1
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Tran S, Juliani J, Harris TJ, Evangelista M, Ratcliffe J, Ellis SL, Baloyan D, Reehorst CM, Nightingale R, Luk IY, Jenkins LJ, Ghilas S, Yakou MH, Inguanti C, Johnson C, Buchert M, Lee JC, De Cruz P, Duszyc K, Gleeson PA, Kile BT, Mielke LA, Yap AS, Mariadason JM, Fairlie WD, Lee EF. BECLIN1 is essential for intestinal homeostasis involving autophagy-independent mechanisms through its function in endocytic trafficking. Commun Biol 2024; 7:209. [PMID: 38378743 PMCID: PMC10879175 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05890-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy-related genes have been closely associated with intestinal homeostasis. BECLIN1 is a component of Class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complexes that orchestrate autophagy initiation and endocytic trafficking. Here we show intestinal epithelium-specific BECLIN1 deletion in adult mice leads to rapid fatal enteritis with compromised gut barrier integrity, highlighting its intrinsic critical role in gut maintenance. BECLIN1-deficient intestinal epithelial cells exhibit extensive apoptosis, impaired autophagy, and stressed endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Remaining absorptive enterocytes and secretory cells display morphological abnormalities. Deletion of the autophagy regulator, ATG7, fails to elicit similar effects, suggesting additional novel autophagy-independent functions of BECLIN1 distinct from ATG7. Indeed, organoids derived from BECLIN1 KO mice show E-CADHERIN mislocalisation associated with abnormalities in the endocytic trafficking pathway. This provides a mechanism linking endocytic trafficking mediated by BECLIN1 and loss of intestinal barrier integrity. Our findings establish an indispensable role of BECLIN1 in maintaining mammalian intestinal homeostasis and uncover its involvement in endocytic trafficking in this process. Hence, this study has important implications for our understanding of intestinal pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Tran
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Juliani Juliani
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Tiffany J Harris
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Marco Evangelista
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Julian Ratcliffe
- Bioimaging Platform, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah L Ellis
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - David Baloyan
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Camilla M Reehorst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Nightingale
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian Y Luk
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura J Jenkins
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Sonia Ghilas
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Marina H Yakou
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Chantelle Inguanti
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Chad Johnson
- Bioimaging Platform, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Buchert
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - James C Lee
- Genetic Mechanisms of Disease Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter De Cruz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Austin Academic Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kinga Duszyc
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul A Gleeson
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin T Kile
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa A Mielke
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John M Mariadason
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - W Douglas Fairlie
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
| | - Erinna F Lee
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
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2
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Coutry N, Gasmi I, Herbert F, Jay P. Mechanisms of intestinal dysbiosis: new insights into tuft cell functions. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2379624. [PMID: 39042424 PMCID: PMC11268228 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2379624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Symbiosis between the host and intestinal microbial communities is essential for human health. Disruption in this symbiosis is linked to gastrointestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases, as well as extra-gastrointestinal diseases. Unbalanced gut microbiome or gut dysbiosis contributes in multiple ways to disease frequency, severity and progression. Microbiome taxonomic profiling and metabolomics approaches greatly improved our understanding of gut dysbiosis features; however, the precise mechanisms involved in gut dysbiosis establishment still need to be clarified. The aim of this review is to present new actors and mechanisms underlying gut dysbiosis formation following parasitic infection or in a context of altered Paneth cells, revealing the existence of a critical crosstalk between Paneth and tuft cells to control microbiome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Coutry
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Imène Gasmi
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien Herbert
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Jay
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
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3
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Tran S, Juliani J, Fairlie WD, Lee EF. The emerging roles of autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells and its links to inflammatory bowel disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:811-826. [PMID: 37052218 PMCID: PMC10212545 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Landmark genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified that mutations in autophagy genes correlated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a heterogenous disease characterised by prolonged inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, that can reduce a person's quality of life. Autophagy, the delivery of intracellular components to the lysosome for degradation, is a critical cellular housekeeping process that removes damaged proteins and turns over organelles, recycling their amino acids and other constituents to supply cells with energy and necessary building blocks. This occurs under both basal and challenging conditions such as nutrient deprivation. An understanding of the relationship between autophagy, intestinal health and IBD aetiology has improved over time, with autophagy having a verified role in the intestinal epithelium and immune cells. Here, we discuss research that has led to an understanding that autophagy genes, including ATG16L, ATG5, ATG7, IRGM, and Class III PI3K complex members, contribute to innate immune defence in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) via selective autophagy of bacteria (xenophagy), how autophagy contributes to the regulation of the intestinal barrier via cell junctional proteins, and the critical role of autophagy genes in intestinal epithelial secretory subpopulations, namely Paneth and goblet cells. We also discuss how intestinal stem cells can utilise autophagy. Importantly, mouse studies have provided evidence that autophagy deregulation has serious physiological consequences including IEC death and intestinal inflammation. Thus, autophagy is now established as a key regulator of intestinal homeostasis. Further research into how its cytoprotective mechanisms can prevent intestinal inflammation may provide insights into the effective management of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Tran
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Juliani Juliani
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - W. Douglas Fairlie
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Erinna F. Lee
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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4
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Nemati S, Mohammad Rahimi H, Meyfour A, Pazoki H, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Shahrokh S, Mirjalali H. Evaluation of the mTORC activity in the presence of Toxoplasma gondii and azathioprine in human monocyte cell line. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:77. [PMID: 36941573 PMCID: PMC10029279 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02819-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is an important part of pathogenesis of IBD. Thiopurines such as azathioprine (AZA) are approved drugs for clinical practices in IBD patients. Besides, as an escape strategy, Toxoplasma gondii can use the mTORC1 complex to inactivate autophagy. METHODS In this study, we investigated whether T. gondii tachyzoites may modulate autophagy and interfere the effects of azathioprine in IBD treatment. PMA-activated human monocyte cell line (THP-1) was infected with fresh T. gondii RH tachyzoites. After 5 h of infection, the cells were treated with AZA for 6 h. The expression of atg5, atg7, atg12, lc3b, and β-actin (BACT) genes was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR. To analyze the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6), western blot using specific primary antibodies was performed. RESULTS The results of real-time PCR revealed that AZA, T. gondii tachyzoites, and a combination of AZA and T. gondii tachyzoites upregulated atg5 gene for 4.297-fold (P-value = 0.014), 2.49-fold (P-value = 0.006), and 4.76-fold (P-value = 0.001), respectively. The atg7 gene showed significant upregulation (2.272-fold; P-value = 0.014) and (1.51-fold; P-value = 0.020) in AZA and AZA / T. gondii, respectively. The expression of atg12 gene was significantly downregulated in AZA and T. gondii tachyzoites for (8.85-fold; P-value = 0.004) and (2.005-fold; P-value = 0.038), respectively, but upregulated in T. gondii/AZA (1.52-fold; P-value = 0.037). In addition, the lc3b gene was only significantly changed in AZA / T. gondii (3.028-fold; P-value = 0.001). Western blot analysis showed that T. gondii tachyzoites significantly phosphorylated rpS6, and tachyzoites did not interfere the effects of AZA to phosphorylate the rpS6. CONCLUSION Taken together, although AZA and T. gondii similarly affects the expression levels of atg5, atg7, and atg12, but T. gondii does not seem to modulate the effects of AZA via mTORC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nemati
