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Ipekoglu G, Cetin T, Apaydin N, Calcali T, Senel E. The Role of AGT, AMPD1, HIF1α, IL-6 Gene Polymorphisms in the Athletes' Power Status: A Meta-Analysis. J Hum Kinet 2023; 89:77-87. [PMID: 38053960 PMCID: PMC10694710 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/169262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis was designed to investigate the relationship between genetic polymorphisms (AGT rs699, AMPD1 rs17602729, HIF1α rs11549465, IL-6 rs1800795) and power athletes' status. Only case-control studies were included in the meta-analysis. A systematic search of the PubMed and Web of Science databases was performed to identify relevant studies and 23 studies met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. The data from the included studies were pooled and analyzed using a random effects or fix effects model. The effect size was calculated as the odds ratio or a risk ratio with 95% confidence intervals. The results showed that certain genetic polymorphisms, AGT rs699 Thr allele, HIF1A rs11549465 Ser allele and AMPD1 rs17602729 C allele, were significantly more prevalent in power athletes (p < 0.05). When examining the genotype frequency distribution of AGT rs699 and AMPD1 rs17602729, significant differences were found in both the dominant and recessive models (p < 0.05). The results indicate that these gene polymorphisms play a role in power athlete status, however, new and more comprehensive studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tugba Cetin
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | | | - Tugce Calcali
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Ebru Senel
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
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Osazuwa-Peters OL, Schwander K, Waken RJ, de Las Fuentes L, Kilpeläinen TO, Loos RJF, Racette SB, Sung YJ, Rao DC. The Promise of Selecting Individuals from the Extremes of Exposure in the Analysis of Gene-Physical Activity Interactions. Hum Hered 2019; 83:315-332. [PMID: 31167214 DOI: 10.1159/000499711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dichotomization using the lower quartile as cutoff is commonly used for harmonizing heterogeneous physical activity (PA) measures across studies. However, this may create misclassification and hinder discovery of new loci. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the performance of selecting individuals from the extremes of the exposure (SIEE) as an alternative approach to reduce such misclassification. METHOD For systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the Framingham Heart Study, we performed a genome-wide association study with gene-PA interaction analysis using three PA variables derived by SIEE and two other dichotomization approaches. We compared number of loci detected and overlap with loci found using a quantitative PA variable. In addition, we performed simulation studies to assess bias, false discovery rates (FDR), and power under synergistic/antagonistic genetic effects in exposure groups and in the presence/absence of measurement error. RESULTS In the empirical analysis, SIEE's performance was neither the best nor the worst. In most simulation scenarios, SIEE was consistently outperformed in terms of FDR and power. Particularly, in a scenario characterized by antagonistic effects and measurement error, SIEE had the least bias and highest power. CONCLUSION SIEE's promise appears limited to detecting loci with antagonistic effects. Further studies are needed to evaluate SIEE's full advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Schwander
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - R J Waken
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lisa de Las Fuentes
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tuomas O Kilpeläinen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan B Racette
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - D C Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Pescatello LS, Schifano ED, Ash GI, Panza GA, Corso LML, Chen MH, Deshpande V, Zaleski A, Cilhoroz B, Farinatti P, Taylor BA, O'Neill RJ, Thompson PD. Deep-targeted sequencing of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene exons uncovers exercise intensity and ethnicity-dependent associations with post-exercise hypotension. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13510. [PMID: 29180482 PMCID: PMC5704084 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, we found an endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS3) variant rs2070744 associated with the ambulatory blood pressure (BP) response following bouts of moderate and vigorous intensity acute exercise, termed post-exercise hypotension (PEH). In a validation cohort, we sequenced NOS3 exons for associations with PEH Obese (30.9 ± 3.6 kg.m-2) African American (n = 14) [AF] and Caucasian (n = 9) adults 42.0 ± 9.8 years with hypertension (139.8 ± 10.4/84.6 ± 6.2 mmHg) performed three random experiments: bouts of vigorous and moderate intensity cycling and control. Subjects were attached to an ambulatory BP monitor for 19 h. We performed deep-targeted exon sequencing with the Illumina TruSeq Custom Amplicon kit. Variant genotypes were coded as number of minor alleles (#MA) and selected for additional statistical analysis based upon Bonferonni or Benjamini-Yekutieli multiple testing-corrected P-values under time-adjusted linear models for 19 hourly BP measurements for each subject. After vigorous intensity over 19 h, among NOS3 variants passing multiple testing thresholds, as the #MA increased in rs891512 (P = 6.4E-04), rs867225 (P = 6.5E-04), rs743507 (P = 2.6E-06), and rs41483644 (P = 2.4E-04), systolic (SBP) decreased from 17.5 to 33.7 mmHg; and in rs891512 (P = 9.7E-05), rs867225 (P = 2.6E-05), rs41483644 (P = 1.6E-03), rs3730009 (P = 2.6E-04), and rs77325852 (P = 5.6E-04), diastolic BP decreased from 11.1 mmHg to 20.3 mmHg among AF only. In contrast, after moderate intensity over 19 h in NOS3 rs3918164, as the #MA increased, SBP increased by 16.6 mmHg (P = 2.4E-04) among AF only. NOS3 variants exhibited associations with PEH after vigorous, but not moderate intensity exercise among AF only. NOS3 should be studied further for its effects on PEH in a large, ethnically diverse sample of adults with hypertension to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Pescatello
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | | | - Garrett I Ash
- School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gregory A Panza
