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Bełtowski J. Role of Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Kidney Injury Associated With Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2023; 36:641-642. [PMID: 37688319 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpad080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Bełtowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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Ashraf UM, Atari E, Alasmari F, Waghulde H, Kumar V, Sari Y, Najjar SM, Jose PA, Kumarasamy S. Intrarenal Dopaminergic System Is Dysregulated in SS- Resp18mutant Rats. Biomedicines 2023; 11:111. [PMID: 36672619 PMCID: PMC9855394 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic and molecular basis of developing high blood pressure and renal disease are not well known. Resp18mutant Dahl salt-sensitive (SS-Resp18mutant) rats fed a 2% NaCl diet for six weeks have high blood pressure, increased renal fibrosis, and decreased mean survival time. Impairment of the dopaminergic system also leads to hypertension that involves renal and non-renal mechanisms. Deletion of any of the five dopamine receptors may lead to salt-sensitive hypertension. Therefore, we investigated the interaction between Resp18 and renal dopamine in SS-Resp18mutant and Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats. We found that SS-Resp18mutant rats had vascular dysfunction, as evidenced by a decrease in vasorelaxation in response to sodium nitroprusside. The pressure-natriuresis curve in SS-Resp18mutant rats was shifted down and to the right of SS rats. SS-Resp18mutant rats had decreased glomerular filtration rate and dopamine receptor subtypes, D1R and D5R. Renal dopamine levels were decreased, but urinary dopamine levels were increased, which may be the consequence of increased renal dopamine production, followed by secretion into the tubular lumen. The increased renal dopamine production in SS-Resp18mutant rats in vivo was substantiated by the increased dopamine production in renal proximal tubule cells treated with L-DOPA. Overall, our study provides evidence that targeted disruption of the Resp18 locus in the SS rat dysregulates the renal dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman M. Ashraf
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Ealla Atari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Fawaz Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Harshal Waghulde
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Youssef Sari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Sonia M. Najjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- Department of Medicine, Division of Kidney Diseases & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Sivarajan Kumarasamy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Early cardiac-chamber-specific fingerprints in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction detected by FTIR and Raman spectroscopic techniques. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3440. [PMID: 35236899 PMCID: PMC8891318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a matter of investigation and its diagnosis remains challenging. Although the mechanisms that are responsible for the development of HFpEF are not fully understood, it is well known that nearly 80% of patients with HFpEF have concomitant hypertension. We investigated whether early biochemical alterations were detectable during HFpEF progression in salt-induced hypertensive rats, using Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopic techniques as a new diagnostic approach. Greater protein content and, specifically, greater collagen deposition were observed in the left atrium and right ventricle of hypertensive rats, together with altered metabolism of myocytes. Additionally, Raman spectra indicated a conformational change, or different degree of phosphorylation/methylation, in tyrosine-rich proteins. A correlation was found between tyrosine content and cardiac fibrosis of both right and left ventricles. Microcalcifications were detected in the left and right atria of control animals, with a progressive augmentation from six to 22 weeks. A further increase occurred in the left ventricle and right atrium of 22-week salt-fed animals, and a positive correlation was shown between the mineral deposits and the cardiac size of the left ventricle. Overall, FTIR and Raman techniques proved to be sensitive to early biochemical changes in HFpEF and preceded clinical humoral and imaging markers.
