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Fang CW, Yang CY, Chau HC, Tsai MC. Exploring the Impacts of Age at Menarche on Cognitive Aging in Late Adulthood: Evidence from a Mendelian Randomization Study on the Taiwanese Population. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2024; 53:143-152. [PMID: 38560983 DOI: 10.1159/000538620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The potential influence of age at menarche (AM) on cognitive aging remains inadequate, partly because of the difficulties presented by multiple confounders. To address this issue, Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to explore the causal impacts of AM on cognitive aging. METHODS Using the publicly accessible Taiwan Biobank, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with AM as instrumental variables to estimate the effects of instruments on cognitive function assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). We employed several MR methods, including two-stage least squares, inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted mode, and constrained maximum likelihood (cML) MR methods, to ensure the stability and reliability of the results. RESULTS MR analyses indicated no significant causal relationship between genetically determined AMs and total and subdomain MMSE scores, except the G5 subdomain (βIVW = 0.156, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.005, 0.307; βcML = 0.161, 95% CI: 0.014, 0.309). However, in a leave-one-out sensitivity analysis, we found a significant relationship between AM and cognitive aging after eliminating rs157863 and rs6758290, thus demonstrating the potential pleiotropic effects of these two SNPs. After these two SNPs were eliminated, we found a significant causal relationship between AM and overall MMSE scores (βIVW = 0.425, 95% CI: 0.011, 0.839), though. CONCLUSION Evidence from the present MR study did not fully support a causal relationship between AM and cognitive function decline in later life. Potential pleiotropic effects of the genes underlying these two traits are worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wen Fang
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Yang
- Department of Statistics, College of Management, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hephaes Chuen Chau
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Che Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Genomic Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Pan S, A.C. Souza L, Worker CJ, Reyes Mendez ME, Gayban AJB, Cooper SG, Sanchez Solano A, Bergman RN, Stefanovski D, Morton GJ, Schwartz MW, Feng Earley Y. (Pro)renin receptor signaling in hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase neurons is required for obesity-associated glucose metabolic impairment. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e174294. [PMID: 38349753 PMCID: PMC11063935 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.174294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is achieved via complex interactions between the endocrine pancreas and other peripheral tissues and glucoregulatory neurocircuits in the brain that remain incompletely defined. Within the brain, neurons in the hypothalamus appear to play a particularly important role. Consistent with this notion, we report evidence that (pro)renin receptor (PRR) signaling within a subset of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) neurons located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVNTH neurons) is a physiological determinant of the defended blood glucose level. Specifically, we demonstrate that PRR deletion from PVNTH neurons restores normal glucose homeostasis in mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO). Conversely, chemogenetic inhibition of PVNTH neurons mimics the deleterious effect of DIO on glucose. Combined with our finding that PRR activation inhibits PVNTH neurons, these findings suggest that, in mice, (a) PVNTH neurons play a physiological role in glucose homeostasis, (b) PRR activation impairs glucose homeostasis by inhibiting these neurons, and (c) this mechanism plays a causal role in obesity-associated metabolic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyue Pan
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Lucas A.C. Souza
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Caleb J. Worker
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Miriam E. Reyes Mendez
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Ariana Julia B. Gayban
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Silvana G. Cooper
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Alfredo Sanchez Solano
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregory J. Morton
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael W. Schwartz
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yumei Feng Earley
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology & Cell Biology and
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
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Oyesiji Abiodun A, AlDosari DI, Alghamdi A, Aziz Al-Amri A, Ahmad S, Ola MS. Diabetes-induced stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system in the rat brain cortex. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103779. [PMID: 37663397 PMCID: PMC10470205 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease is a threat to people with diabetes and hypertension. Diabetes can damage the brain by stimulating the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), leading to neurological deficits and brain strokes. Diabetes-induced components of the RAS, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin-II (Ang-II), and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R), have been linked to various neurological disorders in the brain. In this study, we investigated how diabetes and high blood pressure affected the regulation of these major RAS components in the frontal cortex of the rat brain. We dissected, homogenized, and processed the brain cortex tissues of control, streptozotocin-induced diabetic, spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), and streptozotocin-induced SHR rats for biochemical and Western blot analyses. We found that systolic blood pressure was elevated in SHR rats, but there was no significant difference between SHR and diabetic-SHR rats. In contrast to SHR rats, the heartbeat of diabetic SHR rats was low. Western blot analysis showed that the frontal cortexes of the brain expressed angiotensinogen, AT1R, and MAS receptor. There were no significant differences in angiotensinogen levels across the rat groups. However, the AT1R level was increased in diabetic and hypertensive rats compared to controls, whereas the MAS receptor was downregulated (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that RAS overactivation caused by diabetes may have negative consequences for the brain's cortex, leading to neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeeb Oyesiji Abiodun
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia I AlDosari
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Alghamdi
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Aziz Al-Amri
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Departments of Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine,
Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Balapattabi K, Yavuz Y, Jiang J, Deng G, Mathieu NM, Ritter ML, Opichka MA, Reho JJ, McCorvy JD, Nakagawa P, Morselli LL, Mouradian GC, Atasoy D, Cui H, Hodges MR, Sigmund CD, Grobe JL. Angiotensin AT 1A receptor signal switching in Agouti-related peptide neurons mediates metabolic rate adaptation during obesity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112935. [PMID: 37540598 PMCID: PMC10530419 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) adaptation occurs during obesity and is hypothesized to contribute to failed weight management. Angiotensin II (Ang-II) type 1 (AT1A) receptors in Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons contribute to the integrative control of RMR, and deletion of AT1A from AgRP neurons causes RMR adaptation. Extracellular patch-clamp recordings identify distinct cellular responses of individual AgRP neurons from lean mice to Ang-II: no response, inhibition via AT1A and Gαi, or stimulation via Ang-II type 2 (AT2) receptors and Gαq. Following diet-induced obesity, a subset of Ang-II/AT1A-inhibited AgRP neurons undergo a spontaneous G-protein "signal switch," whereby AT1A stop inhibiting the cell via Gαi and instead begin stimulating the cell via Gαq. DREADD-mediated activation of Gαi, but not Gαq, in AT1A-expressing AgRP cells stimulates RMR in lean and obese mice. Thus, loss of AT1A-Gαi coupling within the AT1A-expressing AgRP neuron subtype represents a molecular mechanism contributing to RMR adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yavuz Yavuz
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Guorui Deng
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Natalia M Mathieu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - McKenzie L Ritter
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Megan A Opichka
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - John J Reho
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - John D McCorvy
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Pablo Nakagawa
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Lisa L Morselli
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Gary C Mouradian
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Deniz Atasoy
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Huxing Cui
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Matthew R Hodges
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Justin L Grobe
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Peltekian L, Gasparini S, Fazan FS, Karthik S, Iverson G, Resch JM, Geerling JC. Sodium appetite and thirst do not require angiotensinogen production in astrocytes or hepatocytes. J Physiol 2023; 601:3499-3532. [PMID: 37291801 DOI: 10.1113/jp283169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to its renal and cardiovascular functions, angiotensin signalling is thought to be responsible for the increases in salt and water intake caused by hypovolaemia. However, it remains unclear whether these behaviours require angiotensin production in the brain or liver. Here, we use in situ hybridization to identify tissue-specific expression of the genes required for producing angiotensin peptides, and then use conditional genetic deletion of the angiotensinogen gene (Agt) to test whether production in the brain or liver is necessary for sodium appetite and thirst. In the mouse brain, we identified expression of Agt (the precursor for all angiotensin peptides) in a large subset of astrocytes. We also identified Ren1 and Ace (encoding enzymes required to produce angiotensin II) expression in the choroid plexus, and Ren1 expression in neurons within the nucleus ambiguus compact formation. In the liver, we confirmed that Agt is widely expressed in hepatocytes. We next tested whether thirst and sodium appetite require angiotensinogen production in astrocytes or hepatocytes. Despite virtually eliminating expression in the brain, deleting astrocytic Agt did not reduce thirst or sodium appetite. Despite markedly reducing angiotensinogen in the blood, eliminating Agt from hepatocytes did not reduce thirst or sodium appetite, and in fact, these mice consumed the largest amounts of salt and water after sodium deprivation. Deleting Agt from both astrocytes and hepatocytes also did not prevent thirst or sodium appetite. Our findings suggest that angiotensin signalling is not required for sodium appetite or thirst and highlight the need to identify alternative signalling mechanisms. KEY POINTS: Angiotensin signalling is thought to be responsible for the increased thirst and sodium appetite caused by hypovolaemia, producing elevated water and sodium intake. Specific cells in separate brain regions express the three genes needed to produce angiotensin peptides, but brain-specific deletion of the angiotensinogen gene (Agt), which encodes the lone precursor for all angiotensin peptides, did not reduce thirst or sodium appetite. Double-deletion of Agt from brain and liver also did not reduce thirst or sodium appetite. Liver-specific deletion of Agt reduced circulating angiotensinogen levels without reducing thirst or sodium appetite. Instead, these angiotensin-deficient mice exhibited an enhanced sodium appetite. Because the physiological mechanisms controlling thirst and sodium appetite continued functioning without angiotensin production in the brain and liver, understanding these mechanisms requires a renewed search for the hypovolaemic signals necessary for activating each behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila Peltekian