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Lauren M L Corso
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Ming-Hui Chen
- Department of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Ved Deshpande
- Department of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Amanda Zaleski
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Burak Cilhoroz
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Paulo Farinatti
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beth A Taylor
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Rachel J O'Neill
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Paul D Thompson
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
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Dionísio TJ, Thiengo CR, Brozoski DT, Dionísio EJ, Talamoni GA, Silva RB, Garlet GP, Santos CF, Amaral SL. The influence of genetic polymorphisms on performance and cardiac and hemodynamic parameters among Brazilian soccer players. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:596-604. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether ACTN3 R577X, AMPD1 C34T, I/D ACE, and M235T AGT polymorphisms can affect performance tests such as jumping, sprinting, and endurance in 220 young male athletes from professional minor league soccer team from São Paulo Futebol Clube, Brazil. I/D ACE and M235T AGT polymorphisms were also analyzed according to cardiac and hemodynamic parameters. Athletes were grouped or not by age. DNA from saliva and Taqman assays were used for genotyping 220 athletes and the results were associated with performance tests. Ventricle mass, ventricle end-diastolic diameter, end-diastolic volume, and ejection fraction were assessed by echocardiogram. Arterial pressure, heart rate, and oximetry were assessed by a cardioscope. The main results of this study were that athletes who carried RR/RX (ACTN3) and DD (ACE) genotypes presented better performance during jump and sprint tests. On the other hand, athletes with ID/II genotype presented better results during endurance test, while AGT genotypes did not seem to favor the athletes during the evaluated physical tests. CC genotype (AMPD1) only favored the athletes during 10-m sprint test. Although there are environmental interactions influencing performance, the present results suggest that RR/RX ACTN3 and ACE DD genotypes may benefit athletes in activities that require strength and speed, while II ACE genotype may benefit athletes in endurance activities. This information could help coaches to plan the training session to improve the athletes’ performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago José Dionísio
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Braga Silva
- Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo State (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sandra Lia Amaral
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
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Jayewardene AF, Mavros Y, Gwinn T, Hancock DP, Rooney KB. Associations between CD36 gene polymorphisms and metabolic response to a short-term endurance-training program in a young-adult population. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:157-67. [PMID: 26830498 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that CD36 gene variants are associated with an increased prevalence of chronic disease. Although a genetic component to trainability has been proven, no data are available specifically on the influence of CD36 on training response. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs1527479 and rs1984112) were assessed for associations with whole-body substrate oxidation, response to a 75-g dextrose oral glucose tolerance test, fasting plasma lipids, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in a young healthy cohort, both using cross-sectional analysis and following a 4-week endurance-exercise training program. Genotyping was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cross-sectional data were collected in 34 individuals (age, 22.7 ± 3.5 years), with 17 completing the training program. At baseline, TT SNP carriers at rs1527479 and wild-type GG carriers at rs1984112 were associated with significantly greater whole-body rate of fat oxidation (Fatox) during submaximal exercise (P < 0.05), whilst AA carriers at the same position were associated with elevated triglyceride (TG) levels. A significant genotype × time interaction in Fatox at SNP rs1984112 was identified at rest. Significant genotype × time interactions were present at rs1527479, with TT carriers exhibiting a favourable response to training when compared with C-allele carriers for fasting TG, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP). In conclusion, cross-sectional assessment identified associations with Fatox and TG. Training response at both SNPs identified "at-risk" genotypes responding favourably to the training stimulus in Fatox, TG, DBP, and MAP. Although these data show potential pleiotropic influence of CD36 SNPs, assessment in a larger cohort is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avindra F Jayewardene
- a Exercise Health and Performance Faculty Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia
| | - Yorgi Mavros
- a Exercise Health and Performance Faculty Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia
| | - Tom Gwinn
- a Exercise Health and Performance Faculty Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia
| | - Dale P Hancock
- b School of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Kieron B Rooney
- a Exercise Health and Performance Faculty Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia