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Mohammad Rahimi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anna Meyfour
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Pazoki
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Shahrokh
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Cui C, Wang F, Zheng Y, Wei H, Peng J. From birth to death: The hardworking life of Paneth cell in the small intestine. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1122258. [PMID: 36969191 PMCID: PMC10036411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1122258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells are a group of unique intestinal epithelial cells, and they play an important role in host-microbiota interactions. At the origin of Paneth cell life, several pathways such as Wnt, Notch, and BMP signaling, affect the differentiation of Paneth cells. After lineage commitment, Paneth cells migrate downward and reside in the base of crypts, and they possess abundant granules in their apical cytoplasm. These granules contain some important substances such as antimicrobial peptides and growth factors. Antimicrobial peptides can regulate the composition of microbiota and defend against mucosal penetration by commensal and pathogenic bacteria to protect the intestinal epithelia. The growth factors derived from Paneth cells contribute to the maintenance of the normal functions of intestinal stem cells. The presence of Paneth cells ensures the sterile environment and clearance of apoptotic cells from crypts to maintain the intestinal homeostasis. At the end of their lives, Paneth cells experience different types of programmed cell death such as apoptosis and necroptosis. During intestinal injury, Paneth cells can acquire stem cell features to restore the intestinal epithelial integrity. In view of the crucial roles of Paneth cells in the intestinal homeostasis, research on Paneth cells has rapidly developed in recent years, and the existing reviews on Paneth cells have mainly focused on their functions of antimicrobial peptide secretion and intestinal stem cell support. This review aims to summarize the approaches to studying Paneth cells and introduce the whole life experience of Paneth cells from birth to death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbin Cui
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangke Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Zheng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Peng,
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6
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Wallaeys C, Garcia‐Gonzalez N, Libert C. Paneth cells as the cornerstones of intestinal and organismal health: a primer. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 15:e16427. [PMID: 36573340 PMCID: PMC9906427 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells are versatile secretory cells located in the crypts of Lieberkühn of the small intestine. In normal conditions, they function as the cornerstones of intestinal health by preserving homeostasis. They perform this function by providing niche factors to the intestinal stem cell compartment, regulating the composition of the microbiome through the production and secretion of antimicrobial peptides, performing phagocytosis and efferocytosis, taking up heavy metals, and preserving barrier integrity. Disturbances in one or more of these functions can lead to intestinal as well as systemic inflammatory and infectious diseases. This review discusses the multiple functions of Paneth cells, and the mechanisms and consequences of Paneth cell dysfunction. It also provides an overview of the tools available for studying Paneth cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Wallaeys
- Center for Inflammation Research‐VIBGhentBelgium,Department of Biomedical Molecular BiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Natalia Garcia‐Gonzalez
- Center for Inflammation Research‐VIBGhentBelgium,Department of Biomedical Molecular BiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Center for Inflammation Research‐VIBGhentBelgium,Department of Biomedical Molecular BiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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7
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Pant A, Yao X, Lavedrine A, Viret C, Dockterman J, Chauhan S, Chong-Shan Shi, Manjithaya R, Cadwell K, Kufer TA, Kehrl JH, Coers J, Sibley LD, Faure M, Taylor GA, Chauhan S. Interactions of Autophagy and the Immune System in Health and Diseases. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2022; 1:438-515. [PMID: 37425656 PMCID: PMC10327624 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2022.2119743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process that utilizes lysosomes to selectively degrade a variety of intracellular cargo, thus providing quality control over cellular components and maintaining cellular regulatory functions. Autophagy is triggered by multiple stimuli ranging from nutrient starvation to microbial infection. Autophagy extensively shapes and modulates the inflammatory response, the concerted action of immune cells, and secreted mediators aimed to eradicate a microbial infection or to heal sterile tissue damage. Here, we first review how autophagy affects innate immune signaling, cell-autonomous immune defense, and adaptive immunity. Then, we discuss the role of non-canonical autophagy in microbial infections and inflammation. Finally, we review how crosstalk between autophagy and inflammation influences infectious, metabolic, and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Pant
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Xiaomin Yao
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aude Lavedrine
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Christophe Viret
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Jake Dockterman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Swati Chauhan
- Cell biology and Infectious diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Chong-Shan Shi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - John H. Kehrl
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - L. David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Sch. Med., St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mathias Faure
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Sch. Med., St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Santosh Chauhan
- Cell biology and Infectious diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- CSIR–Centre For Cellular And Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, Telangana
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8
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Yang Y, Gomez M, Marsh T, Poillet-Perez L, Sawant A, Chen L, Park NR, Jackson SR, Hu Z, Alon N, Liu C, Debnath J, Guan JL, Davidson S, Verzi M, White E. Autophagy in PDGFRα+ mesenchymal cells is essential for intestinal stem cell survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202016119. [PMID: 35537042 PMCID: PMC9173755 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202016119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy defects are a risk factor for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) through unknown mechanisms. Whole-body conditional deletion of autophagy-related gene (Atg) Atg7 in adult mice (Atg7Δ/Δ) causes tissue damage and death within 3 mo due to neurodegeneration without substantial effect on intestine. In contrast, we report here that whole-body conditional deletion of other essential Atg genes Atg5 or Fip200/Atg17 in adult mice (Atg5Δ/Δ or Fip200Δ/Δ) caused death within 5 d due to rapid autophagy inhibition, elimination of ileum stem cells, and loss of barrier function. Atg5Δ/Δ mice lost PDGFRα+ mesenchymal cells (PMCs) and Wnt signaling essential for stem cell renewal, which were partially rescued by exogenous Wnt. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization coupled to mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) of Atg5Δ/Δ ileum revealed depletion of aspartate and nucleotides, consistent with metabolic insufficiency underlying PMC loss. The difference in the autophagy gene knockout phenotypes is likely due to distinct kinetics of autophagy loss, as deletion of Atg5 more gradually extended lifespan phenocopying deletion of Atg7 or Atg12. Thus, autophagy is required for PMC metabolism and ileum stem cell and mammalian survival. Failure to maintain PMCs through autophagy may therefore contribute to IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
| | - Maria Gomez
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
- Ludwig Princeton Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Timothy Marsh
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | | | - Akshada Sawant
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854
| | - Noel R. Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - S. RaElle Jackson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Zhixian Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
- Ludwig Princeton Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Noa Alon
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
- School of Art Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Shawn Davidson
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Michael Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
- Ludwig Princeton Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
- School of Art Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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9