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jon M Resch
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Wagner VA, Deng G, Claflin KE, Ritter ML, Cui H, Nakagawa P, Sigmund CD, Morselli LL, Grobe JL, Kwitek AE. Cell-specific transcriptome changes in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in a mouse deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt model of hypertension. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1207350. [PMID: 37293629 PMCID: PMC10244568 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1207350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A common preclinical model of hypertension characterized by low circulating renin is the "deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt" model, which influences blood pressure and metabolism through mechanisms involving the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) in the brain. More specifically, AT1R within Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) has been implicated in selected effects of DOCA-salt. In addition, microglia have been implicated in the cerebrovascular effects of DOCA-salt and angiotensin II. To characterize DOCA-salt effects upon the transcriptomes of individual cell types within the ARC, we used single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) to examine this region from male C57BL/6J mice that underwent sham or DOCA-salt treatment. Thirty-two unique primary cell type clusters were identified. Sub-clustering of neuropeptide-related clusters resulted in identification of three distinct AgRP subclusters. DOCA-salt treatment caused subtype-specific changes in gene expression patterns associated with AT1R and G protein signaling, neurotransmitter uptake, synapse functions, and hormone secretion. In addition, two primary cell type clusters were identified as resting versus activated microglia, and multiple distinct subtypes of activated microglia were suggested by sub-cluster analysis. While DOCA-salt had no overall effect on total microglial density within the ARC, DOCA-salt appeared to cause a redistribution of the relative abundance of activated microglia subtypes. These data provide novel insights into cell-specific molecular changes occurring within the ARC during DOCA-salt treatment, and prompt increased investigation of the physiological and pathophysiological significance of distinct subtypes of neuronal and glial cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A. Wagner
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Genetics Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Guorui Deng
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Kristin E. Claflin
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - McKenzie L. Ritter
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Huxing Cui
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Pablo Nakagawa
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Curt D. Sigmund
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Lisa L. Morselli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Justin L. Grobe
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Anne E. Kwitek
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Linda T. and John A. Mellowes Center for Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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The Arcuate Nucleus of the Hypothalamus and Metabolic Regulation: An Emerging Role for Renin-Angiotensin Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137050. [PMID: 34208939 PMCID: PMC8268643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic state of energy imbalance that represents a major public health problem and greatly increases the risk for developing hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a multitude of related pathologies that encompass the metabolic syndrome. The underlying mechanisms and optimal treatment strategies for obesity, however, are still not fully understood. The control of energy balance involves the actions of circulating hormones on a widely distributed network of brain regions involved in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure, including the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. While obesity is known to disrupt neurocircuits controlling energy balance, including those in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, the pharmacological targeting of these central mechanisms often produces adverse cardiovascular and other off-target effects. This highlights the critical need to identify new anti-obesity drugs that can activate central neurocircuits to induce weight loss without negatively impacting blood pressure control. The renin–angiotensin system may provide this ideal target, as recent studies show this hormonal system can engage neurocircuits originating in the arcuate nucleus to improve energy balance without elevating blood pressure in animal models. This review will summarize the current knowledge of renin–angiotensin system actions within the arcuate nucleus for control of energy balance, with a focus on emerging roles for angiotensin II, prorenin, and angiotensin-(1–7) pathways.
