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Garrido-Gil P, Pedrosa MA, Garcia-Garrote M, Pequeño-Valtierra A, Rodríguez-Castro J, García-Souto D, Rodríguez-Pérez AI, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Microglial angiotensin type 2 receptors mediate sex-specific expression of inflammatory cytokines independently of circulating estrogen. Glia 2022; 70:2348-2360. [PMID: 35943203 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There are sex differences in microglia, which can maintain sex-related gene expression and functional differences in the absence of circulating sex steroids. The angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptors mediate anti-inflammatory actions in different tissues, including brain. In mice, we performed RT-PCR analysis of microglia isolated from adult brains and RNA scope in situ hybridization from males, females, ovariectomized females, orchiectomized males and brain masculinized females. We also compared wild type and AT2 knockout mice. The expression of AT2 receptors in microglial cells showed sex differences with much higher AT2 mRNA expression in females than in males, and this was not dependent on circulating gonadal hormones, as observed using ovariectomized females, brain masculinized females and orchiectomized males. These results suggest genomic reasons, possibly related to sex chromosome complement, for sex differences in AT2 expression in microglia, as the AT2 receptor gene is located in the X chromosome. Furthermore, sex differences in expression of AT2 receptors were associated to sex differences in microglial expression of key anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and interleukin-6. In conclusion, sex differences in microglial AT2 receptor expression appear as a major factor contributing to sex differences in the neuroinflammatory responses beyond the effects of circulating steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Garrido-Gil
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's disease, Research Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's disease, Research Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Garcia-Garrote
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's disease, Research Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pequeño-Valtierra
- Laboratory of Genomes and Disease, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Castro
- Laboratory of Genomes and Disease, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniel García-Souto
- Laboratory of Genomes and Disease, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodríguez-Pérez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's disease, Research Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's disease, Research Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
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2
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Armenta-Medina D, Brambila-Tapia AJL, Miranda-Jiménez S, Rodea-Montero ER. A Web Application for Biomedical Text Mining of Scientific Literature Associated with Coronavirus-Related Syndromes: Coronavirus Finder. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:887. [PMID: 35453935 PMCID: PMC9028729 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a web application was developed that comprises scientific literature associated with the Coronaviridae family, specifically for those viruses that are members of the Genus Betacoronavirus, responsible for emerging diseases with a great impact on human health: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus (SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2). The information compiled on this webserver aims to understand the basics of these viruses' infection, and the nature of their pathogenesis, enabling the identification of molecular and cellular components that may function as potential targets on the design and development of successful treatments for the diseases associated with the Coronaviridae family. Some of the web application's primary functions are searching for keywords within the scientific literature, natural language processing for the extraction of genes and words, the generation and visualization of gene networks associated with viral diseases derived from the analysis of latent semantic space, and cosine similarity measures. Interestingly, our gene association analysis reveals drug targets in understudies, and new targets suggested in the scientific literature to treat coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagoberto Armenta-Medina
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico;
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (INFOTEC), Aguascalientes 20326, Mexico
| | | | - Sabino Miranda-Jiménez
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico;
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (INFOTEC), Aguascalientes 20326, Mexico
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3
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Hartog N, Faber W, Frisch A, Bauss J, Bupp CP, Rajasekaran S, Prokop JW. SARS-CoV-2 infection: molecular mechanisms of severe outcomes to suggest therapeutics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:105-118. [PMID: 33779460 PMCID: PMC8022340 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1908894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction:The year 2020 was defined by the 29,903 base pairs of RNA that codes for the SARS-CoV-2 genome. SARS-CoV-2 infects humans to cause COVID-19, spreading from patient-to-patient yet impacts patients very divergently.Areas covered: Within this review, we address the known molecular mechanisms and supporting data for COVID-19 clinical course and pathology, clinical risk factors and molecular signatures, therapeutics of severe COVID-19, and reinfection/vaccination. Literature and published datasets were reviewed using PubMed, Google Scholar, and NCBI SRA tools. The combination of exaggerated cytokine signaling, pneumonia, NETosis, pyroptosis, thrombocytopathy, endotheliopathy, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) create a positive feedback loop of severe damage in patients with COVID-19 that impacts the entire body and may persist for months following infection. Understanding the molecular pathways of severe COVID-19 opens the door for novel therapeutic design. We summarize the current insights into pathology, risk factors, secondary infections, genetics, omics, and drugs being tested to treat severe COVID-19.Expert opinion: A growing level of support suggests the need for stronger integration of biomarkers and precision medicine to guide treatment strategies of severe COVID-19, where each patient has unique outcomes and thus require guided treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Hartog
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Allergy & Immunology, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - William Faber
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Grand Rapids Community College, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Austin Frisch
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jacob Bauss
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Caleb P Bupp
