1
|
Chen YQ, Zhen EY, Russell AM, Ehsani M, Siegel RW, Qian Y, Konrad RJ. Decoding the role of angiopoietin-like protein 4/8 complex-mediated plasmin generation in the regulation of LPL activity. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100441. [PMID: 37666362 PMCID: PMC10550811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After feeding, adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity should be maximized, therefore the potent LPL-inhibitory activity of angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) must be blocked by ANGPTL8 through formation of ANGPTL4/8 complexes. ANGPTL4/8 tightly binds and protects LPL but also partially inhibits its activity. Recently, we demonstrated ANGPTL4/8 also binds tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen to generate plasmin that cleaves ANGPTL4/8 to restore LPL activity. Although fully active LPL in the fat postprandially is desirable, ANGPTL4/8 removal could subject LPL to profound inhibition by ANGPTL3/8 (the most potent circulating LPL inhibitor), inhibition by other LPL inhibitors like ANGPTL4, ANGPTL3, and ApoC3 or interfere with ApoC2-mediated LPL activation. To understand better these potential paradoxes, we examined LPL inhibition by ANGPTL3/8, ANGPTL4, ANGPTL3, and ApoC3 and LPL stimulation by ApoC2 in the presence of ANGPTL4/8 + tPA + plasminogen. Remarkably, ANGPTL3/8-mediated LPL inhibition was almost completely blocked, with the mechanism being cleavage of fibrinogen-like domain-containing ANGPTL3 present in the ANGPTL3/8 complex. The LPL-inhibitory effects of ANGPTL4, ANGPTL3, and ApoC3 were also largely reduced in the presence of ANGPTL4/8 + tPA + plasminogen. In contrast, the ability of ApoC2 to stimulate LPL activity was unaffected by ANGPTL4/8-mediated plasmin generation. Together, these results explain how plasmin generated by increased postprandial ANGPTL4/8 levels in adipose tissue enables maximal LPL activity by preventing ANGPTL3/8, ANGPTL4, ANGPTL3, and ApoC3 from inhibiting LPL, while permitting ApoC2-mediated LPL activation to occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Q Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eugene Y Zhen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anna M Russell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mariam Ehsani
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert W Siegel
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yuewei Qian
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Whyte CS. All tangled up: interactions of the fibrinolytic and innate immune systems. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1212201. [PMID: 37332750 PMCID: PMC10272372 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1212201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The hemostatic and innate immune system are intertwined processes. Inflammation within the vasculature promotes thrombus development, whilst fibrin forms part of the innate immune response to trap invading pathogens. The awareness of these interlinked process has resulted in the coining of the terms "thromboinflammation" and "immunothrombosis." Once a thrombus is formed it is up to the fibrinolytic system to resolve these clots and remove them from the vasculature. Immune cells contain an arsenal of fibrinolytic regulators and plasmin, the central fibrinolytic enzyme. The fibrinolytic proteins in turn have diverse roles in immunoregulation. Here, the intricate relationship between the fibrinolytic and innate immune system will be discussed.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ayinuola YA, Castellino FJ. Inactivation of the lysine binding sites of human plasminogen (hPg) reveals novel structural requirements for the tight hPg conformation, M-protein binding, and rapid activation. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1166155. [PMID: 37081852 PMCID: PMC10110952 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1166155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accelerated activation of the human plasminogen zymogen (hPg) to two-chain active plasmin (hPm) is achieved following conformational changes induced by ligand-binding at the lysine-binding sites (LBSs) in four of the five hPg kringle domains. In this manner, pattern D skin-trophic strains of Group A streptococci (GAS), through the expression of surface plasminogen-binding M-protein (PAM), immobilize surface hPg, thereby enabling rapid hPg activation by GAS-secreted streptokinase (SK). Consequently, GAS enhances virulence by digesting extracellular and tight cellular junctional barriers using hPm activity. Many studies have demonstrated the singular importance of the kringle-2 domain of hPg (K2hPg) to PAM-binding using hPg fragments. Recently, we showed, using full-length hPg, that K2hPg is critical for PAM binding. However, these studies did not eliminate any modulatory effects of the non-K2hPg LBS on this interaction. Moreover, we sought to establish the significance of the intramolecular interaction between Asp219 of the LBS of K2hPg and its serine protease domain binding partner, Lys708, to conformational changes in hPg. In the current study, selective inactivation of the LBS of K1hPg, K4hPg, and K5hPg revealed that the LBS of these kringle domains are dispensable for hPg binding to PAM. However, the attendant conformational change upon inactivation of K4hPg LBS increased the affinity of hPg for PAM by an order of magnitude. This finding suggests that the native hPg conformation encloses PAM-binding exosites or sterically hinders access to K2hPg. While simultaneous inactivation of the LBS of K1hPg, K4hPg, and K5hPg inhibited hPg/SK association alongside hPg activation, the replacement of Lys708 generated a slight conformational change that optimally accelerated hPg activation. Thus, we accentuate disparate functions of hPg LBS and conclude, using intact proteins, that K2hPg plays a central role in regulating hPg activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francis J. Castellino
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, Notre Dame, IN, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Francis J. Castellino,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tjia-Fleck S, Readnour BM, Ayinuola YA, Castellino FJ. High-Resolution Single-Particle Cryo-EM Hydrated Structure of Streptococcus pyogenes Enolase Offers Insights into Its Function as a Plasminogen Receptor. Biochemistry 2023; 62:735-746. [PMID: 36701429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cellular plasminogen (Pg) receptors (PgRs) are utilized to recruit Pg; stimulate its activation to the serine protease, plasmin (Pm); and sterically protect the surface Pm from inactivation by host inhibitors. One such PgR is the moonlighting enzyme, enolase, some of which leaves the cytoplasm and resides at the cell surface to potentially function as a PgR. Since microbes employ conscription of host Pg by PgRs as one virulence mechanism, we explored the structural basis of the ability of Streptococcus pyogenes enolase (Sen) to function in this manner. Employing single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), recombinant Sen from S. pyogenes was modeled at 2.6 Å as a stable symmetrical doughnut-shaped homooctamer with point group 422 (D4) symmetry, with a monomeric subunit molecular weight of ∼49 kDa. Binding sites for hPg were reported in other studies to include an internal K252,255 and the COOH-terminal K434,435 residues of Sen. However, in native Sen, the latter are buried within the minor interfaces of the octamer and do not function as a Pg-binding epitope. Whereas Sen and hPg do not interact in solution, when Sen is bound to a surface, hPg interacts with Sen independently of K252,255,434,435. PgRs devoid of COOH-terminal lysine utilize lysine isosteres comprising a basic residue, "i", and an anionic residue at "i + 3" around one turn of an α-helix. We highlight a number of surface-exposed potential hPg-binding lysine isosteres and further conclude that while the octameric structure of Sen is critical for hPg binding, disruption of this octamer without dissociation exposes hPg-binding epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheiny Tjia-Fleck
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Bradley M Readnour
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Yetunde A Ayinuola
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Francis J Castellino
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yatsenko T, Skrypnyk M, Troyanovska O, Tobita M, Osada T, Takahashi S, Hattori K, Heissig B. The Role of the Plasminogen/Plasmin System in Inflammation of the Oral Cavity. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030445. [PMID: 36766787 PMCID: PMC9913802 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is a unique environment that consists of teeth surrounded by periodontal tissues, oral mucosae with minor salivary glands, and terminal parts of major salivary glands that open into the oral cavity. The cavity is constantly exposed to viral and microbial pathogens. Recent studies indicate that components of the plasminogen (Plg)/plasmin (Pm) system are expressed in tissues of the oral cavity, such as the salivary gland, and contribute to microbial infection and inflammation, such as periodontitis. The Plg/Pm system fulfills two major functions: (a) the destruction of fibrin deposits in the bloodstream or damaged tissues, a process called fibrinolysis, and (b) non-fibrinolytic actions that include the proteolytic modulation of proteins. One can observe both functions during inflammation. The virus that causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exploits the fibrinolytic and non-fibrinolytic functions of the Plg/Pm system in the oral cavity. During COVID-19, well-established coagulopathy with the development of microthrombi requires constant activation of the fibrinolytic function. Furthermore, viral entry is modulated by receptors such as TMPRSS2, which is necessary in the oral cavity, leading to a derailed immune response that peaks in cytokine storm syndrome. This paper outlines the significance of the Plg/Pm system for infectious and inflammatory diseases that start in the oral cavity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Yatsenko
- Department of Research Support Utilizing Bioresource Bank, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Maksym Skrypnyk
- Department of Research Support Utilizing Bioresource Bank, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Olga Troyanovska
- Department of Research Support Utilizing Bioresource Bank, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Morikuni Tobita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Taro Osada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu-Shi 279-0021, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Koichi Hattori
- Center for Genome and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.H.); (B.H.); Tel.: +81-3-3813-3111 (switchboard 2115) (B.H.)
