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Sanwlani R, Kang T, Gummadi S, Nedeva C, Ang CS, Mathivanan S. Bovine milk-derived extracellular vesicles enhance doxorubicin sensitivity in triple negative breast cancer cells by targeting metabolism and STAT signalling. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200482. [PMID: 37376799 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a low 5-year survival rate of below 30% with systemic chemotherapy being the most widely used treatment. Bovine milk-derived extracellular vesicles (MEVs) have been previously demonstrated to have anti-cancer attributes. In this study, we isolated bovine MEVs from commercial milk and characterised them according to MISEV guidelines. Bovine MEVs sensitised TNBC cells to doxorubicin, resulting in reduced metabolic potential and cell-viability. Label-free quantitative proteomics of cells treated with MEVs and/or doxorubicin suggested that combinatorial treatment depleted various pro-tumorigenic interferon-inducible gene products and proteins with metabolic function, previously identified as therapeutic targets in TNBC. Combinatorial treatment also led to reduced abundance of various STAT proteins and their downstream oncogenic targets with roles in cell-cycle and apoptosis. Taken together, this study highlights the ability of bovine MEVs to sensitise TNBC cells to standard-of-care therapeutic drug doxorubicin, paving the way for novel treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sanwlani
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Taeyoung Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sriram Gummadi
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christina Nedeva
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Newton-Tanzer E, Demmelmair H, Horak J, Holdt L, Koletzko B, Grote V. Acute Metabolic Response in Adults to Toddler Milk Formulas with Alternating Higher and Lower Protein and Fat Contents, a Randomized Cross-Over Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093022. [PMID: 34578900 PMCID: PMC8472683 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein intake in early life influences metabolism, weight gain, and later obesity risk. As such, a better understanding of the effects of protein intake on the postprandial metabolism and its dynamics over time may elucidate underlying mechanisms. In a randomized crossover study, we observed fasted adults who consumed two isocaloric toddler milk formulas concentrated as meals of 480 kcal with 67 g of carbohydrates 30 g (HP) or 7 g (LP) protein, and 10 g or 20 g fat, respectively. Anthropometry and body plethysmography were assessed, and blood samples collected at baseline and over five hours. Time-specific concentrations, areas under concentration curves (AUC), and maximum values of metabolites were compared by paired t-tests to examine the effects of protein content of toddler milks on postprandial plasma concentrations of insulin, glucose, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), urea and triglycerides. Twenty-seven men and women aged 26.7 ± 5.0 years (BMI: 22.2 ± 2.5 kg/m2) (mean ± SD) participated. BCAA AUC, and Cmax values were significantly higher with HP than LP (144,765 ± 21,221 vs. 97,089 ± 14,650 µmol·min/L, p < 0.001; 656 ± 120 vs. 407 ± 66 µmol/L, p < 0.001), as were insulin AUC and Cmax values (6674 ± 3013 vs. 5600 ± 2423 µmol·min/L, p = 0.005; 71 ± 37 vs. 55 ± 28 µmol/L, p = 0.001). Higher glucose, urea, and triglyceride concentrations occurred in the late postprandial phase (≥180 min) with HP. In conclusion, we noted that higher milk protein intake induces increased postprandial BCAA concentrations for at least 5 h and led to higher initial insulin secretion. Gluconeogenesis due to an influx of amino acids and their degradation after HP meal might explain the late effects of protein intake on glucose and insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Newton-Tanzer
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospital Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (E.N.-T.); (H.D.); (J.H.); (V.G.)
| | - Hans Demmelmair
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospital Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (E.N.-T.); (H.D.); (J.H.); (V.G.)
| | - Jeannie Horak
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospital Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (E.N.-T.); (H.D.); (J.H.); (V.G.)
| | - Lesca Holdt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospital Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (E.N.-T.); (H.D.); (J.H.); (V.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)89-4400-52826
| | - Veit Grote
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospital Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (E.N.-T.); (H.D.); (J.H.); (V.G.)