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Chenouard V, Remy S, Tesson L, Ménoret S, Ouisse LH, Cherifi Y, Anegon I. Advances in Genome Editing and Application to the Generation of Genetically Modified Rat Models. Front Genet 2021; 12:615491. [PMID: 33959146 PMCID: PMC8093876 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.615491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat has been extensively used as a small animal model. Many genetically engineered rat models have emerged in the last two decades, and the advent of gene-specific nucleases has accelerated their generation in recent years. This review covers the techniques and advances used to generate genetically engineered rat lines and their application to the development of rat models more broadly, such as conditional knockouts and reporter gene strains. In addition, genome-editing techniques that remain to be explored in the rat are discussed. The review also focuses more particularly on two areas in which extensive work has been done: human genetic diseases and immune system analysis. Models are thoroughly described in these two areas and highlight the competitive advantages of rat models over available corresponding mouse versions. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive description of the advantages and potential of rat models for addressing specific scientific questions and to characterize the best genome-engineering tools for developing new projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Chenouard
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- genOway, Lyon, France
| | - Séverine Remy
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Laurent Tesson
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Séverine Ménoret
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Laure-Hélène Ouisse
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Ignacio Anegon
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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Zhang C, Fang X, Zhang H, Gao W, Hsu HJ, Roman RJ, Fan F. Genetic susceptibility of hypertension-induced kidney disease. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14688. [PMID: 33377622 PMCID: PMC7772938 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the second leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) after diabetes mellitus. The significant differences in the incidence of hypertensive ESRD between different patient populations worldwide and patients with and without family history indicate that genetic determinants play an important role in the onset and progression of this disease. Recent studies have identified genetic variants and pathways that may contribute to the alteration of renal function. Mechanisms involved include affecting renal hemodynamics (the myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback responses); increasing the production of reactive oxygen species in the tubules; altering immune cell function; changing the number, structure, and function of podocytes that directly cause glomerular damage. Studies with hypertensive animal models using substitution mapping and gene knockout strategies have identified multiple candidate genes associated with the development of hypertension and subsequent renal injury. Genome-wide association studies have implicated genetic variants in UMOD, MYH9, APOL-1, SHROOM3, RAB38, and DAB2 have a higher risk for ESRD in hypertensive patients. These findings provide genetic evidence of potential novel targets for drug development and gene therapy to design individualized treatment of hypertension and related renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
- Department of UrologyZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xing Fang
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
| | - Wenjun Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
- Department of UrologyZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Han Jen Hsu
- Department of UrologyZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Richard J. Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
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Hirata T, Smith SV, Takahashi T, Miyata N, Roman RJ. Increased Levels of Renal Lysophosphatidic Acid in Rodent Models with Renal Disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 376:240-249. [PMID: 33277348 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid mediator that has been implicated in the pathophysiology of kidney disease. However, few studies have attempted to measure changes in the levels of various LPA species in the kidney after the development of renal disease. The present study measured the renal LPA levels during the development of kidney disease in rat models of hypertension, diabetes, and obstructive nephropathy using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. LPA levels (sum of 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, and 20:4 LPA) were higher in the renal cortex of hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl S) rats fed a high-salt diet than those in normotensive rats fed a low-salt diet (296.6 ± 22.9 vs. 196.3 ± 8.5 nmol/g protein). LPA levels were elevated in the outer medulla of the kidney of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic Dahl S rats compared with control rats (624.6 ± 129.5 vs. 318.8 ± 17.1 nmol/g protein). LPA levels were also higher in the renal cortex of 18-month-old, type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN) rats with more severe renal injury than in 6-month-old T2DN rats (184.9 ± 20.9 vs. 116.9 ± 6.0 nmol/g protein). LPA levels also paralleled the progression of renal fibrosis in the renal cortex of Sprague-Dawley rats after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Administration of an LPA receptor antagonist, Ki16425, reduced the degree of renal fibrosis in UUO rats. These results suggest that the production of renal LPA increases during the development of renal injury and contributes to renal fibrosis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The present study reveals that the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) levels increase in the kidney in rat models of hypertension, diabetes, and obstructive nephropathy, and administration of an LPA receptor antagonist attenuates renal fibrosis. Therapeutic approaches that target the formation or actions of renal LPA might be renoprotective and have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hirata