| | - Beate Heissig
- Department of Research Support Utilizing Bioresource Bank, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.H.); (B.H.); Tel.: +81-3-3813-3111 (switchboard 2115) (B.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chlastáková A, Kaščáková B, Kotál J, Langhansová H, Kotsyfakis M, Kutá Smatanová I, Tirloni L, Chmelař J. Iripin-1, a new anti-inflammatory tick serpin, inhibits leukocyte recruitment in vivo while altering the levels of chemokines and adhesion molecules. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1116324. [PMID: 36756125 PMCID: PMC9901544 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1116324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Serpins are widely distributed and functionally diverse inhibitors of serine proteases. Ticks secrete serpins with anti-coagulation, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities via their saliva into the feeding cavity to modulate host's hemostatic and immune reaction initiated by the insertion of tick's mouthparts into skin. The suppression of the host's immune response not only allows ticks to feed on a host for several days but also creates favorable conditions for the transmission of tick-borne pathogens. Herein we present the functional and structural characterization of Iripin-1 (Ixodes ricinus serpin-1), whose expression was detected in the salivary glands of the tick Ixodes ricinus, a European vector of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease. Of 16 selected serine proteases, Iripin-1 inhibited primarily trypsin and further exhibited weaker inhibitory activity against kallikrein, matriptase, and plasmin. In the mouse model of acute peritonitis, Iripin-1 enhanced the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and chemokines involved in neutrophil and monocyte recruitment, including MCP-1/CCL2, a potent histamine-releasing factor. Despite increased chemokine levels, the migration of neutrophils and monocytes to inflamed peritoneal cavities was significantly attenuated following Iripin-1 administration. Based on the results of in vitro experiments, immune cell recruitment might be inhibited due to Iripin-1-mediated reduction of the expression of chemokine receptors in neutrophils and adhesion molecules in endothelial cells. Decreased activity of serine proteases in the presence of Iripin-1 could further impede cell migration to the site of inflammation. Finally, we determined the tertiary structure of native Iripin-1 at 2.10 Å resolution by employing the X-ray crystallography technique. In conclusion, our data indicate that Iripin-1 facilitates I. ricinus feeding by attenuating the host's inflammatory response at the tick attachment site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adéla Chlastáková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia,Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Ticks, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Barbora Kaščáková
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jan Kotál
- Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Helena Langhansová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Ivana Kutá Smatanová
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Jindřich Chmelař
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia,*Correspondence: Jindřich Chmelař,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Narwal A, Whyte CS, Mutch NJ. Location, location, location: Fibrin, cells, and fibrinolytic factors in thrombi. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1070502. [PMID: 36741833 PMCID: PMC9889369 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1070502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombi are heterogenous in nature with composition and structure being dictated by the site of formation, initiating stimuli, shear stress, and cellular influences. Arterial thrombi are historically associated with high platelet content and more tightly packed fibrin, reflecting the shear stress in these vessels. In contrast, venous thrombi are generally erythrocyte and fibrin-rich with reduced platelet contribution. However, these conventional views on the composition of thrombi in divergent vascular beds have shifted in recent years, largely due to recent advances in thromboectomy and high-resolution imaging. Interestingly, the distribution of fibrinolytic proteins within thrombi is directly influenced by the cellular composition and vascular bed. This in turn influences the susceptibility of thrombi to proteolytic degradation. Our current knowledge of thrombus composition and its impact on resistance to thrombolytic therapy and success of thrombectomy is advancing, but nonetheless in its infancy. We require a deeper understanding of thrombus architecture and the downstream influence on fibrinolytic susceptibility. Ultimately, this will aid in a stratified and targeted approach to tailored antithrombotic strategies in patients with various thromboembolic diseases.
Collapse
|
8
|
Distinguishing Plasmin-Generating Microvesicles: Tiny Messengers Involved in Fibrinolysis and Proteolysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021571. [PMID: 36675082 PMCID: PMC9860915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of stressors and inflammatory mediators (cytokines, proteases, oxidative stress mediators) released during inflammation or ischemia stimulate and activate cells in blood, the vessel wall or tissues. The most well-known functional and phenotypic responses of activated cells are (1) the immediate expression and/or release of stored or newly synthesized bioactive molecules, and (2) membrane blebbing followed by release of microvesicles. An ultimate response, namely the formation of extracellular traps by neutrophils (NETs), is outside the scope of this work. The main objective of this article is to provide an overview on the mechanism of plasminogen reception and activation at the surface of cell-derived microvesicles, new actors in fibrinolysis and proteolysis. The role of microvesicle-bound plasmin in pathological settings involving inflammation, atherosclerosis, angiogenesis, and tumour growth, remains to be investigated. Further studies are necessary to determine if profibrinolytic microvesicles are involved in a finely regulated equilibrium with pro-coagulant microvesicles, which ensures a balanced haemostasis, leading to the maintenance of vascular patency.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sugimoto MA, Perucci LO, Tavares LP, Teixeira MM, Sousa LP. Fibrinolysis in COVID-19: Impact on Clot Lysis and Modulation of Inflammation. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1578-1592. [PMID: 36221881 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666221011102250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a multisystem disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 and is associated with an imbalance between the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. Overall, hypercoagulation, hypofibrinolysis and fibrin-clot resistance to fibrinolysis predispose patients to thrombotic and thromboembolic events. In the lungs, the virus triggers alveolar and interstitial fibrin deposition, endothelial dysfunction, and pulmonary intravascular coagulation, all events intrinsically associated with the activation of inflammation and organ injury. Adding to the pathogenesis of COVID-19, there is a positive feedback loop by which local fibrin deposition in the lungs can fuel inflammation and consequently dysregulates coagulation, a process known as immunothrombosis. Therefore, fibrinolysis plays a central role in maintaining hemostasis and tissue homeostasis during COVID-19 by cleaning fibrin clots and controlling feed-forward products of coagulation. In addition, components of the fibrinolytic system have important immunomodulatory roles, as evidenced by studies showing the contribution of Plasminogen/Plasmin (Plg/Pla) to the resolution of inflammation. Herein, we review clinical evidence for the dysregulation of the fibrinolytic system and discuss its contribution to thrombosis risk and exacerbated inflammation in severe COVID-19. We also discuss the current concept of an interplay between fibrinolysis and inflammation resolution, mirroring the well-known crosstalk between inflammation and coagulation. Finally, we consider the central role of the Plg/Pla system in resolving thromboinflammation, drawing attention to the overlooked consequences of COVID-19-associated fibrinolytic abnormalities to local and systemic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Sugimoto
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.,Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiza O Perucci
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Nucleus of Research on Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Luciana P Tavares
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yanai H, Adachi H, Hakoshima M, Katsuyama H. Atherogenic Lipoproteins for the Statin Residual Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113499. [PMID: 36362288 PMCID: PMC9657259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) show that decreases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by the use of statins cause a significant reduction in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, one of our previous studies showed that, among eight RCTs that investigated the effect of statins vs. a placebo on CVD development, 56–79% of patients had residual CVD risk after the trials. In three RCTs that investigated the effect of a high dose vs. a usual dose of statins on CVD development, 78–87% of patients in the high-dose statin arms still had residual CVD risk. The risk of CVD development remains even when statins are used to strongly reduce LDL-C, and this type of risk is now regarded as statin residual CVD risk. Our study shows that elevated triglyceride (TG) levels, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and the existence of obesity/insulin resistance and diabetes may be important metabolic factors that determine statin residual CVD risk. Here, we discuss atherogenic lipoproteins that were not investigated in such RCTs, such as lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), remnant lipoproteins, malondialdehyde-modified LDL (MDA-LDL), and small-dense LDL (Sd-LDL). Lp(a) is under strong genetic control by apolipoprotein (a), which is an LPA gene locus. Variations in the LPA gene account for 91% of the variability in the plasma concentration of Lp(a). A meta-analysis showed that genetic variations at the LPA locus are associated with CVD events during statin therapy, independent of the extent of LDL lowering, providing support for exploring strategies targeting circulating concentrations of Lp(a) to reduce CVD events in patients receiving statins. Remnant lipoproteins and small-dense LDL are highly associated with high TG levels, low HDL-C, and obesity/insulin resistance. MDA-LDL is a representative form of oxidized LDL and plays important roles in the formation and development of the primary lesions of atherosclerosis. MDA-LDL levels were higher in CVD patients and diabetic patients than in the control subjects. Furthermore, we demonstrated the atherogenic properties of such lipoproteins and their association with CVD as well as therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidekatsu Yanai
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-473-72-3501; Fax: +81-473-72-1858
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zeitlmayr S, Zierler S, Staab-Weijnitz CA, Dietrich A, Geiger F, Horgen FD, Gudermann T, Breit A. TRPM7 restrains plasmin activity and promotes transforming growth factor-β1 signaling in primary human lung fibroblasts. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2767-2783. [PMID: 35864199 PMCID: PMC9302958 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sustained exposure of the lung to various environmental or occupational toxins may eventually lead to pulmonary fibrosis, a devastating disease with no cure. Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as fibronectin and collagens. The peptidase plasmin degrades the ECM, but protein levels of the plasmin activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are increased in fibrotic lung tissue, thereby dampening plasmin activity. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced activation of SMAD transcription factors promotes ECM deposition by enhancing collagen, fibronectin and PAI-1 levels in pulmonary fibroblasts. Hence, counteracting TGF-β1-induced signaling is a promising approach for the therapy of pulmonary fibrosis. Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M Member 7 (TRPM7) supports TGF-β1-promoted SMAD signaling in T-lymphocytes and the progression of fibrosis in kidney and heart. Thus, we investigated possible effects of TRPM7 on plasmin activity, ECM levels and TGF-β1 signaling in primary human pulmonary fibroblasts (pHPF). We found that two structurally unrelated TRPM7 blockers enhanced plasmin activity and reduced fibronectin or PAI-1 protein levels in pHPF under basal conditions. Further, TRPM7 blockade strongly inhibited fibronectin and collagen deposition induced by sustained TGF-β1 stimulation. In line with these data, inhibition of TRPM7 activity diminished TGF-β1-triggered phosphorylation of SMAD-2, SMAD-3/4-dependent reporter activation and PAI-1 mRNA levels. Overall, we uncover TRPM7 as a novel supporter of TGF-β1 signaling in pHPF and propose TRPM7 blockers as new candidates to control excessive ECM levels under pathophysiological conditions conducive to pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zeitlmayr
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanna Zierler
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University, Life Science Park, Huemerstraße 3-5, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Claudia A Staab-Weijnitz
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Dietrich
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabienne Geiger
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - F David Horgen
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, Kaneohe, HI, 96744, USA
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Breit
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ditzig Z, Wilson CM, Salas J, Serve KM. Plasminogen Binding and Activation at the Mesothelial Cell Surface Promotes Invasion through a Collagen Matrix. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115984. [PMID: 35682663 PMCID: PMC9180734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen (Plg) activation to the serine protease plasmin (Pla) plays a key role in regulating wound healing and fibrotic responses, particularly when bound to cell surface receptors. Our previous work suggested that mesothelial cells bind Plg at the cell surface, though no Plg receptors were described for these cells. Since mesothelial cells contribute to injury responses, including cellular differentiation to a mesenchymal-like phenotype and extracellular matrix remodeling, we hypothesized that Plg binding would promote these responses. Here, we confirm that Plg binds to both pleural and peritoneal mesothelial cells via the lysine-binding domain present in Plg, and we demonstrate the presence of three Plg receptors on the mesothelial cell surface: α-Enolase, Annexin A2, and Plg-RKT. We further show that bound-Plg is activated to Pla on the cell surface and that activation is blocked by an inhibitor of urokinase plasminogen activator or by the presence of animal-derived FBS. Lastly, we demonstrate that Plg promotes mesothelial cell invasion through a type I collagen matrix but does not promote cellular differentiation or proliferation. These data demonstrate for the first time that mesothelial cells bind and activate Plg at the cell surface and that active Pla is involved in mesothelial cell invasion without cell differentiation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Draxler DF, Hanafi G, Zahra S, McCutcheon F, Ho H, Keragala CB, Liu Z, Daly D, Painter T, Wallace S, Plebanski M, Myles PS, Medcalf RL. Tranexamic acid alters the immunophenotype of phagocytes after lower limb surgery. Thromb J 2022; 20:17. [PMID: 35410340 PMCID: PMC8996554 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-022-00373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic agent frequently used in elective surgery to reduce blood loss. We recently found it also acts as a potent immune-modulator in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods Patients undergoing lower limb surgery were enrolled into the “Tranexamic Acid in Lower Limb Arthroplasty” (TALLAS) pilot study. The cellular immune response was characterised longitudinally pre- and post-operatively using full blood examination (FBE) and comprehensive immune cell phenotyping by flowcytometry. Red blood cells and platelets were determined in the FBE and levels of T cell cytokines and the plasmin-antiplasmin complex determined using ELISA. Results TXA administration increased the proportion of circulating CD141+ conventional dendritic cells (cDC) on post-operative day (POD) 3. It also reduced the expression of CD83 and TNFR2 on classical monocytes and levels of circulating IL-10 at the end of surgery (EOS) time point, whilst increasing the expression of CCR4 on natural killer (NK) cells at EOS, and reducing TNFR2 on POD-3 on NK cells. Red blood cells and platelets were decreased to a lower extent at POD-1 in the TXA group, representing reduced blood loss. Conclusion In this investigation we have extended our examination on the immunomodulatory effects of TXA in surgery by also characterising the end of surgery time point and including B cells and neutrophils in our immune analysis, elucidating new immunophenotypic changes in phagocytes as well as NK cells. This study enhances our understanding of TXA-mediated effects on the haemostatic and immune response in surgery, validating changes in important functional immune cell subsets in orthopaedic patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12959-022-00373-3.