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Spectrum Health Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Surender Rajasekaran
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Office of Research, Office of Research, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jeremy W Prokop
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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4
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Monteonofrio L, Florio MC, AlGhatrif M, Lakatta EG, Capogrossi MC. Aging- and gender-related modulation of RAAS: potential implications in COVID-19 disease. VASCULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 3:R1-R14. [PMID: 33537555 PMCID: PMC7849461 DOI: 10.1530/vb-20-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is frequently characterized by a marked inflammatory response with severe pneumonia and respiratory failure associated with multiorgan involvement. Some risk factors predispose patients to develop a more severe infection and to an increased mortality; among them, advanced age and male gender have been identified as major and independent risk factors for COVID-19 poor outcome. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is strictly involved in COVID-19 because angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the host receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and also converts pro-inflammatory angiotensin (Ang) II into anti-inflammatory Ang(1–7). In this review, we have addressed the effect of aging and gender on RAAS with emphasis on ACE2, pro-inflammatory Ang II/Ang II receptor 1 axis and anti-inflammatory Ang(1–7)/Mas receptor axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Monteonofrio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Cristina Florio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Majd AlGhatrif
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Longitudinal Study Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward G Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maurizio C Capogrossi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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5
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Bienvenu LA, Noonan J, Wang X, Peter K. Higher mortality of COVID-19 in males: sex differences in immune response and cardiovascular comorbidities. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:2197-2206. [PMID: 33063089 PMCID: PMC7665363 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The high mortality rate of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a critical concern of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Strikingly, men account for the majority of COVID-19 deaths, with current figures ranging from 59% to 75% of total mortality. However, despite clear implications in relation to COVID-19 mortality, most research has not considered sex as a critical factor in data analysis. Here, we highlight fundamental biological differences that exist between males and females, and how these may make significant contributions to the male-biased COVID-19 mortality. We present preclinical evidence identifying the influence of biological sex on the expression and regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is the main receptor used by SARS-CoV-2 to enter cells. However, we note that there is a lack of reports showing that sexual dimorphism of ACE2 expression exists and is of functional relevance in humans. In contrast, there is strong evidence, especially in the context of viral infections, that sexual dimorphism plays a central role in the genetic and hormonal regulation of immune responses, both of the innate and the adaptive immune system. We review evidence supporting that ineffective anti-SARS-CoV-2 responses, coupled with a predisposition for inappropriate hyperinflammatory responses, could provide a biological explanation for the male bias in COVID-19 mortality. A prominent finding in COVID-19 is the increased risk of death with pre-existing cardiovascular comorbidities, such as hypertension, obesity, and age. We contextualize how important features of sexual dimorphism and inflammation in COVID-19 may exhibit a reciprocal relationship with comorbidities, and explain their increased mortality risk. Ultimately, we demonstrate that biological sex is a fundamental variable of critical relevance to our mechanistic understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the pursuit of effective COVID-19 preventative and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Bienvenu
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan Noonan
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Deparment of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Immunobiology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Deparment of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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6
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Genetic Hypothesis and Pharmacogenetics Side of Renin-Angiotensin-System in COVID-19. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091044. [PMID: 32899439 PMCID: PMC7563402 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of host genetics and demography in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a crucial aspect of infection, prognosis and associated case fatality rate. Individual genetic landscapes can contribute to understand Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) burden and can give information on how to fight virus spreading and the associated severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The spread and pathogenicity of the virus have become pandemic on specific geographic areas and ethnicities. Interestingly, SARS-CoV-2 firstly emerged in East Asia and next in Europe, where it has caused higher morbidity and mortality. This is a peculiar feature of SARS-CoV-2, different from past global viral infections (i.e., SARS-1 or MERS); it shares with the previous pandemics strong age- and sex-dependent gaps in the disease outcome. The observation that the severest COVID-19 patients are more likely to have a history of hypertension, diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease and receive Renin-Angiotensin-System (RAS) inhibitor treatment raised the hypothesis that RAS-unbalancing may have a crucial role. Accordingly, we recently published a genetic hypothesis on the role of RAS-pathway genes (ACE1, rs4646994, rs1799752, rs4340, rs13447447; and ACE2, rs2285666, rs1978124, rs714205) and ABO-locus (rs495828, rs8176746) in COVID-19 prognosis, suspecting inherited genetic predispositions to be predictive of COVID-19 severity. In addition, recently, Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) found COVID-19-association signals at locus 3p21.31 (rs11385942) comprising the solute carrier SLC6A20 (Na+ and Cl- coupled transporter family) and at locus 9q34.2 (rs657152) coincident with ABO-blood group (rs8176747, rs41302905, rs8176719), and interestingly, both loci are associated to RAS-pathway. Finally, ACE1 and ACE2 haplotypes seem to provide plausible explanations for why SARS-CoV-2 have affected more heavily some ethnic groups, namely people with European ancestry, than Asians.
