta K. Intracellular transcytosis of albumin in glomerular endothelial cells after endocytosis through caveolae. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3565-3573. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Moriyama
- Department of Medicine; Kidney Center; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kayo Sasaki
- Department of Medicine; Kidney Center; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazunori Karasawa
- Department of Medicine; Kidney Center; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Keiko Uchida
- Department of Medicine; Kidney Center; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kosaku Nitta
- Department of Medicine; Kidney Center; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
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Gałęzowska G, Cieszynska-Semenowicz M, Okrągła E, Szychowska K, Wolska L. Progress in Analytical Techniques for Determination of Urine Components. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2017.1281826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Gałęzowska
- Department of Environment Toxicology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Emilia Okrągła
- Department of Environment Toxicology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szychowska
- Department of Environment Toxicology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lidia Wolska
- Department of Environment Toxicology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Yu Y, Sikorski P, Smith M, Bowman-Gholston C, Cacciabeve N, Nelson KE, Pieper R. Comprehensive Metaproteomic Analyses of Urine in the Presence and Absence of Neutrophil-Associated Inflammation in the Urinary Tract. Theranostics 2017; 7:238-252. [PMID: 28042331 PMCID: PMC5197061 DOI: 10.7150/thno.16086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation in the urinary tract results in a urinary proteome characterized by a high dynamic range of protein concentrations and high variability in protein content. This proteome encompasses plasma proteins not resorbed by renal tubular uptake, renal secretion products, proteins of immune cells and erythrocytes derived from trans-urothelial migration and vascular leakage, respectively, and exfoliating urothelial and squamous epithelial cells. We examined how such proteins partition into soluble urine (SU) and urinary pellet (UP) fractions by analyzing 33 urine specimens 12 of which were associated with a urinary tract infection (UTI). Using mass spectrometry-based metaproteomic approaches, we identified 5,327 non-redundant human proteins, 2,638 and 4,379 of which were associated with SU and UP fractions, respectively, and 1,206 non-redundant protein orthology groups derived from pathogenic and commensal organisms of the urogenital tract. Differences between the SU and UP proteomes were influenced by local inflammation, supported by respective comparisons with 12 healthy control urine proteomes. Clustering analyses showed that SU and UP fractions had proteomic signatures discerning UTIs, vascular injury, and epithelial cell exfoliation from the control group to varying degrees. Cases of UTI revealed clusters of proteins produced by activated neutrophils. Network analysis supported the central role of neutrophil effector proteins in the defense against invading pathogens associated with subsequent coagulation and wound repair processes. Our study expands the existing knowledge of the urinary proteome under perturbed conditions, and should be useful as reference dataset in the search of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbao Yu
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Patricia Sikorski
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Madeline Smith
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Cynthia Bowman-Gholston
- Quest Diagnostics at Shady Grove Adventist Hospital, 9901 Medical Center Drive, Rockville 20850, MD
| | - Nicolas Cacciabeve
- Advanced Pathology Associates LLC at Shady Grove Adventist Hospital, 9901 Medical Center Drive, Rockville 20850, MD
| | - Karen E. Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Rembert Pieper
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
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Ma R, Chaudhari S, Li W. Canonical Transient Receptor Potential 6 Channel: A New Target of Reactive Oxygen Species in Renal Physiology and Pathology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:732-748. [PMID: 26937558 PMCID: PMC5079416 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Regulation of Ca2+ signaling cascade by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is becoming increasingly evident and this regulation represents a key mechanism for control of many fundamental cellular functions. Canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) 6, a member of Ca2+-conductive channel in the TRPC family, is widely expressed in kidney cells, including glomerular mesangial cells, podocytes, tubular epithelial cells, and vascular myocytes in renal microvasculature. Both overproduction of ROS and dysfunction of TRPC6 channel are involved in renal injury in animal models and human subjects. Although regulation of TRPC channel function by ROS has been well described in other tissues and cell types, such as vascular smooth muscle, this important cell regulatory mechanism has not been fully reviewed in kidney cells. Recent Advances: Accumulating evidence has shown that TRPC6 is a redox-sensitive channel, and modulation of TRPC6 Ca2+ signaling by altering TRPC6 protein expression or TRPC6 channel activity in kidney cells is a downstream mechanism by which ROS induce renal damage. CRITICAL ISSUES This review highlights how recent studies analyzing function and expression of TRPC6 channels in the kidney and their response to ROS improve our mechanistic understanding of oxidative stress-related kidney diseases. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Although it is evident that ROS regulate TRPC6-mediated Ca2+ signaling in several types of kidney cells, further study is needed to identify the underlying molecular mechanism. We hope that the newly identified ROS/TRPC6 pathway will pave the way to new, promising therapeutic strategies to target kidney diseases such as diabetic nephropathy. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 732-748.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ma
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Sarika Chaudhari
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Weizu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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Dickinson BL. Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease. Clin Immunol 2016; 169:89-97. [PMID: 27373970 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immune-mediated damage to glomerular structures is largely responsible for the pathology associated with the majority of glomerular diseases. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the basic immune mechanisms responsible for glomerular damage is needed to inform the design of novel intervention strategies. Glomerular injury of immune origin is complex and involves both inflammatory and non-inflammatory processes driven by elements of the innate and adaptive immune system. This review summarizes the basic immune mechanisms that cause glomerular injury leading to the nephritic and nephrotic syndromes. A major focus of the review is to highlight the mechanisms by which antibodies cause glomerular injury through their interactions with glomerular cells, complement proteins, phagocytes bearing complement and Fcγ receptors, and dendritic cells expressing the neonatal receptor for IgG, FcRn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonny L Dickinson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, 1000 Oakland Drive, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, United States.
