1
|
Thompson E, Badu AT, Abban E, Eyeson EB, Afutu LL, Amankwaah B, Buabeng SD, Frimpong AA, Anning AS, Ghartey-Kwansah G. Bacterial contamination on clinical surfaces and oxygen device accessories in the emergency unit of a tertiary health facility in Ghana. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:14. [PMID: 38166624 PMCID: PMC10763297 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nosocomial infections have gradually become an emerging threat to the healthcare system over the past decades and have been attributed to poor decontamination of hospital articles and weak antibacterial stewardship policies. This study sought to investigate the effect of disinfection on the prevalence and resistance profile of bacterial contaminants on oxygen device accessories, and clinical surfaces at the emergency unit of a tertiary health facility in Ghana. METHODS The study employed a cross-sectional study design to evaluate the occurrence of bacteria on surfaces in a tertiary hospital. Luminal swabs of the oxygen device accessories and swabs from clinical surfaces used by healthcare providers were collected for isolation and identification of bacteria. The identified bacteria isolates were then tested for their susceptibility to antibacterial agents. Data from this study were analyzed using Excel (Microsoft Office Suite), and GraphPad Prism 8 software programs. RESULTS A quarter of the total 44 bacterial isolates obtained from both post-disinfected and pre-disinfected surfaces were Gram-positive, with the remaining isolates being Gram-negative. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequent bacteria species isolated (41%) followed by Citrobacter sp. (21%). P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. pneumoniae were found to be highly resistant to Chloramphenicol (36%), and Sulfamethoxazole (100%); whereas Ciprofloxacin (91%) was the most effective antibacterial drug used. CONCLUSION The almost equal prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria from both post-disinfected and pre-disinfected surfaces of inanimate objects, and oxygen device accessories connote an ineffective disinfection process which may influence resistance in bacterial contaminants. This requires the overhaul of disinfection protocol and training of hospital staff, and rational use of antibacterial agents at the hospital to mitigating the burden of nosocomial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evans Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Akua Tutuwaa Badu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Emmanuella Abban
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | | | - Bless Amankwaah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Suzzana Dickson Buabeng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Abigail Agyen Frimpong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Alberta Serwah Anning
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - George Ghartey-Kwansah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
AMODEO DAVIDE, LIMAJ SANDRO, DE PALMA ISA, NANTE NICOLA, CEVENINI GABRIELE, MESSINA GABRIELE. Can a UV-C box help the cinema industry by disinfecting video cameras? JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2023; 64:E137-E144. [PMID: 37654857 PMCID: PMC10468181 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2023.64.2.2848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction UV-C has proven to be an effective virucide and microbicide, and its cost-effectiveness allowed it to spread as a disinfecting procedure in different environments. Methods The study aims to determine the microbicide activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and SARS-CoV-2 of the UV-C Boxer by Cartoni S.p.A. Three separate experiments were performed to assess the effectiveness of the UV-C disinfection device on different materials, directly on surfaces of a video camera and on a specific carrier for SARS-CoV-2. Results In all three experiments, a significant abatement of bacterial and viral contamination was reached after 60 seconds on carriers and after 3 minutes on all examined surfaces of the video camera, with a higher reduction on glass carriers. Conclusions UV-C devices may be a valuable tool to implement in the working routine to achieve a higher level of safety in work environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- DAVIDE AMODEO
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - SANDRO LIMAJ
- Post Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - ISA DE PALMA
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - NICOLA NANTE
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Post Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - GABRIELE CEVENINI
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - GABRIELE MESSINA
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Post Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Multisite Evaluation of Toothbrushes and Microbial Growth in the Hospital Setting. CLIN NURSE SPEC 2023; 37:83-89. [PMID: 36799704 PMCID: PMC9969552 DOI: 10.1097/nur.0000000000000733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
DESIGN This observational, descriptive study was conducted to determine the prevalence of microbial growth on toothbrushes found in hospital patient rooms. METHODS Toothbrush sampling was conducted in 136 acute care hospitals and medical centers from November 2018 through February 2022. Inclusion criteria for the units and patient rooms sampled were as follows: general adult medical-surgical units or critical care units; rooms occupied by adults 18 years or older who were capable of (1) mobilizing to the bathroom; (2) using a standard manual, bristled toothbrush; and (3) room did not have signage indicating isolation procedures. RESULTS A total of 5340 patient rooms were surveyed. Of the rooms included, 46% (2455) of patients did not have a toothbrush available or had not used a toothbrush (still in package and/or toothpaste not opened). Of the used toothbrushes collected (n = 1817): 48% (872/1817) had at least 1 organism; 14% (251/1817) of the toothbrushes were positive for 3 or more organisms. CONCLUSIONS These results identify the lack of availability of toothbrushes for patients and support the need for hospitals to incorporate a rigorous, consistent, and comprehensive oral care program to address the evident risk of microbe exposure in the oral cavity.