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3
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Melnik BC, Stremmel W, Weiskirchen R, John SM, Schmitz G. Exosome-Derived MicroRNAs of Human Milk and Their Effects on Infant Health and Development. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060851. [PMID: 34200323 PMCID: PMC8228670 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple biologically active components of human milk support infant growth, health and development. Milk provides a wide spectrum of mammary epithelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MEVs) for the infant. Although the whole spectrum of MEVs appears to be of functional importance for the growing infant, the majority of recent studies report on the MEV subfraction of milk exosomes (MEX) and their miRNA cargo, which are in the focus of this review. MEX and the dominant miRNA-148a play a key role in intestinal maturation, barrier function and suppression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling and may thus be helpful for the prevention and treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis. MEX and their miRNAs reach the systemic circulation and may impact epigenetic programming of various organs including the liver, thymus, brain, pancreatic islets, beige, brown and white adipose tissue as well as bones. Translational evidence indicates that MEX and their miRNAs control the expression of global cellular regulators such as DNA methyltransferase 1-which is important for the up-regulation of developmental genes including insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, α-synuclein and forkhead box P3-and receptor-interacting protein 140, which is important for the regulation of multiple nuclear receptors. MEX-derived miRNA-148a and miRNA-30b may stimulate the expression of uncoupling protein 1, the key inducer of thermogenesis converting white into beige/brown adipose tissue. MEX have to be considered as signalosomes derived from the maternal lactation genome emitted to promote growth, maturation, immunological and metabolic programming of the offspring. Deeper insights into milk's molecular biology allow the conclusion that infants are both "breast-fed" and "breast-programmed". In this regard, MEX miRNA-deficient artificial formula is not an adequate substitute for breastfeeding, the birthright of all mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C. Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-5241-988060
| | - Wolfgang Stremmel
- Private Praxis for Internal Medicine, Beethovenstraße 2, D-76530 Baden-Baden, Germany;
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Swen Malte John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany;
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany;
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Melnik BC, Schmitz G. Pasteurized non-fermented cow's milk but not fermented milk is a promoter of mTORC1-driven aging and increased mortality. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101270. [PMID: 33571703 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies in Sweden, a country with traditionally high milk consumption, revealed that the intake of non-fermented pasteurized milk increased all-cause mortality in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the majority of epidemiological and clinical studies report beneficial health effects of fermented milk products, especially of yogurt. It is the intention of this review to delineate potential molecular aging mechanisms related to the intake of non-fermented milk versus yogurt on the basis of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. Non-fermented pasteurized milk via its high bioavailability of insulinotropic branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), abundance of lactose (glucosyl-galactose) and bioactive exosomal microRNAs (miRs) enhances mTORC1 signaling, which shortens lifespan and increases all-cause mortality. In contrast, fermentation-associated lactic acid bacteria metabolize BCAAs and degrade galactose and milk exosomes including their mTORC1-activating microRNAs. The Industrial Revolution, with the introduction of pasteurization and refrigeration of milk, restricted the action of beneficial milk-fermenting bacteria, which degrade milk's BCAAs, galactose and bioactive miRs that synergistically activate mTORC1. This unrecognized behavior change in humans after the Neolithic revolution increased aging-related over-activation of mTORC1 signaling in humans, who persistently consume large quantities of non-fermented pasteurized cow's milk, a potential risk factor for aging and all-cause mortality.
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Mobarak A, Stockler S, Salvarinova R, Van Karnebeek C, Horvath G. Long term follow-up of the dietary intake in propionic acidemia. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 27:100757. [PMID: 33981581 PMCID: PMC8082257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term dietary management of Propionic acidemia (PA) includes natural protein restriction, and supplementation with medical formula enriched with leucine (Leu) and free of valine (Val), isoleucine (Ileu), methionine (Met), and threonine (Thr). As PA medical formulas have high leucine content, concerns started to arise regarding potential long-term health risks of unbalanced leucine intake. PA patients have chronically low plasma levels of Ile and Val, which led to the paradoxical need to supplement with propiogenic single amino acids (AAs). Our report takes a retrospective look at the long-term dietary management of four patients and its reflection on their plasma amino acids. The patients' total protein intake was above the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and had a high Leu/Val and Leu/Ile intake ratios in diet. Despite adequate total protein intake, patients had chronically low plasma Ile and Val and a high plasma Leu/Val and Leu/Ile ratios, which could be attributed to high Leu intake. We conclude that the best approach to PA dietary management is to only use medical formula with patients not meeting their RDA through natural protein, and to monitor plasma amino acids levels closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mobarak
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Biochemical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics and Biochemical Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - S Stockler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Biochemical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - R Salvarinova
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Biochemical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C Van Karnebeek
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Centre for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, Vancouver, Canada
| | - G Horvath
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Biochemical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Warren D, Soule L, Taylor K, Skinner RC, Ku KM, Matak K, Benedito VA, Tou JC. Protein quality and safety evaluation of sarcoplasmic protein derived from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) using a rat model. J Food Sci 2020; 85:2544-2553. [PMID: 32632919 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Consisting of 25 to 30% of protein in carp, water-soluble sarcoplasmic proteins lost in wash water, have been recovered and freeze-dried into a protein-rich powder. Study objectives were to evaluate protein quality and safety of a silver carp sarcoplasm derived protein powder (CSP) compared to commercial protein supplements, casein, and whey. In vivo protein quality assessment of CSP showed a lower (P < 0.05) protein digestibility corrected amino acid score compared to the commercial protein sources. Despite greater (P < 0.05) fecal amino acid excretion in casein-fed rats, there were no significant differences in liver and muscle amino acid profiles. All low (10% kcal) protein diets supported growth with the normal range. However, whey protein supplementation resulted in greater (P < 0.05) adiposity. CSP, casein, or whey-fed rats showed no differences in major organ weights, renal damage biomarkers, or bone indices. Collectively, results indicated CSP was safe with protein quality comparable to casein. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: As much as 40 percent of protein in fish can be lost due to sarcoplasmic protein solubilization in processing wash water. Silver carp sarcoplasm protein powder may have similar commercial potential as a sustainable and nutritious alternative to whey and casein proteins. This project aimed to verify the protein quality and safety of this economical protein source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Warren
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, U.S.A
| | - Lynsey Soule
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, U.S.A
| | - Kathryn Taylor
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, U.S.A