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Abbi KKS, Silverman M, Farooq U, Tricot A, Dozeman L, Nadiminti K, Krasowski MD, Tricot GJ. Potential pitfalls of serum free light chain analysis to assess treatment response for multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2016; 174:536-40. [PMID: 27172326 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Response to treatment in patients with a plasma cell disorder is typically measured by evaluating the bone marrow and myeloma markers, including monoclonal protein spike and immunofixation (IFE) in blood and urine, and serum free light chains (sFLCs). Stringent complete response criteria for Multiple Myeloma (MM) patients require a normal FLC ratio and absence of clonal cells in bone marrow by immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence. We performed a retrospective chart review to further evaluate these criteria. A total of 142 patient charts were analysed. Of these, 17 patients were found to have an abnormal sFLC ratio, but no other evidence of disease, including normal flow cytometry and normal fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis on highly selected plasma cells. In all patients, the abnormal sFLC ratio was caused by abnormalities in the serum kappa light chains. These results suggest that current definitions may need to be revised to take aberrancies related to abnormal immune recovery into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Kant Singh Abbi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Margarida Silverman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Umar Farooq
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Annick Tricot
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lindsey Dozeman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kalyan Nadiminti
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Matthew D Krasowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Guido J Tricot
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Wang N, Wei RB, Li P, Li QP, Yang X, Yang Y, Huang MJ, Wang R, Yin Z, Lv Y, Chen XM. Treatment with irbesatan may improve slit diaphragm alterations in rats with adriamycin-induced nephropathy. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 17:1470320316646884. [PMID: 27169889 PMCID: PMC5843943 DOI: 10.1177/1470320316646884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of oral administration of irbesartan in adriamycin-induced nephropathy considering laboratory changes, kidney histology, and expression of proteins related to slit diaphragm and cytoskeleton of the podocyte. Methods: The animals were divided into control, model, methylprednisolone (MP), and irbesartan groups. The 24-hour urinary protein and biochemical indicators were determined, and renal pathological changes were observed. The mRNA and protein expression of nephrin, podocin, CD2-associated protein (CD2AP), and desmin in the kidney tissue were analyzed. Results: The urinary protein excretion levels in the MP and irbesartan groups were lower than those in the model group (p<0.01). Electron microscopy showed that fusion of the glomerular foot processes of the rats in the irbesartan group was significantly reduced. The mRNA and protein expression levels of nephrin and podocin in the renal tissue in the MP and irbesartan groups were up-regulated compared with the model group (p<0.05), whereas the mRNA and protein expression levels of CD2AP and desmin were significantly down-regulated (p<0.01). Conclusions: For rats with adriamycin-induced nephropathy, irbesartan could significantly reduce proteinuria. As a possible mechanism, irbesartan may improve the slit diaphragm protein of the glomerular podocyte and stabilize the cytoskeleton of the podocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ri-bao Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qing-ping Li
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, PR China
| | - Meng-jie Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhong Yin
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiang-mei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, PR China
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Abstract
Podocytes are highly specialized cells of the kidney glomerulus that wrap around capillaries and that neighbor cells of the Bowman’s capsule. When it comes to glomerular filtration, podocytes play an active role in preventing plasma proteins from entering the urinary ultrafiltrate by providing a barrier comprising filtration slits between foot processes, which in aggregate represent a dynamic network of cellular extensions. Foot processes interdigitate with foot processes from adjacent podocytes and form a network of narrow and rather uniform gaps. The fenestrated endothelial cells retain blood cells but permit passage of small solutes and an overlying basement membrane less permeable to macromolecules, in particular to albumin. The cytoskeletal dynamics and structural plasticity of podocytes as well as the signaling between each of these distinct layers are essential for an efficient glomerular filtration and thus for proper renal function. The genetic or acquired impairment of podocytes may lead to foot process effacement (podocyte fusion or retraction), a morphological hallmark of proteinuric renal diseases. Here, we briefly discuss aspects of a contemporary view of podocytes in glomerular filtration, the patterns of structural changes in podocytes associated with common glomerular diseases, and the current state of basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Reiser