Collapse
|
14
|
Das M, Ithychanda SS, Plow EF. Histone 2B Facilitates Plasminogen-Enhanced Endothelial Migration through Protease-Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1) and Protease-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2). Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020211. [PMID: 35204713 PMCID: PMC8961594 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen and its multiple receptors have been implicated in the responses of many different cell types. Among these receptors, histone 2B (H2B) has been shown to play a prominent role in macrophage responses. The contribution of H2B to plasminogen-induced endothelial migration, an event relevant to wound healing and angiogenesis, is unknown. Plasminogen enhanced the migration of endothelial cells, which was inhibited by both Protease-Activated Receptor-1 (PAR1) and 2 (PAR2) antagonists. H2B was detected on viable endothelial cells of venous and arterial origin, and an antibody to H2B that blocks plasminogen binding also inhibited the plasminogen-dependent migration by these cells. The antibody blockade was as effective as PAR1 or PAR2 antagonists in inhibiting endothelial cell migration. In pull-down experiments, H2B formed a complex with both PAR1 and PAR2 but not β3 integrin, another receptor implicated in endothelial migration in the presence of plasminogen. H2B was found to be associated with clathrin adapator protein, AP2µ (clathrin AP2µ) and β-arrestin2, which are central to the internationalization/signaling machinery of the PARs. These associations with PAR1-clathrin adaptor AP2µ- and PAR2-β-arrestin2-dependent internalization/signaling pathways provide a mechanism to link plasminogen to responses such as wound healing and angiogenesis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Durlach V, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Boccara F, Varret M, Di-Filippo Charcosset M, Cariou B, Valero R, Charriere S, Farnier M, Morange PE, Meilhac O, Lambert G, Moulin P, Gillery P, Beliard-Lasserre S, Bruckert E, Carrié A, Ferrières J, Collet X, Chapman MJ, Anglés-Cano E. Lipoprotein(a): Pathophysiology, measurement, indication and treatment in cardiovascular disease. A consensus statement from the Nouvelle Société Francophone d'Athérosclérose (NSFA). Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 114:828-847. [PMID: 34840125 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) is an apolipoprotein B100-containing low-density lipoprotein-like particle that is rich in cholesterol, and is associated with a second major protein, apolipoprotein(a). Apolipoprotein(a) possesses structural similarity to plasminogen but lacks fibrinolytic activity. As a consequence of its composite structure, lipoprotein(a) may: (1) elicit a prothrombotic/antifibrinolytic action favouring clot stability; and (2) enhance atherosclerosis progression via its propensity for retention in the arterial intima, with deposition of its cholesterol load at sites of plaque formation. Equally, lipoprotein(a) may induce inflammation and calcification in the aortic leaflet valve interstitium, leading to calcific aortic valve stenosis. Experimental, epidemiological and genetic evidence support the contention that elevated concentrations of lipoprotein(a) are causally related to atherothrombotic risk and equally to calcific aortic valve stenosis. The plasma concentration of lipoprotein(a) is principally determined by genetic factors, is not influenced by dietary habits, remains essentially constant over the lifetime of a given individual and is the most powerful variable for prediction of lipoprotein(a)-associated cardiovascular risk. However, major interindividual variations (up to 1000-fold) are characteristic of lipoprotein(a) concentrations. In this context, lipoprotein(a) assays, although currently insufficiently standardized, are of considerable interest, not only in stratifying cardiovascular risk, but equally in the clinical follow-up of patients treated with novel lipid-lowering therapies targeted at lipoprotein(a) (e.g. antiapolipoprotein(a) antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering ribonucleic acids) that markedly reduce circulating lipoprotein(a) concentrations. We recommend that lipoprotein(a) be measured once in subjects at high cardiovascular risk with premature coronary heart disease, in familial hypercholesterolaemia, in those with a family history of coronary heart disease and in those with recurrent coronary heart disease despite lipid-lowering treatment. Because of its clinical relevance, the cost of lipoprotein(a) testing should be covered by social security and health authorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Durlach
- Champagne-Ardenne University, UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC & Cardio-Thoracic Department, Reims University Hospital, 51092 Reims, France
| | - Dominique Bonnefont-Rousselot
- Metabolic Biochemistry Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France; Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Franck Boccara
- Sorbonne University, GRC n(o) 22, C(2)MV, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, IHU ICAN, 75012 Paris, France; Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Varret
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM U1148, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Xavier Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Di-Filippo Charcosset
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, UF Dyslipidémies, 69677 Bron, France; Laboratoire CarMen, INSERM, INRA, INSA, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, 69495 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'Institut du Thorax, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - René Valero
- Endocrinology Department, La Conception Hospital, AP-HM, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Sybil Charriere
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, INSERM U1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Michel Farnier
- PEC2, EA 7460, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21079 Dijon, France; Department of Cardiology, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Pierre E Morange
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- INSERM, UMR 1188 DéTROI, Université de La Réunion, 97744 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, Reunion; CHU de La Réunion, CIC-EC 1410, 97448 Saint-Pierre, Reunion
| | - Gilles Lambert
- INSERM, UMR 1188 DéTROI, Université de La Réunion, 97744 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, Reunion; CHU de La Réunion, CIC-EC 1410, 97448 Saint-Pierre, Reunion
| | - Philippe Moulin
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, INSERM U1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Philippe Gillery
- Laboratory of Biochemistry-Pharmacology-Toxicology, Reims University Hospital, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR CNRS/URCA n(o) 7369, 51092 Reims, France
| | - Sophie Beliard-Lasserre
- Endocrinology Department, La Conception Hospital, AP-HM, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Eric Bruckert
- Service d'Endocrinologie-Métabolisme, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France; IHU ICAN, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alain Carrié
- Sorbonne University, UMR INSERM 1166, IHU ICAN, Laboratory of Endocrine and Oncological Biochemistry, Obesity and Dyslipidaemia Genetic Unit, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean Ferrières
- Department of Cardiology and INSERM UMR 1295, Rangueil University Hospital, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Collet
- INSERM U1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Rangueil University Hospital, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - M John Chapman
- Sorbonne University, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière and National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), 75013 Paris, France
| | - Eduardo Anglés-Cano
- Université de Paris, INSERM, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, 75006 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bharadwaj AG, Kempster E, Waisman DM. The ANXA2/S100A10 Complex—Regulation of the Oncogenic Plasminogen Receptor. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121772. [PMID: 34944416 PMCID: PMC8698604 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of the serine protease plasmin is initiated by the binding of its zymogenic precursor, plasminogen, to cell surface receptors. The proteolytic activity of plasmin, generated at the cell surface, plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including fibrinolysis, angiogenesis, wound healing, and the invasion of cells through both the basement membrane and extracellular matrix. The seminal observation by Albert Fischer that cancer cells, but not normal cells in culture, produce large amounts of plasmin formed the basis of current-day observations that plasmin generation can be hijacked by cancer cells to allow tumor development, progression, and metastasis. Thus, the cell surface plasminogen-binding receptor proteins are critical to generating plasmin proteolytic activity at the cell surface. This review focuses on one of the twelve well-described plasminogen receptors, S100A10, which, when in complex with its regulatory partner, annexin A2 (ANXA2), forms the ANXA2/S100A10 heterotetrameric complex referred to as AIIt. We present the theme that AIIt is the quintessential cellular plasminogen receptor since it regulates the formation and the destruction of plasmin. We also introduce the term oncogenic plasminogen receptor to define those plasminogen receptors directly activated during cancer progression. We then discuss the research establishing AIIt as an oncogenic plasminogen receptor-regulated during EMT and activated by oncogenes such as SRC, RAS, HIF1α, and PML-RAR and epigenetically by DNA methylation. We further discuss the evidence derived from animal models supporting the role of S100A10 in tumor progression and oncogenesis. Lastly, we describe the potential of S100A10 as a biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alamelu G. Bharadwaj
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.G.B.); (E.K.)
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
| | - Emma Kempster
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.G.B.); (E.K.)
| | - David M. Waisman
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.G.B.); (E.K.)
