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Mukohda M, Yano T, Matsui T, Nakamura S, Miyamae J, Toyama K, Mitsui R, Mizuno R, Ozaki H. Treatment with Ligilactobacillus murinus lowers blood pressure and intestinal permeability in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15197. [PMID: 37709803 PMCID: PMC10502128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
One feature of hypertension is a microbial imbalance with increased intestinal permeability. In this study, we examined whether an alteration in the microbiota affects blood pressure and intestinal permeability in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). We performed a 16S metagenome analysis of feces from 10- to 15-week-old SHRs using a synthetic long-read sequencing approach, and found a candidate for the microbiome treatment, Ligilactobacillus murinus (L. murinus), that was robustly decreased. Oral administration of L. murinus to SHRs for 2 weeks significantly inhibited blood pressure elevation and improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation but did not attenuate enhanced vascular contraction in SHR mesenteric arteries. The proximal colon of SHRs exhibited increased intestinal permeability with decreased levels of the tight junction protein claudin 4, morphological changes such as decreased intestinal crypts and elevated TNF-α levels, which was reversed by treatment with L. murinus. Consistent with these intestinal phenotypes, plasma lipopolysaccharides levels were elevated in SHR but decreased following L. murinus administration. We concluded that oral administration of L. murinus to SHRs exerts protective effects on intestinal permeability via restoration of claudin 4 expression and reversal of morphologic disorder, which may improve low-grade endotoxemia and thus reduce development of hypertension via recovery of endothelial vasodilating functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Mukohda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, 7948555, Japan.
| | - Takanori Yano
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, 7000005, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Matsui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Ehime, 7948555, Japan
| | - Sho Nakamura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 4648601, Japan
| | - Jiro Miyamae
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Ehime, 7948555, Japan
| | - Kensuke Toyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, 7910295, Japan
| | - Ryoji Mitsui
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, 7000005, Japan
| | - Risuke Mizuno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, 7948555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ozaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, 7948555, Japan
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2
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Li J, Richards EM, Tummala R, Pepine CJ, Raizada MK, Yang T. Host-Microbiota Communication in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Generates Unique IgA-Coated Gut Microbes. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e027918. [PMID: 36752270 PMCID: PMC10111478 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.027918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Hypertension is associated with gut dysbiosis, altered intestinal immunity, and gut pathology in animal models and humans. Although these findings have implicated impaired interactions between gut and gut microbiota in hypertension, little is known about the specific functional gut microbes that interact with intestinal mucosa. Methods and Results To identify these microbes, we sorted Immunoglobin A (IgA)-coated (IgA+) and IgA-noncoated (IgA-) bacteria using a combination of magnetic-activated cell sorting and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and subsequently performed 16 S rRNA gene sequencing (IgA-SEQ) to determine the microbial composition of IgA+ and IgA- fractions in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats. We observed a significant decrease in IgA+ bacteria in SHR compared with Wistar Kyoto and a distinct composition of IgA+ and IgA- bacteria between Wistar Kyoto and SHR, showing more IgA-bound Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria but less of Firmicutes in SHR at the phylum level. We further identified enriched IgA-coated Romboutsia, Turicibacter, Ileibacterium, and Dubosiella in SHR that were negatively correlated with the various pathways including antigen presentation, immune response, cell junction organization, epithelium development, and defense response to virus. Conclusions We demonstrate new IgA-coated bacteria that participate in host-microbiota communication in hypertension, suggesting promising therapeutic interventions targeting these bacteria for hypertension management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan Hubei China.,Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville FL USA
| | - Elaine M Richards
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville FL USA
| | - Ramakumar Tummala
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine College of Medicine and Life Sciences University of Toledo OH USA
| | - Carl J Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Medicine University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville FL USA
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville FL USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine College of Medicine and Life Sciences University of Toledo OH USA