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (T.H., S.V.S., R.J.R.); and Pharmacology Laboratories (T.H., T.T.) and Research Headquarters of Pharmaceutical Operation (N.M.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Stanley V Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (T.H., S.V.S., R.J.R.); and Pharmacology Laboratories (T.H., T.T.) and Research Headquarters of Pharmaceutical Operation (N.M.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Teisuke Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (T.H., S.V.S., R.J.R.); and Pharmacology Laboratories (T.H., T.T.) and Research Headquarters of Pharmaceutical Operation (N.M.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Miyata
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (T.H., S.V.S., R.J.R.); and Pharmacology Laboratories (T.H., T.T.) and Research Headquarters of Pharmaceutical Operation (N.M.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Richard J Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (T.H., S.V.S., R.J.R.); and Pharmacology Laboratories (T.H., T.T.) and Research Headquarters of Pharmaceutical Operation (N.M.), Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
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Szpirer C. Rat models of human diseases and related phenotypes: a systematic inventory of the causative genes. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:84. [PMID: 32741357 PMCID: PMC7395987 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00673-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The laboratory rat has been used for a long time as the model of choice in several biomedical disciplines. Numerous inbred strains have been isolated, displaying a wide range of phenotypes and providing many models of human traits and diseases. Rat genome mapping and genomics was considerably developed in the last decades. The availability of these resources has stimulated numerous studies aimed at discovering causal disease genes by positional identification. Numerous rat genes have now been identified that underlie monogenic or complex diseases and remarkably, these results have been translated to the human in a significant proportion of cases, leading to the identification of novel human disease susceptibility genes, helping in studying the mechanisms underlying the pathological abnormalities and also suggesting new therapeutic approaches. In addition, reverse genetic tools have been developed. Several genome-editing methods were introduced to generate targeted mutations in genes the function of which could be clarified in this manner [generally these are knockout mutations]. Furthermore, even when the human gene causing a disease had been identified without resorting to a rat model, mutated rat strains (in particular KO strains) were created to analyze the gene function and the disease pathogenesis. Today, over 350 rat genes have been identified as underlying diseases or playing a key role in critical biological processes that are altered in diseases, thereby providing a rich resource of disease models. This article is an update of the progress made in this research and provides the reader with an inventory of these disease genes, a significant number of which have similar effects in rat and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Szpirer
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium.
- , Waterloo, Belgium.
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Hering L, Rahman M, Hoch H, Markó L, Yang G, Reil A, Yakoub M, Gupta V, Potthoff SA, Vonend O, Ralph DL, Gurley SB, McDonough AA, Rump LC, Stegbauer J. α2A-Adrenoceptors Modulate Renal Sympathetic Neurotransmission and Protect against Hypertensive Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:783-798. [PMID: 32086277 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019060599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased nerve activity causes hypertension and kidney disease. Recent studies suggest that renal denervation reduces BP in patients with hypertension. Renal NE release is regulated by prejunctional α2A-adrenoceptors on sympathetic nerves, and α2A-adrenoceptors act as autoreceptors by binding endogenous NE to inhibit its own release. However, the role of α2A-adrenoceptors in the pathogenesis of hypertensive kidney disease is unknown. METHODS We investigated effects of α2A-adrenoceptor-regulated renal NE release on the development of angiotensin II-dependent hypertension and kidney disease. In uninephrectomized wild-type and α2A-adrenoceptor-knockout mice, we induced hypertensive kidney disease by infusing AngII for 28 days. RESULTS Urinary NE excretion and BP did not differ between normotensive α2A-adrenoceptor-knockout mice and wild-type mice at baseline. However, NE excretion increased during AngII treatment, with the knockout mice displaying NE levels that were significantly higher than those of wild-type mice. Accordingly, the α2A-adrenoceptor-knockout mice exhibited a systolic BP increase, which was about 40 mm Hg higher than that found in wild-type mice, and more extensive kidney damage. In isolated kidneys, AngII-enhanced renal nerve stimulation induced NE release and pressor responses to a greater extent in kidneys from α2A-adrenoceptor-knockout mice. Activation of specific sodium transporters accompanied the exaggerated hypertensive BP response in α2A-adrenoceptor-deficient kidneys. These effects depend on renal nerves, as demonstrated by reduced severity of AngII-mediated hypertension and improved kidney function observed in α2A-adrenoceptor-knockout mice after renal denervation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a protective role of prejunctional inhibitory α2A-adrenoceptors in pathophysiologic conditions with an activated renin-angiotensin system, such as hypertensive kidney disease, and support the concept of sympatholytic therapy as a treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Hering