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(902)-494-1803; Fax: +1-(902)-494-1355
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mycoplasma genitalium Protein of Adhesion Promotes the Early Proliferation of Human Urothelial Cells by Interacting with RPL35. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111449. [PMID: 34832605 PMCID: PMC8621731 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma genitalium is a newly recognized pathogen associated with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). MgPa, the adhesion protein of Mycoplasma genitalium, is the main adhesin and the key factor for M. genitalium interacting with host cells. Currently, the long-term survival mechanism of M. genitalium in the host is not clear. In this study, a T7 phage-displayed human urothelial cell (SV-HUC-1) cDNA library was constructed, and the interaction of MgPa was screened from this library using the recombinant MgPa (rMgPa) as a target molecule. We verified that 60S ribosomal protein L35 (RPL35) can interact with MgPa using far-Western blot and co-localization analysis. According to the results of tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling and proteome quantitative analysis, there were altogether 407 differentially expressed proteins between the pcDNA3.1(+)/MgPa-transfected cells and non-transfected cells, of which there were 6 downregulated proteins and 401 upregulated proteins. The results of qRT-PCR demonstrated that interaction between rMgPa and RPL35 could promote the expressions of EIF2, SRP68, SERBP1, RPL35A, EGF, and TGF-β. 3-(4,5)-Dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide bromide (MTT) assays corroborated that the interaction between rMgPa and RPL35 could promote SV-HUC-1 cell proliferation. Therefore, our findings indicated that the interaction between rMgPa and RPL35 can enhance the expressions of transcription-initiation and translation-related proteins and thus promote cell proliferation. This study elucidates a new biological function of MgPa and can explain this new mechanism of M. genitalium in the host.
Collapse
|
18
|
Bohnert BN, Gonzalez-Menendez I, Dörffel T, Schneider JC, Xiao M, Janessa A, Kalo MZ, Fehrenbacher B, Schaller M, Casadei N, Amann K, Daniel C, Birkenfeld AL, Grahammer F, Izem L, Plow EF, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Artunc F. Essential role of DNA-PKcs and plasminogen for the development of doxorubicin-induced glomerular injury in mice. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:271906. [PMID: 34423816 PMCID: PMC8461821 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to doxorubicin-induced nephropathy (DIN), a toxic model for the induction of proteinuria in mice, is related to the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) C6418T of the Prkdc gene encoding for the DNA-repair enzyme DNA-PKcs. In addition, plasminogen (Plg) has been reported to play a role in glomerular damage. Here, we investigated the interdependence of both factors for the development of DIN. Genotyping confirmed the SNP of the Prkdc gene in C57BL/6 (PrkdcC6418/C6418) and 129S1/SvImJ (PrkdcT6418/T6418) mice. Intercross of heterozygous 129SB6F1 mice led to 129SB6F2 hybrids with Mendelian inheritance of the SNP. After doxorubicin injection, only homozygous F2 mice with PrkdcT6418/T6418 developed proteinuria. Genetic deficiency of Plg (Plg−/−) in otherwise susceptible 129S1/SvImJ mice led to resistance to DIN. Immunohistochemistry revealed glomerular binding of Plg in Plg+/+ mice after doxorubicin injection involving histone H2B as Plg receptor. In doxorubicin-resistant C57BL/6 mice, Plg binding was absent. In conclusion, susceptibility to DIN in 129S1/SvImJ mice is determined by a hierarchical two-hit process requiring the C6418T SNP in the Prkdc gene and subsequent glomerular binding of Plg. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Susceptibility to doxorubicin-induced nephropathy in 129S1/SvImJ mice is determined by a hierarchical two-hit process requiring the C6418T single-nucleotide polymorphism in the Prkdc gene and subsequent glomerular binding of plasminogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard N Bohnert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Irene Gonzalez-Menendez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörffel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonas C Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mengyun Xiao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Janessa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Zaher Kalo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Fehrenbacher
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Casadei
- Institute of Genetics, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,NGS Competence Center Tübingen, University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Grahammer
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lahoucine Izem
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Edward F Plow
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ferruh Artunc
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mutimer CA, Keragala CB, Markus HS, Werring DJ, Cloud GC, Medcalf RL. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and the Fibrinolytic System: Is Plasmin a Therapeutic Target? Stroke 2021; 52:2707-2714. [PMID: 34126761 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.033107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a devastating cause of intracerebral hemorrhage for which there is no specific secondary stroke prevention treatment. Here we review the current literature regarding cerebral amyloid angiopathy pathophysiology and treatment, as well as what is known of the fibrinolytic pathway and its interaction with amyloid. We postulate that tranexamic acid is a potential secondary stroke prevention treatment agent in sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy, although further research is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe A Mutimer
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (C.A.M., G.C.C.)
| | - Charithani B Keragala
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases (C.B.K., R.L.M.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hugh S Markus
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.S.M.)
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (D.J.W.)
| | - Geoffrey C Cloud
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (C.A.M., G.C.C.).,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Central Clinical School (G.C.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert L Medcalf
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases (C.B.K., R.L.M.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The association between inflammation, infection, and venous thrombosis has long been recognized; yet, only in the last decades have we begun to understand the mechanisms through which the immune and coagulation systems interact and reciprocally regulate one another. These interconnected networks mount an effective response to injury and pathogen invasion, but if unregulated can result in pathological thrombosis and organ damage. Neutrophils, monocytes, and platelets interact with each other and the endothelium in host defense and also play critical roles in the formation of venous thromboembolism. This knowledge has advanced our understanding of both human physiology and pathophysiology, as well as identified mechanisms of anticoagulant resistance and novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. In this review, we discuss the contributions of inflammation and infection to venous thromboembolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan E. Colling
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin E. Tourdot
- Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yogendra Kanthi
- Laboratory of Vascular Thrombosis and Inflammation, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Plasminogen is an abundant plasma protein that exists in various zymogenic forms. Plasmin, the proteolytically active form of plasminogen, is known for its essential role in fibrinolysis. To date, therapeutic targeting of the fibrinolytic system has been for 2 purposes: to promote plasmin generation for thromboembolic conditions or to stop plasmin to reduce bleeding. However, plasmin and plasminogen serve other important functions, some of which are unrelated to fibrin removal. Indeed, for >40 years, the antifibrinolytic agent tranexamic acid has been administered for its serendipitously discovered skin-whitening properties. Plasmin also plays an important role in the removal of misfolded/aggregated proteins and can trigger other enzymatic cascades, including complement. In addition, plasminogen, via binding to one of its dozen cell surface receptors, can modulate cell behavior and further influence immune and inflammatory processes. Plasminogen administration itself has been reported to improve thrombolysis and to accelerate wound repair. Although many of these more recent findings have been derived from in vitro or animal studies, the use of antifibrinolytic agents to reduce bleeding in humans has revealed additional clinically relevant consequences, particularly in relation to reducing infection risk that is independent of its hemostatic effects. The finding that many viruses harness the host plasminogen to aid infectivity has suggested that antifibrinolytic agents may have antiviral benefits. Here, we review the broadening role of the plasminogen-activating system in physiology and pathophysiology and how manipulation of this system may be harnessed for benefits unrelated to its conventional application in thrombosis and hemostasis.
Collapse
|
22
|
Draxler DF, Medcalf RL. Fibrinolysis and tranexamic acid: mechanistic principles. ANZ J Surg 2021; 90:410-411. [PMID: 32339417 DOI: 10.1111/ans.15541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik F Draxler
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert L Medcalf
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yaron JR, Zhang L, Guo Q, Haydel SE, Lucas AR. Fibrinolytic Serine Proteases, Therapeutic Serpins and Inflammation: Fire Dancers and Firestorms. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:648947. [PMID: 33869309 PMCID: PMC8044766 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.648947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The making and breaking of clots orchestrated by the thrombotic and thrombolytic serine protease cascades are critical determinants of morbidity and mortality during infection and with vascular or tissue injury. Both the clot forming (thrombotic) and the clot dissolving (thrombolytic or fibrinolytic) cascades are composed of a highly sensitive and complex relationship of sequentially activated serine proteases and their regulatory inhibitors in the circulating blood. The proteases and inhibitors interact continuously throughout all branches of the cardiovascular system in the human body, representing one of the most abundant groups of proteins in the blood. There is an intricate interaction of the coagulation cascades with endothelial cell surface receptors lining the vascular tree, circulating immune cells, platelets and connective tissue encasing the arterial layers. Beyond their role in control of bleeding and clotting, the thrombotic and thrombolytic cascades initiate immune cell responses, representing a front line, "off-the-shelf" system for inducing inflammatory responses. These hemostatic pathways are one of the first response systems after injury with the fibrinolytic cascade being one of the earliest to evolve in primordial immune responses. An equally important contributor and parallel ancient component of these thrombotic and thrombolytic serine protease cascades are the serine protease inhibitors, termed serpins. Serpins are metastable suicide inhibitors with ubiquitous roles in coagulation and fibrinolysis as well as multiple central regulatory pathways throughout the body. Serpins are now known to also modulate the immune response, either via control of thrombotic and thrombolytic cascades or via direct effects on cellular phenotypes, among many other functions. Here we review the co-evolution of the thrombolytic cascade and the immune response in disease and in treatment. We will focus on the relevance of these recent advances in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is a "respiratory" coronavirus that causes extensive cardiovascular pathogenesis, with microthrombi throughout the vascular tree, resulting in severe and potentially fatal coagulopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Qiuyun Guo
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Shelley E. Haydel
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Whyte CS, Morrow GB, Baik N, Booth NA, Jalal MM, Parmer RJ, Miles LA, Mutch NJ. Exposure of plasminogen and a novel plasminogen receptor, Plg-RKT, on activated human and murine platelets. Blood 2021; 137:248-257. [PMID: 32842150 PMCID: PMC7820873 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activation rates are enhanced by cell surface binding. We previously demonstrated that exogenous plasminogen binds to phosphatidylserine-exposing and spread platelets. Platelets contain plasminogen in their α-granules, but secretion of plasminogen from platelets has not been studied. Recently, a novel transmembrane lysine-dependent plasminogen receptor, Plg-RKT, has been described on macrophages. Here, we analyzed the pool of plasminogen in platelets and examined whether platelets express Plg-RKT. Plasminogen content of the supernatant of resting and collagen/thrombin-stimulated platelets was similar. Pretreatment with the lysine analog, ε-aminocaproic acid, significantly increased platelet-derived plasminogen (0.33 vs 0.08 nmol/108 platelets) in the stimulated supernatant, indicating a lysine-dependent mechanism of membrane retention. Lysine-dependent, platelet-derived plasminogen retention on thrombin and convulxin activated human platelets was confirmed by flow cytometry. Platelets initiated fibrinolytic activity in fluorescently labeled plasminogen-deficient clots and in turbidimetric clot lysis assays. A 17-kDa band, consistent with Plg-RKT, was detected in the platelet membrane fraction by western blotting. Confocal microscopy of stimulated platelets revealed Plg-RKT colocalized with platelet-derived plasminogen on the activated platelet membrane. Plasminogen exposure was significantly attenuated in thrombin- and convulxin-stimulated platelets from Plg-RKT-/- mice compared with Plg-RKT+/+ littermates. Membrane exposure of Plg-RKT was not dependent on plasminogen, as similar levels of the receptor were detected in plasminogen-/- platelets. These data highlight Plg-RKT as a novel plasminogen receptor in human and murine platelets. We show for the first time that platelet-derived plasminogen is retained on the activated platelet membrane and drives local fibrinolysis by enhancing cell surface-mediated plasminogen activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire S Whyte