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mehmet M Altintas
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Targeted Sterically Stabilized Phospholipid siRNA Nanomedicine for Hepatic and Renal Fibrosis. NANOMATERIALS 2016; 6:nano6010008. [PMID: 28344266 PMCID: PMC5302539 DOI: 10.3390/nano6010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery, small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been considered a potent tool for modulating gene expression. It has the ability to specifically target proteins via selective degradation of messenger RNA (mRNA) not easily accessed by conventional drugs. Hence, RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics have great potential in the treatment of many diseases caused by faulty protein expression such as fibrosis and cancer. However, for clinical application siRNA faces a number of obstacles, such as poor in vivo stability, and off-target effects. Here we developed a unique targeted nanomedicine to tackle current siRNA delivery issues by formulating a biocompatible, biodegradable and relatively inexpensive nanocarrier of sterically stabilized phospholipid nanoparticles (SSLNPs). This nanocarrier is capable of incorporating siRNA in its core through self-association with a novel cationic lipid composed of naturally occuring phospholipids and amino acids. This overall assembly protects and delivers sufficient amounts of siRNA to knockdown over-expressed protein in target cells. The siRNA used in this study, targets connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), an important regulator of fibrosis in both hepatic and renal cells. Furthermore, asialoglycoprotein receptors are targeted by attaching the galactosamine ligand to the nanocarries which enhances the uptake of nanoparticles by hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells, the major producers of CTGF in fibrosis. On animals this innovative nanoconstruct, small interfering RNA in sterically stabilized phospholipid nanoparticles (siRNA-SSLNP), showed favorable pharmacokinetic properties and accumulated mostly in hepatic and renal tissues making siRNA-SSLNP a suitable system for targeting liver and kidney fibrotic diseases.
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Keir LS, Firth R, May C, Ni L, Welsh GI, Saleem MA. Generating conditionally immortalised podocyte cell lines from wild-type mice. Nephron Clin Pract 2015; 129:128-36. [PMID: 25720381 DOI: 10.1159/000369816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding podocyte biology is key to deciphering the pathogenesis of numerous glomerular diseases. However, cultivation of primary podocytes results in dedifferentiation with loss of specialised architecture. Human conditionally immortalised podocytes partly overcome this problem, utilising a temperature-sensitive transgene. Conditionally immortalised murine podocytes exist, but are derived from the Immortomouse. METHODS Using retroviral temperature-sensitive SV40 transfection, we created a conditionally immortalised podocyte cell line from wild-type mice. RESULTS These cells develop characteristic mature podocyte morphology and robustly express slit diaphragm proteins. Functionally, these cells demonstrate comparable responses in motility and glucose uptake to human conditionally immortalised podocytes. CONCLUSION Podocyte-specific transgenic mice are extensively used to study glomerular disease and this technique could be used to make podocyte cell lines from any mouse, allowing study at the cellular level. This will help characterise these disease models and add to the laboratory resources used to study podocytopathies and glomerular disease.
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Minimal Change Disease as a Secondary and Reversible Event of a Renal Transplant Case with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Case Rep Nephrol 2015; 2015:987212. [PMID: 26351598 PMCID: PMC4550805 DOI: 10.1155/2015/987212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary causes of minimal change disease (MCD) account for a minority of cases compared to its primary or idiopathic form and provide ground for consideration of common mechanisms of pathogenesis. In this paper we report a case of a 27-year-old Latina woman, a renal transplant recipient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), who developed nephrotic range proteinuria 6 months after transplantation. The patient had recurrent acute renal failure and multiple biopsies were consistent with MCD. However, she lacked any other features of the typical nephrotic syndrome. An angiogram revealed a right external iliac vein stenosis in the region of renal vein anastomosis, which when restored resulted in normalization of creatinine and relief from proteinuria. We report a rare case of MCD developing secondary to iliac vein stenosis in a renal transplant recipient with SLE. Additionally we suggest that, in the event of biopsy-proven MCD presenting as an atypical nephrotic syndrome, alternative or secondary, potentially reversible, causes should be considered and explored.