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7
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Lazartigues E, Qadir MMF, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Endocrine Significance of SARS-CoV-2's Reliance on ACE2. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5870330. [PMID: 32652001 PMCID: PMC7454499 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic is the most disruptive event in the past 50 years, with a global impact on health care and world economies. It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a coronavirus that uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as an entry point to the cells. ACE2 is a transmembrane carboxypeptidase and member of the renin-angiotensin system. This mini-review summarizes the main findings regarding ACE2 expression and function in endocrine tissues. We discuss rapidly evolving knowledge on the potential role of ACE2 and SARS coronaviruses in endocrinology and the development of diabetes mellitus, hypogonadism, and pituitary and thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lazartigues
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, New
Orleans, Louisiana
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences
Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care Systems, New Orleans,
Louisiana
- Correspondence: Eric Lazartigues, PhD, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics,
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112. E-mail:
| | - Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care Systems, New Orleans,
Louisiana
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tulane
University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care Systems, New Orleans,
Louisiana
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tulane
University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Bourgonje AR, Abdulle AE, Timens W, Hillebrands JL, Navis GJ, Gordijn SJ, Bolling MC, Dijkstra G, Voors AA, Osterhaus AD, van der Voort PH, Mulder DJ, van Goor H. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Pathol 2020; 251:228-248. [PMID: 32418199 PMCID: PMC7276767 DOI: 10.1002/path.5471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 669] [Impact Index Per Article: 167.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been established as the functional host receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for the current devastating worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). ACE2 is abundantly expressed in a variety of cells residing in many different human organs. In human physiology, ACE2 is a pivotal counter-regulatory enzyme to ACE by the breakdown of angiotensin II, the central player in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the main substrate of ACE2. Many factors have been associated with both altered ACE2 expression and COVID-19 severity and progression, including age, sex, ethnicity, medication, and several co-morbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Although ACE2 is widely distributed in various human tissues and many of its determinants have been well recognised, ACE2-expressing organs do not equally participate in COVID-19 pathophysiology, implying that other mechanisms are involved in orchestrating cellular infection resulting in tissue damage. Reports of pathologic findings in tissue specimens of COVID-19 patients are rapidly emerging and confirm the established role of ACE2 expression and activity in disease pathogenesis. Identifying pathologic changes caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection is crucially important as it has major implications for understanding COVID-19 pathophysiology and the development of evidence-based treatment strategies. Currently, many interventional strategies are being explored in ongoing clinical trials, encompassing many drug classes and strategies, including antiviral drugs, biological response modifiers, and RAAS inhibitors. Ultimately, prevention is key to combat COVID-19 and appropriate measures are being taken accordingly, including development of effective vaccines. In this review, we describe the role of ACE2 in COVID-19 pathophysiology, including factors influencing ACE2 expression and activity in relation to COVID-19 severity. In addition, we discuss the relevant pathological changes resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, we highlight a selection of potential treatment modalities for COVID-19. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno R Bourgonje
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amaal E Abdulle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Timens
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjan J Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne J Gordijn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke C Bolling
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Voors
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Dme Osterhaus
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Hj van der Voort
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe J Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Bai DP, Chen Y, Hu YQ, He WF, Shi YZ, Fan QM, Luo RT, Li A. Transcriptome analysis of genes related to gonad differentiation and development in Muscovy ducks. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:438. [PMID: 32590948 PMCID: PMC7318502 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06852-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-related genes play a crucial role in gonadal differentiation into testes or ovaries. However, the genetic control of gonadal differentiation in Muscovy ducks remains unknown. Therefore, the objective of our study was to screen new candidate genes associated with ovarian and testicular development. RESULTS In this study, 24 males before gonadal differentiation (MB), 24 females before gonadal differentiation (FB), 24 males after gonadal differentiation (MA) and 24 females after gonadal differentiation (FA) were selected from Putian Muscovy ducks, forming 4 groups. RNA-Seq revealed 101.76 Gb of clean reads and 2800 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 46 in MB vs FB, 609 in MA vs FA, 1027 in FA vs FB, and 1118 in MA vs MB. A total of 146 signalling pathways were enriched by KEGG analysis, among which 20, 108, 108 and 116 signalling pathways were obtained in MB vs FB, MA vs MB, MA vs FA and FA vs FB, respectively. In further GO and KEGG analyses, a total of 21 candidate genes related to gonad differentiation and development in Muscovy ducks were screened. Among these, 9 genes were involved in the differentiation and development of the testes, and 12 genes were involved in the differentiation and development of the ovaries. In addition, RNA-Seq data revealed 2744 novel genes. CONCLUSIONS RNA-Seq data revealed 21 genes related to gonadal differentiation and development in Muscovy ducks. We further identified 12 genes, namely, WNT5B, HTRA3, RSPO3, BMP3, HNRNPK, NIPBL, CREB3L4, DKK3, UBE2R2, UBPL3KCMF1, ANXA2, and OSR1, involved in the differentiation and development of ovaries. Moreover, 9 genes, namely, TTN, ATP5A1, DMRT1, DMRT3, AMH, MAP3K1, PIK3R1, AGT and ADAMTSL1, were related to the differentiation and development of testes. Moreover, after gonadal differentiation, DMRT3, AMH, PIK3R1, ADAMTSL1, AGT and TTN were specifically highly expressed in males. WNT5B, ANXA2 and OSR1 were specifically highly expressed in females. These results provide valuable information for studies on the sex control of Muscovy ducks and reveal novel candidate genes for the differentiation and development of testes and ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Ping Bai
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Yue Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Yu-Qiong Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Wen-Feng He
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Yu-Zhu Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Qin-Ming Fan
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Ru-Tang Luo
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Ang Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
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10
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Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V. COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3474. [PMID: 32423094 PMCID: PMC7278991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) from a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was recognized in the city of Wuhan, China. Rapidly, it became an epidemic in China and has now spread throughout the world reaching pandemic proportions. High mortality rates characterize SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19), which mainly affects the elderly, causing unrestrained cytokines-storm and subsequent pulmonary shutdown, also suspected micro thromboembolism events. At the present time, no specific and dedicated treatments, nor approved vaccines, are available, though very promising data come from the use of anti-inflammatory, anti-malaria, and anti-coagulant drugs. In addition, it seems that males are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 than females, with males 65% more likely to die from the infection than females. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) and Chinese scientists show that of all cases about 1.7% of women who contract the virus will die compared with 2.8% of men, and data from Hong Kong hospitals state that 32% of male and 15% of female COVID-19 patients required intensive care or died. On the other hand, the long-term fallout of coronavirus may be worse for women than for men due to social and psychosocial reasons. Regardless of sex- or gender-biased data obtained from WHO and those gathered from sometimes controversial scientific journals, some central points should be considered. Firstly, SARS-CoV-2 has a strong interaction with the human ACE2 receptor, which plays an essential role in cell entry together with transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2); it is interesting to note that the ACE2 gene lays on the X-chromosome, thus allowing females to be potentially heterozygous and differently assorted compared to men who are definitely hemizygous. Secondly, the higher ACE2 expression rate in females, though controversial, might ascribe them the worst prognosis, in contrast with worldwide epidemiological data. Finally, several genes involved in inflammation are located on the X-chromosome, which also contains high number of immune-related genes responsible for innate and adaptive immune responses to infection. Other genes, out from the RAS-pathway, might directly or indirectly impact on the ACE1/ACE2 balance by influencing its main actors (e.g., ABO locus, SRY, SOX3, ADAM17). Unexpectedly, the higher levels of ACE2 or ACE1/ACE2 rebalancing might improve the outcome of COVID-19 in both sexes by reducing inflammation, thrombosis, and death. Moreover, X-heterozygous females might also activate a mosaic advantage and show more pronounced sex-related differences resulting in a sex dimorphism, further favoring them in counteracting the progression of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Gemmati
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and Centre Haemostasis & Thrombosis, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- University Centre for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Barbara Bramanti
- University Centre for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical & Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Serino
- Department of Medical Sciences and Centre Haemostasis & Thrombosis, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.S.); (G.Z.); (V.T.)