| | - R Chris Skinner
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, U.S.A
| | - Kang Mo Ku
- Department of Horticulture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kristen Matak
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, U.S.A
| | - Vagner A Benedito
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, U.S.A
| | - Janet C Tou
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, U.S.A
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Retamal R, Mascie-Taylor CGN, Villegas R, Rodríguez-Osiac L. Relationship between age at giving fortified powdered cow's milk and cessation of breastfeeding on the nutritional status of a Chilean child cohort followed from birth to 3 years of age. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 74:1022-1028. [PMID: 32457472 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES To examine how much of the variation in weight-for-height (WHZ) z-scores were associated with age at which breastfeeding ceased and provision of fortified cow's milk (Leche Purita Fortificada, LPF) commenced in a cohort of children studied from birth to 3 years of age. SUBJECTS/METHODS Longitudinal data were obtained from routine medical check-ups on 8373 children from nine Chilean counties through convenience sampling. WHZ z-scores were generated at six-monthly intervals using WHO 2006 standards from birth to 3 years old (seven measurements). Age of cessation of breastfeeding and age of commencement of LPF were the independent variables. Repeated-measures ANOVA were used to analyse the changes in WHZ over the seven measurements. Binomial generalised estimating equations (GEE) were used to analyse the effect of each independent variable on the change from normal to overweight, and normal to obese over the seven measurements. RESULTS ANOVA indicated that children given LPF milk before 3 months of age had, on average, higher mean WHZ of about 0.11 SD from 18 months of age onwards (p < 0.001). GEE analyses showed that children given LPF before 3 months of age were significantly more likely to be overweight or obese (OR = 1) compared with children given LPF later (overweight OR: 0.809-0.970, p = 0.009, obese (OR: 0.666-0.901, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Early intake of LPF increases WHZ and is a risk factor for overweight and obesity in young children, while prolonged breastfeeding acts as protective factor against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Retamal
- Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - C G Nicholas Mascie-Taylor
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rodrigo Villegas
- Escuela de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Sadagurski M, Debarba LK, Werneck-de-Castro JP, Ali Awada A, Baker TA, Bernal-Mizrachi E. Sexual dimorphism in hypothalamic inflammation in the offspring of dams exposed to a diet rich in high fat and branched-chain amino acids. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E526-E534. [PMID: 31361548 PMCID: PMC6766606 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00183.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acid (BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine, and valine) contribute to the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance in the context of consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) in humans and rodents. Maternal diet is a major determinant of offspring health, and there is strong evidence that maternal HFD alters hypothalamic developmental programming and disrupts offspring energy homeostasis in rodents. In this study, we exposed pregnant and lactating C57BL/6JB female mice to either HFD, HFD with supplemented BCAA (HFD+BCAA), or standard diet (SC), and we studied offspring metabolic phenotypes. Both maternal HFD and HFD supplemented with BCAA had similar effect rendering the offspring metabolic imbalance and impairing their ability to cope with HFD when challenged during aging. The metabolic effects of HFD challenge were more profound in females, worsening female offspring ability to cope with an HFD challenge by activating hypothalamic inflammation in aging. Moreover, the sex differences in hypothalamic estrogen receptor α (ER-α) expression levels were lost in female offspring upon HFD challenge, supporting a link between ER-α levels and hypothalamic inflammation in offspring and highlighting the programming potential of hypothalamic inflammatory responses and maternal nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Sadagurski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Lucas Kniess Debarba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Joao Pedro Werneck-de-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Abear Ali Awada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Tess A Baker
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Miami Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Miami, Florida
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Swanson K, Kutzler M, Bionaz M. Cow milk does not affect adiposity in growing piglets as a model for children. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4798-4807. [PMID: 30904312 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of milk consumption on childhood obesity is unclear and a direct demonstration of an association is needed. In the present study, we used piglets as a model for prepubertal children to determine the effect of milk on adipose tissue. Two studies were conducted: study 1 with 5-wk-old male piglets (n = 8) and study 2 with 8- to 9-wk-old male piglets (n = 12). The piglets were fed a normal growing diet and randomly assigned to receive daily either 750 mL of whole cow milk or an isocaloric maltodextrin solution (control). For approximately 12 wk, body weight, feed intake, and subcutaneous back fat thickness were determined ultrasonographically and recorded. At euthanasia, back and neck fat thicknesses were measured and samples of back fat were collected for adipose histology. In study 1, but not study 2, piglets receiving milk grew more and ate more compared with control. In study 1, both back fat and neck fat thickness were greater in the milk-fed piglets and they had a higher frequency of small adipocytes and a lower frequency of intermediate and large adipocytes compared with controls. In study 2, control pigs had a significantly greater frequency of intermediate adipocytes but the milk-fed piglets tended to have a higher frequency of the largest adipocytes. In conclusion, milk has no apparent causal or consistent effect on adipose tissue in growing piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Swanson
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - Michelle Kutzler
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331.
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Introduction of fish and other foods during infancy and risk of asthma in the All Babies In Southeast Sweden cohort study. Eur J Pediatr 2019; 178:395-402. [PMID: 30617650 PMCID: PMC6437126 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-018-03312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of asthma includes lifestyle factors. Breastfeeding and introduction of complementary foods have been suggested to affect asthma risk, but the scientific foundation is not solid. Children from the birth cohort All Babies In Southeast Sweden study were included (n = 9727). Breastfeeding duration and timing of introduction of infant formula and food were collected prospectively during the first year. Through linkage to the Swedish Patient Register, 948 children were identified with any asthma until age 15-17 years, of which 450 cases were atopic. Breastfeeding duration was not associated to risk of asthma. Introduction of infant formula earlier than at 14 weeks of age was associated with higher risk of non-atopic asthma. Introduction of fish before 43 weeks of age, as compared to later, was associated with a lower risk of asthma, irrespective of atopic classification. Reverse causation was accounted for but did not explain the results.Conclusion: Introduction of infant formula and timing of introduction of fish seem to impact the long-term risk of doctor-diagnosed asthma. Emphasis on the growing body of evidence that early introduction of allergens offers protection against atopic disease should be considered in future recommendations. What is Known: • Breastfeeding and introduction of complementary foods might influence the risk of atopic diseases. Recently, a review stated that more studies are needed to clarify the role for asthma development. What is New: • Introduction of infant formula earlier than at 14 weeks of age was associated with a higher risk of developing non-atopic asthma. The risk was pronounced in children introduced to infant formula before 4 weeks of age while being breastfed less than 4 weeks. • Early fish introduction, before 43 weeks of age, was associated with a lower risk of asthma, independent of atopic classification of asthma.