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Cirio MC, de Caestecker MP, Hukriede NA. Zebrafish Models of Kidney Damage and Repair. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 3:163-170. [PMID: 28690924 PMCID: PMC5497754 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate kidney possesses the capacity to repair damaged nephrons, and this potential is conserved regardless of the complexity of species-specific kidneys. However, many aquatic vertebrates possess the ability to not only repair existing nephrons, but also generate new nephrons after injury. Adult zebrafish have the ability to recover from acute renal injury not only by replacing lost injured epithelial cells of endogenous nephrons, but by also generating de novo nephrons. This strong regeneration potential, along with other unique characteristics such as the high degree of genetic conservation with humans, the ease of harvesting externally fertilized, transparent embryos, the accessibility to larval and adult kidneys, and the ability to perform whole organism phenotypic small molecule screens, has positioned zebrafish as a unique vertebrate model to study kidney injury. In this review, we provide an overview of the contribution of zebrafish larvae/adult studies to the understanding of renal regeneration, diseases, and therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia Cirio
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mark P de Caestecker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Neil A Hukriede
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Kraj M, Kruk B, Lech-Marańda E, Warzocha K, Prochorec-Sobieszek M. High incidence of intact or fragmented immunoglobulin in urine of patients with multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:3348-56. [PMID: 25860239 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1037753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this prospective study we determined the incidence of intact/fragmented immunoglobulin and Bence Jones protein in urine immunofixation using Sebia reagents and HydrasysTM 2 apparatus and compared the results to concentrations of serum free light chains (FLC) assessed using Siemens BNTM II nephelometer and the immunoassay Freelite (Binding Site) in 289 patients with multiple myeloma at diagnosis. It was found that in one third of IgG, IgA and IgD myeloma patients, intact/fragmented immunoglobulin can be detected in urine and is connected with impaired renal function and reduced survival. Urine immunofixation detects monoclonal protein (FLC and intact/fragmented immunoglobulin) in 66-79% of IgG and IgA myeloma patients while serum FLC immunoassay detect it in 82-94% of IgG and IgA myeloma patients. However, the latter method is inadequate for detection of intact/fragmented immunoglobulin in urine. Serum FLC immunoassay and urine immunofixation are complementary methods in diagnosing and monitoring monoclonal protein in patients with myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kraj
- a Department of Diagnostics for Hematology , Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Barbara Kruk
- a Department of Diagnostics for Hematology , Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Ewa Lech-Marańda
- b Department of Hematology , Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine , Warsaw , Poland.,c Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine , Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Warzocha
- b Department of Hematology , Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Monika Prochorec-Sobieszek
- a Department of Diagnostics for Hematology , Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine , Warsaw , Poland
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Adnan S, Ratnam S, Kumar S, Paterson D, Lipman J, Roberts J, Udy AA. Select critically ill patients at risk of augmented renal clearance: experience in a Malaysian intensive care unit. Anaesth Intensive Care 2014; 42:715-22. [PMID: 25342403 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1404200606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Augmented renal clearance (ARC) refers to increased solute elimination by the kidneys. ARC has considerable implications for altered drug concentrations. The aims of this study were to describe the prevalence of ARC in a select cohort of patients admitted to a Malaysian intensive care unit (ICU) and to compare measured and calculated creatinine clearances in this group. Patients with an expected ICU stay of <24 hours plus an admission serum creatinine concentration <120 µmol/l, were enrolled from May to July 2013. Twenty-four hour urinary collections and serum creatinine concentrations were used to measure creatinine clearance. A total of 49 patients were included, with a median age of 34 years. Most study participants were male and admitted after trauma. Thirty-nine percent were found to have ARC. These patients were more commonly admitted in emergency (P=0.03), although no other covariants were identified as predicting ARC, likely due to the inclusion criteria and the study being under-powered. Significant imprecision was demonstrated when comparing calculated Cockcroft-Gault creatinine clearance (Crcl) and measured Crcl. Bias was larger in ARC patients, with Cockcroft-Gault Crcl being significantly lower than measured Crcl (P <0.01) and demonstrating poor correlation (rs=-0.04). In conclusion, critically ill patients with 'normal' serum creatinine concentrations have varied Crcl. Many are at risk of ARC, which may necessitate individualised drug dosing. Furthermore, significant bias and imprecision between calculated and measured Crcl exists, suggesting clinicians should carefully consider which method they employ in assessing renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Adnan
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland
| | - S Ratnam
- Hospital Sungai Buloh, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - S Kumar
- Hospital Sungai Buloh, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - D Paterson