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.S.); (G.Z.); (V.T.)
| | - Veronica Tisato
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.S.); (G.Z.); (V.T.)
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11
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Senefeld JW, Clayburn AJ, Baker SE, Carter RE, Johnson PW, Joyner MJ. Sex differences in youth elite swimming. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225724. [PMID: 31756208 PMCID: PMC6874329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The timing and magnitude of sex differences in athletic performance during early human development, prior to adulthood, is unknown. Objective To compare swimming velocity of boys and girls for all Olympic-length freestyle swimming events to determine the age of divergence in swimming performance. Methods We collected the all-time top 100 U.S. freestyle swimming performance times of boys and girls age 5 to 18 years for the 50m to 1500m events. Results Swimming performance improved with increasing age for boys and girls (p<0.001) until reaching a plateau, which initiated at a younger age for girls (15 years) than boys (17 years; sex×age; p<0.001). Prior to age 10, the top 5 swimming records for girls were 3% faster than the top boys (p<0.001). For the 10th-50th places, however, there were no sex-related differences in swimming performance prior to age 10 (p = 0.227). For both the top 5 and 10th-50th places, the sex difference in performance increased from age 10 (top 5, 2.5%; 10th-50th places, 1.0%) until age 17 (top 5, 7.6%; 10th-50th places, 8.0%). For all places, the sex difference in performance at age 18 was larger for sprint events (9.6%; 50-200m) than endurance events (7.1%; 400-1500m; p<0.001). Additionally, the sex-related difference in performance increased across age and US ranking from 2.4% for 1st place to 4.3% for 100th place (p<0.001), indicating less depth of performance in girls than boys. However, annual participation was ~20% higher in girls than boys for all ages (p<0.001). Conclusion The top 5 girls demonstrated faster swimming velocities and the 10th-50th place girls demonstrated similar swimming velocities than boys (until ~10 years). After age 10, however, boys demonstrated increasingly faster swimming velocities than girls until 17 years. Collectively, these data suggest girls are faster, or at least not slower, than boys prior to the performance-enhancing effects of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon W. Senefeld
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew J. Clayburn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Baker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rickey E. Carter
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Patrick W. Johnson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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12
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Tahira AC, Barbosa AR, Feltrin AS, Gastaldi VD, de Toledo VHC, de Carvalho Pereira JG, Lisboa BCG, de Souza Reis VN, dos Santos ACF, Maschietto M, Brentani H. Putative contributions of the sex chromosome proteins SOX3 and SRY to neurodevelopmental disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:390-414. [PMID: 30537354 PMCID: PMC6767407 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The male-biased prevalence of certain neurodevelopmental disorders and the sex-biased outcomes associated with stress exposure during gestation have been previously described. Here, we hypothesized that genes distinctively targeted by only one or both homologous proteins highly conserved across therian mammals, SOX3 and SRY, could induce sexual adaptive changes that result in a differential risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. ChIP-seq/chip data showed that SOX3/SRY gene targets were expressed in different brain cell types in mice. We used orthologous human genes in rodent genomes to extend the number of SOX3/SRY set (1,721). These genes were later found to be enriched in five modules of coexpressed genes during the early and mid-gestation periods (FDR < 0.05), independent of sexual hormones. Genes with differential expression (24, p < 0.0001) and methylation (40, p < 0.047) between sexes were overrepresented in this set. Exclusive SOX3 or SRY target genes were more associated with the late gestational and postnatal periods. Using autism as a model sex-biased disorder, the SOX3/SRY set was enriched in autism gene databases (FDR ≤ 0.05), and there were more de novo variations from the male autism spectrum disorder (ASD) samples under the SRY peaks compared to the random peaks (p < 0.024). The comparison of coexpressed networks of SOX3/SRY target genes between male autism and control samples revealed low preservation in gene modules related to stress response (99 genes) and neurogenesis (78 genes). This study provides evidence that while SOX3 is a regulatory mechanism for both sexes, the male-exclusive SRY also plays a role in gene regulation, suggesting a potential mechanism for sex bias in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Tahira
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
| | - André Rocha Barbosa
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
- Inter‐institutional Grad Program on BioinformaticsUniversity of São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
| | | | - Vinicius Daguano Gastaldi
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
| | - Victor Hugo Calegari de Toledo
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
| | | | - Bianca Cristina Garcia Lisboa
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
| | - Viviane Neri de Souza Reis
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
| | - Ana Cecília Feio dos Santos
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Básicas em Malária – EntomologiaSeção de Parasitologia – Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVS/MSAnanindeuaPABrazil
| | - Mariana Maschietto
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio)Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasSPBrazil
| | - Helena Brentani
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
- Inter‐institutional Grad Program on BioinformaticsUniversity of São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
- Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao PauloSPBrazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD)Sao PauloSPBrazil
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSPUniversidade de Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
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13