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Foerster EG, Mukherjee T, Cabral-Fernandes L, Rocha JD, Girardin SE, Philpott DJ. How autophagy controls the intestinal epithelial barrier. Autophagy 2022; 18:86-103. [PMID: 33906557 PMCID: PMC8865220 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1909406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a cellular catabolic process that results in lysosome-mediated recycling of organelles and protein aggregates, as well as the destruction of intracellular pathogens. Its role in the maintenance of the intestinal epithelium is of particular interest, as several autophagy-related genes have been associated with intestinal disease. Autophagy and its regulatory mechanisms are involved in both homeostasis and repair of the intestine, supporting intestinal barrier function in response to cellular stress through tight junction regulation and protection from cell death. Furthermore, a clear role has emerged for autophagy not only in secretory cells but also in intestinal stem cells, where it affects their metabolism, as well as their proliferative and regenerative capacity. Here, we review the physiological role of autophagy in the context of intestinal epithelial maintenance and how genetic mutations affecting autophagy contribute to the development of intestinal disease.Abbreviations: AKT1S1: AKT1 substrate 1; AMBRA1: autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; APC: APC regulator of WNT signaling pathway; ATF6: activating transcription factor 6; ATG: autophagy related; atg16l1[ΔIEC] mice: mice with a specific deletion of Atg16l1 in intestinal epithelial cells; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BECN1: beclin 1; bsk/Jnk: basket; CADPR: cyclic ADP ribose; CALCOCO2: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CASP3: caspase 3; CD: Crohn disease; CDH1/E-cadherin: cadherin 1; CF: cystic fibrosis; CFTR: CF transmembrane conductance regulator; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; CLDN2: claudin 2; CoPEC: colibactin-producing E. coli; CRC: colorectal cancer; CYP1A1: cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1; DC: dendritic cell; DDIT3: DNA damage inducible transcript 3; DEPTOR: DEP domain containing MTOR interacting protein; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; EGF: epidermal growth factor; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; EIF2A: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A; EIF2AK3: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; EIF2AK4/GCN2: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERN1: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1; HSPA5/GRP78: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; IEC: intestinal epithelial cell; IFN: interferon; IFNG/IFNγ:interferon gamma; IL: interleukin; IRGM: immunity related GTPase M; ISC: intestinal stem cell; LGR5: leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5; LRRK2: leucine rich repeat kinase 2; MAP1LC3A/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha; MAPK/JNK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAPK14/p38 MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; MAPKAP1: MAPK associated protein 1; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; miRNA: microRNA; MLKL: mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase; MLST8: MTOR associated protein, LST8 homolog; MNV: murine norovirus; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; NLRP: NLR family pyrin domain containing; NOD: nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing; NRBF2: nuclear receptor binding factor 2; OPTN: optineurin; OXPHOS: oxidative phosphorylation; P: phosphorylation; Patj: PATJ crumbs cell polarity complex component; PE: phosphatidyl-ethanolamine; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PIK3R4: phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 4; PPARG: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma; PRR5: proline rich 5; PRR5L: proline rich 5 like; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; RER: rough endoplasmic reticulum; RHEB: Ras homolog, MTORC1 binding; RICTOR: RPTOR independent companion of MTOR complex 2; RIPK1: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RPTOR: regulatory associated protein of MTOR complex 1; RPS6KB1: ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1; SH3GLB1: SH3 domain containing GRB2 like, endophilin B1; SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TA: transit-amplifying; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TFE3: transcription factor binding to IGHM enhancer 3; TGM2: transglutaminase 2; TJ: tight junction; TJP1/ZO1: tight junction protein 1; TNBS: 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; TNF/TNFα: tumor necrosis factor; Tor: target of rapamycin; TRAF: TNF receptor associated factor; TRIM11: tripartite motif containing 11; TRP53: transformation related protein 53; TSC: TSC complex subunit; Ub: ubiquitin; UC: ulcerative colitis; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; USO1/p115: USO1 vesicle transport factor; UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated; WIPI: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting; WNT: WNT family member; XBP1: X-box binding protein 1; ZFYVE1/DFCP1: zinc finger FYVE-type containing 1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tapas Mukherjee
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Stephen E. Girardin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dana J. Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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10
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Collier JJ, Suomi F, Oláhová M, McWilliams TG, Taylor RW. Emerging roles of ATG7 in human health and disease. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e14824. [PMID: 34725936 PMCID: PMC8649875 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardinal stages of macroautophagy are driven by core autophagy-related (ATG) proteins, whose ablation largely abolishes intracellular turnover. Disrupting ATG genes is paradigmatic of studying autophagy deficiency, yet emerging data suggest that ATG proteins have extensive biological importance beyond autophagic elimination. An important example is ATG7, an essential autophagy effector enzyme that in concert with other ATG proteins, also regulates immunity, cell death and protein secretion, and independently regulates the cell cycle and apoptosis. Recently, a direct association between ATG7 dysfunction and disease was established in patients with biallelic ATG7 variants and childhood-onset neuropathology. Moreover, a prodigious body of evidence supports a role for ATG7 in protecting against complex disease states in model organisms, although how dysfunctional ATG7 contributes to manifestation of these diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration and infection, in humans remains unclear. Here, we systematically review the biological functions of ATG7, discussing the impact of its impairment on signalling pathways and human pathology. Future studies illuminating the molecular relationship between ATG7 dysfunction and disease will expedite therapies for disorders involving ATG7 deficiency and/or impaired autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Collier
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Present address:
Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMontreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Fumi Suomi
- Translational Stem Cell Biology & Metabolism Program, Research Programs UnitUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Monika Oláhová
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Thomas G McWilliams
- Translational Stem Cell Biology & Metabolism Program, Research Programs UnitUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of AnatomyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and ChildrenNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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11
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Khayati K, Bhatt V, Hu ZS, Fahumy S, Luo X, Guo JY. Autophagy compensates for Lkb1 loss to maintain adult mice homeostasis and survival. eLife 2020; 9:62377. [PMID: 33236987 PMCID: PMC7714393 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver kinase B1 (LKB1), also known as serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) is the major energy sensor for cells to respond to metabolic stress. Autophagy degrades and recycles proteins, macromolecules, and organelles for cells to survive starvation. To assess the role and cross-talk between autophagy and Lkb1 in normal tissue homeostasis, we generated genetically engineered mouse models where we can conditionally delete Stk11 and autophagy essential gene, Atg7, respectively or simultaneously, throughout the adult mice. We found that Lkb1 was essential for the survival of adult mice, and autophagy activation could temporarily compensate for the acute loss of Lkb1 and extend mouse life span. We further found that acute deletion of Lkb1 in adult mice led to impaired intestinal barrier function, hypoglycemia, and abnormal serum metabolism, which was partly rescued by the Lkb1 loss-induced autophagy upregulation via inhibiting p53 induction. Taken together, we demonstrated that autophagy and Lkb1 work synergistically to maintain adult mouse homeostasis and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoosheh Khayati
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Vrushank Bhatt
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, United States
| | | | - Sajid Fahumy
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Xuefei Luo
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Jessie Yanxiang Guo
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, United States.,Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, United States.,Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, United States
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12
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Sanguisorba officinalis L. derived from herbal medicine prevents intestinal inflammation by inducing autophagy in macrophages. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9972. [PMID: 32561763 PMCID: PMC7305163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbed activation of autophagy is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Accordingly, several autophagy-related genes have been identified as Crohn's disease susceptibility genes. We screened the autophagy activators from a library including 3,922 natural extracts using a high-throughput assay system. The extracts identified as autophagy activators were administered to mice with 2% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Among the autophagy inducers, Sanguisorba officinalis L. (SO) suppressed DSS-induced colitis. To identify the mechanism by which SO ameliorates colitis, epithelial cell and innate myeloid cells-specific Atg7-deficient mice (Villin-cre; Atg7f/f and LysM-cre; Atg7f/f mice, respectively) were analyzed. SO-mediated inhibition of colitis was observed in Villin-cre; Atg7f/f mice. However, SO and a mixture of its components including catechin acid, ellagic acid, gallic acid, and ziyuglycoside II (Mix4) did not suppressed colitis in LysM-cre; Atg7f/f mice. In large intestinal macrophages (Mφ) of Atg7f/f mice, SO and Mix4 upregulated the expression of marker genes of anti-inflammatory Mφ including Arg1, Cd206, and Relma. However, these alterations were not induced in LysM-cre; Atg7f/f mice. These findings indicate that SO and its active components ameliorate DSS-induced colitis by providing intestinal Mφ with anti-inflammatory profiles via promotion of Atg7-dependent autophagy.