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3
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Li J, Richards EM, Handberg EM, Pepine CJ, Alakrad E, Forsmark CE, Raizada MK. Influence of Butyrate on Impaired Gene Expression in Colon from Patients with High Blood Pressure. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2650. [PMID: 36768972 PMCID: PMC9917256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is associated with gut dysbiosis and the depletion of butyrate-producing bacteria in animal models and people. Furthermore, fecal material transfer from donor hypertensive patients increases blood pressure in normotensive recipient animals and ameliorates HTN-associated pathophysiology. These observations have implications in the impaired interactions between the gut and gut microbiota in HTN. Although this concept is supported in animal models, little is known about human HTN. Therefore, our objective for this study was to compare gene expression with transcriptomics and its potential to influence microbiota in subjects with normal and high blood pressure (HBP). Colon samples from reference subjects with normal blood pressure (REF) and HBP were used for RNA-seq to analyze their transcriptomes. We observed the significant downregulation of gene sets governing immune responses (e.g., SGK1 and OASL), gut epithelial function (e.g., KRT20 and SLC9A3R1), gut microbiota (e.g., PPARG and CIDEC) and genes associated with cardiovascular and gut diseases (e.g., PLAUR and NLN) in HBP subjects; the expression of genes within these pathways correlated with blood pressure. Potential drug targets in the gut epithelium were identified using the Drug Gene International Database for possible use in HTN. They include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPRG), active serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid isomerase type II inhibitor (HSD3B). Finally, butyrate, a microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acid, restored the disrupted expression of certain functional genes in colonic organoids from HBP subjects. Patients with HBP exhibit a unique transcriptome that could underlie impaired gut-microbiota interactions. Targeting these interactions could provide a promising new therapeutic intervention for hypertension management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Elaine M. Richards
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Eileen M. Handberg
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Carl J. Pepine
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Eyad Alakrad
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Chris E. Forsmark
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mohan K. Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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4
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Interaction between Butyrate and Tumor Necrosis Factor α in Primary Rat Colonocytes. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020258. [PMID: 36830627 PMCID: PMC9953264 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid, is utilized by the gut epithelium as energy and it improves the gut epithelial barrier. More recently, it has been associated with beneficial effects on immune and cardiovascular homeostasis. Conversely, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is a pro-inflammatory and pro-hypertensive cytokine. While butyrate and TNFα are both linked with hypertension, studies have not yet addressed their interaction in the colon. Here, we investigated the capacity of butyrate to modulate a host of effects of TNFα in primary rodent colonic cells in vitro. We measured ATP levels, cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolytic activity in colonocytes following exposure to either butyrate or TNFα, or both. To address the potential mechanisms, transcripts related to oxidative stress, cell fate, and cell metabolism (Pdk1, Pdk2, Pdk4, Spr, Slc16a1, Slc16a3, Ppargc1a, Cs, Lgr5, Casp3, Tnfr2, Bax, Bcl2, Sod1, Sod2, and Cat) were measured, and untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to profile the metabolic responses of colonocytes following exposure to butyrate and TNFα. We found that both butyrate and TNFα lowered cellular ATP levels towards a quiescent cell energy phenotype, characterized by decreased oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification. Co-treatment with butyrate ameliorated TNFα-induced cytotoxicity and the reduction in cell viability. Butyrate also opposed the TNFα-mediated decrease in MMP and mitochondrial-to-intracellular calcium ratios, suggesting that butyrate may protect colonocytes against TNFα-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing mitochondrial calcium flux. The relative expression levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (Pdk4) were increased via co-treatment of butyrate and TNFα, suggesting the synergistic inhibition of glycolysis. TNFα alone reduced the expression of monocarboxylate transporters slc16a1 and slc16a3, suggesting effects of TNFα on butyrate uptake into colonocytes. Of the 185 metabolites that were detected with LC-MS, the TNFα-induced increase in biopterin produced the only significant change, suggesting an alteration in mitochondrial biogenesis in colonocytes. Considering the reports of elevated colonic TNFα and reduced butyrate metabolism in many conditions, including in hypertension, the present work sheds light on cellular interactions between TNFα and butyrate in colonocytes that may be important in understanding conditions of the colon.