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Prokop JW, Yeo NC, Ottmann C, Chhetri SB, Florus KL, Ross EJ, Sosonkina N, Link BA, Freedman BI, Coppola CJ, McDermott-Roe C, Leysen S, Milroy LG, Meijer FA, Geurts AM, Rauscher FJ, Ramaker R, Flister MJ, Jacob HJ, Mendenhall EM, Lazar J. Characterization of Coding/Noncoding Variants for SHROOM3 in Patients with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1525-1535. [PMID: 29476007 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017080856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interpreting genetic variants is one of the greatest challenges impeding analysis of rapidly increasing volumes of genomic data from patients. For example, SHROOM3 is an associated risk gene for CKD, yet causative mechanism(s) of SHROOM3 allele(s) are unknown.Methods We used our analytic pipeline that integrates genetic, computational, biochemical, CRISPR/Cas9 editing, molecular, and physiologic data to characterize coding and noncoding variants to study the human SHROOM3 risk locus for CKD.Results We identified a novel SHROOM3 transcriptional start site, which results in a shorter isoform lacking the PDZ domain and is regulated by a common noncoding sequence variant associated with CKD (rs17319721, allele frequency: 0.35). This variant disrupted allele binding to the transcription factor TCF7L2 in podocyte cell nuclear extracts and altered transcription levels of SHROOM3 in cultured cells, potentially through the loss of repressive looping between rs17319721 and the novel start site. Although common variant mechanisms are of high utility, sequencing is beginning to identify rare variants involved in disease; therefore, we used our biophysical tools to analyze an average of 112,849 individual human genome sequences for rare SHROOM3 missense variants, revealing 35 high-effect variants. The high-effect alleles include a coding variant (P1244L) previously associated with CKD (P=0.01, odds ratio=7.95; 95% CI, 1.53 to 41.46) that we find to be present in East Asian individuals at an allele frequency of 0.0027. We determined that P1244L attenuates the interaction of SHROOM3 with 14-3-3, suggesting alterations to the Hippo pathway, a known mediator of CKD.Conclusions These data demonstrate multiple new SHROOM3-dependent genetic/molecular mechanisms that likely affect CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Prokop
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama; .,Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Nan Cher Yeo
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Surya B Chhetri
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama.,Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Kacie L Florus
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Emily J Ross
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama.,Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy and
| | - Barry I Freedman
- Section on Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and
| | - Candice J Coppola
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Chris McDermott-Roe
- Department of Physiology, Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Seppe Leysen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lech-Gustav Milroy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Femke A Meijer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Frank J Rauscher
- Gene Expression & Regulation Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryne Ramaker
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Michael J Flister
- Department of Physiology, Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Howard J Jacob
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Eric M Mendenhall
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama.,Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Jozef Lazar
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama;
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14
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Colafella KMM, Denton KM. Sex-specific differences in hypertension and associated cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:185-201. [PMID: 29380817 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although intrinsic mechanisms that regulate arterial blood pressure (BP) are similar in men and women, marked variations exist at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels. These physiological disparities between the sexes likely contribute to differences in disease onset, susceptibility, prevalence and treatment responses. Key systems that are important in the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD), including the sympathetic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the immune system, are differentially activated in males and females. Biological age also contributes to sexual dimorphism, as premenopausal women experience a higher degree of cardioprotection than men of similar age. Furthermore, sex hormones such as oestrogen and testosterone as well as sex chromosome complement likely contribute to sex differences in BP and CVD. At the cellular level, differences in cell senescence pathways may contribute to increased longevity in women and may also limit organ damage caused by hypertension. In addition, many lifestyle and environmental factors - such as smoking, alcohol consumption and diet - may influence BP and CVD in a sex-specific manner. Evidence suggests that cardioprotection in women is lost under conditions of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Treatment strategies for hypertension and CVD that are tailored according to sex could lead to improved outcomes for affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Mirabito Colafella
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kate M Denton
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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15
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Meyfour A, Pooyan P, Pahlavan S, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Gourabi H, Baharvand H, Salekdeh GH. Chromosome-Centric Human Proteome Project Allies with Developmental Biology: A Case Study of the Role of Y Chromosome Genes in Organ Development. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:4259-4272. [PMID: 28914051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the main goals of Chromosome-Centric Human Proteome Project is to identify protein evidence for missing proteins (MPs). Here, we present a case study of the role of Y chromosome genes in organ development and how to overcome the challenges facing MPs identification by employing human pluripotent stem cell differentiation into cells of different organs yielding unprecedented biological insight into adult silenced proteins. Y chromosome is a male-specific sex chromosome which escapes meiotic recombination. From an evolutionary perspective, Y chromosome has preserved 3% of ancestral genes compared to 98% preservation of the X chromosome based on Ohno's law. Male specific region of Y chromosome (MSY) contains genes that contribute to central dogma and govern the expression of various targets throughout the genome. One of the most well-known functions of MSY genes is to decide the male-specific characteristics including sex, testis formation, and spermatogenesis, which are majorly formed by ampliconic gene families. Beyond its role in sex-specific gonad development, MSY genes in coexpression with their X counterparts, as single copy and broadly expressed genes, inhibit haplolethality and play a key role in embryogenesis. The role of X-Y related gene mutations in the development of hereditary syndromes suggests an essential contribution of sex chromosome genes to development. MSY genes, solely and independent of their X counterparts and/or in association with sex hormones, have a considerable impact on organ development. In this Review, we present major recent findings on the contribution of MSY genes to gonad formation, spermatogenesis, and the brain, heart, and kidney development and discuss how Y chromosome proteome project may exploit developmental biology to find missing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Meyfour
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research , 81589-68433 Tehran, Iran.,Proteomics Research Center, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , 19839-63113 Tehran, Iran
| | - Paria Pooyan
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research , 81589-68433 Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Pahlavan
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research , 81589-68433 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , 19839-63113 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Gourabi