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13
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Li M, Luo T, Huang Y, Su J, Li D, Chen X, Zhang Y, Huang L, Li S, Jiao C, Li W, Xie Y, Li W. Polysaccharide from Pycnoporus sanguineus ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis via helper T cells repertoire modulation and autophagy suppression. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2649-2664. [PMID: 32281697 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic autoimmune disease associated with various risk factors. Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill is a saprotrophic fungus used worldwide for its industrial and medical purposes. Here, polysaccharide from P. sanguineus (PPS) was explored for its antiinflammatory potential in a murine colitis model of IBD induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). PPS ameliorated the colitis as manifested by the lowered disease activity index (DAI), prolonged colon, and reduced serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS). PPS recovered the histological lesion by upregulating the expressions of Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), E-cadherin, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). PPS inhibited the helper T cells (Th)-mediated immune response by decreasing the proportions of Th cells (including Th2 cells, Th17 cells, and regulatory T cells), which was accompanied with reductions on myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and releases of several interleukins and chemokines within the colon. Moreover, PPS exhibited an evident inhibition on autophagy, in which the ratio of light chain 3 (LC3) II/I was declined, while the expression of p62 and Beclin-1 was increased. The present study highlighted important clinical implications for the treatment application of PPS against IBD, which relies on the regulation of Th cells repertoire and autophagy suppression to restore epithelium barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muxia Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratoryof Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Luo
- Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratoryof Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratoryof Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratoryof Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratoryof Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Longhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratoryof Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunxian Li
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunwei Jiao
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Infinitus (China) Company Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratoryof Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wende Li
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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14
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Wu Y, Tang L, Wang B, Sun Q, Zhao P, Li W. The role of autophagy in maintaining intestinal mucosal barrier. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19406-19419. [PMID: 31020664 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosal barrier is the first line to defense against luminal content penetration and performs numerous biological functions. The intestinal epithelium contains a huge surface that is lined by a monolayer of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). IECs are dominant mediators in maintaining intestinal homeostasis that drive diverse functions including nutrient absorption, physical segregation, secretion of antibacterial peptides, and modulation of immune responses. Autophagy is a cellular self-protection mechanism in response to various stresses, and accumulating studies have revealed its importance in participating physiological processes of IECs. The regulatory effects of autophagy depend on the specific IEC types. This review aims to elucidate the myriad roles of autophagy in regulating the functions of different IECs (stem cells, enterocytes, goblet cells, and Paneth cells), and present the progress of autophagy-targeting therapy in intestinal diseases. Understanding the involved mechanisms can provide new preventive and therapeutic strategies for gastrointestinal dysfunction and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baikui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiming Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengwei Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Jones EJ, Matthews ZJ, Gul L, Sudhakar P, Treveil A, Divekar D, Buck J, Wrzesinski T, Jefferson M, Armstrong SD, Hall LJ, Watson AJM, Carding SR, Haerty W, Di Palma F, Mayer U, Powell PP, Hautefort I, Wileman T, Korcsmaros T. Integrative analysis of Paneth cell proteomic and transcriptomic data from intestinal organoids reveals functional processes dependent on autophagy. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm037069. [PMID: 30814064 PMCID: PMC6451430 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.037069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells are key epithelial cells that provide an antimicrobial barrier and maintain integrity of the small-intestinal stem cell niche. Paneth cell abnormalities are unfortunately detrimental to gut health and are often associated with digestive pathologies such as Crohn's disease or infections. Similar alterations are observed in individuals with impaired autophagy, a process that recycles cellular components. The direct effect of autophagy impairment on Paneth cells has not been analysed. To investigate this, we generated a mouse model lacking Atg16l1 specifically in intestinal epithelial cells, making these cells impaired in autophagy. Using three-dimensional intestinal organoids enriched for Paneth cells, we compared the proteomic profiles of wild-type and autophagy-impaired organoids. We used an integrated computational approach combining protein-protein interaction networks, autophagy-targeted proteins and functional information to identify the mechanistic link between autophagy impairment and disrupted pathways. Of the 284 altered proteins, 198 (70%) were more abundant in autophagy-impaired organoids, suggesting reduced protein degradation. Interestingly, these differentially abundant proteins comprised 116 proteins (41%) that are predicted targets of the selective autophagy proteins p62, LC3 and ATG16L1. Our integrative analysis revealed autophagy-mediated mechanisms that degrade key proteins in Paneth cell functions, such as exocytosis, apoptosis and DNA damage repair. Transcriptomic profiling of additional organoids confirmed that 90% of the observed changes upon autophagy alteration have effects at the protein level, not on gene expression. We performed further validation experiments showing differential lysozyme secretion, confirming our computationally inferred downregulation of exocytosis. Our observations could explain how protein-level alterations affect Paneth cell homeostatic functions upon autophagy impairment.This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Jones
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Zoe J Matthews
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Lejla Gul
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Padhmanand Sudhakar
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Agatha Treveil
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Devina Divekar
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Jasmine Buck
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Matthew Jefferson
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Stuart D Armstrong
- National Institute of Health Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Lindsay J Hall
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Alastair J M Watson
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Simon R Carding
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Wilfried Haerty
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK
| | | | - Ulrike Mayer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Penny P Powell
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Tom Wileman
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
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16
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Haq S, Grondin J, Banskota S, Khan WI. Autophagy: roles in intestinal mucosal homeostasis and inflammation. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:19. [PMID: 30764829 PMCID: PMC6375151 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is a site of multiple stressors and forms the barrier between the internal and external environment. In the intestine, a complex interplay between the microbiota, epithelial barrier and the local immune system maintains homeostasis and promotes a healthy gut. One of the major cellular catabolic processes that regulate this homeostasis is autophagy. Autophagy is required to maintain anti-microbial defense, epithelial barrier integrity and mucosal immune response. Dysregulation of the autophagy process causes disruption of several aspects of the intestinal epithelium and the immune system that can lead to an inappropriate immune response and subsequent inflammation. Genome-wide association studies have found an association between several risk loci in autophagy genes and inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of the current review is to provide an update on the role of autophagy in intestinal mucosal physiology and in the control of inappropriate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Haq
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Room 3N7, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jensine Grondin
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Room 3N7, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Suhrid Banskota
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Room 3N7, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Room 3N7, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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17
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Roles of Autophagy-Related Genes in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010077. [PMID: 30669622 PMCID: PMC6356351 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process that is essential for a variety of cellular responses. Due to its role in the maintenance of biological homeostasis in conditions of stress, dysregulation or disruption of autophagy may be linked to human diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is a complicated inflammatory colitis disorder; Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are the principal types. Genetic studies have shown the clinical relevance of several autophagy-related genes (ATGs) in the pathogenesis of IBD. Additionally, recent studies using conditional knockout mice have led to a comprehensive understanding of ATGs that affect intestinal inflammation, Paneth cell abnormality and enteric pathogenic infection during colitis. In this review, we discuss the various ATGs involved in macroautophagy and selective autophagy, including ATG16L1, IRGM, LRRK2, ATG7, p62, optineurin and TFEB in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Although advances have been made regarding the involvement of ATGs in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, determining the precise contribution of autophagy has remained elusive. Recent efforts based on direct targeting of ATGs and autophagy will further facilitate the development of new therapeutic opportunities for IBD.