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Brisbane, Queensland
| | - J Lipman
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland
| | - J Roberts
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland
| | - A A Udy
- Intensive Care Unit, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria
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Carson JM, Okamura K, Wakashin H, McFann K, Dobrinskikh E, Kopp JB, Blaine J. Podocytes degrade endocytosed albumin primarily in lysosomes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99771. [PMID: 24924335 PMCID: PMC4055698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Albuminuria is a strong, independent predictor of chronic kidney disease progression. We hypothesize that podocyte processing of albumin via the lysosome may be an important determinant of podocyte injury and loss. A human urine derived podocyte-like epithelial cell (HUPEC) line was used for in vitro experiments. Albumin uptake was quantified by Western blot after loading HUPECs with fluorescein-labeled (FITC) albumin. Co-localization of albumin with lysosomes was determined by confocal microscopy. Albumin degradation was measured by quantifying FITC-albumin abundance in HUPEC lysates by Western blot. Degradation experiments were repeated using HUPECs treated with chloroquine, a lysosome inhibitor, or MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor. Lysosome activity was measured by fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching (FRAP). Cytokine production was measured by ELISA. Cell death was determined by trypan blue staining. In vivo, staining with lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) was performed on tissue from a Denys-Drash trangenic mouse model of nephrotic syndrome. HUPECs endocytosed albumin, which co-localized with lysosomes. Choloroquine, but not MG-132, inhibited albumin degradation, indicating that degradation occurs in lysosomes. Cathepsin B activity, measured by FRAP, significantly decreased in HUPECs exposed to albumin (12.5% of activity in controls) and chloroquine (12.8%), and declined further with exposure to albumin plus chloroquine (8.2%, p<0.05). Cytokine production and cell death were significantly increased in HUPECs exposed to albumin and chloroquine alone, and these effects were potentiated by exposure to albumin plus chloroquine. Compared to wild-type mice, glomerular staining of LAMP-1 was significantly increased in Denys-Drash mice and appeared to be most prominent in podocytes. These data suggest lysosomes are involved in the processing of endocytosed albumin in podocytes, and lysosomal dysfunction may contribute to podocyte injury and glomerulosclerosis in albuminuric diseases. Modifiers of lysosomal activity may have therapeutic potential in slowing the progression of glomerulosclerosis by enhancing the ability of podocytes to process and degrade albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Carson
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kayo Okamura
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Hidefumi Wakashin
- Kidney Disease Section, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kim McFann
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey B. Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Judith Blaine
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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Wang Y, Sun ZH, Zhou L, Li Z, Gui JF. Grouper tshβ promoter-driven transgenic zebrafish marks proximal kidney tubule development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97806. [PMID: 24905828 PMCID: PMC4048157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney tubule plays a critical role in recovering or secreting solutes, but the detailed morphogenesis remains unclear. Our previous studies have found that grouper tshβ (gtshβ) is also expressed in kidney, however, the distribution significance is still unknown. To understand the gtshβ role and kidney tubule morphogenesis, here, we have generated a transgenic zebrafish line Tg(gtshβ:GFP) with green fluorescent protein driven by the gtshβ promoter. Similar to the endogenous tshβ in zebrafish or in grouper, the gtshβ promoter-driven GFP is expressed in pituitary and kidney, and the developing details of proximal kidney tubule are marked in the transgenic zebrafish line. The gfp initially transcribes at 16 hours post fertilization (hpf) above the dorsal mesentery, and partially co-localizes with pronephric tubular markers slc20a1a and cdh17. Significantly, the GFP specifically localizes in proximal pronephric segments during embryogenesis and resides at kidney duct epithelium in adult fish. To test whether the gtshβ promoter-driven GFP may serve as a readout signal of the tubular development, we have treated the embryos with retinoic acid signaing (RA) reagents, in which exogenous RA addition results in a distal extension of the proximal segments, while RA inhibition induces a weakness and shortness of the proximal segments. Therefore, this transgenic line provides a useful tool for genetic or chemical analysis of kidney tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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He B, Ebarasi L, Zhao Z, Guo J, Ojala JRM, Hultenby K, De Val S, Betsholtz C, Tryggvason K. Lmx1b and FoxC combinatorially regulate podocin expression in podocytes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2764-77. [PMID: 24854274 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012080823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocin is a key protein of the kidney podocyte slit diaphragm protein complex, an important part of the glomerular filtration barrier. Mutations in the human podocin gene NPHS2 cause familial or sporadic forms of renal disease owing to the disruption of filtration barrier integrity. The exclusive expression of NPHS2 in podocytes reflects its unique function and raises interesting questions about its transcriptional regulation. Here, we