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Deng Y, Deng G, Grobe JL, Cui H. Hypothalamic GPCR Signaling Pathways in Cardiometabolic Control. Front Physiol 2021; 12:691226. [PMID: 34262481 PMCID: PMC8274634 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.691226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is commonly associated with sympathetic overdrive, which is one of the major risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and heart failure. Over the past few decades, there has been a growing understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying obesity development with central origin; however, the relative contribution of these molecular changes to the regulation of cardiovascular function remains vague. A variety of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their downstream signaling pathways activated in distinct hypothalamic neurons by different metabolic hormones, neuropeptides and monoamine neurotransmitters are crucial not only for the regulation of appetite and metabolic homeostasis but also for the sympathetic control of cardiovascular function. In this review, we will highlight the main GPCRs and associated hypothalamic nuclei that are important for both metabolic homeostasis and cardiovascular function. The potential downstream molecular mediators of these GPCRs will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Deng
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Guorui Deng
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Justin L. Grobe
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Huxing Cui
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
- FOE Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Obesity Research and Educational Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Chinese Traditional Fermented Soy Sauce Exerts Protective Effects against High-Fat and High-Salt Diet-Induced Hypertension in Sprague-Dawley Rats by Improving Adipogenesis and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Activity. FERMENTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although high-fat and high-salt diets are considered risk factors for hypertension, the intake of salty soybean-based fermented foods has beneficial effects. This study explored the potential of Chinese traditional fermented soy sauce (CTFSS) in preventing hypertension by analyzing its effects on adipogenesis and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups (n = 6): normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HD), high-fat diet with saline (HDS, NaCl-8%), and high-fat diet with Chinese traditional soy sauce (HDCTS, NaCl-8%). Each group is administrated 12 weeks by oral gavage as 10 mL/kg dose, respectively. CTFSS supplementation resulted in significantly lower body weight, epididymal fat weight, and systolic blood pressure. Additionally, it decreased the serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), renin, angiotensin II (Ang II), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and aldosterone levels. It also increased the urinary volume and improved sodium and potassium ion balance. The gene levels showed significant enhancements in the mRNA levels of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system-related and adipogenesis-related genes. In addition, CTFSS may prevent hypertension-associated kidney injury. Therefore, this study demonstrates that CTFSS has no harmful effects on hypertension. In contrast, the beneficial effects of CTFSS intake in ameliorating hypertension were shown.
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Oliveira V, Kwitek AE, Sigmund CD, Morselli LL, Grobe JL. Recent Advances in Hypertension: Intersection of Metabolic and Blood Pressure Regulatory Circuits in the Central Nervous System. Hypertension 2021; 77:1061-1068. [PMID: 33611936 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity represents the single greatest ongoing roadblock to improving cardiovascular health. Prolonged obesity is associated with fundamental changes in the integrative control of energy balance, including the development of selective leptin resistance, which is thought to contribute to obesity-associated hypertension, and adaptation of resting metabolic rate (RMR) when excess weight is reduced. Leptin and the melanocortin system within the hypothalamus contribute to the control of both energy balance and blood pressure. While the development of drugs to stimulate RMR and thereby reverse obesity through activation of the melanocortin system has been pursued, most of the resulting compounds simultaneously cause hypertension. Evidence supports the concept that although feeding behaviors, RMR, and blood pressure are controlled through mechanisms that utilize similar molecular mediators, these mechanisms exist in anatomically dissociable networks. New evidence supports a major change in molecular signaling within AgRP (Agouti-related peptide) neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus during prolonged obesity and the existence of multiple distinct subtypes of AgRP neurons that individually contribute to control of feeding, RMR, or blood pressure. Finally, ongoing work by our laboratory and others support a unique role for AT1 (angiotensin II type 1 receptor) within one specific subtype of AgRP neuron for the control of RMR. We propose that understanding the unique biology of the AT1-expressing, RMR-controlling subtype of AgRP neurons will help to resolve the selective dysfunctions in RMR control that develop during prolonged obesity and potentially point toward novel druggable antiobesity targets that will not simultaneously cause hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Oliveira