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18
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Ma K, Zhang Y, Song G, Wu M, Chen G. Identification of Autophagy-Related Gene 7 and Autophagic Cell Death in the Planarian Dugesia japonica. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1223. [PMID: 30233400 PMCID: PMC6131670 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Planarians undergo continuous body size remodeling under starvation or during regeneration. This process likely involves autophagy and autophagic cell death, but this hypothesis is supported by few studies. To test this hypothesis, we cloned and characterized autophagy-related gene 7 (Atg7) from the planarian Dugesia japonica (DjAtg7). The full-length cDNA of DjAtg7 measures 2272 bp and includes a 2082-bp open reading frame encoding 693 amino acids with a molecular weight of 79.06 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of DjAtg7 contains a conserved ATP-binding site and a catalytic active site of an E1-like enzyme belonging to the ATG7 superfamily. DjAtg7 transcripts are mainly expressed in intestinal tissues of the intact animals. After amputation, DjAtg7 was highly expressed at the newly regenerated intestinal branch on days 3-7 of regeneration and in the old tissue of the distal intestinal branch on day 10 of regeneration. However, knockdown of DjAtg7 by RNAi did not affect planarian regeneration and did not block autophagosome formation, which indicates that autophagy is more complex than previously expected. Interestingly, TEM clearly confirmed that autophagy and autophagic cell death occurred in the old tissues of the newly regenerated planarians and clearly revealed that the dying cell released vesicles containing cellular cytoplasmic contents into the extracellular space. Therefore, the autophagy and autophagic cell death that occurred in the old tissue not only met the demand for body remodeling but also met the demand for energy supply during planarian regeneration. Collectively, our work contributes to the understanding of autophagy and autophagic cell death in planarian regeneration and body remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guangwen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
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19
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Intestinal epithelial Toll-like receptor 4 prevents metabolic syndrome by regulating interactions between microbes and intestinal epithelial cells in mice. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:727-740. [PMID: 29363671 PMCID: PMC6131112 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, although Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been implicated. We investigated whether TLR4 in the intestinal epithelium regulates metabolic syndrome by coordinating interactions between the luminal microbiota and host genes that regulate metabolism. Mice lacking TLR4 in the intestinal epithelium (TLR4ΔIEC), but not mice lacking TLR4 in myeloid cells nor mice lacking TLR4 globally, developed metabolic syndrome; these features were not observed in TLR4ΔIEC mice given antibiotics. Metagenomic analysis of the fecal microbiota revealed differences between TLR4ΔIEC and wild-type mice, while meta-transcriptome analysis of the microbiota showed that intestinal TLR4 affected the expression of microbial genes involved in the metabolism of lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides. Genes regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and the antimicrobial peptide lysozyme were significantly downregulated in TLR4ΔIEC mice, suggesting a mechanism by which intestinal TLR4 could exert its effects on the microbiota and metabolic syndrome. Supportingly, antibiotics prevented both downregulation of PPAR genes and the development of metabolic syndrome, while PPAR agonists prevented development of metabolic syndrome in TLR4ΔIEC mice. Thus, intestinal epithelial TLR4 regulates metabolic syndrome through altered host-bacterial signaling, suggesting that microbial or PPAR-based strategies might have therapeutic potential for this disease.
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20
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Li Z, Wang G, Feng D, Zu G, Li Y, Shi X, Zhao Y, Jing H, Ning S, Le W, Yao J, Tian X. Targeting the miR-665-3p-ATG4B-autophagy axis relieves inflammation and apoptosis in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:483. [PMID: 29706629 PMCID: PMC5924757 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential cytoprotective response against pathologic stresses that selectively degrades damaged cellular components. Impaired autophagy contributes to organ injury in multiple diseases, including ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), but the exact mechanism by which impaired autophagy is regulated remains unclear. Several researchers have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) negatively regulate autophagy by targeting autophagy-related genes (ATGs). Therefore, the effect of ATG-related miRNAs on I/R remains a promising research avenue. In our study, we found that autophagy flux is impaired during intestinal I/R. A miRNA microarray analysis showed that miR-665-3p was highly expressed in the I/R group, which was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Then, we predicted and proved that miR-665-3p negatively regulates ATG4B expression in Caco-2 and IEC-6 cells. In ileum biopsy samples from patients with intestinal infarction, there was an inverse correlation between miR-665-3p and ATG4B expression, which supports the in vitro findings. Moreover, based on miR-665-3p regulation of autophagy in response to hypoxia/reoxygenation in vitro, gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches were used to investigate the therapeutic potential of miR-665-3p. Additionally, we provide evidence that ATG4B is indispensable for protection upon inhibition of miR-665-3p. Finally, we observed that locked nucleic acid-modified inhibition of miR-665-3p in vivo alleviates I/R-induced systemic inflammation and apoptosis via recovery of autophagic flux. Our study highlights miR-665-3p as a novel small molecule that regulates autophagy by targeting ATG4B, suggesting that miR-665-3p inhibition may be a potential therapeutic approach against inflammation and apoptosis for the clinical treatment of intestinal I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Guangzhi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Dongcheng Feng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Guo Zu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Xue Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, 116044, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, 116044, Dalian, China
| | - Huirong Jing
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Shili Ning
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Clinical Research Center on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116011, Dalian, China
| | - Jihong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, 116044, Dalian, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Tian
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116023, Dalian, China.
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Abstract
The discovery of numerous genetic variants in the human genome that are associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has revealed critical pathways that play important roles in intestinal homeostasis. These genetic studies have identified a critical role for macroautophagy/autophagy and more recently, lysosomal function, in maintaining the intestinal barrier and mucosal homeostasis. This review highlights recent work on the functional characterization of IBD-associated human genetic variants in cell type-specific functions for autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara G Lassen
- a Broad Institute ; Cambridge , MA USA.,b Center for Computational and Integrative Biology ; Massachusetts General Hospital ; Boston , MA USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- a Broad Institute ; Cambridge , MA USA.,b Center for Computational and Integrative Biology ; Massachusetts General Hospital ; Boston , MA USA.,c Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease ; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School ; Boston , MA USA
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22
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Lankarani KB, Sepehrimanesh M, Seghatoleslam SF, Hoseini SE, Ghavami S. Autophagy-related protein 7 level in patients with ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:468. [PMID: 27881025 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2016.1259655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamran B Lankarani
- a Health Policy Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Masood Sepehrimanesh
- b Gastroenterohepatology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | | | | | - Saeed Ghavami
- d Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
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23
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Comincini S, Manai F, Meazza C, Pagani S, Martinelli C, Pasqua N, Pelizzo G, Biggiogera M, Bozzola M. Identification of Autophagy-Related Genes and Their Regulatory miRNAs Associated with Celiac Disease in Children. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020391. [PMID: 28208686 PMCID: PMC5343926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a severe genetic autoimmune disorder, affecting about one in 100 people, where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine. Diagnosing CD is quite complex and requires blood tests and intestinal biopsy examinations. Controversy exists regarding making the diagnosis without biopsy, due to the large spectrum of manifesting symptoms; furthermore, small-intestinal gastroscopy examinations have a relatively complex management in the pediatric population. To identify novel molecular markers useful to increase the sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of pediatric CD patients, the expression levels of two key autophagy executor genes (ATG7 and BECN1) and their regulatory validated miRNAs (miR-17 and miR-30a, respectively) were analyzed by relative quantitative real-time-PCR on a cohort of confirmed CD patients compared to age-related controls. Among the investigated targets, the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test and ROC analysis indicated the highest significant association of BECN1 with CD status in the blood, while in intestinal biopsies, all of the investigated sequences were positively associated with CD diagnosis. Nomogram-based analysis showed nearly opposite expression trends in blood compared to intestine tissue, while hierarchical clustering dendrograms enabled identifying CD and control subgroups based on specific genes and miRNA expression signatures. Next, using an established in vitro approach, through digested gliadin administration in Caco-2 cells, we also highlighted that the modulation of miR-17 endogenous levels using enriched exosomes increased the intracellular autophagosome content, thereby altering the autophagic status. Altogether, these results highlighted novel molecular markers that might be useful to increase the accuracy in CD diagnosis and in molecular-based stratification of the patients, further reinforcing the functional involvement of the regulation of the autophagy process within a digestive and autoimmune-related disorder as CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Comincini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Federico Manai
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Cristina Meazza
- Pediatrics and Adolescentology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Sara Pagani
- Pediatrics and Adolescentology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Carolina Martinelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Noemi Pasqua
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Gloria Pelizzo
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Marco Biggiogera
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mauro Bozzola
- Pediatrics and Adolescentology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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24
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Long ZZ, Nie QH. Paneth cells, antimicrobial peptides, and intestinal mucosal immunity. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:209-219. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i3.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells (PCs) and their antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are closely related to the ecological unbalance of gut microbiota, intestinal inflammation, and systemic infections. The dysfunction of intestinal mucosal barrier and innate immunity is always accompanied with changes in the levels of AMPs, for example, alpha-defensins and other inflammatory mediators produced by PCs. Studies show that PCs can alter their functional status and release effector molecules under some conditions such as cholinergic agonists, microorganisms and their antigens, enteral nutrition, and genetic susceptibility. Therefore, these conditions can induce inflammatory bowel disease, bacterial translocation, overgrowth of gut microbe, and damage to immune tolerance. The research on PCs can provide new targets and strategies for clinical treatment of the relevant diseases. In this paper, we discuss the relationship of PCs and their AMPs with intestinal mucosal barrier and innate immunity.