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Bruneau ML, Johnson BT, Huedo-Medina TB, Larson KA, Ash GI, Pescatello LS. The blood pressure response to acute and chronic aerobic exercise: A meta-analysis of candidate gene association studies. J Sci Med Sport 2015; 19:424-31. [PMID: 26122461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To meta-analyze candidate gene association studies on the change in blood pressure beyond the immediate post-exercise phase after versus before aerobic exercise. DESIGN Meta-analysis. METHODS A systematic search was conducted. Studies retrieved included acute (short-term or postexercise hypotension) or chronic (long-term or training) aerobic exercise interventions; and blood pressure measured before and after aerobic exercise training, or before and after exercise or control under ambulatory conditions by genotype. Effect sizes were determined for genotype and adjusted for sample features. RESULTS Qualifying studies (k=17, n=3524) on average included middle-aged, overweight men (44.2%) and women (55.8%) with prehypertension (134.9±11.7/78.6±9.5mmHg). Training interventions (k=12) were performed at 60.4±12.9% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) for 41.9±12.5minsession(-1), 3.6±1.2daysweek(-1) for 15.7±7.6week; and post-exercise hypotension interventions (k=5) were performed at 53.5±14.4% VO2max for 38.5±5.4minsession(-1). Sample characteristics explained 54.2-59.0% of the variability in the blood pressure change after versus before acute exercise or control under ambulatory conditions, and 57.4-67.1% of the variability in the blood pressure change after versus before training (p<0.001). Only angiotensinogen M235T (rs699) associated with the change in diastolic blood pressure after versus before training (R(2)=0.1%, p=0.05), but this association did not remain statistically significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Sample characteristics explained most of the variability in the change of BP beyond the immediate post-exercise phase after versus before acute and chronic aerobic exercise. Angiotensinogen M235T (rs699) was the only genetic variant that associated with the change in diastolic blood pressure after versus before training, accounting for <1% of the variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Bruneau
- Department of Exercise Science and Sports Studies, Springfield College, Springfield, MA, United States; Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.
| | - Blair T Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Tania B Huedo-Medina
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Kara A Larson
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Garrett I Ash
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Linda S Pescatello
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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Zarębska A, Sawczyn S, Kaczmarczyk M, Ficek K, Maciejewska-Karłowska A, Sawczuk M, Leońska-Duniec A, Eider J, Grenda A, Cięszczyk P. Association of rs699 (M235T) polymorphism in the AGT gene with power but not endurance athlete status. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 27:2898-903. [PMID: 23287839 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31828155b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Thus far, genetic studies of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with respect to athletic performance or athlete status have mainly focused on the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and its insertion/deletion polymorphism. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional rs699 (M235T) polymorphism in angiotensinogen (AGT), the second most important gene of the RAS, for association with athletic status and level of performance. The study included 123 endurance athletes and 100 power-oriented athletes, who were classified as elite or sub-elite according to competitive achievements at the international level, and 354 unrelated sedentary control subjects. The M235T genotype and allele distributions differed significantly between power and endurance athletes (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0002, genotypes and alleles, respectively) and between power athletes and control subjects (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0002, genotypes and alleles, respectively). The frequency of the CC genotype in the power athlete group was 2.2 times higher and 3.1 times higher than in the control and endurance groups, respectively. No difference was found in M235T allele distribution between elite and sub-elite athletes, either in power- or endurance-oriented athletes. We conclude that the CC genotype of the M235T polymorphism is overrepresented in Polish power athletes, suggesting that the AGT M235T variant is associated with power athletes' status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Zarębska
- 1Department of Sport Education, Academy of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland 2Department Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland 3Department of Physical Education and Sport, West Pomeranian Technological Univeristy, Szczecin, Poland
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Bays H, Blonde L, Rosenson R. Adiposopathy: how do diet, exercise and weight loss drug therapies improve metabolic disease in overweight patients? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 4:871-95. [PMID: 17173503 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.4.6.871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An increase in bodyweight is generally associated with an increased risk of excessive fat-related metabolic diseases (EFRMD), including Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia. However, not all patients who are overweight have EFRMD, and not all patients with EFRMD are significantly overweight. The adipocentric paradigm provides the basis for a unifying, pathophysiological process whereby fat gain in susceptible patients leads to fat dysfunction ('sick fat'), and wherein pathological abnormalities in fat function (adiposopathy) are more directly related to the onset of EFRMD than increases in fat mass (adiposity) alone. But just as worsening fat function worsens EFRMD, improved fat function improves EFRMD. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists increase the recruitment, proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes ('healthy fat') and cause apoptosis of hypertrophic and dysfunctional (including visceral) adipocytes resulting in improved fat function and improved metabolic parameters associated with EFRMD. Weight loss interventions, such as a hypocaloric diet and physical exercise, in addition to agents such as orlistat, sibutramine and cannabinoid receptor antagonists, may have favorable effects upon fat storage (lipogenesis and fat distribution), nutrient metabolism (such as free fatty acids), favorable effects upon adipose tissue factors involved in metabolic processes and inflammation, and enhanced 'cross-talk' with other major organ systems. In some cases, weight loss therapeutic agents may even affect metabolic parameters and adipocyte function independently of weight loss alone, suggesting that the benefit of these agents in improving EFRMD may go beyond their efficacy in weight reduction. This review describes how adiposopathy interventions may affect fat function, and thus improve EFRMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Bays
- L-MARC Research Center, Medical Director/President, 3288 Illinois Avenue, Louisville, KY 40213, USA.