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Clatici VG, Voicu C, Voaides C, Roseanu A, Icriverzi M, Jurcoane S. Diseases of Civilization - Cancer, Diabetes, Obesity and Acne - the Implication of Milk, IGF-1 and mTORC1. MAEDICA 2018; 13:273-281. [PMID: 30774725 PMCID: PMC6362881 DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2018.13.4.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition and food are one of the most complex aspects of human lives, being influenced by biochemical, psychological, social and cultural factors. The Western diet is the prototype of modern dietary pattern and is mainly characterized by the intake of large amounts of red meat, dairy products, refined grains and sugar. Large amounts of scientific evidence positively correlate Western diet to acne, obesity, diabetes, heart disease and cancer, the so-called "diseases of civilization". The pathophysiological common ground of all these pathologies is the IGF-1 and mTORC pathways, which will be disscussed further in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anca Roseanu
- Department of Ligand-Receptor Interaction, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Madalina Icriverzi
- Department of Ligand-Receptor Interaction, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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Lower Protein Intake Supports Normal Growth of Full-Term Infants Fed Formula: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070886. [PMID: 29996492 PMCID: PMC6073440 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infant formulas have been conventionally prepared with an excess of total protein in order to provide sufficient amounts of essential amino acids to the rapidly growing infant. However, this practice leads to higher than necessary protein intake during early infant development, inducing accelerated growth patterns correlated with the development of chronic diseases later in life. This study was aimed at assessing the safety of an infant formula enriched with bovine alpha-lactalbumin containing a total protein concentration very close to that of human milk, and determining its efficacy in the support of healthy infant growth from the first month to the fourth month of age. Healthy full-term infants ≤40 days of age were randomized in this controlled single blind trial to one of the following infant formulas: IF 1 (containing 1.0 g protein/dL; n = 30), IF 2 (containing 1.3 g protein/dL; n = 24), and IF 3 (containing 1.5 g protein/dL; n = 42). A control group consisting of exclusively breastfed infants (HM; n = 212) was included in the study. Anthropometric measurements and Z-scores were evaluated at baseline, at 1 month of age, and at 4 months of age. Weight gain (g/day) was similar in the IF 1 and the HM groups (p = 0.644), and it was significantly greater in the IF 2 and IF 3 groups than in the HM group. Growth patterns in both breastfed or IF-fed infants were in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards. At four months of age, the mean weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) adjusted for initial value in the IF 1 group was similar to that of the HM group and significantly lower than that of the IF 2 and IF 3 groups (p = 0.031 and p = 0.014 for IF 2 and IF 3, respectively). Length-for-age (LAZ) adjusted for initial value was similar among all groups at four months of age. From 1 to 4 months of life, IF 1 containing 1.0 g protein/dL promotes growth and weight gain similar to those observed in exclusively breastfed infants. As this is a first approach to studying an IF containing total protein in a level below that recommended by international committees on nutrition, further investigations are needed to support these findings evaluating infant’s metabolic profile and growth in the long term.
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Gender-Associated Impact of Early Leucine Supplementation on Adult Predisposition to Obesity in Rats. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10010076. [PMID: 29329236 PMCID: PMC5793304 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Early nutrition plays an important role in development and may constitute a relevant contributor to the onset of obesity in adulthood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term impact of maternal leucine (Leu) supplementation during lactation on progeny in rats. A chow diet, supplemented with 2% Leu, was supplied during lactation (21 days) and, from weaning onwards, was replaced by a standard chow diet. Then, at adulthood (6 months of age), this was replaced with hypercaloric diets (either with high-fat (HF) or high-carbohydrate (HC) content), for two months, to induce obesity. Female offspring from Leu-supplemented dams showed higher increases in body weight and in body fat (62%) than their respective controls; whereas males were somehow protected (15% less fat than the corresponding controls). This profile in Leu-females was associated with altered neuronal architecture at the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), involving neuropeptide Y (NPY) fibers and impaired expression of neuropeptides and factors of the mTOR signaling pathway in the hypothalamus. Interestingly, leptin and adiponectin expression in adipose tissue at weaning and at the time before the onset of obesity could be defined as early biomarkers of metabolic disturbance, predisposing towards adult obesity under the appropriate environment.
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Leucine reduces the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells through DNA damage and cell senescence. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 48:1-10. [PMID: 29278758 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leucine (Leu) is an essential branched-chain amino acid, present in dairy products, which has been investigated for its important role in cell signaling. The effects of Leu on several kinds of cells have been studied, altough little is known on its action upon bone cells and cell proliferation. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of Leu supplementation on the proliferation of pre-osteoblasts from MC3T3-E1 lineage. MC3T3-E1 cells were kept in Alpha medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotic-antimitotic. Cells were treated during 48h by adding 50μM of Leu, which corresponds to a 12.5% increase of the amino acid in the culture medium. The evaluation of viability and proliferation of cultured cells was performed using Trypan Blue dye. In order to identify the mechanisms related to the decreased cellular proliferation, assays were performed to assess cytotoxicity, apotosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, senescence and DNA damage. Results showed that Leu supplementation decreased cell proliferation by 40% through mechanisms not related to cell necrosis, apoptosis, oxidative stress, autophagy or inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway. On the other hand, Leu supplementation caused DNA damage. In conclusion, Leu caused a negative impact on bone cell proliferation by inducing cell senescence through DNA damage.