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25
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Ke P, Shao BZ, Xu ZQ, Chen XW, Liu C. Intestinal Autophagy and Its Pharmacological Control in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 7:695. [PMID: 28119697 PMCID: PMC5220102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucosal barrier, mainly composed of the intestinal mucus layer and the epithelium, plays a critical role in nutrient absorption as well as protection from pathogenic microorganisms. It is widely acknowledged that the damage of intestinal mucosal barrier or the disturbance of microorganism balance in the intestinal tract contributes greatly to the pathogenesis and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which mainly includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that involves degradation of protein aggregates and damaged organelles for recycling. The roles of autophagy in the pathogenesis and progression of IBD have been increasingly studied. This present review mainly describes the roles of autophagy of Paneth cells, macrophages, and goblet cells in IBD, and finally, several potential therapeutic strategies for IBD taking advantage of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ke
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Bo-Zong Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhe-Qi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiong-Wen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
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26
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Inaba Y, Ueno N, Numata M, Zhu X, Messer JS, Boone DL, Fujiya M, Kohgo Y, Musch MW, Chang EB. Soluble bioactive microbial mediators regulate proteasomal degradation and autophagy to protect against inflammation-induced stress. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G634-G647. [PMID: 27514476 PMCID: PMC5142193 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00092.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bifidobacterium breve and other Gram-positive gut commensal microbes protect the gastrointestinal epithelium against inflammation-induced stress. However, the mechanisms whereby these bacteria accomplish this protection are poorly understood. In this study, we examined soluble factors derived from Bifidobacterium breve and their impact on the two major protein degradation systems within intestinal epithelial cells, proteasomes and autophagy. Conditioned media from gastrointestinal Gram-positive, but not Gram-negative, bacteria activated autophagy and increased expression of the autophagy proteins Atg5 and Atg7 along with the stress response protein heat shock protein 27. Specific examination of media conditioned by the Gram-positive bacterium Bifidobacterium breve (Bb-CM) showed that this microbe produces small molecules (<3 kDa) that increase expression of the autophagy proteins Atg5 and Atg7, activate autophagy, and inhibit proteasomal enzyme activity. Upregulation of autophagy by Bb-CM was mediated through MAP kinase signaling. In vitro studies using C2BBe1 cells silenced for Atg7 and in vivo studies using mice conditionally deficient in intestinal epithelial cell Atg7 showed that Bb-CM-induced cytoprotection is dependent on autophagy. Therefore, this work demonstrates that Gram-positive bacteria modify protein degradation programs within intestinal epithelial cells to promote their survival during stress. It also reveals the therapeutic potential of soluble molecules produced by these microbes for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Inaba
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ueno
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Numata
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Life Style and Digestive Diseases, Kagoshima Medical University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Xiaorong Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeannette S Messer
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David L Boone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Mikihiro Fujiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kohgo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Mark W Musch
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
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27
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Yoshii SR, Kuma A, Akashi T, Hara T, Yamamoto A, Kurikawa Y, Itakura E, Tsukamoto S, Shitara H, Eishi Y, Mizushima N. Systemic Analysis of Atg5-Null Mice Rescued from Neonatal Lethality by Transgenic ATG5 Expression in Neurons. Dev Cell 2016; 39:116-130. [PMID: 27693508 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cytoplasmic degradation system that is important for starvation adaptation and cellular quality control. Previously, we reported that Atg5-null mice are neonatal lethal; however, the exact cause of their death remains unknown. Here, we show that restoration of ATG5 in the brain is sufficient to rescue Atg5-null mice from neonatal lethality. This suggests that neuronal dysfunction, including suckling failure, is the primary cause of the death of Atg5-null neonates, which would further be accelerated by nutrient insufficiency due to a systemic failure in autophagy. The rescued Atg5-null mouse model, as a resource, allows us to investigate the physiological roles of autophagy in the whole body after the neonatal period. These rescued mice demonstrate previously unappreciated abnormalities such as hypogonadism and iron-deficiency anemia. These observations provide new insights into the physiological roles of the autophagy factor ATG5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori R Yoshii
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akiko Kuma
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takumi Akashi
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Taichi Hara
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kurikawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eisuke Itakura
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsukamoto
- Laboratory Animal and Genome Sciences Section, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shitara
- Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Eishi
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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28
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Somekh J, Peleg M, Eran A, Koren I, Feiglin A, Demishtein A, Shiloh R, Heiner M, Kong SW, Elazar Z, Kohane I. A model-driven methodology for exploring complex disease comorbidities applied to autism spectrum disorder and inflammatory bowel disease. J Biomed Inform 2016; 63:366-378. [PMID: 27522000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We propose a model-driven methodology aimed to shed light on complex disorders. Our approach enables exploring shared etiologies of comorbid diseases at the molecular pathway level. The method, Comparative Comorbidities Simulation (CCS), uses stochastic Petri net simulation for examining the phenotypic effects of perturbation of a network known to be involved in comorbidities to predict new roles for mutations in comorbid conditions. To demonstrate the utility of our novel methodology, we investigated the molecular convergence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on the autophagy pathway. In addition to validation by domain experts, we used formal analyses to demonstrate the model's self-consistency. We then used CCS to compare the effects of loss of function (LoF) mutations previously implicated in either ASD or IBD on the autophagy pathway. CCS identified similar dynamic consequences of these mutations in the autophagy pathway. Our method suggests that two LoF mutations previously implicated in IBD may contribute to ASD, and one ASD-implicated LoF mutation may play a role in IBD. Future targeted genomic or functional studies could be designed to directly test these predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Somekh
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Information Systems, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Mor Peleg
- Department of Information Systems, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alal Eran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Itay Koren
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ariel Feiglin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alik Demishtein
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ruth Shiloh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Monika Heiner