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Gael B Morrow
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Nagyung Baik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nuala A Booth
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed M Jalal
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert J Parmer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA; and
| | - Lindsey A Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nicola J Mutch
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sharma S, Shinde SS, Teekas L, Vijay N. Evidence for the loss of plasminogen receptor KT gene in chicken. Immunogenetics 2020; 72:507-515. [PMID: 33247773 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-020-01186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The loss of conserved genes has the potential to alter phenotypes drastically. Screening of vertebrate genomes for lineage-specific gene loss events has identified numerous natural knockouts associated with specific phenotypes. We provide evidence for the loss of a multi-exonic plasminogen receptor KT (PLGRKT) protein-encoding gene located on the Z chromosome in chicken. Exons 1 and 2 are entirely missing; remnants of exon 3 and a mostly intact exon 4 are identified in an assembly gap-free region in chicken with conserved synteny across species and verified using transcriptome and genome sequencing. PLGRKT gene disrupting changes are present in representative species from all five galliform families. In contrast to this, the presence of an intact transcriptionally active PLGRKT gene in species such as mallard, swan goose, and Anolis lizard suggests that gene loss occurred in the galliform lineage sometime between 68 and 80 Mya. The presence of galliform specific chicken repeat 1 (CR1) insertion at the erstwhile exon 2 of PLGRKT gene suggests repeat insertion-mediated loss. However, at least nine other independent PLGRKT coding frame disrupting changes in other bird species are supported by genome sequencing and indicate a role for relaxed purifying selection before CR1 insertion. The recurrent loss of a conserved gene with a role in the regulation of macrophage migration, efferocytosis, and blood coagulation is intriguing. Hence, we propose potential candidate genes that might be compensating the function of PLGRKT based on the presence of a C-terminal lysine residue, transmembrane domains, and gene expression patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Sharma
- Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sagar Sharad Shinde
- Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Lokdeep Teekas
- Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nagarjun Vijay
- Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Heissig B, Salama Y, Takahashi S, Osada T, Hattori K. The multifaceted role of plasminogen in inflammation. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109761. [PMID: 32861744 PMCID: PMC7452830 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A fine-tuned activation and deactivation of proteases and their inhibitors are involved in the execution of the inflammatory response. The zymogen/proenzyme plasminogen is converted to the serine protease plasmin, a key fibrinolytic factor by plasminogen activators including tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). Plasmin is part of an intricate protease network controlling proteins of initial hemostasis/coagulation, fibrinolytic and complement system. Activation of these protease cascades is required to mount a proper inflammatory response. Although best known for its ability to dissolve clots and cleave fibrin, recent studies point to the importance of fibrin-independent functions of plasmin during acute inflammation and inflammation resolution. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of the enzymatic and cytokine-like effects of tPA and describe the role of tPA and plasminogen receptors in the regulation of the inflammatory response with emphasis on the cytokine storm syndrome such as observed during coronavirus disease 2019 or macrophage activation syndrome. We discuss tPA as a modulator of Toll like receptor signaling, plasmin as an activator of NFkB signaling, and summarize recent studies on the role of plasminogen receptors as controllers of the macrophage conversion into the M2 type and as mediators of efferocytosis during inflammation resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beate Heissig
- Department of Immunological Diagnosis, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Yousef Salama
- An-Najah Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Hematology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Taro Osada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu-shi, 279-0021 Chiba, Japan.
| | - Koichi Hattori
- Center for Genomic & Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fallah M, Viklund E, Bäckman A, Brodén J, Lundskog B, Johansson M, Blomquist M, Wilczynska M, Ny T. Plasminogen is a master regulator and a potential drug candidate for the healing of radiation wounds. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:201. [PMID: 32205839 PMCID: PMC7089956 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Around 95% of cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy experience cutaneous side effects, and some develop radiation wounds or fibrosis. Currently, there is no effective treatment for these indications. We show here that plasminogen administration enhanced the healing of radiation wounds via pleiotropic effects on gene expression. Using RNA sequencing, we found that plasminogen downregulated the expression of genes in the TLR, TNF, WNT, MAPK, and TGF-β signaling pathways, and enhanced the anti-inflammatory effect of arachidonic acid, leading to significantly decreased inflammation and improved remodeling of granulation tissue compared with placebo treatment. In addition, plasminogen induced metabolic changes, including decreased glycolysis. Importantly, many of the factors downregulated by plasminogen are pro-fibrotic. Therefore, in radiation wounds with excessive inflammation, plasminogen is able to enhance and redirect the healing process, such that it more closely resembles physiological healing with significantly reduced risk for developing fibrosis. This makes plasminogen an attractive drug candidate for the treatment of radiation wounds in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Fallah
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901-87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Emil Viklund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901-87, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Bertil Lundskog
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, 901-87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael Johansson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, 901-87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael Blomquist
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, 901-87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Malgorzata Wilczynska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901-87, Umeå, Sweden
- Omnio AB, Tvistevägen 48, 907-36, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tor Ny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901-87, Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Draxler DF, Daglas M, Fernando A, Hanafi G, McCutcheon F, Ho H, Galle A, Gregory J, Larsson P, Keragala C, Wright DK, Tavancheh E, Au AE, Niego B, Wilson K, Plebanski M, Sashindranath M, Medcalf RL. Tranexamic acid modulates the cellular immune profile after traumatic brain injury in mice without hyperfibrinolysis. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:2174-2187. [PMID: 31393041 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known to promote immunosuppression, making patients more susceptible to infection, yet potentially exerting protective effects by inhibiting central nervous system (CNS) reactivity. Plasmin, the effector protease of the fibrinolytic system, is now recognized for its involvement in modulating immune function. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of plasmin and tranexamic acid (TXA) on the immune response in wild-type and plasminogen-deficient (plg-/- ) mice subjected to TBI. METHODS Leukocyte subsets in lymph nodes and the brain in mice post TBI were evaluated by flow cytometry and in blood with a hemocytometer. Immune responsiveness to CNS antigens was determined by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Spot (ELISpot) assay. Fibrinolysis was determined by thromboelastography and measuring D-dimer and plasmin-antiplasmin complex levels. RESULTS Plg-/- mice, but not plg+/+ mice displayed increases in both the number and activation of various antigen-presenting cells and T cells in the cLN 1 week post TBI. Wild-type mice treated with TXA also displayed increased cellularity of the cLN 1 week post TBI together with increases in innate and adaptive immune cells. These changes occurred despite the absence of systemic hyperfibrinolysis or coagulopathy in this model of TBI. Importantly, neither plg deficiency nor TXA treatment enhanced the autoreactivity within the CNS. CONCLUSION In the absence of systemic hyperfibrinolysis, plasmin deficiency or blockade with TXA increases migration and proliferation of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and various antigen-presenting cells and T cells in the draining cervical lymph node (cLN) post TBI. Tranexamic acid might also be clinically beneficial in modulating the inflammatory and immune response after TBI, but without promoting CNS autoreactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik F Draxler
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Daglas
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anushka Fernando
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gryselda Hanafi
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona McCutcheon
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heidi Ho
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam Galle
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julia Gregory
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pia Larsson
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charithani Keragala
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elnaz Tavancheh
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda E Au
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Be'eri Niego
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsty Wilson
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maithili Sashindranath
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert L Medcalf
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Draxler DF, Awad MM, Hanafi G, Daglas M, Ho H, Keragala C, Galle A, Roquilly A, Lyras D, Sashindranath M, Medcalf RL. Tranexamic Acid Influences the Immune Response, but not Bacterial Clearance in a Model of Post-Traumatic Brain Injury Pneumonia. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:3297-3308. [PMID: 31140372 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifibrinolytic agent, tranexamic acid (TXA), an inhibitor of plasmin formation, currently is evaluated to reduce bleeding in various conditions, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Because plasmin is implicated in inflammation and immunity, we investigated the effects of plasmin inhibition on the immune response after TBI in the presence or absence of induced pneumonia. Wild-type mice treated with vehicle or TXA or mice deficient in plasminogen (plg-/-) underwent TBI using the controlled cortical impact model. Mice were then subjected to Staphylococcus aureus induced pneumonia and the degree of immune competence determined. Significant baseline changes in the innate immune cell profile were seen in plg-/- mice with increases in spleen weight and white blood cell counts, and elevation in plasma interleukin-6 levels. The plg-/- mice subjected to TBI displayed no additional changes in these parameters at the 72 h or one week time point post-TBI. The plg-/- mice subjected to TBI did not exhibit any further increase in susceptibility to endogenous infection. Pneumonia was induced by intratracheal instillation of S. aureus. The TBI did not worsen pneumonia symptoms or delay recovery in plg-/- mice. Similarly, in wild type mice, treatment with TXA did not impact on the ability of mice to counteract pneumonia after TBI. Administration of TXA after TBI and subsequent pneumonia, however, altered the number and surface marker expression of several myeloid and lymphoid cell populations, consistent with enhanced immune activation at the 72 h time point. This investigation confirms the immune-modulatory properties of TXA, thereby highlighting its effects unrelated to inhibition of fibrinolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik F Draxler
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Milena M Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gryselda Hanafi
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Daglas
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heidi Ho
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charithani Keragala