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5
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Dardi P, dos Santos-Eichler RA, de Oliveira S, Vinolo MAR, Câmara NOS, Rossoni LV. Reduced intestinal butyrate availability is associated with the vascular remodeling in resistance arteries of hypertensive rats. Front Physiol 2022; 13:998362. [PMID: 36246106 PMCID: PMC9558208 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.998362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During hypertension an unbalance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production by intestinal bacteria is described. However, no data evaluate the association of SCFAs and vascular remodeling in hypertension, which is an important hallmark of this disease. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the correlations between SCFAs availability and the resistance arteries remodeling in hypertension, as well as to identify the possible pathway by which the SCFAs could exert a structural and mechanical influence. Hence, male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar rats had blood pressure measured by tail-cuff plethysmography; fecal SCFAs content assessed by gas chromatography; gene expression of SCFAs-transporters in gut epithelium and SCFAs-sensing receptors on mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA) quantified by PCR; and MRA structural and mechanical parameters analyzed by pressure myograph. Reduced butyrate fecal content was found in SHR, with no changes in propionate and acetate, as well as decreased mRNA levels of SCFAs-transporters (MCT1, MCT4, and SMCT1) in the intestinal epithelium. In addition, lower gene expression of SCFAs-sensing receptors (GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109a, but not Olfr78) was identified in MRAs of SHR, which also shows inward eutrophic remodeling with stiffness. Butyrate content presented a negative correlation with systolic blood pressure and with the structural alterations found on MRAs, while a positive correlation between butyrate content and mechanical parameters was detected. Altogether the present study suggests that lower butyrate content due to ineffective SCFA bioavailability, associated with lower SCFAs-sensing receptors expression, could favor MRA remodeling, increasing peripheral vascular resistance and worsening hypertension prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Dardi
- Laboratory of Vascular Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sarah de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Ramirez Vinolo
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Department of Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Venturini Rossoni
- Laboratory of Vascular Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Luciana Venturini Rossoni,
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6
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Shi H, Nelson JW, Phillips S, Petrosino JF, Bryan RM, Durgan DJ. Alterations of the gut microbial community structure and function with aging in the spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rat. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8534. [PMID: 35595870 PMCID: PMC9122926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis, a pathological imbalance of bacteria, has been shown to contribute to the development of hypertension (HT), systemic- and neuro-inflammation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rats (SHRSP). However, to date individual species that contribute to HT in the SHRSP model have not been identified. One potential reason, is that nearly all studies of the SHRSP gut microbiota have analyzed samples from rats with established HT. The goal of this study was to examine the SHRSP gut microbiota before, during, and after the onset of hypertension, and in normotensive WKY control rats over the same age range. We hypothesized that we could identify key microbes involved in the development of HT by comparing WKY and SHRSP microbiota during the pre-hypertensive state and longitudinally. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by tail-cuff plethysmography and fecal microbiota analyzed by16S rRNA gene sequencing. SHRSP showed significant elevations in SBP, as compared to WKY, beginning at 8 weeks of age (p < 0.05 at each time point). Bacterial community structure was significantly different between WKY and SHRSP as early as 4 weeks of age, and remained different throughout the study (p = 0.001-0.01). At the phylum level we observed significantly reduced Firmicutes and Deferribacterota, and elevated Bacteroidota, Verrucomicrobiota, and Proteobacteria, in pre-hypertensive SHRSP, as compared to WKY. At the genus level we identified 18 bacteria whose relative abundance was significantly different in SHRSP versus WKY at the pre-hypertensive ages of 4 or 6 weeks. In an attempt to further refine bacterial candidates that might contribute to the SHRSP phenotype, we compared the functional capacity of WKY versus SHRSP microbial communities. We identified significant differences in amino acid metabolism. Using untargeted metabolomics we found significant reductions in metabolites of the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway and increased indole metabolites in SHRSP versus WKY plasma. Overall, we provide further evidence that gut dysbiosis contributes to hypertension in the SHRSP model, and suggest for the first time the potential involvement of tryptophan metabolizing microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanan Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - James W Nelson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Integrated Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sharon Phillips
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joseph F Petrosino
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- The Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiota Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robert M Bryan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David J Durgan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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7