- Computer Science Institute, Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Sek Won Kong
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zvulun Elazar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Isaac Kohane
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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29
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Podany AB, Wright J, Lamendella R, Soybel DI, Kelleher SL. ZnT2-Mediated Zinc Import Into Paneth Cell Granules Is Necessary for Coordinated Secretion and Paneth Cell Function in Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:369-383. [PMID: 28174721 PMCID: PMC5042355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Defects in Paneth cell (PC) function are associated with microbial dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation. PC granules contain antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, and substantial stores of zinc (Zn). We hypothesized that Zn, transported into the granule through the Zn transporter (ZnT)2, is critical for signature PC functions. METHODS ZnT2 was localized to PC granules using immunofluorescence and sucrose gradient fractionation in wild-type (wt) mice, and consequences of ZnT2 loss were characterized in ZnT2 knockout (ZnT2ko) mice. Terminal ilea were harvested for immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and fluorescent imaging with the Zn reporter Zinpyr-1. Alterations in fecal microbiota were characterized using 16s ribosomal RNA sequencing. PC degranulation, bacterial translocation, cytokine response to Escherichia coli endotoxin lipopolysaccharide, crypt viability after exposure to the oxidant monochloramine (NH2Cl), and bactericidal activity of luminal contents of terminal ilea against enteropathogenic E coli were assessed. RESULTS ZnT2 was localized to the membrane of PC granules. In ZnT2ko mice, spontaneous degranulation was observed more frequently than among wt mice. Secretory granules were hypodense with less active lysozyme, and there was evidence of autophagosome accumulation and granule degradation in PCs from ZnT2ko mice. Gut microbiota of ZnT2ko mice were enriched in Bacteroidales S24-7 and relatively depleted of species commonly found in wt mice. Evidence of PC dysfunction in ZnT2ko mice included impaired granule secretion and increased inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide, less bactericidal activity, and greater susceptibility to cell death from NH2Cl. CONCLUSIONS ZnT2 is critical for Zn import into PC granules, and the inability to import Zn leads to profound defects in PC function and uncoordinated granule secretion.
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Key Words
- CFU, colony forming unit
- EPEC, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- IF, immunofluorescent
- IL, interleukin
- IP, intraperitoneal
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Microbiota
- NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis
- OTU, organizational taxonomic unit
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PC, Paneth cell
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- Small Intestine
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- ZIP, ZRT, IRT-like protein
- Zinc Transporter
- Zn, zinc
- ZnT, zinc transporter
- ko, knockout
- wt, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail B. Podany
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Justin Wright
- Department of Biology, Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania
| | | | - David I. Soybel
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Shannon L. Kelleher
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania,Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Shannon L. Kelleher, PhD, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033. fax: (717) 531-5393.Penn State Hershey College of Medicine500 University DriveHersheyPennsylvania 17033
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Xiong J. Atg7 in development and disease: panacea or Pandora's Box? Protein Cell 2015; 6:722-34. [PMID: 26404030 PMCID: PMC4598325 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular degradation system used by life ranging from yeasts to mammals. The core autophagic machinery is composed of ATG (autophagy-related) protein constituents. One particular member of the ATG protein family, Atg7, has been the focus of recent research. Atg7 acts as an E1-like activating enzyme facilitating both microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)-phosphatidylethanolamine and ATG12 conjugation. Thus, Atg7 stands at the hub of these two ubiquitin-like systems involving LC3 and Atg12 in autophagic vesicle expansion. In this review, I focus on the pleiotropic function of Atg7 in development, maintenance of health, and alternations of such control in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Xiong
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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31
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Tsuboi K, Nishitani M, Takakura A, Imai Y, Komatsu M, Kawashima H. Autophagy Protects against Colitis by the Maintenance of Normal Gut Microflora and Secretion of Mucus. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:20511-26. [PMID: 26149685 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.632257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies of inflammatory bowel diseases identified susceptible loci containing an autophagy-related gene. However, the role of autophagy in the colon, a major affected area in inflammatory bowel diseases, is not clear. Here, we show that colonic epithelial cell-specific autophagy-related gene 7 (Atg7) conditional knock-out (cKO) mice showed exacerbation of experimental colitis with more abundant bacterial invasion into the colonic epithelium. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that cKO mice had abnormal microflora with an increase of some genera. Consistently, expression of antimicrobial or antiparasitic peptides such as angiogenin-4, Relmβ, intelectin-1, and intelectin-2 as well as that of their inducer cytokines was significantly reduced in the cKO mice. Furthermore, secretion of colonic mucins that function as a mucosal barrier against bacterial invasion was also significantly diminished in cKO mice. Taken together, our results indicate that autophagy in colonic epithelial cells protects against colitis by the maintenance of normal gut microflora and secretion of mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Tsuboi
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, and
| | - Mayo Nishitani
- the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, and
| | - Atsushi Takakura
- the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, and
| | - Yasuyuki Imai
- the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, and
| | - Masaaki Komatsu
- the Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kawashima
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, and
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Rescigno M. Microbial Sensing and Regulation of Mucosal Immune Responses by Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight recent findings that identify an essential role for the cellular degradative pathway of autophagy in governing a balanced response to intestinal pathogens and commensals. RECENT FINDINGS Following the genetic association of autophagy with inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility, increasing evidence indicates that this pathway functions in various epithelial lineages to support the intestinal barrier. New studies are also revealing that autophagy proteins dictate the quality and magnitude of immune responses. Mouse models, in particular, suggest that autophagy and inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility genes regulate inflammatory responses to viruses, a finding that coincides with an increasing appreciation that viruses have intricate interactions with the host and the microbiota beyond the obvious host-pathogen relationship. SUMMARY Autophagy and other immunological or stress response pathways intersect in mucosal immunity to dictate the response to pathogenic and commensal agents. The development of novel treatment strategies, as well as prognostic and diagnostic tools for gastrointestinal disorders, will be greatly facilitated by a deeper understanding of these interactions at the cell type and microbe-specific manner, which includes less appreciated components of the microbiota, such as eukaryotic and prokaryotic viruses.