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Bouchard C, Rankinen T, Timmons JA. Genomics and genetics in the biology of adaptation to exercise. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:1603-48. [PMID: 23733655 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This article is devoted to the role of genetic variation and gene-exercise interactions in the biology of adaptation to exercise. There is evidence from genetic epidemiology research that DNA sequence differences contribute to human variation in physical activity level, cardiorespiratory fitness in the untrained state, cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute exercise, and responsiveness to regular exercise. Methodological and technological advances have made it possible to undertake the molecular dissection of the genetic component of complex, multifactorial traits, such as those of interest to exercise biology, in terms of tissue expression profile, genes, and allelic variants. The evidence from animal models and human studies is considered. Data on candidate genes, genome-wide linkage results, genome-wide association findings, expression arrays, and combinations of these approaches are reviewed. Combining transcriptomic and genomic technologies has been shown to be more powerful as evidenced by the development of a recent molecular predictor of the ability to increase VO2max with exercise training. For exercise as a behavior and physiological fitness as a state to be major players in public health policies will require that the role of human individuality and the influence of DNA sequence differences be understood. Likewise, progress in the use of exercise in therapeutic medicine will depend to a large extent on our ability to identify the favorable responders for given physiological properties to a given exercise regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
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Hagberg JM. Do genetic variations alter the effects of exercise training on cardiovascular disease and can we identify the candidate variants now or in the future? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:916-28. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00153.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD risk factors are highly heritable, and numerous lines of evidence indicate they have a strong genetic basis. While there is nothing known about the interactive effects of genetics and exercise training on CVD itself, there is at least some literature addressing their interactive effect on CVD risk factors. There is some evidence indicating that CVD risk factor responses to exercise training are also heritable and, thus, may have a genetic basis. While roughly 100 studies have reported significant effects of genetic variants on CVD risk factor responses to exercise training, no definitive conclusions can be generated at the present time, because of the lack of consistent and replicated results and the small sample sizes evident in most studies. There is some evidence supporting “possible” candidate genes that may affect these responses to exercise training: APO E and CETP for plasma lipoprotein-lipid profiles; eNOS, ACE, EDN1, and GNB3 for blood pressure; PPARG for type 2 diabetes phenotypes; and FTO and BAR genes for obesity-related phenotypes. However, while genotyping technologies and statistical methods are advancing rapidly, the primary limitation in this field is the need to generate what in terms of exercise intervention studies would be almost incomprehensible sample sizes. Most recent diabetes, obesity, and blood pressure genetic studies have utilized populations of 10,000–250,000 subjects, which result in the necessary statistical power to detect the magnitude of effects that would probably be expected for the impact of an individual gene on CVD risk factor responses to exercise training. Thus at this time it is difficult to see how this field will advance in the future to the point where robust, consistent, and replicated data are available to address these issues. However, the results of recent large-scale genomewide association studies for baseline CVD risk factors may drive future hypothesis-driven exercise training intervention studies in smaller populations addressing the impact of specific genetic variants on well-defined physiological phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Hagberg
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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11
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Interactions of genetic variants with physical activity are associated with blood pressure in Chinese: the GenSalt study. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24:1035-40. [PMID: 21654856 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2011.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood pressure (BP) homeostasis involves complex interactions among genetic and nongenetic factors, providing major challenges to dissection of the genetic components that influence BP and hypertension. In this study, we examine the effects of interaction of genetic variants with physical activity on BP in a relatively genetically homogenous cohort of rural Chinese villagers. METHODS Generalized estimating equations analysis was used to test for associations of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with variants in 24 genes in BP pathways (196 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) among 3,142 Chinese participants divided according to physical activity (active vs. inactive groups). RESULTS In the physically active group, two SNPs in NR3C2 were significantly associated with lower SBP, and a SNP in SCNN1B was significantly associated with lower SBP and DBP. In the physically inactive group, a SNP in APLNR was associated with lower SBP, a SNP in GNB3 (guanine nucleotide binding protein, β polypeptide 3) was associated with higher SBP and DBP, and a SNP in BDKRB2 (bradykinin receptor B2) was associated with lower DBP. Cumulative effects in carriers of minor alleles of these SNPs showed reductions of SBP and DBP as large as 8 and 5 mm Hg, respectively, in the active individuals compared to inactive individuals carrying the same number of minor alleles. CONCLUSIONS We found that physical activity modifies the effects of genetic variants on BP. However, our results also show that active individuals with specific genotypes always have lower BP than inactive individuals with the same genotypes, demonstrating the overall beneficial effects of physical activity on BP.