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Masudur Rahman
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Henning Hoch
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lajos Markó
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Charité Medical Faculty Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,The Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Annika Reil
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mina Yakoub
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vikram Gupta
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Sebastian A Potthoff
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Vonend
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Nierenzentrum, DKD Helios Medical Center, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Donna L Ralph
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Susan B Gurley
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Alicia A McDonough
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Lars C Rump
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Stegbauer
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany;
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WareJoncas Z, Campbell JM, Martínez-Gálvez G, Gendron WAC, Barry MA, Harris PC, Sussman CR, Ekker SC. Precision gene editing technology and applications in nephrology. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:663-677. [PMID: 30089813 PMCID: PMC6591726 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The expanding field of precision gene editing is empowering researchers to directly modify DNA. Gene editing is made possible using synonymous technologies: a DNA-binding platform to molecularly locate user-selected genomic sequences and an associated biochemical activity that serves as a functional editor. The advent of accessible DNA-targeting molecular systems, such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing systems, has unlocked the ability to target nearly any DNA sequence with nucleotide-level precision. Progress has also been made in harnessing endogenous DNA repair machineries, such as non-homologous end joining, homology-directed repair and microhomology-mediated end joining, to functionally manipulate genetic sequences. As understanding of how DNA damage results in deletions, insertions and modifications increases, the genome becomes more predictably mutable. DNA-binding platforms such as TALEs and CRISPR can also be used to make locus-specific epigenetic changes and to transcriptionally enhance or suppress genes. Although many challenges remain, the application of precision gene editing technology in the field of nephrology has enabled the generation of new animal models of disease as well as advances in the development of novel therapeutic approaches such as gene therapy and xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary WareJoncas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jarryd M Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - William A C Gendron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael A Barry
- Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Peter C Harris
- Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Caroline R Sussman
- Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen C Ekker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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10
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Abd El Motteleb DM, Abd El Aleem DI. Renoprotective effect ofHypericum perforatumagainst diabetic nephropathy in rats: Insights in the underlying mechanisms. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:509-521. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalia I. Abd El Aleem
- Department of Medical Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt
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11
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Haller ST, Kumarasamy S, Folt DA, Wuescher LM, Stepkowski S, Karamchandani M, Waghulde H, Mell B, Chaudhry M, Maxwell K, Upadhyaya S, Drummond CA, Tian J, Filipiak WE, Saunders TL, Shapiro JI, Joe B, Cooper CJ. Targeted disruption of Cd40 in a genetically hypertensive rat model attenuates renal fibrosis and proteinuria, independent of blood pressure. Kidney Int 2017; 91:365-374. [PMID: 27692815 PMCID: PMC5237403 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
High blood pressure is a common cause of chronic kidney disease. Because CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, has been linked to the progression of kidney disease in ischemic nephropathy, we studied the role of Cd40 in the development of hypertensive renal disease. The Cd40 gene was mutated in the Dahl S genetically hypertensive rat with renal disease by targeted-gene disruption using zinc-finger nuclease technology. These rats were then given low (0.3%) and high (2%) salt diets and compared. The resultant Cd40 mutants had significantly reduced levels of both urinary protein excretion (41.8 ± 3.1 mg/24 h vs. 103.7 ± 4.3 mg/24 h) and plasma creatinine (0.36 ± 0.05 mg/dl vs. 1.15 ± 0.19 mg/dl), with significantly higher creatinine clearance compared with the control S rats (3.04 ± 0.48 ml/min vs. 0.93 ± 0.15 ml/min), indicating renoprotection was conferred by mutation of the Cd40 locus. Furthermore, the Cd40 mutants had a significant attenuation in renal fibrosis, which persisted on the high salt diet. However, there was no difference in systolic blood pressure between the control and Cd40 mutant rats. Thus, these data serve as the first evidence for a direct link between Cd40 and hypertensive nephropathy. Hence, renal fibrosis is one of the underlying mechanisms by which Cd40 plays a crucial role in the development of hypertensive renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Haller