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam Galle
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antoine Roquilly
- Anaesthesia Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maithili Sashindranath
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert L Medcalf
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Quek AJH, Mazzitelli BA, Wu G, Leung EWW, Caradoc-Davies TT, Lloyd GJ, Jeevarajah D, Conroy PJ, Sanderson-Smith M, Yuan Y, Ayinuola YA, Castellino FJ, Whisstock JC, Law RHP. Structure and Function Characterization of the a1a2 Motifs of Streptococcus pyogenes M Protein in Human Plasminogen Binding. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:3804-3813. [PMID: 31295457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen (Plg)-binding M protein (PAM) is a group A streptococcal cell surface receptor that is crucial for bacterial virulence. Previous studies revealed that, by binding to the kringle 2 (KR2) domain of host Plg, the pathogen attains a proteolytic microenvironment on the cell surface that facilitates its dissemination from the primary infection site. Each of the PAM molecules in their dimeric assembly consists of two Plg binding motifs (called the a1 and a2 repeats). To date, the molecular interactions between the a1 repeat and KR2 have been structurally characterized, whereas the role of the a2 repeat is less well defined. Here, we report the 1.7-Å x-ray crystal structure of KR2 in complex with a monomeric PAM peptide that contains both the a1 and a2 motifs. The structure reveals how the PAM peptide forms key interactions simultaneously with two KR2 via the high-affinity lysine isosteres within the a1a2 motifs. Further studies, through combined mutagenesis and functional characterization, show that a2 is a stronger KR2 binder than a1, suggesting that these two motifs may play discrete roles in mediating the final PAM-Plg assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J H Quek
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Blake A Mazzitelli
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Guojie Wu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Eleanor W W Leung
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tom T Caradoc-Davies
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Gordon J Lloyd
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Devadharshini Jeevarajah
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Paul J Conroy
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Martina Sanderson-Smith
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Yue Yuan
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Yetunde A Ayinuola
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Francis J Castellino
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - James C Whisstock
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; South East University-Monash Joint Institute, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Ruby H P Law
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Magnadóttir B, Bragason BT, Bricknell IR, Bowden T, Nicholas AP, Hristova M, Guðmundsdóttir S, Dodds AW, Lange S. Peptidylarginine deiminase and deiminated proteins are detected throughout early halibut ontogeny - Complement components C3 and C4 are post-translationally deiminated in halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:1-19. [PMID: 30395876 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational protein deimination is mediated by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), which are calcium dependent enzymes conserved throughout phylogeny with physiological and pathophysiological roles. Protein deimination occurs via the conversion of protein arginine into citrulline, leading to structural and functional changes in target proteins. In a continuous series of early halibut development from 37 to 1050° d, PAD, total deiminated proteins and deiminated histone H3 showed variation in temporal and spatial detection in various organs including yolksac, muscle, skin, liver, brain, eye, spinal cord, chondrocytes, heart, intestines, kidney and pancreas throughout early ontogeny. For the first time in any species, deimination of complement components C3 and C4 is shown in halibut serum, indicating a novel mechanism of complement regulation in immune responses and homeostasis. Proteomic analysis of deiminated target proteins in halibut serum further identified complement components C5, C7, C8 C9 and C1 inhibitor, as well as various other immunogenic, metabolic, cytoskeletal and nuclear proteins. Post-translational deimination may facilitate protein moonlighting, an evolutionary conserved phenomenon, allowing one polypeptide chain to carry out various functions to meet functional requirements for diverse roles in immune defences and tissue remodelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bergljót Magnadóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Birkir Thor Bragason
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Ian R Bricknell
- Aquaculture Research Institute School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
| | - Timothy Bowden
- Aquaculture Research Institute School of Food & Agriculture, University of Maine, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
| | - Anthony P Nicholas
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Perinatal Brain Protection and Repair Group, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.
| | - Sigríður Guðmundsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Alister W Dodds
- MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zakrzewicz D, Didiasova M, Krüger M, Giaimo BD, Borggrefe T, Mieth M, Hocke AC, Zakrzewicz A, Schaefer L, Preissner KT, Wygrecka M. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 mediates enolase-1 cell surface trafficking in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1816-1827. [PMID: 29501774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Enolase-1-dependent cell surface proteolysis plays an important role in cell invasion. Although enolase-1 (Eno-1), a glycolytic enzyme, has been found on the surface of various cells, the mechanism responsible for its exteriorization remains elusive. Here, we investigated the involvement of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of Eno-1 in its lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered trafficking to the cell surface. RESULTS We found that stimulation of human lung adenocarcinoma cells with LPS triggered the monomethylation of arginine 50 (R50me) within Eno-1. The Eno-1R50me was confirmed by its interaction with the tudor domain (TD) from TD-containing 3 (TDRD3) protein recognizing methylarginines. Substitution of R50 with lysine (R50K) reduced Eno-1 association with epithelial caveolar domains, thereby diminishing its exteriorization. Similar effects were observed when pharmacological inhibitors of arginine methyltransferases were applied. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) was identified to be responsible for Eno-1 methylation. Overexpression of PRMT5 and caveolin-1 enhanced levels of membrane-bound extracellular Eno-1 and, conversely, pharmacological inhibition of PRMT5 attenuated Eno-1 cell-surface localization. Importantly, Eno-1R50me was essential for cancer cell motility since the replacement of Eno-1 R50 by lysine or the suppression of PRMT 5 activity diminished Eno-1-triggered cell invasion. CONCLUSIONS LPS-triggered Eno-1R50me enhances Eno-1 cell surface levels and thus potentiates the invasive properties of cancer cells. Strategies to target Eno-1R50me may offer novel therapeutic approaches to attenuate tumor metastasis in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Zakrzewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Miroslava Didiasova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Benedetto Daniele Giaimo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tilman Borggrefe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Maren Mieth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Zakrzewicz
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Feulgenstrasse 10-12, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus T Preissner
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Monoyios A, Patzl M, Schlosser S, Hess M, Bilic I. Unravelling the differences: comparative proteomic analysis of a clonal virulent and an attenuated Histomonas meleagridis strain. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:145-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
34
|
Viedma-Rodríguez R, Martínez-Hernández MG, Flores-López LA, Baiza-Gutman LA. Epsilon-aminocaproic acid prevents high glucose and insulin induced-invasiveness in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, modulating the plasminogen activator system. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 437:65-80. [PMID: 28612231 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type II diabetes mellitus have contributed to the increase of breast cancer incidence worldwide. High glucose concentration promotes the proliferation of metastatic cells, favoring the activation of the plasminogen/plasmin system, thus contributing to tumor progression. The efficient formation of plasmin is dependent on the binding of plasminogen to the cell surface. We studied the effect of ε-aminocaproic acid (EACA), an inhibitor of the binding of plasminogen to cell surface, on proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and plasminogen activation system, in metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells grown in a high glucose microenvironment and treated with insulin. MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with EACA 12.5 mmol/L under high glucose 30 mmol/L (HG) and high glucose and insulin 80 nmol/L (HG-I) conditions, evaluating: cell population growth, % of viability, migratory, and invasive abilities, as well as the expression of uPA, its receptor (uPAR), and its inhibitor (PAI-1), by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot, MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNAs were evaluated by RT-PCR. Markers of EMT were evaluated by Western blot. Additionally, the presence of active uPA was studied by gel zymography, using casein-plasminogen as substrates. EACA prevented the increase in cell population, migration and invasion induced by HG and insulin, which was associated with the inhibition of EMT and the attenuation of HG- and insulin-dependent expression of uPA, uPAR, PAI-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, α-enolase (ENO A), and HCAM. The interaction of plasminogen to the cell surface and plasmin formation are mediators of the prometastasic action of hyperglycemia and insulin, potentially, EACA can be employed in the prevention and as adjuvant treatment of breast tumorigenesis promoted by hyperglycemia and insulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubí Viedma-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Morfofisiología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Martínez-Hernández
- Unidad de Morfofisiología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Antonio Flores-López
- Unidad de Morfofisiología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Arturo Baiza-Gutman
- Unidad de Morfofisiología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hudson NE. Biophysical Mechanisms Mediating Fibrin Fiber Lysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2748340. [PMID: 28630861 PMCID: PMC5467299 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2748340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The formation and dissolution of blood clots is both a biochemical and a biomechanical process. While much of the chemistry has been worked out for both processes, the influence of biophysical properties is less well understood. This review considers the impact of several structural and mechanical parameters on lytic rates of fibrin fibers. The influences of fiber and network architecture, fiber strain, FXIIIa cross-linking, and particle transport phenomena will be assessed. The importance of the mechanical aspects of fibrinolysis is emphasized, and future research avenues are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E. Hudson
- Department of Physics, East Carolina University, N304 Howell Science Complex, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Foley JH, Conway EM. Cross Talk Pathways Between Coagulation and Inflammation. Circ Res 2017; 118:1392-408. [PMID: 27126649 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.306853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anatomic pathology studies performed over 150 years ago revealed that excessive activation of coagulation occurs in the setting of inflammation. However, it has taken over a century since these seminal observations were made to delineate the molecular mechanisms by which these systems interact and the extent to which they participate in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. There is, in fact, extensive cross talk between coagulation and inflammation, whereby activation of one system may amplify activation of the other, a situation that, if unopposed, may result in tissue damage or even multiorgan failure. Characterizing the common triggers and pathways are key for the strategic design of effective therapeutic interventions. In this review, we highlight some of the key molecular interactions, some of which are already showing promise as therapeutic targets for inflammatory and thrombotic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Foley
- From the Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (J.H.F.); Katharine Dormandy Haemophilia Centre and Thrombosis Unit, Royal Free NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (J.H.F.); and Centre for Blood Research, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (E.M.C.)
| | - Edward M Conway
- From the Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (J.H.F.); Katharine Dormandy Haemophilia Centre and Thrombosis Unit, Royal Free NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (J.H.F.); and Centre for Blood Research, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (E.M.C.).