further define a 2.5-kb zebrafish nphs2 promoter fragment previously described and identify a 49-bp podocyte-specific transcriptional enhancer using Tol2-mediated G0 transgenesis in zebrafish. Within this enhancer, we identified a cis-acting element composed of two adjacent DNA-binding sites (FLAT-E and forkhead) bound by transcription factors Lmx1b and FoxC. In zebrafish, double knockdown of Lmx1b and FoxC orthologs using morpholino doses that caused no or minimal phenotypic changes upon individual knockdown completely disrupted podocyte development in 40% of injected embryos. Co-overexpression of the two genes potently induced endogenous nphs2 expression in zebrafish podocytes. We found that the NPHS2 promoter also contains a cis-acting Lmx1b-FoxC motif that binds LMX1B and FoxC2. Furthermore, a genome-wide search identified several genes that carry the Lmx1b-FoxC motif in their promoter regions. Among these candidates, motif-driven podocyte enhancer activity of CCNC and MEIS2 was functionally analyzed in vivo. Our results show that podocyte expression of some genes is combinatorially regulated by two transcription factors interacting synergistically with a common enhancer. This finding provides insights into transcriptional mechanisms required for normal and pathologic podocyte functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing He
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Matrix Biology, and
| | - Lwaki Ebarasi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Vascular Biology, and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Matrix Biology, and
| | - Juha R M Ojala
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Matrix Biology, and
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Research Centre, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah De Val
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Vascular Biology, and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Matrix Biology, and Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS, Singapore
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Azeloglu EU, Hardy SV, Eungdamrong NJ, Chen Y, Jayaraman G, Chuang PY, Fang W, Xiong H, Neves SR, Jain MR, Li H, Ma’ayan A, Gordon RE, He JC, Iyengar R. Interconnected network motifs control podocyte morphology and kidney function. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra12. [PMID: 24497609 PMCID: PMC4220789 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes are kidney cells with specialized morphology that is required for glomerular filtration. Diseases, such as diabetes, or drug exposure that causes disruption of the podocyte foot process morphology results in kidney pathophysiology. Proteomic analysis of glomeruli isolated from rats with puromycin-induced kidney disease and control rats indicated that protein kinase A (PKA), which is activated by adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), is a key regulator of podocyte morphology and function. In podocytes, cAMP signaling activates cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) to enhance expression of the gene encoding a differentiation marker, synaptopodin, a protein that associates with actin and promotes its bundling. We constructed and experimentally verified a β-adrenergic receptor-driven network with multiple feedback and feedforward motifs that controls CREB activity. To determine how the motifs interacted to regulate gene expression, we mapped multicompartment dynamical models, including information about protein subcellular localization, onto the network topology using Petri net formalisms. These computational analyses indicated that the juxtaposition of multiple feedback and feedforward motifs enabled the prolonged CREB activation necessary for synaptopodin expression and actin bundling. Drug-induced modulation of these motifs in diseased rats led to recovery of normal morphology and physiological function in vivo. Thus, analysis of regulatory motifs using network dynamics can provide insights into pathophysiology that enable predictions for drug intervention strategies to treat kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evren U. Azeloglu
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Simon V. Hardy
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Narat John Eungdamrong
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yibang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gomathi Jayaraman
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Peter Y. Chuang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Huabao Xiong
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Susana R. Neves
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Systems Biology Center New York, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mohit R. Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Avi Ma’ayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ronald E. Gordon
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - John Cijiang He
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ravi Iyengar
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Systems Biology Center New York, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Yu SCY, Lee SWY, Jiang P, Leung TY, Chan KCA, Chiu RWK, Lo YMD. High-resolution profiling of fetal DNA clearance from maternal plasma by massively parallel sequencing. Clin Chem 2013; 59:1228-37. [PMID: 23603797 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2013.203679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the advent of massively parallel sequencing (MPS), DNA analysis can now be performed in a genomewide manner. Recent studies have demonstrated the high precision of MPS for quantifying fetal DNA in maternal plasma. In addition, paired-end sequencing can be used to determine the size of each sequenced DNA fragment. We applied MPS in a high-resolution investigation of the clearance profile of circulating fetal DNA. METHODS Using paired-end MPS, we analyzed serial samples of maternal plasma collected from 13 women after