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Souders CL, Zubcevic J, Martyniuk CJ. Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and the Gastrointestinal Epithelium: Implications for the Gut-Brain Axis and Hypertension. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 42:419-437. [PMID: 33594519 PMCID: PMC8364923 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The colonic epithelium is the site of production and transport of many vasoactive metabolites and neurotransmitters that can modulate the immune system, affect cellular metabolism, and subsequently regulate blood pressure. As an important interface between the microbiome and its host, the colon can contribute to the development of hypertension. In this critical review, we highlight the role of colonic inflammation and microbial metabolites on the gut brain axis in the pathology of hypertension, with special emphasis on the interaction between tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabolites. Here, we review the current literature and identify novel pathways in the colonic epithelium related to hypertension. A network analysis on transcriptome data previously generated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats reveals differences in several pathways associated with inflammation involving TNFα (NF-κB and STAT Expression Targets) as well as oxidative stress. We also identify down-regulation of networks associated with gastrointestinal function, cardiovascular function, enteric nervous system function, and cholinergic and adrenergic transmission. The analysis also uncovered transcriptome responses related to glycolysis, butyrate oxidation, and mitochondrial function, in addition to gut neuropeptides that serve as modulators of blood pressure and metabolic function. We present a model for the role of TNFα in regulating bacterial metabolite transport and neuropeptide signaling in the gastrointestinal system, highlighting the complexity of host-microbiota interactions in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Souders
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. .,Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO BOX 100274, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Christopher J. Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA,Corresponding authors contact information: Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida PO BOX 100274 GAINESVILLE FL 326100274 United States; and
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8
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Abstract
Hypertension is a worldwide problem with major impacts on health including morbidity and mortality, as well as consumption of health care resources. Nearly 50% of American adults have high blood pressure, and this rate is rising. Even with multiple antihypertensive drugs and aggressive lifestyle modifications, blood pressure is inadequately controlled in about 1 of 5 hypertensive individuals. This review highlights a hypothesis for hypertension that suggests alternative mechanisms for blood pressure elevation and maintenance. A better understanding of these mechanisms could open avenues for more successful treatments. The hypothesis accounts for recent understandings of the involvement of gut physiology, gut microbiota, and neuroinflammation in hypertension. It includes bidirectional communication between gut microbiota and gut epithelium in the gut-brain axis that is involved in regulation of autonomic nervous system activity and blood pressure control. Dysfunction of this gut-brain axis, including dysbiosis of gut microbiota, gut epithelial dysfunction, and deranged input to the brain, contributes to hypertension via inflammatory mediators, metabolites, bacteria in the circulation, afferent information alterations, etc resulting in neuroinflammation and unbalanced autonomic nervous system activity that elevates blood pressure. This in turn negatively affects gut function and its microbiota exacerbating the problem. We focus this review on the gut-brain axis hypothesis for hypertension and possible contribution to racial disparities in hypertension. A novel idea, that immunoglobulin A-coated bacteria originating in the gut with access to the brain could be involved in hypertension, is raised. Finally, minocycline, with its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, is evaluated as a potential antihypertensive drug acting on this axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Richards
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bruce R Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Carl J Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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9
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Mukohda M, Mizuno R, Ozaki H. [Gut microflora and metabolic syndrome: new insight into the pathogenesis of hypertension]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2022; 157:311-315. [PMID: 36047142 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.22035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidences indicate that a microbial imbalance (dysbiosis) is linked to several diseases including metabolic cardiovascular diseases. A fecal microbiota transplantation from hypertensive human donor to germ-free mice caused blood pressure elevation. In addition, there is a report demonstrating that angiotensin II-induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction were attenuated in germ-free mice, suggesting that gut microbiome may mediate development of hypertension. Although detailed mechanism by which the dysbiosis induces an increased blood pressure remains unknown, changes in microbiome may modify host immune systems and induce inflammatory dysfunction in cardiovascular system, resulting in dysregulation of blood pressure. Some cohort studies demonstrated an association between a higher abundance of Streptococcaceae spp. and blood pressure. One recent report demonstrated that an increasing number of gram-positive Streptococcus was found in the feces of adult spontaneously hypertensive rats with an increased intestinal permeability. We hypothesized that increased bacterial toxin levels derived from gut Streptococcus may be a factor inducing blood pressure dysregulation. In this review, we discuss the possible role of microbiome in cardiovascular disease, especially hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Mukohda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science
| | - Risuke Mizuno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science
| | - Hiroshi Ozaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science
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10