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Postprandial metabolic response of breast-fed infants and infants fed lactose-free vs regular infant formula: A randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623320 PMCID: PMC5473881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactose intolerance is a major concern driving the growth of lactose-free foods including lactose-free infant formula. It is unknown what the metabolic consequence is of consumption of a formula where lactose has been replaced with corn syrup solids (CSS). Here, a randomized double-blinded intervention study was conducted where exclusively formula-fed infants were fed formula containing either lactose or CSS-based infant formula and compared with an equal number of exclusively breast-fed infants. Plasma metabolites and insulin were measured at baseline, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after feeding. Differences in plasma metabolite profiles for formula-fed infants included a rapid increase in circulating amino acids, creatinine and urea compared with breast-fed infants. At 120 min post-feeding, insulin was significantly elevated in formula-fed compared with breast-fed infants. Infants fed lactose-based formula had the highest levels of glucose at 120 min, and leucine, isoleucine, valine and proline at 90 and 120 min, whereas infants fed CSS-based formula had the lowest levels of non-esterified fatty acids at all time points, and glucose at 120 min. Overall, these differences highlight that changes in infant formula composition impact infant metabolism, and show that metabolomics is a powerful tool to help with development of improved infant formulas.
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Depurinized milk downregulates rat thymus MyD88/Akt/p38 function, NF-κB-mediated inflammation, caspase-1 activity but not the endonuclease pathway: in vitro/in vivo study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41971. [PMID: 28176796 PMCID: PMC5296740 DOI: 10.1038/srep41971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was the evaluation of 15 days dietary regimen of depurinized (DP) milk (obtained using our patented technological procedures) or 1.5% fat UHT milk instead of standard chow diet, on rat thymus and bone marrow MyD88/Akt/p38, NF-κB, caspase-1 and endonuclease pathways, in relation to peripheral blood cell composition. To determine whether the reduced mass of the thymus is a consequence of the direct effect of DP/UHT milk on apoptosis of thymocytes, in vitro Annexin-V-FITC/PI assay was performed. Significant decreases in the thymus wet weight, thymocyte MyD88, Akt-1/phospho-Akt-1 kinase, p38/phospho-p38, NF-κB, caspase-1 activity and CD4+/CD8+ antigen expression were obtained, especially in the DP milk group. The activity of thymocyte alkaline and acid DNase increased in the DP but not in the UHT milk group. The level of IL-6 significantly decreased in DP milk treated group, while the level of total TGF-β and IL-6 increased in UHT milk group. Significant differences in hematological parameters were obtained in commercial milk fed group. Observed results about prevention of experimental diabetes in DP pretreated groups may suggest that purine compounds, uric acid and other volatile toxic compounds of commercial milk may suppress oral tolerance, probably via IL-6 and TGF-β cytokine effects.
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Melnik BC, John SM, Carrera-Bastos P, Schmitz G. Milk: a postnatal imprinting system stabilizing FoxP3 expression and regulatory T cell differentiation. Clin Transl Allergy 2016; 6:18. [PMID: 27175277 PMCID: PMC4864898 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-016-0108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding has protective effects for the development of allergies and atopy. Recent evidence underlines that consumption of unboiled farm milk in early life is a key factor preventing the development of atopic diseases. Farm milk intake has been associated with increased demethylation of FOXP3 and increased numbers of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Thus, the questions arose which components of farm milk control the differentiation and function of Tregs, critical T cell subsets that promote tolerance induction and inhibit the development of allergy and autoimmunity. FINDINGS Based on translational research we identified at least six major signalling pathways that could explain milk's biological role controlling stable FoxP3 expression and Treg differentiation: (1) via maintaining appropriate magnitudes of Akt-mTORC1 signalling, (2) via transfer of milk fat-derived long-chain ω-3 fatty acids, (3) via transfer of milk-derived exosomal microRNAs that apparently decrease FOXP3 promoter methylation, (4) via transfer of exosomal transforming growth factor-β, which induces SMAD2/SMAD3-dependent FoxP3 expression, (5) via milk-derived Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species that induce interleukin-10 (IL-10)-mediated differentiation of Tregs, and (6) via milk-derived oligosaccharides that serve as selected nutrients for the growth of bifidobacteria in the intestine of the new born infant. CONCLUSION Accumulating evidence underlines that milk is a complex signalling and epigenetic imprinting network that promotes stable FoxP3 expression and long-lasting Treg differentiation, crucial postnatal events preventing atopic and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstrasse 115, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Swen Malte John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstrasse 115, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Luque V, Closa-Monasterolo R, Escribano J, Ferré N. Early Programming by Protein Intake: The Effect of Protein on Adiposity Development and the Growth and Functionality of Vital Organs. Nutr Metab Insights 2016; 8:49-56. [PMID: 27013888 PMCID: PMC4803318 DOI: 10.4137/nmi.s29525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the role of protein intake on metabolic programming early in life. The observations that breastfeeding in infancy reduces the risk of being overweight and obese later in life and the differences in the protein content between formula milk and human milk have generated the early protein hypothesis. The present review focuses on a mechanistic approach to programmed adiposity and the growth and development of other organs by protein intake in infancy, which may be mediated by branched-chain amino acids, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 via the mammalian target of rapamycin. Observational studies and clinical trials have shown that lowering the protein content in infant and follow-on formulas may reduce the risk of becoming obese later in life. The recent body of evidence is currently being translated into new policies. Therefore, the evolution of European regulatory laws and recommendations by expert panels on the protein content of infant and follow-on formulas are also reviewed. Research gaps, such as the critical window for programming adiposity by protein intake, testing formulas with modified amino acids, and the long-term consequences of differences in protein intake on organ functionality among well-nourished infants, have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Luque