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Briens A, Bardou I, Lebas H, Miles LA, Parmer RJ, Vivien D, Docagne F. Astrocytes regulate the balance between plasminogen activation and plasmin clearance via cell-surface actin. Cell Discov 2017; 3:17001. [PMID: 28417010 PMCID: PMC5318850 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activation is involved in many processes within the central nervous system, including synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms that regulate plasminogen activation in the brain still remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that astrocytes participate in this regulation by two mechanisms. First, the astrocyte plasma membrane serves as a surface for plasminogen activation by tissue-type plasminogen activator. This activation triggers downstream plasmin-dependent processes with important impacts in brain health and disease, such as fibrinolysis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor conversion. Second, astrocytes take up plasminogen and plasmin in a regulated manner through a novel mechanism involving endocytosis mediated by cell-surface actin and triggered by extracellular plasmin activity at the surface of astrocytes. Following endocytosis, plasminogen and plasmin are targeted to lysosomes for degradation. Thus, cell-surface actin acts as a sensor of plasmin activity to induce a negative feedback through plasmin endocytosis. This study provides evidence that astrocytes control the balance between plasmin formation and plasmin elimination in the brain parenchyma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Briens
- INSERM/University of Caen Normandie, INSERM U1237, GIP Cyceron, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
| | - Isabelle Bardou
- INSERM/University of Caen Normandie, INSERM U1237, GIP Cyceron, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
| | - Héloïse Lebas
- INSERM/University of Caen Normandie, INSERM U1237, GIP Cyceron, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
| | - Lindsey A Miles
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Parmer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Denis Vivien
- INSERM/University of Caen Normandie, INSERM U1237, GIP Cyceron, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Caen, France.,CHU Caen, Department of Clinical Research, CHU Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - Fabian Docagne
- INSERM/University of Caen Normandie, INSERM U1237, GIP Cyceron, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sharma M, Redpath GM, Williams MJA, McCormick SPA. Recycling of Apolipoprotein(a) After PlgRKT-Mediated Endocytosis of Lipoprotein(a). Circ Res 2016; 120:1091-1102. [PMID: 28003220 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a low-density lipoprotein-like lipoprotein and important cardiovascular risk factor whose cognate receptor and intracellular fate remains unknown. OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to determine the intracellular trafficking pathway for Lp(a) and the receptor responsible for its uptake in liver cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Human hepatoma cells were treated with Lp(a) purified from human plasma and Lp(a) uptake studied using Western blot analysis and intracellular localization of Lp(a) by confocal microscopy. Lp(a) was maximally internalized by 2 hours and was detected by an antiapo(a) antibody to be localized to Rab5-positive early endosomes, the trans-Golgi network, and subsequently Rab11-positive recycling endosomes. In human hepatoma cells, the apo(a) component from the internalized Lp(a) was resecreted back into the cellular media, whereas the low-density lipoprotein component was localized to the lysosomal compartment. Lp(a) internalization was reduced 0.35-fold in HAP1 and 0.33-fold in human hepatoma cells in which the plasminogen receptor (KT) was knocked out. Conversely, Lp(a) internalization was enhanced 2-fold in HAP1 and 1.6-fold in human hepatoma cells in which plasminogen receptor (KT) was overexpressed, showing for the first time the role of a specific plasminogen receptor in Lp(a) uptake. CONCLUSIONS The novel findings that Lp(a) is internalized by the plasminogen receptor, plasminogen receptor (KT), and the apo(a) component is recycled may have important implications for the catabolism and function of Lp(a).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (M.S., G.M.R., S.P.A.M.); and Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand (M.J.A.W.)
| | - Gregory M Redpath
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (M.S., G.M.R., S.P.A.M.); and Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand (M.J.A.W.)
| | - Michael J A Williams
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (M.S., G.M.R., S.P.A.M.); and Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand (M.J.A.W.)
| | - Sally P A McCormick
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (M.S., G.M.R., S.P.A.M.); and Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand (M.J.A.W.).
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Acosta H, Rondón-Mercado R, Avilán L, Concepción JL. Interaction of Trypanosoma evansi with the plasminogen-plasmin system. Vet Parasitol 2016; 226:189-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
40
|
Abstract
Moonlighting proteins are multifunctional proteins that participate in unrelated biological processes and that are not the result of gene fusion. A certain number of these proteins have been characterized in yeasts, and the easy genetic manipulation of these microorganisms has been useful for a thorough analysis of some cases of moonlighting. As the awareness of the moonlighting phenomenon has increased, a growing number of these proteins are being uncovered. In this review, we present a crop of newly identified moonlighting proteins from yeasts and discuss the experimental evidence that qualifies them to be classified as such. The variety of moonlighting functions encompassed by the proteins considered extends from control of transcription to DNA repair or binding to plasminogen. We also discuss several questions pertaining to the moonlighting condition in general. The cases presented show that yeasts are important organisms to be used as tools to understand different aspects of moonlighting proteins.
Collapse
|
41
|
Raij L, Tian R, Wong JS, He JC, Campbell KN. Podocyte injury: the role of proteinuria, urinary plasminogen, and oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F1308-F1317. [PMID: 27335373 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00162.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are the key target for injury in proteinuric glomerular diseases that result in podocyte loss, progressive focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS), and renal failure. Current evidence suggests that the initiation of podocyte injury and associated proteinuria can be separated from factors that drive and maintain these pathogenic processes leading to FSGS. In nephrotic urine aberrant glomerular filtration of plasminogen (Plg) is activated to the biologically active serine protease plasmin by urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). In vivo inhibition of uPA mitigates Plg activation and development of FSGS in several proteinuric models of renal disease including 5/6 nephrectomy. Here, we show that Plg is markedly increased in the urine in two murine models of proteinuric kidney disease associated with podocyte injury: Tg26 HIV-associated nephropathy and the Cd2ap-/- model of FSGS. We show that human podocytes express uPA and three Plg receptors: uPAR, tPA, and Plg-RKT. We demonstrate that Plg treatment of podocytes specifically upregulates NADPH oxidase isoforms NOX2/NOX4 and increases production of mitochondrial-dependent superoxide anion (O2-) that promotes endothelin-1 synthesis. Plg via O2- also promotes expression of the B scavenger receptor CD36 and subsequent increased intracellular cholesterol uptake resulting in podocyte apoptosis. Taken together, our findings suggest that following disruption of the glomerular filtration barrier at the onset of proteinuric disease, podocytes are exposed to Plg resulting in further injury mediated by oxidative stress. We suggest that chronic exposure to Plg could serve as a "second hit" in glomerular disease and that Plg is potentially an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo Raij
- Renal and Hypertension Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; .,Nephrology and Hypertension Section Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center (111C1), Miami, Florida; and
| | - Runxia Tian
- Nephrology and Hypertension Section Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center (111C1), Miami, Florida; and
| | - Jenny S Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - John C He
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kirk N Campbell
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Transcellular route as the most probable explanation for the presence of plasminogen in mammal׳s milk. J Theor Biol 2016; 395:221-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
43
|
Hemolysis exacerbates hyperfibrinolysis, whereas platelolysis shuts down fibrinolysis: evolving concepts of the spectrum of fibrinolysis in response to severe injury. Shock 2015; 43:39-46. [PMID: 25072794 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We have recently identified a spectrum of fibrinolysis in response to injury, in which there is increased mortality in patients who have either excessive fibrinolysis (hyperfibrinolysis [HF]) or impaired fibrinolysis (shutdown). The regulation of the fibrinolytic system after trauma remains poorly understood. Our group's previous proteomic and metabolomic work identified elevated red blood cell (RBC) degradation products in trauma patients manifesting HF. We therefore hypothesized that hemolysis was contributory to the pathogenesis of HF. Given the central role of platelets in the cell-based model of coagulation, we further investigated the potential role of platelet lysis in mediation of the fibrinolytic system. METHODS Red blood cells from healthy donors were frozen in liquid nitrogen and vortexed to create mechanical membrane disruption. Platelets were prepared in a similar fashion. Assays were performed with citrated whole blood mixed ex vivo with either RBC or platelet lysates. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) was then added to promote fibrinolysis, mimicking the tPA release from ischemic endothelium during hemorrhagic shock. The degree of fibrinolysis was evaluated with thromboelastography. To identify the mediators of the fibrinolysis system present in RBC and platelet lysates, these lysates were passed over immobilized tPA and plasminogen affinity columns to capture protein-binding partners from RBC or platelet lysates. RESULTS The addition of 75 ng/mL of tPA to whole blood increased fibrinolysis from median 30-min lysis of 1.4% (interquartile range [IQR], 0.9%-2.0%) to 8.9% (IQR, 6.5%-11.5%). Red blood cell lysate with tPA increased fibrinolysis to 20.1% (IQR, 12.5%-33.7%), which was nearly three times as much lysis as tPA alone (P < 0.001). Conversely, the addition of platelet lysate decreased tPA-mediated fibrinolysis to 0.35% (IQR, 0.2%-0.8%; P < 0.001). Affinity chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry identified a number of proteins not previously associated with regulation of fibrinolysis and trauma. CONCLUSION Red blood cell lysate is a potent enhancer of fibrinolysis, whereas platelet lysate inhibits fibrinolysis. Intracellular proteins from circulating blood cells contain proteins that interact with the two key proteins of tPA-mediated fibrinolysis. Understanding the effect of tissue injury and shock on the lysis of circulating cells may provide insight to comprehending the spectrum of fibrinolysis in response to trauma.