Collapse
|
4
|
Anti-Viral Photodynamic Inactivation of T4-like Bacteriophage as a Mammalian Virus Model in Blood. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911548. [PMID: 36232850 PMCID: PMC9570132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The laboratorial available methods applied in plasma disinfection can induce damage in other blood components. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) represents a promising approach and is approved for plasma and platelet disinfection using non-porphyrinic photosensitizers (PSs), such as methylene blue (MB). In this study, the photodynamic action of three cationic porphyrins (Tri-Py(+)-Me, Tetra-Py(+)-Me and Tetra-S-Py(+)-Me) towards viruses was evaluated under white light irradiation at an irradiance of 25 and 150 mW·cm−2, and the results were compared with the efficacy of the approved MB. None of the PSs caused hemolysis at the isotonic conditions, using a T4-like phage as a model of mammalian viruses. All porphyrins were more effective than MB in the photoinactivation of the T4-like phage in plasma. Moreover, the most efficient PS promoted a moderate inactivation rate of the T4-like phage in whole blood. Nevertheless, these porphyrins, such as MB, can be considered promising and safe PSs to photoinactivate viruses in blood plasma.
Collapse
|
5
|
Bosco R, Cevenini G, Gambelli S, Nante N, Messina G. Improvement and standardization of disinfection in Hospital Theatre with UV-C technology. J Hosp Infect 2022; 128:19-25. [PMID: 35820555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The level of disinfection between operating sessions is important to prevent cross-contamination risk in Operating Theatres (OTs). The aim was to assess the difference in microbial contamination between different disinfection levels (DLs), before T(0) and after T(1) application of a UVC Device (UVC-D). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2019 and August 2020 in a Clinic. Three DLs: no disinfection after surgery (DL0), after in-between cleaning (DL1), and after terminal cleaning (DL2), were compared to assess the reduction of microbial presence before T(0) and after T(1), the use of UVC-D that was used for 5-3 minutes per bedside. 260 Petri dishes (PD), divided into a preliminary phase followed by a probabilistic model-driven experiment, were used in 3 OTs, and Colony Forming Units (CFU) were counted. The Mann-Whitney test was performed in the preliminary phase to establish UVC exposure time. Using the probabilistic model, we calculated descriptive statistics and % and log10 reduction. The MANOVA analysis for repeated measure was performed to verify the 95% statistical difference between T(0) and T(1), combined with the DLs and different OTs. RESULTS The Mann-Whitney showed no CFU difference between 3-5 minutes of UVC exposure time; the MANOVA test for showed no significant difference between DLs in T(0)-T(1) CFU reduction with a mean CFU reduction of 72% (CI95% 61.7 - 84.9%) regardless of the DL applied before. CONCLUSION UVC-D enhanced environmental disinfection under any initial conditions. In concert with sainting procedures improves and standardizes the level of environmental hygiene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Bosco
- Post Graduate School in Public Health, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Italy, MD
| | - G Cevenini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Italy, EngD
| | - S Gambelli
- Rugani Hospital Monteriggioni, Siena, Italy, MD
| | - N Nante
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Italy MD
| | - G Messina
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Italy MD.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saadi S, Allem R, Sebaihia M, Merouane A, Bakkali M. Bacterial contamination of neglected hospital surfaces and equipment in an Algerian hospital: an important source of potential infection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:1373-1381. [PMID: 33648396 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.1885631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hospital surfaces are heavily contaminated with bacteria, which are a potential source of nosocomial infections. This study was undertaken to identify bacterial communities isolated from neglected hospital surfaces after cleaning routine in a Algerian public hospital. Screening of bacterial contamination in patient bed (PB), reception land-line phones (TF), door handles (DH) and medical equipment (ME) during five months generated 108 inocula. Isolates obtained were identified based on biochemical characteristics and confirmed by analysis of 16S rRNA sequences. Statistical analysis was performed to reveal possible relationship between bacterial diversity and swabbed surfaces. Our findings showed a high prevalence of bacteria in various hospital surfaces, reaching (65.25%), where a highest contaminated surface was the PB (47.22%) and a lowest contaminated was TF (5.55%). Gram negative bacteria were the dominant group (62.03%) mainly represented by Entrobacteriaceae (42.59%), whereas Staphylococcus aureus belonging to Gram positive was the main expanded pathogen with (15.74%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somia Saadi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Hassiba Benbouali University, Chlef, Algeria