- From the Department of Physiology (V.O., A.E.K., C.D.S., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Anne E Kwitek
- From the Department of Physiology (V.O., A.E.K., C.D.S., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Cardiovascular Center (A.E.K., C.D.S., L.L.M., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- From the Department of Physiology (V.O., A.E.K., C.D.S., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Cardiovascular Center (A.E.K., C.D.S., L.L.M., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Neuroscience Research Center (C.D.S., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Lisa L Morselli
- Cardiovascular Center (A.E.K., C.D.S., L.L.M., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.L.M.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Justin L Grobe
- From the Department of Physiology (V.O., A.E.K., C.D.S., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Cardiovascular Center (A.E.K., C.D.S., L.L.M., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Neuroscience Research Center (C.D.S., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Department of Biomedical Engineering (J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core (J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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11
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Costa R, Carvalho MSM, Brandão JDP, Moreira RP, Cunha TS, Casarini DE, Marcondes FK. Modulatory action of environmental enrichment on hormonal and behavioral responses induced by chronic stress in rats: Hypothalamic renin-angiotensin system components. Behav Brain Res 2020; 397:112928. [PMID: 32987059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) has been studied as a protocol that can improve brain plasticity and may protect against negative insults such as chronic stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of EE on the hormonal and behavioral responses induced by chronic mild unpredictable stress (CMS) in rats, considering the involvement of the renin-angiotensin system. Male adult rats were divided into 4 groups: control, CMS, EE, and CMS + EE, and the experimental protocol lasted for 7 weeks. EE was performed during 7 weeks, 5 days per week, 2 h per day. CMS was applied during weeks 3, 4, and 5. After the CMS (week 6), depression-like behavior was evaluated by forced swimming and sucrose consumption tests, anxiety level was evaluated using the elevated plus-maze test, and memory was evaluated using the Y-maze test. On week 7, the animals were euthanized and basal plasma levels of corticosterone and catecholamines were determined. The hypothalamus was isolated and tissue levels of angiotensin peptides were evaluated. CMS increased plasma corticosterone, norepinephrine, and epinephrine basal concentrations, induced depression-like behaviors, impaired memory, and increased hypothalamic angiotensin I, II, and IV concentrations. EE decreased stress hormones secretion, depression-like behaviors, memory impairment, and hypothalamic angiotensin II induced by stress. Reductions of anxiety-like behavior and norepinephrine secretion were observed in both stressed and unstressed groups. The results indicated that EE seemed to protect adult rats against hormonal and behavioral CMS effects, and that the reduction of angiotensin II could contribute to these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Costa
- Department of Biosciences, Laboratory of Stress, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Maeline Santos Morais Carvalho
- Department of Biosciences, Laboratory of Stress, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Roseli Peres Moreira
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Sousa Cunha
- Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo, São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Dulce Elena Casarini
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Klein Marcondes
- Department of Biosciences, Laboratory of Stress, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Sapouckey SA, Morselli LL, Deng G, Patil CN, Balapattabi K, Oliveira V, Claflin KE, Gomez J, Pearson NA, Potthoff MJ, Gibson-Corley KN, Sigmund CD, Grobe JL. Exploration of cardiometabolic and developmental significance of angiotensinogen expression by cells expressing the leptin receptor or agouti-related peptide. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R855-R869. [PMID: 32186897 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00297.