Collapse
|
44
|
Kumari S, Malla R. New Insight on the Role of Plasminogen Receptor in Cancer Progression. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2015; 8:35-42. [PMID: 26279629 PMCID: PMC4521684 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s27335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasminogen system plays a crucial role in physiological and pathological events related to tissue regeneration, wound healing, immune response, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. It gets activated when plasminogen associates with its cell surface receptors. Latest information on some of the well-explored plasminogen receptors such as annexin II–S100A10, cytokeratin 8, α-enolase, plasminogen receptor (KT) (Plg-R(KT)) and histone H2B has been discussed in the present review. These receptors can pave the way for effective new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies to counteract malignant diseases. CONCLUSION The present review concludes the key role of plasminogen receptors in extracellular matrix degradation, infiltration into surrounding tissues, neovascularization, invasion, metastasis and drug resistance. This review also discusses the possible effect of blocking these plasminogen receptors with monoclonal antibodies and DNA-based vaccination or silencing plasminogen receptor gene using small interfering RNA or short hairpin RNA to counteract cancer invasion and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Kumari
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ramarao Malla
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Didiasova M, Zakrzewicz D, Magdolen V, Nagaraj C, Bálint Z, Rohde M, Preissner KT, Wygrecka M. STIM1/ORAI1-mediated Ca2+ Influx Regulates Enolase-1 Exteriorization. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11983-99. [PMID: 25805497 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.598425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells use broad spectrum proteolytic activity of plasmin to invade tissue and form metastatic foci. Cell surface-associated enolase-1 (ENO-1) enhances plasmin formation and thus participates in the regulation of pericellular proteolysis. Although increased levels of cell surface bound ENO-1 have been described in different types of cancer, the molecular mechanism responsible for ENO-1 exteriorization remains elusive. In the present study, increased ENO-1 protein levels were found in ductal breast carcinoma and on the cell surface of highly metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Elevated cell surface-associated ENO-1 expression correlated with augmented MDA-MB-231 cell migratory and invasive properties. Exposure of MDA-MB-231 cells to LPS potentiated translocation of ENO-1 to the cell surface and its release into the extracellular space in the form of exosomes. These effects were independent of de novo protein synthesis and did not require the classical endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi pathway. LPS-triggered ENO-1 exteriorization was suppressed by pretreatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with the Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA or an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase pump, cyclopiazonic acid. In line with these observations, the stromal interaction molecule (STIM) 1 and the calcium release-activated calcium modulator (ORAI) 1-mediated store-operated Ca(2+) entry were found to regulate LPS-induced ENO-1 exteriorization. Pharmacological blockage or knockdown of STIM1 or ORAI1 reduced ENO-1-dependent migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. Collectively, our results demonstrate the pivotal role of store-operated Ca(2+) channel-mediated Ca(2+) influx in the regulation of ENO-1 exteriorization and thus in the modulation of cancer cell migratory and invasive properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Didiasova
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Giessen Lung Center, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Dariusz Zakrzewicz
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Giessen Lung Center, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- the Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Chandran Nagaraj
- the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, 8010 Graz, Austria, and
| | - Zoltán Bálint
- the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, 8010 Graz, Austria, and
| | - Manfred Rohde
- the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Central Facility for Microscopy, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klaus T Preissner
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Giessen Lung Center, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Giessen Lung Center, 35392 Giessen, Germany,
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Plasminogen associates with phosphatidylserine-exposing platelets and contributes to thrombus lysis under flow. Blood 2015; 125:2568-78. [PMID: 25712989 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-09-599480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of plasminogen with platelets and their localization during thrombus formation and fibrinolysis under flow are not defined. Using a novel model of whole blood thrombi, formed under flow, we examine dose-dependent fibrinolysis using fluorescence microscopy. Fibrinolysis was dependent upon flow and the balance between fibrin formation and plasminogen activation, with tissue plasminogen activator-mediated lysis being more efficient than urokinase plasminogen activator-mediated lysis. Fluorescently labeled plasminogen radiates from platelet aggregates at the base of thrombi, primarily in association with fibrin. Hirudin attenuates, but does not abolish plasminogen binding, denoting the importance of fibrin. Flow cytometry revealed that stimulation of platelets with thrombin/convulxin significantly increased the plasminogen signal associated with phosphatidylserine (PS)-exposing platelets. Binding was attenuated by tirofiban and Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro amide, confirming a role for fibrin in amplifying plasminogen binding to PS-exposing platelets. Confocal microscopy revealed direct binding of plasminogen and fibrinogen to different platelet subpopulations. Binding of plasminogen and fibrinogen co-localized with PAC-1 in the center of spread platelets. In contrast, PS-exposing platelets were PAC-1 negative, and bound plasminogen and fibrinogen in a protruding "cap." These data show that different subpopulations of platelets harbor plasminogen by diverse mechanisms and provide an essential scaffold for the accumulation of fibrinolytic proteins that mediate fibrinolysis under flow.
Collapse
|
47
|
Hyperfibrinolysis, physiologic fibrinolysis, and fibrinolysis shutdown: the spectrum of postinjury fibrinolysis and relevance to antifibrinolytic therapy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015; 77:811-7; discussion 817. [PMID: 25051384 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrinolysis is a physiologic process maintaining patency of the microvasculature. Maladaptive overactivation of this essential function (hyperfibrinolysis) is proposed as a pathologic mechanism of trauma-induced coagulopathy. Conversely, the shutdown of fibrinolysis has also been observed as a pathologic phenomenon. We hypothesize that there is a level of fibrinolysis between these two extremes that have a survival benefit for the severely injured patients. METHODS Thrombelastography and clinical data were prospectively collected on trauma patients admitted to our Level I trauma center from 2010 to 2013. Patients with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 15 or greater were evaluated. The percentage of fibrinolysis at 30 minutes by thrombelastography was used to stratify three groups as follows: hyperfibrinolysis (≥3%), physiologic (0.081-2.9%), and shutdown (0-0.08%). The threshold for hyperfibrinolysis was based on existing literature. The remaining groups were established on a cutoff of 0.8%, determined by the highest point of specificity and sensitivity for mortality on a receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS One hundred eighty patients were included in the study. The median age was 42 years (interquartile range [IQR], 28-55 years), 70% were male, and 21% had penetrating injuries. The median ISS was 29 (IQR, 22-36), and the median base deficit was 9 mEq/L (IQR, 6-13 mEq/L). Distribution of fibrinolysis was as follows: shutdown, 64% (115 of 180); physiologic, 18% (32 of 180); and hyperfibrinolysis, 18% (33 of 180). Mortality rates were lower for the physiologic group (3%) compared with the hyperfibrinolysis (44%) and shutdown (17%) groups (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION We have identified a U-shaped distribution of death related to the fibrinolysis system in response to major trauma, with a nadir in mortality, with level of fibrinolysis after 30 minutes between 0.81% and 2.9%. Exogenous inhibition of the fibrinolysis system in severely injured patients requires careful selection, as it may have an adverse affect on survival. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic study, level III.
Collapse
|
48
|
From plasminogen to plasmin: role of plasminogen receptors in human cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21229-52. [PMID: 25407528 PMCID: PMC4264222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151121229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface-associated proteolysis mediated by plasmin (PLA) is an essential feature of wound healing, angiogenesis and cell invasion, processes that are dysregulated in cancer development, progression and systemic spread. The generation of PLA, initiated by the binding of its precursor plasminogen (PLG) to the cell surface, is regulated by an array of activators, inhibitors and receptors. In this review, we will highlight the importance of the best-characterized components of the PLG/PLA cascade in the pathogenesis of cancer focusing on the role of the cell surface-PLG receptors (PLG-R). PLG-R overexpression has been associated with poor prognosis of cancer patients and resistance to chemotherapy. We will also discuss recent findings on the molecular mechanisms regulating cell surface expression and distribution of PLG-R.
Collapse
|
49
|
Ikeda R, Ichikawa T, Miyazaki Y, Shimizu N, Ryoke T, Haru K, Sugita T, Takashima M. Detection and characterization of plasminogen receptors on clinical isolates of Trichosporon asahii. FEMS Yeast Res 2014; 14:1186-95. [PMID: 25263492 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichosporon asahii is the major causative agent of deep-seated trichosporonosis. The virulence factors of this yeast pathogen remain uncharacterized. To investigate the pathogenicity of T. asahii, we focused on the interactions between surface molecules of the yeast and host biomolecules. We examined the ability of surface molecules to bind human plasminogen using clinical isolates of T. asahii. Living T. asahii cells accelerated the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of tissue plasminogen activator. Extracts from cells using lithium chloride contained plasminogen-binding molecules based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analyses. In all strains tested, several of the fractions obtained using DEAE column chromatography bound and accelerated the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Based on far-Western blotting analyses, a common protein was identified within the four strains, which was identified as a hypothetical protein from genome analyses of T. asahii. blast searches suggested the protein might be heparinase, and heparinase activity was detected in the T. asahii extract. Furthermore, affinity chromatography using plasminogen as a ligand detected one protein band by SDS-PAGE, which was identified as thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase.SPR analyses suggested the presence of molecules on T. asahii cells that could bind plasminogen with differing affinities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Ikeda
- Department of Microbial Science and Host Defense, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gonzalez E, Moore EE, Moore HB, Chapman MP, Silliman CC, Banerjee A. Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy: An Institution's 35 Year Perspective on Practice and Research. Scand J Surg 2014; 103:89-103. [PMID: 24786172 DOI: 10.1177/1457496914531927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Injury is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and as much as 40% of injury-related mortality is attributed to uncontrollable hemorrhage. This persists despite establishment of regionalized trauma systems and advances in the management of severely injured patients. Trauma-induced coagulopathy has been identified as the most common preventable cause of postinjury mortality. METHODS A review of the current literature was performed by collecting PUBMED references related to trauma-induced coagulopathy. Data were then critically analyzed and summarized based on the authors' clinical and research perspective, as well as that reported by other institutions and researchers interested in trauma-induced coagulopathy. A particular focus was placed on those aspects of coagulopathy in which agreement among clinical and basic scientists is currently lacking; these include, pathophysiology, the role of blood components and factor therapy, and goal-directed assessment and management. RESULTS Trauma-induced coagulopathy has been recognized in approximately one-third of trauma patients. There is a vast range of severity, and the emergence of viscoelastic assays, such as thrombelastography and rotational thromboelastogram, has refined its diagnosis and management, particularly through the establishment of goal-directed massive transfusion protocols. Despite advancements in the diagnosis and management of trauma-induced coagulopathy, much remains to be understood regarding its pathophysiology. The cell-based model of hemostasis has allowed for characterization of endothelial dysfunction, impaired thrombin generation, platelet dysfunction, fibrinolysis, endogenous anticoagulants such as protein-C, and antifibrinolytic proteins. These concepts collectively compose the contemporary, but still partial, understanding of trauma-induced coagulopathy. CONCLUSION Trauma-induced coagulopathy is a complex pathophysiological condition, of which some mechanisms have been characterized, but much remains to be understood in order to translate this knowledge into improved outcomes for the injured patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Gonzalez
- Trauma Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - E E Moore
- Trauma Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - H B Moore
- Trauma Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - M P Chapman
- Trauma Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - C C Silliman
- Trauma Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA Department of Research, Bonfils Blood Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - A Banerjee
- Trauma Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|