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Günther C, Buchen B, Neurath MF, Becker C. Regulation and pathophysiological role of epithelial turnover in the gut. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 35:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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35
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Yang Y, Li W, Sun Y, Han F, Hu CAA, Wu Z. Amino acid deprivation disrupts barrier function and induces protective autophagy in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Amino Acids 2014; 47:2177-84. [PMID: 25287255 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1844-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of intestinal barrier is essential for the absorption of nutrients and health in humans and animals. Dysfunction of the mucosal barrier is associated with increased gut permeability and development of various gastrointestinal diseases. Aside from serving as substrates for protein biosynthesis, amino acids also maintain the health of intestinal mucosal barrier. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to determine the effect and mechanism of non-essential amino acid (NEAA) deprivation on intestinal tight junction permeability using porcine intestinal epithelial cells as a model. We found that NEAA deprivation led to an impairment of barrier function as evidenced by increased permeability, decreased trans-epithelial resistance, and decreased expression of tight junction proteins claudin-1 and ZO-1. Importantly, NEAA deprivation induced both apoptosis and autophagy as shown by caspase-3 activation, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase cleavage; and LC3II lipidation and p62 degradation, hallmarks of apoptosis and autophagy, respectively. Importantly, we showed that the autophagy induced by NEAA deprivation counteracts apoptosis. Abrogation of autophagy by 3-methyladenine enhanced NEAA deprivation-induced barrier dysfunction and apoptosis; whereas, activation of autophagy by rapamycin partially rescued NEAA deprivation-induced barrier dysfunction and apoptosis. Taken together, our results demonstrate a critical role of NEAA on the mucosal integrity by regulating cell death and survival signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chien-An A Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
The intestine represents the largest compartment of the immune system. It is continually exposed to antigens and immunomodulatory agents from the diet and the commensal microbiota, and it is the port of entry for many clinically important pathogens. Intestinal immune processes are also increasingly implicated in controlling disease development elsewhere in the body. In this Review, we detail the anatomical and physiological distinctions that are observed in the small and large intestines, and we suggest how these may account for the diversity in the immune apparatus that is seen throughout the intestine. We describe how the distribution of innate, adaptive and innate-like immune cells varies in different segments of the intestine and discuss the environmental factors that may influence this. Finally, we consider the implications of regional immune specialization for inflammatory disease in the intestine.
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Sorbara MT, Ellison LK, Ramjeet M, Travassos LH, Jones NL, Girardin SE, Philpott DJ. The protein ATG16L1 suppresses inflammatory cytokines induced by the intracellular sensors Nod1 and Nod2 in an autophagy-independent manner. Immunity 2014; 39:858-73. [PMID: 24238340 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The peptidoglycan sensor Nod2 and the autophagy protein ATG16L1 have been linked to Crohn's disease (CD). Although Nod2 and the related sensor, Nod1, direct ATG16L1 to initiate anti-bacterial autophagy, whether ATG16L1 affects Nod-driven inflammation has not been examined. Here, we uncover an unanticipated autophagy-independent role for ATG16L1 in negatively regulating Nod-driven inflammatory responses. Knockdown of ATG16L1 expression, but not that of ATG5 or ATG9a, specifically enhanced Nod-driven cytokine production. In addition, autophagy-incompetent truncated forms of ATG16L1 regulated Nod-driven cytokine responses. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that ATG16L1 interfered with poly-ubiquitination of the Rip2 adaptor and recruitment of Rip2 into large signaling complexes. The CD-associated allele of ATG16L1 was impaired in its ability to regulate Nod-driven inflammatory responses. Overall, these results suggest that ATG16L1 is critical for Nod-dependent regulation of cytokine responses and that disruption of this Nod1- or Nod2-ATG16L1 signaling axis could contribute to the chronic inflammation associated with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Sorbara
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S1A8, Canada
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Abstract
Paneth cells are highly specialized epithelial cells of the small intestine, where they coordinate many physiological functions. First identified more than a century ago on the basis of their readily discernible secretory granules by routine histology, these cells are located at the base of the crypts of Lieberkühn, tiny invaginations that line the mucosal surface all along the small intestine. Investigations over the past several decades determined that these cells synthesize and secrete substantial quantities of antimicrobial peptides and proteins. More recent studies have determined that these antimicrobial molecules are key mediators of host-microbe interactions, including homeostatic balance with colonizing microbiota and innate immune protection from enteric pathogens. Perhaps more intriguing, Paneth cells secrete factors that help sustain and modulate the epithelial stem and progenitor cells that cohabitate in the crypts and rejuvenate the small intestinal epithelium. Dysfunction of Paneth cell biology contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans C Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan, Utrecht 3584CT, The Netherlands.
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Rossiter H, König U, Barresi C, Buchberger M, Ghannadan M, Zhang CF, Mlitz V, Gmeiner R, Sukseree S, Födinger D, Eckhart L, Tschachler E. Epidermal keratinocytes form a functional skin barrier in the absence of Atg7 dependent autophagy. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 71:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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40
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Cabrera S, Fernández AF, Mariño G, Aguirre A, Suárez MF, Español Y, Vega JA, Laurà R, Fueyo A, Fernández-García MS, Freije JMP, Kroemer G, López-Otín C. ATG4B/autophagin-1 regulates intestinal homeostasis and protects mice from experimental colitis. Autophagy 2013; 9:1188-200. [PMID: 23782979 DOI: 10.4161/auto.24797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) susceptibility genes by genome-wide association has linked this pathology to autophagy, a lysosomal degradation pathway that is crucial for cell and tissue homeostasis. Here, we describe autophagy-related 4B, cysteine peptidase/autophagin-1 (ATG4B) as an essential protein in the control of inflammatory response during experimental colitis. In this pathological condition, ATG4B protein levels increase in parallel with the induction of autophagy. Moreover, ATG4B expression is significantly reduced in affected areas of the colon from IBD patients. Consistently, atg4b (-/-) mice present Paneth cell abnormalities, as well as an increased susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. atg4b-deficient mice exhibit significant alterations in proinflammatory cytokines and mediators of the immune response to bacterial infections, which are reminiscent of those found in patients with Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis. Additionally, antibiotic treatments and bone marrow transplantation from wild-type mice reduced colitis in atg4b (-/-) mice. Taken together, these results provided additional evidence for the importance of autophagy in intestinal pathologies and describe ATG4B as a novel protective protein in inflammatory colitis. Finally, we propose that atg4b-null mice are a suitable model for in vivo studies aimed at testing new therapeutic strategies for intestinal diseases associated with autophagy deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Cabrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular; Facultad de Medicina; Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA); Universidad de Oviedo; Oviedo, Spain
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Liu G, Bi Y, Wang R, Wang X. Self-eating and self-defense: autophagy controls innate immunity and adaptive immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 93:511-9. [PMID: 23271703 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0812389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy (macroautophagy; "self-eating") is a degradation process, in which cytoplasmic content is engulfed and degraded by the lysosome. And, immunity is an important mechanism of the "self-defense" system. Autophagy has long been recognized as a stress response to nutrient deprivation. This will provide energy and anabolic building blocks to maintain cellular bioenergetic homeostasis. Thus, autophagy plays critical roles in regulating a wide variety of pathophysiological processes, including tumorigenesis, embryo development, tissue remodeling, and most recently, immunity. The latter shows that a self-eating (autophagy) process could regulate a self-defense (immune) system. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the regulatory and mechanistic insights of the autophagy pathway in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Liu
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Yixueyuan Rd. 138, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
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Pott J, Hornef M. Innate immune signalling at the intestinal epithelium in homeostasis and disease. EMBO Rep 2012; 13:684-98. [PMID: 22801555 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium--which constitutes the interface between the enteric microbiota and host tissues--actively contributes to the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis and defends against pathogenic microbes. The recognition of conserved microbial products by cytosolic or transmembrane pattern recognition receptors in epithelial cells initiates signal transduction and influences effector cell function. However, the signalling pathways, effector molecules and regulatory mechanisms involved are not yet fully understood, and the functional outcome is poorly defined. This review analyses the complex and dynamic role of intestinal epithelial innate immune recognition and signalling, on the basis of results in intestinal epithelial cell-specific transgene or gene-deficient animals. This approach identifies specific epithelial cell functions within the diverse cellular composition of the mucosal tissue, in the presence of the complex and dynamic gut microbiota. These insights have thus provided a more comprehensive understanding of the role of the intestinal epithelium in innate immunity during homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Pott
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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