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA; Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
| | - Sivarajan Kumarasamy
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - David A Folt
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Leah M Wuescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Stanislaw Stepkowski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Manish Karamchandani
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA; Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Harshal Waghulde
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Blair Mell
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Muhammad Chaudhry
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Toxicology, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kyle Maxwell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Toxicology, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Siddhi Upadhyaya
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Christopher A Drummond
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA; Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Jiang Tian
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA; Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Wanda E Filipiak
- Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas L Saunders
- Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joseph I Shapiro
- Department of Medicine, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Bina Joe
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Christopher J Cooper
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA; Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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Cowley AW, Yang C, Zheleznova NN, Staruschenko A, Kurth T, Rein L, Kumar V, Sadovnikov K, Dayton A, Hoffman M, Ryan RP, Skelton MM, Salehpour F, Ranji M, Geurts A. Evidence of the Importance of Nox4 in Production of Hypertension in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats. Hypertension 2015; 67:440-50. [PMID: 26644237 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the consequences of knocking out NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase 4 (Nox4) on the development of hypertension and kidney injury in the Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rat. Zinc finger nuclease injection of single-cell SS embryos was used to create an 8 base-pair frame-shift deletion of Nox4, resulting in a loss of the ≈68 kDa band in Western blot analysis of renal cortical tissue of the knock out of Nox4 in the SS rat (SS(Nox4-/-)) rats. SS(Nox4-/-) rats exhibited a significant reduction of salt-induced hypertension compared with SS rats after 21 days of 4.0% NaCl diet (134±5 versus 151±3 mm Hg in SS) and a significant reduction of albuminuria, tubular casts, and glomerular injury. Optical fluorescence 3-dimensional cryoimaging revealed significantly higher redox ratios (NADH/FAD [reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/flavin adenine dinucleotide]) in the kidneys of SS(Nox4-/-) rats even when fed the 0.4% NaCl diet, indicating greater levels of mitochondrial electron transport chain metabolic activity and reduced oxidative stress compared with SS rats. Before the development of hypertension, RNA expression levels of Nox subunits Nox2, p67(phox), and p22(phox) were found to be significantly lower (P<0.05) in SS(Nox4-/-) compared with SS rats in the renal cortex. Thus, the mutation of Nox4 seems to modify transcription of several genes in ways that contribute to the protective effects observed in the SS(Nox4-/-) rats. We conclude that the reduced renal injury and attenuated blood pressure response to high salt in the SS(Nox4-/-) rat could be the result of multiple pathways, including gene transcription, mitochondrial energetics, oxidative stress, and protein matrix production impacted by the knock out of Nox4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen W Cowley
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.).
| | - Chun Yang
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Nadezhda N Zheleznova
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Alexander Staruschenko
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Theresa Kurth
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Lisa Rein
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Vikash Kumar
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Katherine Sadovnikov
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Alex Dayton
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Matthew Hoffman
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Robert P Ryan
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Meredith M Skelton
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Fahimeh Salehpour
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Mahsa Ranji
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
| | - Aron Geurts
- From the Department of Physiology (A.W.C., C.Y., N.N.Z., A.S., T.K., V.K., K.S., A.D., M.H., R.P.R., M.M.S., A.G.) and Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Society (L.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (F.S., M.R.)