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (ANG II) Agtr1a receptor (AT1A) is expressed in cells of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus that express the leptin receptor (Lepr) and agouti-related peptide (Agrp). Agtr1a expression in these cells is required to stimulate resting energy expenditure in response to leptin and high-fat diets (HFDs), but the mechanism activating AT1A signaling by leptin remains unclear. To probe the role of local paracrine/autocrine ANG II generation and signaling in this mechanism, we bred mice harboring a conditional allele for angiotensinogen (Agt, encoding AGT) with mice expressing Cre-recombinase via the Lepr or Agrp promoters to cause cell-specific deletions of Agt (AgtLepr-KO and AgtAgrp-KO mice, respectively). AgtLepr-KO mice were phenotypically normal, arguing against a paracrine/autocrine AGT signaling mechanism for metabolic control. In contrast, AgtAgrp-KO mice exhibited reduced preweaning survival, and surviving adults exhibited altered renal structure and steroid flux, paralleling previous reports of animals with whole body Agt deficiency or Agt disruption in albumin (Alb)-expressing cells (thought to cause liver-specific disruption). Surprisingly, adult AgtAgrp-KO mice exhibited normal circulating AGT protein and hepatic Agt mRNA expression but reduced Agt mRNA expression in adrenal glands. Reanalysis of RNA-sequencing data sets describing transcriptomes of normal adrenal glands suggests that Agrp and Alb are both expressed in this tissue, and fluorescent reporter gene expression confirms Cre activity in adrenal gland of both Agrp-Cre and Alb-Cre mice. These findings lead to the iconoclastic conclusion that extrahepatic (i.e., adrenal) expression of Agt is critically required for normal renal development and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Sapouckey
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Lisa L Morselli
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Guorui Deng
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Chetan N Patil
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Vanessa Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Kristin E Claflin
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Javier Gomez
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Nicole A Pearson
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Obesity Research & Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Fraternal Order of Eagles' Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Katherine N Gibson-Corley
- Fraternal Order of Eagles' Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Justin L Grobe
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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13
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The renin-angiotensin system in the arcuate nucleus controls resting metabolic rate. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2020; 28:120-127. [PMID: 30531199 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity represents the primary challenge to improving cardiovascular health, and suppression of resting metabolic rate (RMR) is implicated in the maintenance of obesity. Increasing evidence supports a major role for the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) within the brain in the control of RMR. RECENT FINDINGS The angiotensin II (ANG) Agtr1a receptor colocalizes with the leptin receptor (Lepr) primarily within cells of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus that also express Agouti-related peptide (Agrp). This sub-population of Agtr1a receptors is required for stimulation of thermogenic sympathetic nervous activity and RMR, but not the suppression of food intake or increasing blood pressure, in response to various stimuli including high-fat diet, deoxycorticosterone acetate and salt, and leptin. Agtr1a is localized to a specific subset (SST3) of Agrp neurons within the ARC. SUMMARY The RAS within the ARC is implicated specifically in RMR control, primarily through Agtr1a localized to the SST3 subset of Agrp neurons. Ongoing research is focused on understanding the unique anatomical projections, neurotransmitter utilization, and signal transduction pathways of Agtr1a within this subset of neurons. Understanding these projections and molecular mechanisms may identify therapeutic targets for RMR and thus obesity, independent of blood pressure and appetite.
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Abstract
Purpose of the Review The main goal of this article is to discuss how the development of state-of-the-art technology has made it possible to address fundamental questions related to how the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) operates within the brain from the neurophysiological and molecular perspective. Recent Findings The existence of the brain RAS remains surprisingly controversial. New sensitive in situ hybridization techniques and novel transgenic animals expressing reporter genes have provided pivotal information of the expression of RAS genes within the brain. We discuss studies using genetically engineered animals combined with targeted viral microinjections to study molecular mechanisms implicated in the regulation of the brain RAS. We also discuss novel drugs targeting the brain RAS that have shown promising results in clinical studies and trials. Summary Over the last 50 years, several new physiological roles of the brain RAS have been identified. In the coming years, efforts to incorporate cutting-edge technologies such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, and single-cell RNA sequencing will lead to dramatic advances in our full understanding of how the brain RAS operates at molecular and neurophysiological levels.