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Michell A, Bodey A, Caulfield M. Evolution, essential hypertension and the high arterial pressures in certain athletic breeds of dogs. Vet J 2011; 188:125-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hager A, Bildau J, Kreuder J, Kaemmerer H, Hess J. Impact of genomic polymorphism on arterial hypertension after aortic coarctation repair. Int J Cardiol 2010; 151:63-8. [PMID: 20537417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Even after repair of aortic coarctation without restenosis there is a high incidence of arterial hypertension. This study was performed to assess the contribution of several inherited gene polymorphisms, which are known to be related to essential hypertension. PATIENTS AND METHODS 122 patients aged 17-72 years, 46 women, and 2-27 years after repair of isolated aortic coarctation without restenosis were investigated. Genomic polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE I/D), angiotensinogen (AGT, c.704C>T), angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1, c.1166A>C), aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2, c.-344C>T), endothelin 1 (EDN1, EDN1/ex5-c.5665G>T), G protein (GNB3, c.825C>T), G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 (GRK4, c.679C>T), fibrillin 1 (FBN1, VNTR(TAAA)) and two polymorphisms each of the ß1 adrenoreceptor (ADRB1, c.145G>A and c.1165C>G), ß2 adrenoreceptor (ADRB2, c.46A>G and c.79C>G), and endothelial NO synthase (NOS3, intron 4 I/D and NOS3, c.894G>T) were determined by PCR amplification and fragment length analysis. Patients were classified "normotensive", if they were not on antihypertensive drugs and showed normal blood pressure both on ambulatory measurement and exercise test. RESULTS None of the investigated genomic polymorphism could be related to hypertension. Only patients with the ACE I/I genotype had a less pronounced nocturnal dipping and patients with a ADRB1 c.1165 C/C genotype had a higher systolic and mean blood pressure at night. CONCLUSIONS Development of late hypertension after aortic coarctation repair could not be related to the investigated genomic polymorphism. The correlation of the ACE I/D and the ADRB1 c.1165C>G polymorphism to nocturnal dipping and blood pressure at nighttime needs further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Hager
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Germany.
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Bray MS, Hagberg JM, Pérusse L, Rankinen T, Roth SM, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2006-2007 update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:35-73. [PMID: 19123262 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181844179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This update of the human gene map for physical performance and health-related fitness phenotypes covers the research advances reported in 2006 and 2007. The genes and markers with evidence of association or linkage with a performance or a fitness phenotype in sedentary or active people, in responses to acute exercise, or for training-induced adaptations are positioned on the map of all autosomes and sex chromosomes. Negative studies are reviewed, but a gene or a locus must be supported by at least one positive study before being inserted on the map. A brief discussion on the nature of the evidence and on what to look for in assessing human genetic studies of relevance to fitness and performance is offered in the introduction, followed by a review of all studies published in 2006 and 2007. The findings from these new studies are added to the appropriate tables that are designed to serve as the cumulative summary of all publications with positive genetic associations available to date for a given phenotype and study design. The fitness and performance map now includes 214 autosomal gene entries and quantitative trait loci plus seven others on the X chromosome. Moreover, there are 18 mitochondrial genes that have been shown to influence fitness and performance phenotypes. Thus,the map is growing in complexity. Although the map is exhaustive for currently published accounts of genes and exercise associations and linkages, there are undoubtedly many more gene-exercise interaction effects that have not even been considered thus far. Finally, it should be appreciated that most studies reported to date are based on small sample sizes and cannot therefore provide definitive evidence that DNA sequence variants in a given gene are reliably associated with human variation in fitness and performance traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S Bray
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
Physical activity level is an important component of the total daily energy expenditure and as such contributes to body weight regulation. A body of data indicates that the level of physical activity plays a role in the risk of excessive weight gain, in weight loss programs, and particularly in the prevention of weight regain. Most studies dealing with potential gene-physical activity interaction effects use an exercise and fitness or performance paradigm as opposed to an obesity-driven model. From these studies, it is clear that there are considerable individual differences in the response to an exercise regimen and that there is a substantial familial aggregation component to the observed heterogeneity. Few studies have focused on the role of specific genes in accounting for the highly prevalent gene-exercise interaction effects. Results for specific genes have been inconsistent with few exceptions. Progress is likely to come when studies will be designed to truly address gene-exercise or physical activity interaction issues and with sample sizes that will provide adequate statistical power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
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Identifying genes for primary hypertension: methodological limitations and gene-environment interactions. J Hum Hypertens 2008; 23:227-37. [PMID: 19005475 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2008.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension segregates within families, indicating that genetic factors explain some of the variance in the risk of developing the disease; however, even with major advances in genotyping technologies facilitating the discovery of multiple genetic risk markers for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, little progress has been made in defining the genetic defects that cause elevations in blood pressure. Several plausible explanations exist for this apparent paradox, one of which is that the risk conveyed by genes involved in the development of hypertension is context dependent. This notion is supported by a growing number of published animal and human studies, although none has yet provided unequivocal evidence that genetic and environmental factors interact to influence the risk of primary hypertension in humans. In this review, an assumption is made that common genetic variation contributes meaningfully to the development of primary hypertension. The review focuses on (i) several methodological limitations of genetic association studies and (ii) the roles that gene-environment interactions might play in the development of primary hypertension. The proceeding sections of the review examine the design features necessary for future studies to adequately test the hypothesis that genes for primary hypertension act in a context-dependent manner. Finally, an outline of how knowledge of gene-environment interactions might be used to optimize the prevention or treatment of primary hypertension is provided.