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13
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Jia Z, Johnson AC, Wang X, Guo Z, Dreisbach AW, Lewin JR, Kyle PB, Garrett MR. Allelic Variants in Arhgef11 via the Rho-Rock Pathway Are Linked to Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Contributes to Kidney Injury in the Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rat. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132553. [PMID: 26172442 PMCID: PMC4501567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, genetic analyses identified that variants in Arhgef11 may influence kidney injury in the Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rat, a model of hypertensive chronic kidney disease. To understand the potential mechanism by which altered expression and/or protein differences in Arhgef11 could play a role in kidney injury, stably transduced Arhgef11 knockdown cell lines as well as primary cultures of proximal tubule cells were studied. Genetic knockdown of Arhgef11 in HEK293 and NRK resulted in reduced RhoA activity, decreased activation of Rho-ROCK pathway, and less stress fiber formation versus control, similar to what was observed by pharmacological inhibition (fasudil). Primary proximal tubule cells (PTC) cultured from the S exhibited increased expression of Arhgef11, increased RhoA activity, and up regulation of Rho-ROCK signaling compared to control (small congenic). The cells were also more prone (versus control) to TGFβ-1 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a hallmark feature of the development of renal interstitial fibrosis, and characterized by development of spindle shape morphology, gene expression changes in EMT markers (Col1a3, Mmp9, Bmp7, and Ocln) and increased expression of N-Cadherin and Vimentin. S derived PTC demonstrated a decreased ability to uptake FITC-albumin compared to the small congenic in vitro, which was confirmed by assessment of albumin re-uptake in vivo by infusion of FITC-albumin and immunofluorescence imaging. In summary, these studies suggest that genetic variants in the S form of Arhgef11 via increased expression and/or protein activity play a role in promoting kidney injury in the S rat through changes in cell morphology (Rho-Rock and/or EMT) that impact the function of tubule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - Ashley C. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - Xuexiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - Zibiao Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
- Molecular and Genomics Core Facility, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - Albert W. Dreisbach
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - Jack R. Lewin
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - Patrick B. Kyle
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Intrarenal autoregulatory mechanisms maintain renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) independent of renal perfusion pressure (RPP) over a defined range (80-180 mmHg). Such autoregulation is mediated largely by the myogenic and the macula densa-tubuloglomerular feedback (MD-TGF) responses that regulate preglomerular vasomotor tone primarily of the afferent arteriole. Differences in response times allow separation of these mechanisms in the time and frequency domains. Mechanotransduction initiating the myogenic response requires a sensing mechanism activated by stretch of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and coupled to intracellular signaling pathways eliciting plasma membrane depolarization and a rise in cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i). Proposed mechanosensors include epithelial sodium channels (ENaC), integrins, and/or transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Increased [Ca(2+)]i occurs predominantly by Ca(2+) influx through L-type voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels (VOCC). Increased [Ca(2+)]i activates inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) and ryanodine receptors (RyR) to mobilize Ca(2+) from sarcoplasmic reticular stores. Myogenic vasoconstriction is sustained by increased Ca(2+) sensitivity, mediated by protein kinase C and Rho/Rho-kinase that favors a positive balance between myosin light-chain kinase and phosphatase. Increased RPP activates MD-TGF by transducing a signal of epithelial MD salt reabsorption to adjust afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction. A combination of vascular and tubular mechanisms, novel to the kidney, provides for high autoregulatory efficiency that maintains RBF and GFR, stabilizes sodium excretion, and buffers transmission of RPP to sensitive glomerular capillaries, thereby protecting against hypertensive barotrauma. A unique aspect of the myogenic response in the renal vasculature is modulation of its strength and speed by the MD-TGF and by a connecting tubule glomerular feedback (CT-GF) mechanism. Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide are modulators of myogenic and MD-TGF mechanisms. Attenuated renal autoregulation contributes to renal damage in many, but not all, models of renal, diabetic, and hypertensive diseases. This review provides a summary of our current knowledge regarding underlying mechanisms enabling renal autoregulation in health and disease and methods used for its study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Carlström
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Kidney Center, and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christopher S Wilcox
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Kidney Center, and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - William J Arendshorst
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Kidney Center, and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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15