| | - Rachida Allem
- Laboratory of Natural Bioresources, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Hassiba Benbouali University, Chlef, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Sebaihia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Hassiba Benbouali University, Chlef, Algeria
| | - Abdelaziz Merouane
- Laboratory of Natural Bioresources, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Hassiba Benbouali University, Chlef, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Bakkali
- Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada Fuentenueva S/N, 18071, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gülsoy Z, Karagozoglu S. The efficiency of cleaning in intensive care units: A systematic review. ENFERMERIA INTENSIVA 2022; 33:92-106. [PMID: 35690456 DOI: 10.1016/j.enfie.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review aims to analyze the studies on cleaning practices and the efficiency of the cleaning carried out in environments that have a great risk of resistant microorganism infection, such as intensive care units. METHODS In this study, a retrospective literature review was undertaken of the relevant publications between the years 2005 and 2020, using the keywords "Cross Infection, Infection Control, Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria, Intensive Care, Room Cleaning, Environmental Cleaning, Hospital-Associated Infection"; using the international databases Pubmed, CINAHL and EBSCO and domestic database ULAKBIM on search engines. Titles and abstracts of all relevant articles found on electronic searches were reviewed by the researchers independently. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols guideline and Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, Study design model were used in analysing the studies. RESULTS The selected studies were reviewed in four main categories: Materials used in cleaning, the period between taking environmental samples, cleaning methods, and the efficiency of cleaning. Among the studies included herein, eight were randomized controlled trials, three were retrospective intervention studies, two were case-control studies and one was a retrospective cohort study. CONCLUSIONS Today, the assessment of cleaning in environments can be evaluated by different methods, but there are advantages and disadvantages of these methods. Therefore, in the relevant literature, it is suggested that cleaning must be evaluated by several methods, not only one. Also, training the staff that carries out the cleaning and rewarding correct behavior by giving feedback are important approaches to increase the efficiency of cleaning. It is suggested that cleaning must be carried out every day, regularly with effective methods and equipment; frequency of cleaning during epidemics must be increased, institutions must prepare cleaning manuals according to evidence-based guidelines that are recognized at an international level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Gülsoy
- Cumhuriyet University Research and Practice Hospital, Department of Anesthesia Intensive Care Unit, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - S Karagozoglu
- Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Health Science, Division of Nursing, Department of Fundamentals of Nursing, Sivas, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
KARABAY O, KAYA G, GÜÇLÜ E, ÖĞÜTLÜ A. The Effect of Long Public Holidays on Healthcare-associated Infection Rate. BEZMIALEM SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.14235/bas.galenos.2020.4736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
9
|
Bonadonna L, Briancesco R, Coccia AM, Meloni P, Rosa GL, Moscato U. Microbial Air Quality in Healthcare Facilities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6226. [PMID: 34207509 PMCID: PMC8296088 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that indoor air quality and contaminated surfaces provide an important potential source for transmission of pathogens in hospitals. Airborne hospital microorganisms are apparently harmless to healthy people. Nevertheless, healthcare settings are characterized by different environmental critical conditions and high infective risk, mainly due to the compromised immunologic conditions of the patients that make them more vulnerable to infections. Thus, spread, survival and persistence of microbial communities are important factors in hospital environments affecting health of inpatients as well as of medical and nursing staff. In this paper, airborne and aerosolized microorganisms and their presence in hospital environments are taken into consideration, and the factors that collectively contribute to defining the infection risk in these facilities are illustrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Bonadonna
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (A.M.C.); (P.M.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Rossella Briancesco
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (A.M.C.); (P.M.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Anna Maria Coccia
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (A.M.C.); (P.M.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Pierluigi Meloni