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Rankinen T, Bray MS, Hagberg JM, Pérusse L, Roth SM, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2005 update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 38:1863-88. [PMID: 17095919 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000233789.01164.4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current review presents the 2005 update of the human gene map for physical performance and health-related fitness phenotypes. It is based on peer-reviewed papers published by the end of 2005. The genes and markers with evidence of association or linkage with a performance or fitness phenotype in sedentary or active people, in adaptation to acute exercise, or for training-induced changes are positioned on the genetic map of all autosomes and the X chromosome. Negative studies are reviewed, but a gene or locus must be supported by at least one positive study before being inserted on the map. By the end of 2000, in the early version of the gene map, 29 loci were depicted. In contrast, the 2005 human gene map for physical performance and health-related phenotypes includes 165 autosomal gene entries and QTL, plus five others on the X chromosome. Moreover, there are 17 mitochondrial genes in which sequence variants have been shown to influence relevant fitness and performance phenotypes. Thus, the map is growing in complexity. Unfortunately, progress is slow in the field of genetics of fitness and performance, primarily because the number of laboratories and scientists focused on the role of genes and sequence variations in exercise-related traits continues to be quite limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808-4124, USA
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18
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Michalsen A, Knoblauch NTM, Lehmann N, Grossman P, Kerkhoff G, Wilhelm FH, Moebus S, Konstantinides S, Binder L, Heusch G, Siffert W, Budde T, Dobos GJ. Effects of lifestyle modification on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis, autonomic function, and angina--the role of GNB3 C825T polymorphism. Am Heart J 2006; 151:870-7. [PMID: 16569552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2005.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the multimodal medical and interventional treatment options in coronary artery disease, the additional value of intensified lifestyle modification is unclear. We have therefore examined the effects of lifestyle modification on top of current treatment and also associated with the GNB3 C825T polymorphism, which has established association to sympathetic activation and the precipitation of angina. METHODS One hundred one patients with established coronary artery disease were randomized to a 1-year lifestyle modification group (lifestyle group [LG]) or an advice group. Risk factors, coronary calcification (electron beam tomography), heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity, anginal symptoms, and quality of life (QOL) were assessed on entry and after 1 year. RESULTS Patients in LG had excellent program adherence, but lifestyle modification had no impact on metabolic risk factors and coronary calcification. Changes in heart rate, heart rate variability, and blood pressure were only slightly favoring LG. Baroreflex sensitivity increased by 2 (0.79-3.13) ms/mm Hg in the LG but decreased by -0.10 (-1.11 to 0.92) in the advice group (P = .013). Lifestyle modification led to improved physical QOL, reductions of anginal attacks (-54% vs 11%, P = .01), and dose reductions in 30% of anti-ischemic medications (P = .004). *825T allele carriers had a more pronounced reduction of heart rate and improvement of angina and QOL. The beneficial effect on reduction of medication was seen in *825T allele carriers only. CONCLUSIONS In the presence of modern treatments, comprehensive lifestyle modification provides no additional benefits on progression of atherosclerosis but improves autonomic function, angina, and QOL with concomitant reduced need of medication. These responses are more pronounced in GNB3*825T allele carriers.