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Zhang MW, Fan BS, Yu JG. Case Report: Miles Surgery Ameliorates High Blood Pressure in a Rectal Carcinoma Patient With Essential Hypertension. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:762959. [PMID: 34796217 PMCID: PMC8593111 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.762959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the major causes of public health problems. Multiple factors affecting gastrointestinal tract function are involved in hypertension. Emerging studies have manifested that gut intervention may play significant roles in regulating blood pressure but the underlying mechanisms are complex and not fully clear. Here, we report a case of 66 years old male who had a long history of hypertension and received Miles surgery for rectal carcinoma. The blood pressure of this patient was returned to normal levels after the operation. The possible reasons could be the modulation of sympathetic tone and the gut microbiota-brain axis. This report provides evidence about the relevance between hypertension and gut intervention particularly in the colorectal sites and gives hints for investigating the possible mechanisms of hypertension and the novel strategy for blood pressure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Wan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo-Shi Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Guang Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Magalhães NS, Savino W, Silva PMR, Martins MA, Carvalho VF. Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Is a Crucial Player for the Poor Outcomes for COVID-19 in Elderly, Diabetic and Hypertensive Patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:644751. [PMID: 34458281 PMCID: PMC8385716 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.644751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new infectious disease, named COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus associated to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) has become pandemic in 2020. The three most common pre-existing comorbidities associated with COVID-19-related death are elderly, diabetic, and hypertensive people. A common factor among these risk groups for the outcome of death in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 is dysbiosis, with an increase in the proportion of bacteria with a pro-inflammatory profile. Due to this dysbiosis, elderly, diabetic, and hypertensive people present a higher propensity to mount an inflammatory environment in the gut with poor immune editing, culminating in a weakness of the intestinal permeability barrier and high bacterial product translocation to the bloodstream. This scenario culminates in a low-grade, persistent, and systemic inflammation. In this context, we propose here that high circulating levels of bacterial products, like lipopolysaccharide (LPS), can potentiate the SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokines, including IL-6, being crucial for development of the cytokine storm in the severe form of the disease. A better understanding on the possible correlation between gut dysbiosis and poor outcomes observed in elderly, diabetic, and hypertensive people can be useful for the development of new therapeutic strategies based on modulation of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Santos Magalhães
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Machado Rodrigues Silva
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Martins
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Frias Carvalho
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Li J, Richards EM, Handberg EM, Pepine CJ, Raizada MK. Distinct Gene Expression Profiles in Colonic Organoids from Normotensive and the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061523. [PMID: 34204247 PMCID: PMC8234507 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is associated with gut bacterial dysbiosis and gut pathology in animal models and people. Butyrate-producing gut bacteria are decreased in hypertension. RNA-seq analysis of gut colonic organoids prepared from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats was used to test the hypothesis that impaired interactions between the gut microbiome and gut epithelium are involved and that these would be remediated with butyrate supplementation. Gene expressions in immune responses including antigen presentation and antiviral pathways were decreased in the gut epithelium of the SHR in organoids and confirmed in vivo; these deficits were corrected by butyrate supplementation. Deficits in gene expression driving epithelial proliferation and differentiation were also observed in SHR. These findings highlight the importance of aligned interactions of the gut microbiome and gut immune responses to blood pressure homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.L.); (E.M.R.)
| | - Elaine M. Richards
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.L.); (E.M.R.)
| | - Eileen M. Handberg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (E.M.H.); (C.J.P.)
| | - Carl J. Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (E.M.H.); (C.J.P.)
| | - Mohan K. Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.L.); (E.M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-352-392-9299
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13
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Genetically determined hypertensive phenotype affects gut microbiota composition, but not vice versa. J Hypertens 2021; 39:1790-1799. [PMID: 34397627 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research suggests reciprocal crosstalk between the host and gut bacteria. This study evaluated the interaction between gut microbiota and arterial blood pressure (BP) in rats. METHODS Continuous telemetry recordings of BP were started in 7-week-old normotensive Wistar--Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Two weeks later, half of the WKY and SHR were subjected to cross-transplantation of fecal matter, with stools harvested from either WKY or SHR and BP measurements until the age of 14 weeks. The composition of gut bacteria was assessed through analysis of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence. The concentration of microbiota-derived metabolites was evaluated using HPLC-MS. RESULTS There was a significant difference between WKY and SHR in the composition of gut bacteria at the start and end of the study. This was accompanied by significant histological differences in the colon. SHR, but not WKY, showed a gradual increase in BP throughout the experiment. For both WKY and SHR, there was no significant difference in BP or metabolic parameters between animals receiving fecal transplantation from either SHR or WKY. CONCLUSION Genetically induced hypertension in SHR is associated with alterations in the composition of gut bacteria and histological morphology of the colon. An inter-strain fecal transplant does not affect BP and does not produce long-term changes in gut bacteria composition. We propose that the impact of the host genotype and/or phenotype on the gut bacteria may be greater than the impact of the gut bacteria on the host BP.