cesarean delivery. We also studied the transrenal excretion of circulating fetal DNA in 3 of these individuals by analyzing serial urine samples collected after delivery. RESULTS The clearance of circulating fetal DNA occurred in 2 phases, with different kinetics. The initial rapid phase had a mean half-life of approximately 1 h, whereas the subsequent slow phase had a mean half-life of approximately 13 h. The final disappearance of circulating fetal DNA occurred at about 1 to 2 days postpartum. Although transrenal excretion was involved in the clearance of circulating fetal DNA, it was not the major route. Furthermore, we observed significant changes in the size profiles of circulating maternal DNA after delivery, but we did not observe such changes in circulating fetal DNA. CONCLUSIONS MPS of maternal plasma and urinary DNA permits high-resolution study of the clearance profile of circulating fetal DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Y Yu
- Centre for Research into Circulating Fetal Nucleic Acids, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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45
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Yu HK, Lee HJ, Ahn JH, Lim IH, Moon JH, Yoon Y, Yi LSH, Kim SJ, Kim JS. Immunoglobulin Fc domain fusion to apolipoprotein(a) kringle V significantly prolongs plasma half-life without affecting its anti-angiogenic activity. Protein Eng Des Sel 2013; 26:425-32. [PMID: 23571426 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzt015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is crucial for tumor growth and metastasis. Blocking this process is, therefore, a potentially powerful approach for the treatment of cancer. Human apolipoprotein(a) kringle V (rhLK8) is an angiogenesis inhibitor and is currently under development as an anti-cancer therapeutic. However, a relatively short in vivo half-life limits its widespread clinical use. This study was performed to evaluate whether fusion of an Fc domain to rhLK8 can extend plasma half-life. RhLK8-Fc fusion protein was expressed in CHO DG44 cells as a dimer and was readily purified by protein G affinity chromatography. The anti-angiogenic activity of rhLK8-Fc was similar to that of rhLK8, as determined by migration and tube formation assays with endothelial cells in vitro and a chorioallantoic membrane assay in vivo. Pharmacokinetic profiles in mice after single intravenous administration of rhLK8 or rhLK8-Fc showed that Fc fusion significantly increased the elimination half-life (t(½)) and the systemic exposure (AUC(inf)) of the protein, in parallel with a significant decrease in total clearance (CL). These data suggest that Fc fusion to rhLK8 is a powerful strategy for extending the plasma half-life of rhLK8 without affecting its anti-angiogenic activity, and could thus improve the clinical applicability of rhLK8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Yu
- Cancer Therapeutics Team, Mogam Biotechnology Research Institute, 341 Bojeong-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin 449-910, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Human kidneys produce more than 4 million litres of virtually protein-free primary urine in a lifetime. In healthy individuals, the sieving process is accomplished by the glomerular filter without the smallest sign of clogging, even in old age. How nature accomplishes this extraordinary task is a mystery, but unravelling the functioning of the glomerular filter is important. The basic principles that govern glomerular filtration are probably also true for peripheral filtering by fenestrated capillaries. In addition, understanding the sieving process is a prerequisite to understanding the pathogenesis of proteinuria (that is, the leakage of plasma proteins into the urine). Proteinuria is the hallmark of glomerular disease and a major risk factor for systemic cardiovascular complications, a fact that emphasizes the relationship between the glomerular and peripheral filtering capillaries. In this Review, we briefly summarize the major models that have been proposed for the mechanisms of glomerular filtration and discuss their strengths and limitations. A special emphasis is placed on the 'electrokinetic model' that we have proposed, a model that could potentially resolve many of the seemingly strange characteristics of the glomerular filtration barrier.
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47
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Prunotto M, Farina A, Lane L, Pernin A, Schifferli J, Hochstrasser DF, Lescuyer P, Moll S. Proteomic analysis of podocyte exosome-enriched fraction from normal human urine. J Proteomics 2013; 82:193-229. [PMID: 23376485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Urine results from a coordinated activity of glomerular and tubular compartments of the kidney. As a footprint of these cellular functional processes, urinary exosomes, and 40-80 nm membrane vesicles released after fusion with the plasma membrane into the extracellular environment by renal epithelial cells, are a source for identification of proteins and investigation of their role in the kidney. The aim of the present study was the identification of podocyte exosome proteins based on urine immunoabsorption using podocyte-specific CR1-immunocoated beads followed by proteomic analysis using LC MS/MS techniques. This methodology allowed the identification of 1195 proteins. By using a bioinformatic approach, 27 brain-expressed proteins were identified, in which 14 out of them were newly demonstrated to be expressed in the kidney at a mRNA level, and, one of them, the COMT protein, was demonstrated to be expressed in podocytes at a protein level. These results, attesting the reliability of the methodology to identify podocyte proteins, need now to be completed by further experiments to analyze more precisely their biological function(s) in the podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Prunotto
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland.