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (A.M.C.); (P.M.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (A.M.C.); (P.M.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Umberto Moscato
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Section of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gülsoy Z, Karagozoglu S. The efficiency of cleaning in intensive care units: A systematic review. ENFERMERIA INTENSIVA 2021; 33:S1130-2399(21)00056-0. [PMID: 34083131 DOI: 10.1016/j.enfi.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review aims to analyze the studies on cleaning practices and the efficiency of the cleaning carried out in environments that have a great risk of resistant microorganism infection, such as intensive care units. METHODS In this study, a retrospective literature review was undertaken of the relevant publications between the years 2005 and 2020, using the keywords "Cross Infection, Infection Control, Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria, Intensive Care, Room Cleaning, Environmental Cleaning, Hospital-Associated Infection"; using the international databases Pubmed, CINAHL and EBSCO and domestic database ULAKBIM on search engines. Titles and abstracts of all relevant articles found on electronic searches were reviewed by the researchers independently. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols guideline and Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, Study design model were used in analysing the studies. RESULTS The selected studies were reviewed in four main categories: Materials used in cleaning, the period between taking environmental samples, cleaning methods, and the efficiency of cleaning. Among the studies included herein, eight were randomized controlled trials, three were retrospective intervention studies, two were case-control studies and one was a retrospective cohort study. CONCLUSIONS Today, the assessment of cleaning in environments can be evaluated by different methods, but there are advantages and disadvantages of these methods. Therefore, in the relevant literature, it is suggested that cleaning must be evaluated by several methods, not only one. Also, training the staff that carries out the cleaning and rewarding correct behavior by giving feedback are important approaches to increase the efficiency of cleaning. It is suggested that cleaning must be carried out every day, regularly with effective methods and equipment; frequency of cleaning during epidemics must be increased, institutions must prepare cleaning manuals according to evidence-based guidelines that are recognized at an international level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Gülsoy
- Cumhuriyet University Research and Practice Hospital, Department of Anesthesia Intensive Care Unit, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - S Karagozoglu
- Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Health Science, Division of Nursing, Department of Fundamentals of Nursing, Sivas, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pada SKMS, Lishi P, Ng KS, Rethenam S, Alenton LS, Chee PL, Guo W, Hsann YM, Cheng CWR, Ong CH, Lasantha R, Chan D, Tambyah PA. The impact of a 'milking the COW' campaign in a regional hospital in Singapore. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2021; 10:81. [PMID: 34022947 PMCID: PMC8141142 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-00948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Computerisation of various processes in hospitals and reliance on electronic devices raises the concern of contamination of these devices from the patient environment. We undertook this study to determine if an attached hand hygiene device that unlocks the screen of a computer on wheels (COW) on usage can be effective in decreasing the microbiological burden on computer keyboards. Methods An electronic hand sanitizer was integrated onto the COW. A prospective cohort study with a crossover design involving 2 control and 2 intervention wards was used. The study end point was the number of colony forming units found on the keyboards. Bacteria were classified into 4 main groups; pathogenic, skin flora, from the environment or those thought to be commensals in healthy individuals. We then used a mixed effects model for the statistical analysis to determine if there were any differences before and after the intervention. Results Thirty-nine keyboards were swabbed at baseline, day 7 and 14, with 234 keyboards cultured, colony forming units (CFUs) counted and organisms isolated. By mixed model analysis, the difference of mean bacteria count between intervention and control for week 1 was 32.74 (− 32.74, CI − 94.29 to 28.75, p = 0.29), for week 2 by 155.86 (− 155.86, CI − 227.45 to − 83.53, p < 0.0001), and after the 2-week period by 157.04 (− 157.04, CI − 231.53 to − 82.67, p < 0.0001). In the sub-analysis, there were significant differences of pathogenic bacteria counts for the Intervention as compared to the Control in contrast with commensal counts. Conclusion A hand hygiene device attached to a COW may be effective in decreasing the microbiological burden on computer keyboards. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13756-021-00948-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surinder Kaur M S Pada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, 1 Jurong East Street 21, Singapore, 609606, Singapore.