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14
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Yang T, Chakraborty S, Mandal J, Mei X, Joe B. Microbiota and Metabolites as Factors Influencing Blood Pressure Regulation. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1731-1757. [PMID: 33792901 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The study of microbes has rapidly expanded in recent years due to a surge in our understanding that humans host a plethora of commensal microbes, which reside in their bodies and depending upon their composition, contribute to either normal physiology or pathophysiology. This article provides a general foundation for learning about host-commensal microbial interactions as an emerging area of research. The article is divided into two sections. The first section is dedicated to introducing commensal microbiota and its known effects on the host. The second section is on metabolites, which are biochemicals that the host and the microbes use for bi-directional communication with each other. Together, the sections review what is known about how microbes interact with the host to impact cardiovascular physiology, especially blood pressure regulation. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1731-1757, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Saroj Chakraborty
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Juthika Mandal
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Xue Mei
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Bina Joe
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Rapidly emerging evidence implicates an important role of gut-brain-bone marrow (BM) axis involving gut microbiota (GM), gut epithelial wall permeability, increased production of pro-inflammatory BM cells and neuroinflammation in hypertension (HTN). However, the precise sequence of events involving these organs remains to be established. Furthermore, whether an impaired gut-brain-BM axis is a cause or consequence of HTN is actively under investigation. This will be extremely important for translation of this fundamental knowledge to novel, innovative approaches for the control and management of HTN. Therefore, our objectives are to summarize the latest hypothesis, provide evidence for and against the impaired gut, BM and brain interactions in HTN and discuss perspectives and future directions. RECENT FINDINGS Hypertensive stimuli activate autonomic neural pathways resulting in increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic cardiovascular modulation. This directly affects the functions of cardiovascular-relevant organs to increase blood pressure. Increases in sympathetic drive to the gut and BM also trigger sequences of signaling events that ultimately contribute to altered GM, increased gut permeability, enhanced gut- and brain-targeted pro-inflammatory cells from the BM in perpetuation and establishment of HTN. SUMMARY In this review, we present the mechanisms involving the brain, gut, and BM, whose dysfunctional interactions may be critical in persistent neuroinflammation and key in the development and establishment of HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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16
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Study of the Mechanism Underlying the Antihypertensive Effects of Eucommia ulmoides and Tribulus terrestris Based on an Analysis of the Intestinal Microbiota and Metabonomics. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4261485. [PMID: 33204695 PMCID: PMC7665921 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4261485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The combination of Eucommia ulmoides and Tribulus terrestris (ET) has been widely utilized in clinical practice for thousands of years, but the mechanism underlying its efficacy has not been elucidated to date. This study attempted to investigate the role played by the intestinal microbiota and fecal metabolism in the response of elderly spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs) to ET administration as a treatment for hypertension. Fourteen male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs, 18 months old) were randomly divided into an ET group and an SHR group, and 7 Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats of the same age were employed as the control group. The ET group was intragastrically administered 1.0 g/kg/d ET for 42 days, and SHRs and WKY rats were administered an equal amount of normal saline intragastrically. The intestinal microbiota and fecal metabolism were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing and the GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry)/MS assay. ET treatment decreased blood pressure steadily, improved the colonic tissue morphology, and changed the structure and composition of the imbalanced microbiota in SHRs. Specifically, ET treatment increased the abundance of Eubacterium, which might be one of the target microbes for ET, and had a negative correlation with the levels of α-tocopherol, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid according to the Spearman correlation analysis. The change in the intestinal microbiota affected the fecal metabolic pattern of SHRs. Eight potential biomarkers were determined to be primarily enriched in ABC transporters, phenylalanine metabolism, central carbon metabolism in cancer, purine metabolism, and protein digestion and absorption. The correlation analysis demonstrated that the abundance of Eubacterium and the decreased levels of α-tocopherol, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid in the ET group were highly correlated. Our results suggest that ET has a good antihypertensive effect, which may be driven by the intestinal microbiota and their beneficial metabolites. The results of this study may help to elucidate the antihypertensive mechanism of ET.