- Pediatrics, Nutrition and Development Research Unit, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Spain.; Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Closa-Monasterolo
- Pediatrics, Nutrition and Development Research Unit, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Spain.; Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Escribano
- Pediatrics, Nutrition and Development Research Unit, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Spain.; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
| | - Natalia Ferré
- Pediatrics, Nutrition and Development Research Unit, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Spain
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Fleddermann M, Demmelmair H, Grote V, Bidlingmaier M, Grimminger P, Bielohuby M, Koletzko B. Role of selected amino acids on plasma IGF-I concentration in infants. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:613-620. [PMID: 26621633 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is related to growth and its secretion is modified by protein intake in early infancy. We examined the relationship of dietary protein and circulating amino acids on plasma IGF-I levels and early growth. METHODS Healthy formula-fed infants (n = 213) were randomly assigned to receive either a protein-reduced infant formula with alpha-lactalbumin-enriched whey and free tryptophan and phenylalanine (IF) or an isocaloric standard formula without free amino acids (CF) for the first 120 days of life. A group of breastfed (BF) infants was studied as a non-randomized reference cohort. Biochemical variables were measured shortly after birth (subpopulation) and at an age of 120 days. A path analysis was used to explore the relationship between IGF-I, insulin and amino acids. Results are derived from secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial. RESULTS Plasma concentrations of IGF-I at 120 days were significantly higher in IF than in CF infants [58.5 (15.0) vs. 53.7 (9.95) ng/mL; p = 0.020]. BF infants showed lower IGF-I concentrations of 41.6 (10.7) ng/mL. All amino acids but Thr and Cit had a more marked effect on insulin than on IGF-I level. Considering weight, sex and feeding group, Trp explained an equal percentage of variance of IGF-I and insulin (total R 2 12.5 % of IGF-I and 12.3 % of insulin), while branched-chain AA explained an up to twofold higher variance of insulin than IGF-I. Compared to CF, IF explained 18.9 % of the IGF-I level (p = 0.03), while for insulin no direct effect was detectable. CONCLUSION Higher IGF-I concentrations and growth velocities in infants receiving protein-reduced IF indicate that the protein concentration of an infant formula alone does not control IGF-I levels and growth. Other components (e.g., selected amino acids) of infant formulae might control directly or indirectly via insulin influence IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manja Fleddermann
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Hans Demmelmair
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Veit Grote
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Grimminger
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Bielohuby
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Based on own translational research of the biochemical and hormonal effects of cow's milk consumption in humans, this review presents milk as a signaling system of mammalian evolution that activates the nutrient-sensitive kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), the pivotal regulator of translation. Milk, a mammary gland-derived secretory product, is required for species-specific gene-nutrient interactions that promote appropriate growth and development of the newborn mammal. This signaling system is highly conserved and tightly controlled by the lactation genome. Milk is sufficient to activate mTORC1, the crucial regulator of protein, lipid, and nucleotide synthesis orchestrating anabolism, cell growth and proliferation. To fulfill its mTORC1-activating function, milk delivers four key metabolic messengers: (1) essential branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs); (2) glutamine; (3) palmitic acid; and (4) bioactive exosomal microRNAs, which in a synergistical fashion promote mTORC1-dependent translation. In all mammals except Neolithic humans, postnatal activation of mTORC1 by milk intake is restricted to the postnatal lactation period. It is of critical concern that persistent hyperactivation of mTORC1 is associated with aging and the development of age-related disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Persistent mTORC1 activation promotes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and drives an aimless quasi-program, which promotes aging and age-related diseases.
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21
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Assunção ML, Ferreira HS, Coutinho SB, Santos LMP, Horta BL. Protective effect of breastfeeding against overweight can be detected as early as the second year of life: a study of children from one of the most socially-deprived areas of Brazil. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2015; 33:85-91. [PMID: 25995725 PMCID: PMC4438652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Millions of children live in Brazil's semi-arid region, one of the most socially-deprived areas of the country, where undernutrition co-exists with obesity as a consequence of the nutrition transition. There is evidence that childhood obesity predisposes adult obesity and, thus, that obesity should be prevented as early as possible. Some studies have shown that breastfeeding is a protective factor against overweight and obesity while other studies have not found this association. There have been few studies on this association in developing countries and of children below two years of age. The present study aimed to investigate whether children exposed to exclusive breastfeeding for ≥ 6 months showed a lower prevalence of overweight in the second year of life, based on a probability sample of 2,209 children (aged 12 to 24 months). The dependent variable was overweight, defined as weight-for-length z-scores of >2, based on the WHO 2006 standard while the independent variable was exclusive breastfeeding (≥ 6 months). The prevalence ratio (PR) and its 95% CI were estimated using Poisson regression with robust adjustment of variance. After adjusting for potential confounding factors (socioeconomic, demographic and health-related variables), children on exclusive breastfeeding for ≥ 6 months showed a lower prevalence of overweight (5.7% vs 9.1%, PR 0.62, 95% CI 0.45-0.89). It was found that exclusive breastfeeding for six months or more is a protective factor against overweight in children in the second year of life living in the Brazilian semi-arid region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Assunção
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas. Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Haroldo S Ferreira
- Postgraduate Programme in Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas. Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Sônia B Coutinho
- Postgraduate Programme in Child and Adolescent Health, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Leonor M P Santos
- Department of Public Health, University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Bernardo L Horta
- Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Melnik BC, John SM, Schmitz G. Milk consumption during pregnancy increases birth weight, a risk factor for the development of diseases of civilization. J Transl Med 2015; 13:13. [PMID: 25592553 PMCID: PMC4302093 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antenatal dietary lifestyle intervention and nutrition during pregnancy and early postnatal life are important for appropriate lifelong metabolic programming. Epidemiological evidence underlines the crucial role of increased birth weight as a risk factor for the development of chronic diseases of civilization such as obesity, diabetes and cancer. Obstetricians and general practitioners usually recommend milk consumption during pregnancy as a nutrient enriched in valuable proteins and calcium for bone growth. However, milk is not just a simple nutrient, but has been recognized to function as an endocrine signaling system promoting anabolism and postnatal growth by activating the nutrient-sensitive kinase mTORC1. Moreover, pasteurized cow’s milk transfers biologically active exosomal microRNAs into the systemic circulation of the milk consumer apparently affecting more than 11 000 human genes including the mTORC1-signaling pathway. This review provides literature evidence and evidence derived from translational research that milk consumption during pregnancy increases gestational, placental, fetal and birth weight. Increased birth weight is a risk factor for the development of diseases of civilization thus involving key disciplines of medicine. With regard to the presented evidence we suggest that dietary recommendations promoting milk consumption during pregnancy have to be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstrasse 115, D-49090, Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Swen Malte John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstrasse 115, D-49090, Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinics of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Melnik BC. The pathogenic role of persistent milk signaling in mTORC1- and milk-microRNA-driven type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Diabetes Rev 2015; 11:46-62. [PMID: 25587719 PMCID: PMC4428476 DOI: 10.2174/1573399811666150114100653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Milk, the secretory product of the lactation genome, promotes growth of the newborn mammal. Milk delivers insulinotropic amino acids, thus maintains a molecular crosstalk with the pancreatic β-cell of the milk recipient. Homeostasis of β-cells and insulin production depend on the appropriate magnitude of mTORC1 signaling. mTORC1 is activated by branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), glutamine, and palmitic acid, abundant nutrient signals of cow´s milk. Furthermore, milk delivers bioactive exosomal microRNAs. After milk consumption, bovine microRNA-29b, a member of the diabetogenic microRNA-29- family, reaches the systemic circulation and the cells of the milk consumer. MicroRNA-29b downregulates branchedchain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase, a potential explanation for increased BCAA serum levels, the metabolic signature of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In non-obese diabetic mice, microRNA-29b downregulates the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1, which leads to early β-cell death. In all mammals except Neolithic humans, milk-driven mTORC1 signaling is physiologically restricted to the postnatal period. In contrast, chronic hyperactivated mTORC1 signaling has been associated with the development of age-related diseases of civilization including T2DM. Notably, chronic hyperactivation of mTORC1 enhances endoplasmic reticulum stress that promotes apoptosis. In fact, hyperactivated β-cell mTORC1 signaling induced early β-cell apoptosis in a mouse model. The EPIC-InterAct Study demonstrated an association between milk consumption and T2DM in France, Italy, United Kingdom, Germany, and Sweden. In contrast, fermented milk products and cheese exhibit an inverse correlation. Since the early 1950´s, refrigeration technology allowed widespread consumption of fresh pasteurized milk, which facilitates daily intake of bioactive bovine microRNAs. Persistent uptake of cow´s milk-derived microRNAs apparently transfers an overlooked epigenetic diabetogenic program that should not reach the human food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabruck, Sedanstraße 115, D-49090 Osnabrück, Germany.
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Rauschert S, Uhl O, Koletzko B, Hellmuth C. Metabolomic biomarkers for obesity in humans: a short review. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2014; 64:314-24. [PMID: 25300275 DOI: 10.1159/000365040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence and incidence of obesity have become a major public health problem during the last decades, but the underlying biochemical and metabolic processes are not fully understood. Metabolomics, the science of small molecules of the metabolism, is helping to unravel these mechanisms via the identification of markers related to obesity. These biomarkers are used to prevent diseases in later life or for the early diagnosis of diseases. This review focuses on articles dealing with biomarkers for obesity. KEY MESSAGES Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), nonesterified fatty acids, organic acids, acylcarnitines, and phospholipids were identified as potential biomarkers for obesity. This indicates a relation between elevated BCAA, and other amino acids, and the obese state. Furthermore, deregulation of β-oxidation is associated with the development of obesity. The results have several limitations, including the differing ages of the subjects in the studies, the fact that all of the studies had a case-control design and therefore no causal explanatory power, and that most looked for similar metabolites and reported almost equal results. CONCLUSION The strength of this review is that it gives a comprehensive overview of the current status of the knowledge on metabolomics biomarkers for obesity, but further research is needed because the methods used in the studies to date are very homogenous, e.g. most used a targeted approach and therefore analyzed almost the same group of metabolites. Moreover, prospective studies are lacking since all of the studies are either case-control or cross-sectional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rauschert
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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25