| | - Poh Lishi
- Infection Control, Department of Nursing, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kim Sim Ng
- Infection Control, Department of Nursing, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sarathamani Rethenam
- Infection Control, Department of Nursing, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Poh Ling Chee
- Infection Control, Department of Nursing, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wilma Guo
- Department of Epidemiology, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yin Maw Hsann
- Department of Epidemiology, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carmen Wan Rong Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chiou Horng Ong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ratnayake Lasantha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Douglas Chan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul Anantharajah Tambyah
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Moussa AA, Abdulahi Abdi A, Awale MA, Garba B. Occurrence and Phenotypic Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Patients in a Public Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:825-832. [PMID: 33688217 PMCID: PMC7936673 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s275090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study reports a cross-sectional investigation to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the common bacterial contaminants isolated from hospitalized patients in Mogadishu, Somalia. Materials and Methods A total of 328 clinical samples comprising urine, blood, vaginal swab, pus aspirates, and stool were collected from a public hospital located in Mogadishu the capital city of Somalia between October 2019 to March 2020. The isolation and biochemical characterization of the bacterial isolates were performed using the conventional culture and biochemical assay tests. Similarly, antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion. Results A total of 275 pathogenic bacteria that include Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Proteus vulgare, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Salmonella spp. were detected with an overall detection rate of 78.4% (257/328). Among the bacterial pathogens isolated from clinical specimens, 152 (46.3%) were Staphylococcus aureus, 60 (18.3%) were E. coli, 10 (3.1%) Proteus vulgaris, 6 (1.8%) Klebsiella pneumonia, and 1 (0.3%) isolate was found to be Salmonella sp. The antimicrobial susceptibility assay revealed variable resistance pattern with clindamycin (40%), ampicillin (27%), vancomycin (26%), levofloxacin (23%), amoxicillin (20%), ciprofloxacin (18%) and nitrofurantoin (12%) showing the highest rate of resistance. Moreover, evaluation of multidrug resistance showed that Staphylococcus aureus had the highest multidrug resistance rate, with 19 isolates showing resistance to more than two drugs, followed by E. coli with three isolates. In contrast, each of Proteus vulgare, Salmonella sp. and Klebsiella pneumonia had one isolate each that exhibited multidrug resistance characteristics. Conclusion The findings of this study showed the occurrence of a number antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens whose prevalence varies with age and sex. Therefore, there is a need for comprehensive antimicrobial profiling of bacterial isolates during the management of patients in the hospital.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Aden Moussa
- Institute for Medical Research, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Abdkerem Abdulahi Abdi
- Institute for Medical Research, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Mohamed Abdullahi Awale
- Institute for Medical Research, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Bashiru Garba
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jaradat ZW, Ababneh QO, Sha’aban ST, Alkofahi AA, Assaleh D, Al Shara A. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and public fomites: a review. Pathog Glob Health 2020; 114:426-450. [PMID: 33115375 PMCID: PMC7759291 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2020.1824112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus genus is a Gram-positive coccus normally associated with skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. It is part of the commensal human microflora, or found in animals, or contaminating surfaces in the community and hospital settings. Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic species belonging to this genus, as it possesses a collection of virulence factors that are expressed solely to evade the immune system. The increase in the misuse of antimicrobial agents predisposed S. aureus to develop antibiotic resistance, including the resistance to methicillin which led to the emergence of Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA). MRSA is considered one of the most dangerous nosocomial pathogens causing many hard to treat infections in hospitals and was named as Hospital Associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). Over the past 20-25 years, MRSA was isolated from community settings and thus Community Associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) has emerged. Inside hospitals, MRSA has been isolated from fomites in contact with patients, as well as staff's protective and personal items. This review highlights the worldwide prevalence of MRSA on fomites within the contexts of hospital and community settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | | | - Sherin T Sha’aban
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ayesha A Alkofahi
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Duaa Assaleh
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Anan Al Shara
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bacteriological Study of Electronic Devices Used by Healthcare Workers at Ruhengeri Referral Hospital. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5872929. [PMID: 32685504 PMCID: PMC7330630 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5872929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Electronic devices have become one of the most essential accessories being used in hospitals. Those devices increase the communication and contact making healthcare delivery more efficient and quality service oriented. The study was designed to collect reliable information about the spreading of pathogens through electronic devices especially in sensitive departments. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the bacterial colonization of electronic devices and determine the effectiveness of disinfection with alcohol 70% (w/v) to reduce the bacterial colonization of electronic devices. It was a cross-sectional study where samples were collected by means of moistened swabs in sterile saline solution from 30 electronic devices used by healthcare workers at Ruhengeri Referral Hospital within four different units: maternity, neonathology, intensive care, and theater room. To evaluate the effects of disinfection using 70% isopropyl alcohol, the second sample collection was carried out after decontamination with 70% isopropyl alcohol. Samples were analyzed in the microbiology lab of INES-Ruhengeri. The result showed that Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant with 22.5%. Lactobacillus and Citrobacter spp. were 12.5%; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coagulase-negative Staphylococci, and Serratia marcescens were 10%; Escherichia coli was 7.5%; Klebsiella spp. and Providencia spp. were at 5%. The lowest prevalence was 2.5% of Enterobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. The threat of dissemination of isolated microorganisms is valid, since all devices evaluated in this study showed bacterial contamination of species associated to hospital-acquired infections. Special care should be taken when using electronic devices in healthcare settings in addition to disinfection to reduce the risk of transmission of bacterial agents. Further studies should evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility for better conclusive results since all isolated bacteria in this study were subjected to high resistance and were associated with nosocomial infections.