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute , 19395-4644 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research , 81589-68433 Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture , 19395-4644 Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research , 81589-68433 Tehran, Iran.,Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran , 31535-1897 Karaj, Iran
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16
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Maan AA, Eales J, Akbarov A, Rowland J, Xu X, Jobling MA, Charchar FJ, Tomaszewski M. The Y chromosome: a blueprint for men's health? Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:1181-1188. [PMID: 28853720 PMCID: PMC5643963 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2017.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Y chromosome has long been considered a 'genetic wasteland' on a trajectory to completely disappear from the human genome. The perception of its physiological function was restricted to sex determination and spermatogenesis. These views have been challenged in recent times with the identification of multiple ubiquitously expressed Y-chromosome genes and the discovery of several unexpected associations between the Y chromosome, immune system and complex polygenic traits. The collected evidence suggests that the Y chromosome influences immune and inflammatory responses in men, translating into genetically programmed susceptibility to diseases with a strong immune component. Phylogenetic studies reveal that carriers of a common European lineage of the Y chromosome (haplogroup I) possess increased risk of coronary artery disease. This occurs amidst upregulation of inflammation and suppression of adaptive immunity in this Y lineage, as well as inferior outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus infection. From structural analysis and experimental data, the UTY (Ubiquitously Transcribed Tetratricopeptide Repeat Containing, Y-Linked) gene is emerging as a promising candidate underlying the associations between Y-chromosome variants and the immunity-driven susceptibility to complex disease. This review synthesises the recent structural, experimental and clinical insights into the human Y chromosome in the context of men's susceptibility to disease (with a particular emphasis on cardiovascular disease) and provides an overview of the paradigm shift in the perception of the Y chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A Maan
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James Eales
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Artur Akbarov
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Joshua Rowland
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Xiaoguang Xu
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark A Jobling
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Fadi J Charchar
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University, Mount Helen Campus, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Division of Medicine, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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17
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Abou Ziki MD, Mani A. Wnt signaling, a novel pathway regulating blood pressure? State of the art review. Atherosclerosis 2017; 262:171-178. [PMID: 28522145 PMCID: PMC5508596 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent antihypertensive trials show conflicting results on blood pressure (BP) targets in patient populations with different metabolic profiles, with lowest benefit from tight BP control observed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This paradox could arise from the heterogeneity of study populations and underscores the importance of precision medicine initiatives towards understanding and treating hypertension. Wnt signaling pathways and genetic variations in its signaling peptides have been recently associated with metabolic syndrome, hypertension and diabetes, generating a breakthrough for advancement of precision medicine in the field of hypertension. We performed a review of PubMed for publications addressing the contributions of Wnt to BP regulation and hypertension. In addition, we performed a manual search of the reference lists for relevant articles, and included unpublished observations from our laboratory. There is emerging evidence for Wnt's role in BP regulation and its involvement in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Wnt signaling has pleiotropic effects on distinct pathways that involve vascular smooth muscle plasticity, and cardiac, renal, and neural physiology. Hypertension is a heterogeneous disease with unique molecular pathways regulating its response to therapy. Recognition of these pathways is a prerequisite to identify novel targets for drug development and personalizing medicine. A review of Wnt signaling reveals its emerging role in BP regulation and as a target for novel drug development that has the potential to transform the therapy of hypertension in specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maen D Abou Ziki
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Arya Mani
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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18
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Del Valle I, Buonocore F, Duncan AJ, Lin L, Barenco M, Parnaik R, Shah S, Hubank M, Gerrelli D, Achermann JC. A genomic atlas of human adrenal and gonad development. Wellcome Open Res 2017. [PMID: 28459107 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11253.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, the adrenal glands and gonads undergo distinct biological events between 6-10 weeks post conception (wpc), such as testis determination, the onset of steroidogenesis and primordial germ cell development. However, relatively little is currently known about the genetic mechanisms underlying these processes. We therefore aimed to generate a detailed genomic atlas of adrenal and gonad development across these critical stages of human embryonic and fetal development. METHODS RNA was extracted from 53 tissue samples between 6-10 wpc (adrenal, testis, ovary and control). Affymetrix array analysis was performed and differential gene expression was analysed using Bioconductor. A mathematical model was constructed to investigate time-series changes across the dataset. Pathway analysis was performed using ClueGo and cellular localisation of novel factors confirmed using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Using this approach, we have identified novel components of adrenal development (e.g. ASB4, NPR3) and confirmed the role of SRY as the main human testis-determining gene. By mathematical modelling time-series data we have found new genes up-regulated with SOX9 in the testis (e.g. CITED1), which may represent components of the testis development pathway. We have shown that testicular steroidogenesis has a distinct onset at around 8 wpc and identified potential novel components in adrenal and testicular steroidogenesis (e.g. MGARP, FOXO4, MAP3K15, GRAMD1B, RMND2), as well as testis biomarkers (e.g. SCUBE1). We have also shown that the developing human ovary expresses distinct subsets of genes (e.g. OR10G9, OR4D5), but enrichment for established biological pathways is limited. CONCLUSION This genomic atlas is revealing important novel aspects of human development and new candidate genes for adrenal and reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Del Valle
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Federica Buonocore
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Duncan
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Lin Lin