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Melnik BC. The potential mechanistic link between allergy and obesity development and infant formula feeding. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2014; 10:37. [PMID: 25071855 PMCID: PMC4112849 DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-10-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides a new view of the cellular mechanisms that have been proposed to explain the links between infant formula feeding and the development of atopy and obesity. Epidemiological evidence points to an allergy- and obesity-preventive effect of breastfeeding. Both allergy and obesity development have been traced back to accelerated growth early in life. The nutrient-sensitive kinase mTORC1 is the master regulator of cell growth, which is predominantly activated by amino acids. In contrast to breastfeeding, artificial infant formula feeding bears the risk of uncontrolled excessive protein intake overactivating the infant's mTORC1 signalling pathways. Overactivated mTORC1 enhances S6K1-mediated adipocyte differentiation, but negatively regulates growth and differentiation of FoxP3(+) regulatory T-cells (Tregs), which are deficient in atopic individuals. Thus, the "early protein hypothesis" not only explains increased mTORC1-mediated infant growth but also the development of mTORC1-driven diseases such as allergy and obesity due to a postnatal deviation from the appropriate axis of mTORC1-driven metabolic and immunologic programming. Remarkably, intake of fresh unpasteurized cow's milk exhibits an allergy-preventive effect in farm children associated with increased FoxP3(+) Treg numbers. In contrast to unprocessed cow's milk, formula lacks bioactive immune-regulatory microRNAs, such as microRNA-155, which plays a major role in FoxP3 expression. Uncontrolled excessive protein supply by formula feeding associated with the absence of bioactive microRNAs and bifidobacteria in formula apparently in a synergistic way result in insufficient Treg maturation. Treg deficiency allows Th2-cell differentiation promoting the development of allergic diseases. Formula-induced mTORC1 overactivation is thus the critical mechanism that explains accelerated postnatal growth, allergy and obesity development on one aberrant pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstrasse 115, DE-49090 Osnabrück, Germany
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Melnik BC, John SM, Schmitz G. Milk is not just food but most likely a genetic transfection system activating mTORC1 signaling for postnatal growth. Nutr J 2013; 12:103. [PMID: 23883112 PMCID: PMC3725179 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk has been recognized to represent a functionally active nutrient system promoting neonatal growth of mammals. Cell growth is regulated by the nutrient-sensitive kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). There is still a lack of information on the mechanisms of mTORC1 up-regulation by milk consumption. This review presents milk as a materno-neonatal relay system functioning by transfer of preferential amino acids, which increase plasma levels of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin, growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) for mTORC1 activation. Importantly, milk exosomes, which regularly contain microRNA-21, most likely represent a genetic transfection system enhancing mTORC1-driven metabolic processes. Whereas human breast milk is the ideal food for infants allowing appropriate postnatal growth and species-specific metabolic programming, persistent high milk signaling during adolescence and adulthood by continued cow´s milk consumption may promote mTORC1-driven diseases of civilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstrasse 115, D-49090, Osnabrück, Germany.
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29
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Melnik BC, John SM, Carrera-Bastos P, Cordain L. The impact of cow's milk-mediated mTORC1-signaling in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:74. [PMID: 22891897 PMCID: PMC3499189 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is dependent on androgen receptor signaling and aberrations of the PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 pathway mediating excessive and sustained growth signaling. The nutrient-sensitive kinase mTORC1 is upregulated in nearly 100% of advanced human PCas. Oncogenic mTORC1 signaling activates key subsets of mRNAs that cooperate in distinct steps of PCa initiation and progression. Epidemiological evidence points to increased dairy protein consumption as a major dietary risk factor for the development of PCa. mTORC1 is a master regulator of protein synthesis, lipid synthesis and autophagy pathways that couple nutrient sensing to cell growth and cancer. This review provides evidence that PCa initiation and progression are promoted by cow´s milk, but not human milk, stimulation of mTORC1 signaling. Mammalian milk is presented as an endocrine signaling system, which activates mTORC1, promotes cell growth and proliferation and suppresses autophagy. Naturally, milk-mediated mTORC1 signaling is restricted only to the postnatal growth phase of mammals. However, persistent consumption of cow´s milk proteins in humans provide highly insulinotropic branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) provided by milk´s fast hydrolysable whey proteins, which elevate postprandial plasma insulin levels, and increase hepatic IGF-1 plasma concentrations by casein-derived amino acids. BCAAs, insulin and IGF-1 are pivotal activating signals of mTORC1. Increased cow´s milk protein-mediated mTORC1 signaling along with constant exposure to commercial cow´s milk estrogens derived from pregnant cows may explain the observed association between high dairy consumption and increased risk of PCa in Westernized societies. As well-balanced mTORC1-signaling plays an important role in appropriate prostate morphogenesis and differentiation, exaggerated mTORC1-signaling by high cow´s milk consumption predominantly during critical growth phases of prostate development and differentiation may exert long-term adverse effects on prostate health. Attenuation of mTORC1 signaling by contemporary Paleolithic diets and restriction of dairy protein intake, especially during mTORC1-dependent phases of prostate development and differentiation, may offer protection from the most common dairy-promoted cancer in men of Western societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstrasse 115, Osnabrück, D-49090, Germany.
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Diet and aging. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:741468. [PMID: 22928085 PMCID: PMC3425961 DOI: 10.1155/2012/741468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition has important long-term consequences for health that are not only limited to the individual but can be passed on to the next generation. It can contribute to the development and progression of chronic diseases thus effecting life span. Caloric restriction (CR) can extend the average and maximum life span and delay the onset of age-associated changes in many organisms. CR elicits coordinated and adaptive stress responses at the cellular and whole-organism level by modulating epigenetic mechanisms (e.g., DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modifications), signaling pathways that regulate cell growth and aging (e.g., TOR, AMPK, p53, and FOXO), and cell-to-cell signaling molecules (e.g., adiponectin). The overall effect of these adaptive stress responses is an increased resistance to subsequent stress, thus delaying age-related changes and promoting longevity. In human, CR could delay many diseases associated with aging including cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. As an alternative to CR, several CR mimetics have been tested on animals and humans. At present, the most promising alternatives to the use of CR in humans seem to be exercise, alone or in combination with reduced calorie intake, and the use of plant-derived polyphenol resveratrol as a food supplement.
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