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Fan F, Geurts AM, Pabbidi MR, Smith SV, Harder DR, Jacob H, Roman RJ. Zinc-finger nuclease knockout of dual-specificity protein phosphatase-5 enhances the myogenic response and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in FHH.1BN rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112878. [PMID: 25397684 PMCID: PMC4232417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that the myogenic responses of the renal afferent arteriole (Af-Art) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) and autoregulation of renal and cerebral blood flow (RBF and CBF) were impaired in Fawn Hooded hypertensive (FHH) rats and were restored in a FHH.1BN congenic strain in which a small segment of chromosome 1 from the Brown Norway (BN) containing 15 genes including dual-specificity protein phosphatase-5 (Dusp5) were transferred into the FHH genetic background. We identified 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the Dusp5 gene in FHH as compared with BN rats, two of which altered CpG sites and another that caused a G155R mutation. To determine whether Dusp5 contributes to the impaired myogenic response in FHH rats, we created a Dusp5 knockout (KO) rat in the FHH.1BN genetic background using a zinc-finger nuclease that introduced an 11 bp frame-shift deletion and a premature stop codon at AA121. The expression of Dusp5 was decreased and the levels of its substrates, phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), were enhanced in the KO rats. The diameter of the MCA decreased to a greater extent in Dusp5 KO rats than in FHH.1BN and FHH rats when the perfusion pressure was increased from 40 to 140 mmHg. CBF increased markedly in FHH rats when MAP was increased from 100 to 160 mmHg, and CBF was better autoregulated in the Dusp5 KO and FHH.1BN rats. The expression of Dusp5 was higher at the mRNA level but not at the protein level and the levels of p-ERK1/2 and p-PKC were lower in cerebral microvessels and brain tissue isolated from FHH than in FHH.1BN rats. These results indicate that Dusp5 modulates myogenic reactivity in the cerebral circulation and support the view that a mutation in Dusp5 may enhance Dusp5 activity and contribute to the impaired myogenic response in FHH rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Aron M. Geurts
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mallikarjuna R. Pabbidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Stanley V. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - David R. Harder
- Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Howard Jacob
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Matsuki K, Hathaway CK, Lawrence MG, Smithies O, Kakoki M. The role of transforming growth factor β1 in the regulation of blood pressure. Curr Hypertens Rev 2014; 10:223-38. [PMID: 25801626 PMCID: PMC4842018 DOI: 10.2174/157340211004150319123313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although human association studies suggest a link between polymorphisms in the gene encoding transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and differing blood pressure levels, a causative mechanism for this correlation remains elusive. Recently we have generated a series of mice with graded expression of TGFβ1, ranging from approximately 10% to 300% compared to normal. We have found that blood pressure and plasma volume are negatively regulated by TGFβ1. Of note, the 10% hypomorph exhibits primary aldosteronism and markedly impaired urinary excretion of water and electrolytes. We here review previous literature highlighting the importance of TGFβ signaling as a natriuretic system, which we postulate is a causative mechanism explaining how polymorphisms in TGFβ1 could influence blood pressure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Masao Kakoki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7525, 701 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA.
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Parker CC, Chen H, Flagel SB, Geurts AM, Richards JB, Robinson TE, Solberg Woods LC, Palmer AA. Rats are the smart choice: Rationale for a renewed focus on rats in behavioral genetics. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:250-8. [PMID: 23791960 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Due in part to their rich behavioral repertoire rats have been widely used in behavioral studies of drug abuse-related traits for decades. However, the mouse became the model of choice for researchers exploring the genetic underpinnings of addiction after the first mouse study was published demonstrating the capability of engineering the mouse genome through embryonic stem cell technology. The sequencing of the mouse genome and more recent re-sequencing of numerous inbred mouse strains have further cemented the status of mice as the premier mammalian organism for genetic studies. As a result, many of the behavioral paradigms initially developed and optimized for rats have been adapted to mice. However, numerous complex and interesting drug abuse-related behaviors that can be studied in rats are very difficult or impossible to adapt for use in mice, impeding the genetic dissection of those traits. Now, technological advances have removed many of the historical limitations of genetic studies in rats. For instance, the rat genome has been sequenced and many inbred rat strains are now being re-sequenced and outbred rat stocks are being used to fine-map QTLs. In addition, it is now possible to create "knockout" rats using zinc finger nucleases (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and related techniques. Thus, rats can now be used to perform quantitative genetic studies of sophisticated behaviors that have been difficult or impossible to study in mice. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa C Parker
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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