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Martino Barenco
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Rahul Parnaik
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Sonia Shah
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mike Hubank
- The Centre for Molecular Pathology, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK
| | - Dianne Gerrelli
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - John C Achermann
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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19
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Del Valle I, Buonocore F, Duncan AJ, Lin L, Barenco M, Parnaik R, Shah S, Hubank M, Gerrelli D, Achermann JC. A genomic atlas of human adrenal and gonad development. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:25. [PMID: 28459107 PMCID: PMC5407452 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11253.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In humans, the adrenal glands and gonads undergo distinct biological events between 6-10 weeks post conception (wpc), such as testis determination, the onset of steroidogenesis and primordial germ cell development. However, relatively little is currently known about the genetic mechanisms underlying these processes. We therefore aimed to generate a detailed genomic atlas of adrenal and gonad development across these critical stages of human embryonic and fetal development. Methods: RNA was extracted from 53 tissue samples between 6-10 wpc (adrenal, testis, ovary and control). Affymetrix array analysis was performed and differential gene expression was analysed using Bioconductor. A mathematical model was constructed to investigate time-series changes across the dataset. Pathway analysis was performed using ClueGo and cellular localisation of novel factors confirmed using immunohistochemistry. Results: Using this approach, we have identified novel components of adrenal development (e.g.
ASB4,
NPR3) and confirmed the role of
SRY as the main human testis-determining gene. By mathematical modelling time-series data we have found new genes up-regulated with
SOX9 in the testis (e.g.
CITED1), which may represent components of the testis development pathway. We have shown that testicular steroidogenesis has a distinct onset at around 8 wpc and identified potential novel components in adrenal and testicular steroidogenesis (e.g.
MGARP,
FOXO4,
MAP3K15,
GRAMD1B,
RMND2), as well as testis biomarkers (e.g.
SCUBE1). We have also shown that the developing human ovary expresses distinct subsets of genes (e.g.
OR10G9,
OR4D5), but enrichment for established biological pathways is limited. Conclusion: This genomic atlas is revealing important novel aspects of human development and new candidate genes for adrenal and reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Del Valle
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Federica Buonocore
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Duncan
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Lin Lin
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Martino Barenco
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Rahul Parnaik
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Sonia Shah
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mike Hubank
- The Centre for Molecular Pathology, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK
| | - Dianne Gerrelli
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - John C Achermann
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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20
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Tain YL, Wu MS, Lin YJ. Sex differences in renal transcriptome and programmed hypertension in offspring exposed to prenatal dexamethasone. Steroids 2016; 115:40-46. [PMID: 27521802 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids, predominantly dexamethasone (DEX), are widely used to reduce the risk of prematurity-related chronic lung disease. However, prenatal DEX treatment links to adverse effects in later life, including hypertension. Given that sex differences exist in the blood pressure (BP) control, and that renal transcriptome is sex-specific, thus we intended to elucidate whether prenatal DEX-induced programmed hypertension is in a sex-specific manner and identify candidate genes and pathways using the whole-genome RNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach. Offspring were assigned to 4 groups (n=7-8/group): male control (MC), female control (FC), male DEX (MD), and female DEX (FD). Dexamethasone (0.1mg/kg body weight) or vehicle was intraperitoneally administered to pregnant SD rats from gestational day 16-22, to construct a DEX model. Rats were killed at 16weeks of age. Prenatal DEX induced sex-specific increase in BPs in male but not female adult offspring. Prenatal DEX elicited renal programming in a sex-specific fashion as demonstrated by 8 and 18 DEGs in male and female offspring, respectively. Among them, two genes, Hbb and Hba-a2, were shared. The resistance of female offspring to prenatal DEX-induced programmed hypertension is related to a lower Agt expression. Prenatal DEX induced programmed hypertension in adult male but not female offspring, which was related to renal programming affecting sex-biased genes and the RAS. Early identification of sex-specific underlying mechanisms could provide novel deprogramming strategy to reach maximal optimization in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Shan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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21
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Nehme A, Cerutti C, Zibara K. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Novel Transcription Factors Associated With Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Human Atheroma. Hypertension 2016; 68:1375-1384. [PMID: 27754866 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the well-known role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in atheroma, its global local organization is poorly understood. In this study, we used transcriptomic meta-analysis to reveal the local transcriptional organization and regulation of 37 extended RAAS (extRAAS) genes in atheroma. Expression analysis and hierarchical clustering were done on extRAAS genes in 32 paired early and advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Contrary to receptor-coding transcripts, multiple angiotensin-metabolizing enzymes showed higher expression in advance, in comparison to early lesions. Interestingly, similar results were obtained from GEO data sets containing human (n=839) and mouse (n=18) atherosclerotic samples, but different from normal human (n=11) arterial tissues. The expression and coordination patterns were then used to construct transcriptional maps of extRAAS, displaying favored pathways in atheroma. Three coexpression modules (M1, M2, and M3) with >80% reproducibility across human atheroma data sets were identified. M1 and M3 contained angiotensin-metabolizing enzymes transcripts, whereas M2 contained proatherogenic receptor-coding transcripts. Interestingly, M1 and M2 were negatively correlated. A total of 21 transcription factors with enriched binding sites in the promoters of coordinated genes were extracted, among which IRF5, MAX, and ETV5 showed significant positive correlations with M1, but negative correlations with M2. However, ETS1 and SMAD1 transcripts were positively correlated to receptor-coding genes in M2. Despite sharing some similarities in extRAAS organization with kidney and adipose, atheroma showed specific correlations between extRAAS and transcription factors. In conclusion, our transcriptional map helps in designing more efficient treatments for atherosclerosis. In addition, the identified transcription factors provide a basis for the discovery of atheroma-specific modulators of extRAAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nehme