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Delmonico MJ, Ferrell RE, Meerasahib A, Martel GF, Roth SM, Kostek MC, Hurley BF. Blood pressure response to strength training may be influenced by angiotensinogen A-20C and angiotensin II type I receptor A1166C genotypes in older men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53:204-10. [PMID: 15673342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the influence of angiotensinogen (AGT) A-20C, M235 T, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1) A1166C genotypes on resting blood pressure (BP) response to strength training (ST) in older men and women. DESIGN Prospective intervention study with retrospective genotyping. SETTING University of Maryland Exercise Physiology Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Seventy sedentary, healthy older men (n=34) and women (n=36). INTERVENTION Approximately 23 weeks of ST performed 3 days per week. MEASUREMENTS Resting BP was measured on six separate occasions before and after ST for each subject. AGT and AGTR1 genotyping was performed retrospectively from each subject's genomic deoxyribonucleic acid. RESULTS Systolic BP decreased in C-allele carriers at the AGT A-20C locus with ST (122+/-1 to 116+/-2 mmHg, P<.05), which was significantly greater than the decrease in the A homozygotes (126+/-1 to 123+/-1 mmHg, P<.05). At the AGTR1 A1166C locus, diastolic BP decreased to a greater extent in the C-allele carriers (76+/-1 to 70+/-2 mmHg, P<.05) than in the A homozygotes (75+/-1 to 72+/-1 mmHg, P<.05). CONCLUSION The AGT A-20C and AGTR1 A1166C genotypes may influence resting BP response to ST, such that C-allele carriers at each of these loci reduce their resting BP in response to ST to a greater extent than A homozygotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Delmonico
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Remes T, Väisänen SB, Mahonen A, Huuskonen J, Kröger H, Jurvelin JS, Rauramaa R. Bone mineral density, body height, and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in middle-aged men. Ann Med 2005; 37:383-92. [PMID: 16179274 DOI: 10.1080/07853890510011958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene have been suggested to account for some of the genetic variation in bone mass. However, the relationship has been controversial. It has been suggested that environmental factors such as physical activity may be one of the many reasons for this controversy.AIM. We investigated the possible interactions of VDR gene polymorphisms and low to moderate intensity exercise on bone mineral density (BMD) in a four-year controlled, randomized intervention trial in 140 middle-aged Finnish men. METHOD The TaqI, FokI, and ApaI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-markers of the VDR gene were evaluated. BMDs of the lumbar spine (L2-L4), femoral neck, and total proximal femur were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In addition, the relations of the VDR gene polymorphism with bone turnover markers (serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) 5b activity and serum osteocalcin concentration) were evaluated. RESULTS At the randomization, the subjects with the VDR TaqI Tt or tt genotype had a greater body height than the subjects with TT genotype (P=0.001). In addition, the association of VDR TaqI polymorphism with femoral BMD was found. The Tt or tt genotype associated with higher femoral neck values than the TT genotype (P=0.003) at randomization. After adjusting the femoral neck for body height, the association remained (P=0.021). We did not find any association between VDR gene polymorphism and bone turnover markers or any interactions of VDR gene polymorphisms and exercise on BMD. CONCLUSIONS The TaqI polymorphism may be associated with body height and femoral neck BMD values. The present findings also suggest that the VDR polymorphisms do not modify the effect of regular aerobic exercise on BMD. However, more randomized controlled exercise trials are needed to investigate the role of exercise intensity on VDR gene polymorphisms, and the role of VDR gene polymorphisms on BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terhi Remes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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Rankinen T, Pérusse L, Rauramaa R, Rivera MA, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2003 update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36:1451-69. [PMID: 15354024 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000139902.42385.5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the 2003 update of the human gene map for physical performance and health-related fitness phenotypes. It is based on peer-reviewed papers published by the end of 2003 and includes association studies with candidate genes, genome-wide scans with polymorphic markers, and single-gene defects causing exercise intolerance to variable degrees. The genes and markers with evidence of association or linkage with a performance or fitness phenotype in sedentary or active people, in adaptation to acute exercise, or for training-induced changes are positioned on the genetic map of all autosomes and the X chromosome. Negative studies are reviewed but a gene or locus must be supported by at least one positive study before being inserted on the map. By the end of 2000, 29 loci were depicted on the first edition of the map. In contrast, the 2003 human gene map for physical performance and health-related phenotypes includes 109 autosomal gene entries and QTL, plus two on the X chromosome. Moreover, there are 15 mitochondrial genes in which sequence variants have been shown to influence relevant fitness and performance phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808-4124, USA.