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17
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Oliveira AC, Richards EM, Karas MM, Pepine CJ, Raizada MK. Would Repurposing Minocycline Alleviate Neurologic Manifestations of COVID-19? Front Neurosci 2020; 14:577780. [PMID: 33117121 PMCID: PMC7561411 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.577780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aline C Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Elaine M Richards
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Marianthi M Karas
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Carl J Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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18
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Li J, Stevens BR, Richards EM, Raizada MK. SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2) Is Upregulated in Colonic Organoids From Hypertensive Rats. Hypertension 2020; 76:e26-e28. [PMID: 32643416 PMCID: PMC7375174 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Bruce R. Stevens
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Elaine M. Richards
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Mohan K. Raizada
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
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19
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Yang T, Chakraborty S, Saha P, Mell B, Cheng X, Yeo JY, Mei X, Zhou G, Mandal J, Golonka R, Yeoh BS, Putluri V, Piyarathna DWB, Putluri N, McCarthy CG, Wenceslau CF, Sreekumar A, Gewirtz AT, Vijay-Kumar M, Joe B. Gnotobiotic Rats Reveal That Gut Microbiota Regulates Colonic mRNA of Ace2, the Receptor for SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity. Hypertension 2020; 76:e1-e3. [PMID: 32426999 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH (T.Y., S.C., P.S., B.M., X.C., J.-Y.Y., X.M., G.Z., J.M., R.G., B.S.Y., C.G.M., C.W., M.V.-K., B.J.)
| | - Saroj Chakraborty
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH (T.Y., S.C., P.S., B.M., X.C., J.-Y.Y., X.M., G.Z., J.M., R.G., B.S.Y., C.G.M., C.W., M.V.-K., B.J.)
| | - Piu Saha
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH (T.Y., S.C., P.S., B.M., X.C., J.-Y.Y., X.M., G.Z., J.M., R.G., B.S.Y., C.G.M., C.W., M.V.-K., B.J.)
| | - Blair Mell
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH (T.Y., S.C., P.S., B.M., X.C., J.-Y.Y., X.M., G.Z., J.M., R.G., B.S.Y., C.G.M., C.W., M.V.-K., B.J.)
| | - Xi Cheng
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH (T.Y., S.C., P.S., B.M., X.C., J.-Y.Y., X.M., G.Z., J.M., R.G., B.S.Y., C.G.M., C.W., M.V.-K., B.J.)
| | - Ji-Youn Yeo
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH (T.Y., S.C., P.S., B.M., X.C., J.-Y.Y., X.M., G.Z., J.M., R.G., B.S.Y., C.G.M., C.W., M.V.-K., B.J.)
| | - Xue Mei
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH (T.Y., S.C., P.S., B.M., X.C., J.-Y.Y., X.M., G.Z., J.M., R.G., B.S.Y., C.G.M., C.W., M.V.-K., B.J.)
| | - Guannan Zhou
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH (T.Y., S.C., P.S., B.M., X.C., J.-Y.Y., X.M., G.Z., J.M., R.G., B.S.Y., C.G.M., C.W., M.V.-K., B.J.)
| | - Juthika Mandal
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH (T.Y., S.C., P.S., B.M., X.C., J.-Y.Y., X.M., G.Z., J.M., R.G., B.S.Y., C.G.M., C.W., M.V.-K., B.J.)
| | - Rachel Golonka
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH (T.Y., S.C., P.S., B.M., X.C., J.-Y.Y., X.M., G.Z., J.M., R.G., B.S.Y., C.G.M., C.W., M.V.-K., B.J.)
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH (T.Y., S.C., P.S., B.M., X.C., J.-Y.Y., X.M., G.Z., J.M., R.G., B.S.Y., C.G.M., C.W., M.V.-K., B.J.)
| | | | - Danthasinghe Waduge Badrajee Piyarathna
- Arun Sreekumar (Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX) Vasanta Putluri (Advanced Technology Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX) Nagireddy Putluri (Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Advanced Technology Core, and Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX) Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (D.W.B.P.)
| | | | - Cameron G McCarthy
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH (T.Y., S.C., P.S., B.M., X.C., J.-Y.Y., X.M., G.Z., J.M., R.G., B.S.Y., C.G.M., C.W., M.V.-K., B.J.)
| | - Camilla F Wenceslau
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH (T.Y., S.C., P.S., B.M., X.C., J.-Y.Y., X.M., G.Z., J.M., R.G., B.S.Y., C.G.M., C.W., M.V.-K., B.J.)
| | | | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA (A.T.G.)
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH (T.Y., S.C., P.S., B.M., X.C., J.-Y.Y., X.M., G.Z., J.M., R.G., B.S.Y., C.G.M., C.W., M.V.-K., B.J.)
| | - Bina Joe
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH (T.Y., S.C., P.S., B.M., X.C., J.-Y.Y., X.M., G.Z., J.M., R.G., B.S.Y., C.G.M., C.W., M.V.-K., B.J.)
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