- From the EA4173, Functional Genomics of Arterial Hypertension, UCBL-1, Lyon, France (A.N., C.C.); and ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, DSST (A.N., K.Z.) and Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-I (K.Z.), Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Catherine Cerutti
- From the EA4173, Functional Genomics of Arterial Hypertension, UCBL-1, Lyon, France (A.N., C.C.); and ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, DSST (A.N., K.Z.) and Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-I (K.Z.), Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kazem Zibara
- From the EA4173, Functional Genomics of Arterial Hypertension, UCBL-1, Lyon, France (A.N., C.C.); and ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, DSST (A.N., K.Z.) and Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-I (K.Z.), Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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22
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Prokop JW, Tsaih SW, Faber AB, Boehme S, Underwood AC, Troyer S, Playl L, Milsted A, Turner ME, Ely D, Martins AS, Tutaj M, Lazar J, Dwinell MR, Jacob HJ. The phenotypic impact of the male-specific region of chromosome-Y in inbred mating: the role of genetic variants and gene duplications in multiple inbred rat strains. Biol Sex Differ 2016; 7:10. [PMID: 26848384 PMCID: PMC4740989 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-016-0064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgound The male-specific region of chromosome-Y (MSY) contributes to phenotypes outside of testis development and has a high rate of evolution between mammalian species. With a lack of genomic crossover, MSY is one of the few genomic areas under similar variation and evolutionary selection in inbred and outbred animal populations, allowing for an assessment of evolutionary mechanisms to translate between the populations. Methods Using next-generation sequencing, MSY consomic strains, molecular characterization, and large-scale phenotyping, we present here regions of MSY that contribute to inbred strain phenotypes. Results We have shown that (1) MSY of rat has nine autosomal gene transposition events with strain-specific selection; (2) sequence variants in MSY occur with a 1.98-fold higher number of variants than other chromosomes in seven sequenced rat strains; (3) Sry, the most studied MSY gene, has undergone extensive gene duplications, driving ubiquitous expression not seen in human or mouse; (4) the expression profile of Sry in the rat is driven by the insertion of the Sry2 copy into an intron of the ubiquitously expressed Kdm5d gene in antisense orientation, but due to several loss of function mutations in the Sry2 protein, nuclear localization and transcriptional control are decreased; (5) expression of Sry copies other than Sry2 in the rat overlaps with the expression profile for human SRY; (6) gene duplications and sequence variants (P76T) of Sry can be selected for phenotypes such as high blood pressure and androgen receptor signaling within inbred mating; and most importantly, (7) per chromosome size, MSY contributes to higher strain-specific phenotypic variation relative to all other chromosomes, with 53 phenotypes showing both a male to female and consomic cross significance. Conclusion The data presented supports a high probability of MSY genetic variation altering a broad range of inbred rat phenotypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13293-016-0064-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Prokop
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA ; Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA ; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Shirng-Wern Tsaih
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Allison B Faber
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA ; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Shannon Boehme
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Adam C Underwood
- Department of Mathematics and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH 44720 USA
| | - Samuel Troyer
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Lauren Playl
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Amy Milsted
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Monte E Turner
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Daniel Ely
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Almir S Martins
- Núcleo de Fisiologia Geral e Genômica Funcional-ICB-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Marek Tutaj
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Jozef Lazar
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA ; Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA ; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Melinda R Dwinell
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA ; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Howard J Jacob
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA ; Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA ; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
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23
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Prokop JW, Deschepper CF. Chromosome Y genetic variants: impact in animal models and on human disease. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:525-37. [PMID: 26286457 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00074.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome Y (chrY) variation has been associated with many complex diseases ranging from cancer to cardiovascular disorders. Functional roles of chrY genes outside of testes are suggested by the fact that they are broadly expressed in many other tissues and correspond to regulators of basic cellular functions (such as transcription, translation, and protein stability). However, the unique genetic properties of chrY (including the lack of meiotic crossover and the presence of numerous highly repetitive sequences) have made the identification of causal variants very difficult. Despite the prior lack of reliable sequences and/or data on genetic polymorphisms, earlier studies with animal chrY consomic strains have made it possible to narrow down the phenotypic contributions of chrY. Some of the evidence so far indicates that chrY gene variants associate with regulatory changes in the expression of other autosomal genes, in part via epigenetic effects. In humans, a limited number of studies have shown associations between chrY haplotypes and disease traits. However, recent sequencing efforts have made it possible to greatly increase the identification of genetic variants on chrY, which promises that future association of chrY with disease traits will be further refined. Continuing studies (both in humans and in animal models) will be critical to help explain the many sex-biased disease states in human that are contributed to not only by the classical sex steroid hormones, but also by chrY genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Prokop
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama; and
| | - C F Deschepper
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM) and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Denton
- From the Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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