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Remes T, Väisänen SB, Mahonen A, Huuskonen J, Kröger H, Jurvelin JS, Penttilä IM, Rauramaa R. The association of bone metabolism with bone mineral density, serum sex hormone concentrations, and regular exercise in middle-aged men. Bone 2004; 35:439-47. [PMID: 15268895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2003] [Revised: 03/22/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity is an important factor in attaining bone mass. Our aim was to investigate if low to moderate intensity exercise affects bone resorption [serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) 5b activity] and formation (serum osteocalcin concentration) in a randomized controlled exercise intervention trial in Finnish middle-aged men. In addition, the relations of these bone turnover markers with bone mineral density (BMD) and serum sex hormone concentrations [circulating testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations] were evaluated. Serum TRAP 5b activity and osteocalcin concentration were measured at randomization and after 1 and 4 years of the exercise intervention. BMDs of the lumbar spine (L2-L4), femoral neck, and total proximal femur were measured with a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). At randomization, TRAP 5b activity was strongly correlated with the osteocalcin concentration (Spearman r = 0.541, P < 0.0001). In addition, TRAP 5b activity was significantly correlated with proximal femur BMD values (r = -0.201, P = 0.018) and osteocalcin concentration with femoral neck and proximal femur BMD values (r = -0.187, P = 0.028; r = -0.240, P = 0.005, respectively). Serum E2, free E2, and free T concentrations were inversely correlated with both bone turnover markers. After 1 year of exercise intervention, TRAP 5b activity was significantly lower in the exercise than reference group (P = 0.006). However, after 4 years of exercise intervention, the difference was no longer statistically significant. There were no differences in the osteocalcin concentrations between the study groups during the intervention. Our results show a connection between serum TRAP 5b activity and osteocalcin concentration. Furthermore, our results suggest that low to moderate exercise intervention and serum sex hormone concentrations may induce changes in bone metabolism in middle-aged men. However, exercise-induced effects on bone metabolism should be confirmed in other randomized controlled exercise trials taking into account exercise intensity and dose-response issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Remes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
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Wu SJ, Chiang FT, Chen WJ, Liu PH, Hsu KL, Hwang JJ, Lai LP, Lin JL, Tseng CD, Tseng YZ. Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the angiotensinogen gene and susceptibility to hypertension: single locus genotype vs. haplotype analysis. Physiol Genomics 2004; 17:79-86. [PMID: 14970360 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00133.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although some single polymorphism analyses of the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene have been found to be associated with hypertension, the results are still inconsistent. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the association of the genotype and haplotype distributions of three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (G−217A, A−6G, and M235T) in the AGT gene with hypertension. In a sample of 461 hypertensive and 327 normotensive patients in Taiwan, we found that −217AA and −6GG homozygotes conferred independently an increased risk to hypertension ( P = 0.008 and P = 0.037, respectively), as illustrated by their significant associations with hypertension in both single SNP and pair-wise SNPs analyses. Meanwhile, a very weak linkage disequilibrium was found between the G−217A and the A−6G polymorphisms in terms of r2 (<0.05). On the basis of likelihood ratio test, only the set of haplotypes that constituted the A−6G and the M235T polymorphisms was associated with hypertension (χ2 = 20.91, P = 0.0008), which was mainly due to the increased frequency of the recombinant haplotypes (−6A ≡ 235M and −6G ≡ 235T), and a pathophysiological role in the predisposition to hypertension was hence indicated. In functional assays, the promoter activities of the haplotypes −217A ≡ −6A and −217G ≡ −6G were significantly higher than the most common haplotype −217G ≡ −6A. These results highlight the necessity of a thorough analysis of all reported variants of a candidate gene in the elucidation of genetic susceptibility to a complex disease like hypertension, even when the variants are in the same haplotype block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Jong Wu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Pérusse L, Rankinen T, Rauramaa R, Rivera MA, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2002 update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35:1248-64. [PMID: 12900676 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000078938.84161.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the 2002 update of the human gene map for physical performance and health-related phenotypes. It is based on peer-reviewed papers published by the end of 2002 and includes association studies with candidate genes, genome-wide scans with polymorphic markers, and single gene defects causing exercise intolerance to variable degrees. The genes and markers with evidence of association or linkage with a performance or fitness phenotype in sedentary or active people, in adaptation to acute exercise, or for training-induced changes are positioned on the genetic map of all autosomes and the X chromosome. Negative studies are reviewed, but a gene or locus must be supported by at least one positive study before being inserted on the map. By the end of 2000, 29 loci were depicted on the map. The 2001 map includes 71 loci on the autosomes and two on the X chromosome. In contrast, the 2002 human gene map for physical performance and health-related phenotypes includes 90 gene entries and QTL, plus two on the X chromosome. To all these loci, one must add 14 mitochondrial genes in which sequence variants have been shown to influence relevant fitness and performance phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Pérusse
- Department of Preventive Medicine Laval University, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
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Sonna LA, Glueck SB, Jeunemaître X. Exercise, genetics, and blood pressure: focus on "physical exercise and blood pressure with reference to the angiotensinogen M235T polymorphism" and on "angiotensinogen M235T polymorphism associates with exercise hemodynamics in postmenopausal women". Physiol Genomics 2002; 10:45-7. [PMID: 12181360 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00081.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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