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15
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Han S, Uludağ MO, Demirel Yılmaz E. Deneysel Hipertansiyon Modelinde Farklı DOCA-tuz Uygulama Sürelerinin Kan Basıncı ve Damar Cevapları Üzerine Etkisi. DICLE MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.5798/dicletip.661263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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Jara ZP, Icimoto MY, Yokota R, Ribeiro AA, Dos Santos F, de Souza LE, Watanabe IKM, Franco MDC, Pesquero JL, Irigoyen MC, Casarini DE. Tonin Overexpression in Mice Diminishes Sympathetic Autonomic Modulation and Alters Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor Response. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 5:365. [PMID: 30729109 PMCID: PMC6352559 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tonin, a serine-protease that forms Angiotensin II (AngII) from angiotensinogen, is increased in failing human heart samples. Increased blood pressure (BP) and decreased heart rate (HR) variabilities are associated with higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity. Losartan has been used to reduce hypertension and, therefore, lowers the risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events. Determination of tonin's impact on BP and HR variabilities as well as the impact of losartan remain questions to be elucidated. Aim: Evaluation of cardiovascular autonomic profile in transgenic mice overexpressing the rat tonin enzyme TGM'(rton) and the impact of AT1 receptor blocker, losartan. Methods: Male C57BL/6 (WT) and TGM'(rTon) mice were cannulated for recording BP (Windaq, 4 MHz) for 30 min at baseline and 30 min after losartan injection (20 mg/kg). BP and HR variabilities were analyzed in time and frequency domain method. Low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) components were identified for sympathetic and parasympathetic modulations analysis. Ang I, AngII, and Ang1-7 were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography method. The total enzymatic activity for AngI, AngII, and Ang1-7 formation was evaluated in the heart and plasma by Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: At the baseline TGM'(rTon) exhibited higher BP, lower cardiac LF, higher cardiac HF, lower LF/HF, and lower alpha index than wild type (WT). After losartan injection, TGM'(rTon) mice presented an additional decrease in cardiac LF and increase in HF in relation to baseline and WT. In the vasculature, losartan caused decreased in BP and LF of systolic BP in WT mice in relation to its baseline. A similar effect was observed in the BP of TGM'(rTon) mice; however, LF of systolic BP increased compared to baseline. Our data also indicates that AT1R receptor signaling has been altered in TGM’(rTon)mice. Interestingly, the dynamics of the renin-angiotensin system kinetics change, favoring production of Ang1-7. Conclusion: Autonomic evaluation of TGM’(rTon) mice indicates an unclear prognosis for diseases that affect the heart. HR variability in TGM’(rTon) mice indicates high risk of morbidity, and sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation indicate low risk of morbidity. The low risk of morbidity could be the biased production of Ang1-7 in the heart and circulation; however, the altered response of AT1R in the TGM’(rTon) remains to be elucidated, as well aswhether that signaling is pro-protection or pro-pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Palomino Jara
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Marcelo Yudi Icimoto
- Departmento de Biofisica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Yokota
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Aparecida Ribeiro
- Divisao de Hipertensao, Escola de Medicina, Instituto do Coracao, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Dos Santos
- Divisao de Hipertensao, Escola de Medicina, Instituto do Coracao, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Ezequiel de Souza
- Divisao de Hipertensao, Escola de Medicina, Instituto do Coracao, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria do Carmo Franco
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Luiz Pesquero
- Departamento de Biofisica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Claudia Irigoyen
- Divisao de Hipertensao, Escola de Medicina, Instituto do Coracao, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dulce Elena Casarini
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Moes AD, Severs D, Verdonk K, van der Lubbe N, Zietse R, Danser AHJ, Hoorn EJ. Mycophenolate Mofetil Attenuates DOCA-Salt Hypertension: Effects on Vascular Tone. Front Physiol 2018; 9:578. [PMID: 29867591 PMCID: PMC5968119 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is increasingly recognized as a driver of hypertension. Both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of B and T cells attenuates most forms of experimental hypertension. Accordingly, the immunosuppressive drug mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) reduces blood pressure in the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA-) salt model. However, the mechanisms by which MMF prevent hypertension in the DOCA-salt model remain unclear. Recent studies indicate that immunosuppression can inhibit sodium transporter activity in the kidney, but its effect on vascular tone is not well characterized. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the vascular and renal tubular effects of MMF in the DOCA-salt model in rats (4 weeks without uninephrectomy). Co-treatment with MMF attenuated the rise in blood pressure from day 11 onward resulting in a significantly lower telemetric mean arterial pressure after 4 weeks of treatment (108 ± 7 vs. 130 ± 9 mmHg, P < 0.001 by two-way analysis of variance). MMF significantly reduced the number of CD3+ cells in kidney cortex and inner medulla, but not in outer medulla. In addition, MMF significantly reduced urinary interferon-γ excretion. Vascular tone was studied ex vivo using wire myographs. An angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor antagonist blocked the effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) only in the vehicle group. Conversely, L-NAME significantly increased the Ang II response only in the MMF group. An endothelin A receptor blocker prevented vasoconstriction by endothelin-1 in the MMF but not in the vehicle group. MMF did not reduce the abundances of the kidney sodium transporters NHE3, NKCC2, NCC, or ENaC. Together, our ex vivo results suggest that DOCA-salt induces AT2 receptor-mediated vasoconstriction. MMF prevents this response and increases nitric oxide availability. These data provide insight in the antihypertensive mechanism of MMF and the role of inflammation in dysregulating vascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur D Moes
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - David Severs
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Koen Verdonk
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nils van der Lubbe
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert Zietse
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - A H J Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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18
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Morselli LL, Claflin KE, Cui H, Grobe JL. Control of Energy Expenditure by AgRP Neurons of the Arcuate Nucleus: Neurocircuitry, Signaling Pathways, and Angiotensin. Curr Hypertens Rep 2018; 20:25. [PMID: 29556733 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-018-0824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Here, we review the current understanding of the functional neuroanatomy of neurons expressing Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and the angiotensin 1A receptor (AT1A) within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) in the control of energy balance. RECENT FINDINGS The development and maintenance of obesity involves suppression of resting metabolic rate (RMR). RMR control is integrated via AgRP and proopiomelanocortin neurons within the ARC. Their projections to other hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic nuclei contribute to RMR control, though relatively little is known about the contributions of individual projections and the neurotransmitters involved. Recent studies highlight a role for AT1A, localized to AgRP neurons, but the specific function of AT1A within these cells remains unclear. AT1A functions within AgRP neurons to control RMR, but additional work is required to clarify its role within subpopulations of AgRP neurons projecting to distinct second-order nuclei, and the molecular mediators of its signaling within these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Morselli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., 2-307 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kristin E Claflin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., 2-307 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Huxing Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., 2-307 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Hypertension Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Obesity Research & Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Justin L Grobe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., 2-307 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Center for Hypertension Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Obesity Research & Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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19
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Dadarlat A, Pop D, Procopciuc L, Buzoianu A. LINKS BETWEEN RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS AND LEPTIN SECRETION IN OBESE HEART FAILURE PATIENTS. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA-BUCHAREST 2018; 14:274-279. [PMID: 31149271 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2018.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) and obesity are two conditions frequently associated and which, despite all the advances made in their management in the recent years, their prevalence continues to rise. Obese patients present unique challenges in the diagnosis of CHF and also therapeutic particularities. The genetic differences may be a possible explanation for the fact that some people, irrespective of their lifestyle and common classical cardiovascular risk factors, are more susceptible to develop heart failure. Moreover, the adipose tissue, a huge endocrine organ which secretes adipokines, is also a well-established source of all renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system components, being strongly involved in the pathogenesis of CHF. That is why this review will explore the possible links between the RAS genetic polymorphisms and leptin secretion in obese HF patients, trying to bring a more precise understanding of this relationship, which will undoubtedly facilitate a more appropriate treatment of HF in obese patients. We also try to explain the possible incriminated mechanisms, and plausible biological explanations for the relationship between RAS genetic polymorphisms and adipokines secretion in obese heart failure patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dadarlat
- "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - D Pop
- "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Rehabilitation Hospital, Dept. of Cardiology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - L Procopciuc
- "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - A Buzoianu
- "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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