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Okamura K, Dummer P, Kopp J, Qiu L, Levi M, Faubel S, Blaine J. Endocytosis of albumin by podocytes elicits an inflammatory response and induces apoptotic cell death. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54817. [PMID: 23382978 PMCID: PMC3557279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of albuminuria is strongly associated with progression of chronic kidney disease. While albuminuria has been shown to injure renal proximal tubular cells, the effects of albumin on podocytes have been less well studied. We have addressed the hypothesis that exposure of podocytes to albumin initiates an injury response. We studied transformed human-urine derived podocytes-like epithelial cells (HUPECS, or podocytes). Upon differentiation, these cells retain certain characteristics of differentiated podocytes, including expression of synaptopodin, CD2AP, and nestin. We exposed podocytes to recombinant human albumin, which lacks lipids and proteins that bind serum albumin; this reagent allowed a direct examination of the effects of albumin. Podocytes endocytosed fluoresceinated albumin and this process was inhibited at 4°C, suggesting an energy-dependent process. Exposure to albumin at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/ml was associated with increased cell death in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanism of cell death may involve apoptosis, as caspase 3/7 were activated and the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD reduced cell death. Albumin exposure also increased nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and increased transcription and release of interleukin (IL-) 1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and IL-6. We extended these findings to an in vivo model. Glomeruli isolated from mice with nephrotic syndrome also had increased expression of IL-1β and TNF RNA. These data suggest that while podocyte injury begets albuminuria, albumin in the glomerular ultrafiltrate may also beget podocyte injury. Thus, an additional mechanism by which anti-proteinuric therapies are beneficial in the treatment of glomerular diseases may be a reduction in injury to the podocyte by albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Okamura
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Patrick Dummer
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Liru Qiu
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sarah Faubel
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Judith Blaine
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tsui NBY, Jiang P, Chow KCK, Su X, Leung TY, Sun H, Chan KCA, Chiu RWK, Lo YMD. High resolution size analysis of fetal DNA in the urine of pregnant women by paired-end massively parallel sequencing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48319. [PMID: 23118982 PMCID: PMC3485143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fetal DNA in maternal urine, if present, would be a valuable source of fetal genetic material for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. However, the existence of fetal DNA in maternal urine has remained controversial. The issue is due to the lack of appropriate technology to robustly detect the potentially highly degraded fetal DNA in maternal urine. Methodology We have used massively parallel paired-end sequencing to investigate cell-free DNA molecules in maternal urine. Catheterized urine samples were collected from seven pregnant women during the third trimester of pregnancies. We detected fetal DNA by identifying sequenced reads that contained fetal-specific alleles of the single nucleotide polymorphisms. The sizes of individual urinary DNA fragments were deduced from the alignment positions of the paired reads. We measured the fractional fetal DNA concentration as well as the size distributions of fetal and maternal DNA in maternal urine. Principal Findings Cell-free fetal DNA was detected in five of the seven maternal urine samples, with the fractional fetal DNA concentrations ranged from 1.92% to 4.73%. Fetal DNA became undetectable in maternal urine after delivery. The total urinary cell-free DNA molecules were less intact when compared with plasma DNA. Urinary fetal DNA fragments were very short, and the most dominant fetal sequences were between 29 bp and 45 bp in length. Conclusions With the use of massively parallel sequencing, we have confirmed the existence of transrenal fetal DNA in maternal urine, and have shown that urinary fetal DNA was heavily degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Y Tsui
- Centre for Research into Circulating Fetal Nucleic Acids, Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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50
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Association between urinary IgG and relative risk for factors affecting proteinuria in type 2 diabetic patients. Indian J Clin Biochem 2012; 27:333-9. [PMID: 24082456 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-012-0227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal glomerular permeability is the primary step towards the glomerulosclerosis. The progression rate of glomerulosclerosis is proportionate to abundance and severity of lesions created at incipient stage, which is reflected as proteinuria even though eGFR remains in the normal range. Therefore, there is a current need to find out the association between relative risks for the factors leading to proteinuria. The relations could be more informative, if it is with respect to the macromolecules like "IgG" excretion in urine. Type 2 diabetic patients were selected for this study with eGFR > 75 ml/min/1.73 m(2) and grouped into four quartiles based on UIgGCR. The markers of key factors affecting progression of proteinuria were estimated through biochemical tests. The impact of these markers on proteinuria was accessed by applying multinomial logistic regression. The adjusted odds ratio for the UGAGCR was 1.186 (95 % CI: 1.061-1.327) P < 0.003 in highest quartiles of UIgGCR, followed by odds ratio for markers of collagen catabolism 1.051 (95 % CI: 1.025-1.079) P < 0.001, and USACR 1.044 (95 % CI: 1.013-1.077) P < 0.006 respectively. The marker of glycation, i.e., glycated hemoglobin showed the highest odds ratio 5.449 (95 % CI: 1.132-26.236) P < 0.035. In addition, odds for the systolic blood pressure was observed 1.387 (95 % CI: 1.124-1.712) P < 0.002. The higher odds inform and could help to discriminate the diabetic patients with fast progressive diabetic nephropathy. The study describes critical relationship between the urinary excretion of IgG and factors leading to proteinuria in type 2 diabetic patients.
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