Collapse
|
15
|
Napolitani M, Bezzini D, Moirano F, Bedogni C, Messina G. Methods of Disinfecting Stethoscopes: Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1856. [PMID: 32182989 PMCID: PMC7143198 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effectiveness of various disinfection methods available for stethoscopes. In March 2019, we performed a search in PubMed and Scopus using the search terms: "reducing stethoscopes contamination" and "disinfection stethoscopes"; the Mesh terms used in PubMed were "Decontamination/methods" or "Disinfection/methods" and "Stethoscopes/microbiology". Selection criteria were: English language; at least one disinfection method tested. A total of 253 publications were screened. After title, abstract, and full-text analysis, 17 papers were included in the systematic review. Ethanol at 90%, Ethanol-Based Hands Sanitizer (EBHS), triclosan, chlorhexidine, isopropyl alcohol, 66% ethyl alcohol, sodium hypochlorite, and benzalkonium chloride have been proven to lower the presence of bacteria on stethoscopes' surfaces. In addition, alcohol wipes show effective results. A wearable device emitting ultraviolet C by Light-Emitting Diode (LED) resulted efficacious against common microorganisms involved in Healthcare Associated Infections. The cover impregnated with silver ions seemed to be associated with significantly higher colony counts. Instead, copper stethoscopes surface reduced bacterial load. The disinfection of stethoscopes appears to be essential. There are many valid methods available; the choice depends on various factors, such as the cost, availability, and practicality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daiana Bezzini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | | | - Corrado Bedogni
- Medical and General Management, S. Croce e Carle Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Messina
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kamysz E, Sikorska E, Jaśkiewicz M, Bauer M, Neubauer D, Bartoszewska S, Barańska-Rybak W, Kamysz W. Lipidated Analogs of the LL-37-Derived Peptide Fragment KR12-Structural Analysis, Surface-Active Properties and Antimicrobial Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E887. [PMID: 32019109 PMCID: PMC7036753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of multidrug-resistant pathogens is a serious problem of modern medicine and new antibiotics are highly demanded. In this study, different n-alkyl acids (C2-C14) and aromatic acids (benzoic and trans-cinnamic) were conjugated to the N-terminus of KR12 amide. The effect of this modification on antimicrobial activity (ESKAPE bacteria and biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus) and cytotoxicity (human red blood cells and HaCaT cell line) was examined. The effect of lipophilic modifications on helicity was studied by CD spectroscopy, whereas peptide self-assembly was studied by surface tension measurements and NMR spectroscopy. As shown, conjugation of the KR12-NH2 peptide with C4-C14 fatty acid chains enhanced the antimicrobial activity with an optimum demonstrated by C8-KR12-NH2 (MIC 1-4 μg/mL against ESKAPE strains; MBEC of S. aureus 4-16 μg/mL). Correlation between antimicrobial activity and self-assembly behavior of C14-KR12-NH2 and C8-KR12-NH2 has shown that the former self-assembled into larger aggregated structures, which reduced its antimicrobial activity. In conclusion, N-terminal modification can enhance antimicrobial activity of KR12-NH2; however, at the same time, the cytotoxicity increases. It seems that the selectivity against pathogens over human cells can be achieved through conjugation of peptide N-terminus with appropriate n-alkyl fatty and aromatic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Kamysz
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Biological Macromolecules, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Emilia Sikorska
- Laboratory of Structural Studies of Biopolymers, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Maciej Jaśkiewicz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (D.N.); (S.B.); (W.K.)
| | - Marta Bauer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (D.N.); (S.B.); (W.K.)
| | - Damian Neubauer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (D.N.); (S.B.); (W.K.)
| | - Sylwia Bartoszewska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (D.N.); (S.B.); (W.K.)
| | - Wioletta Barańska-Rybak
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Kamysz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (D.N.); (S.B.); (W.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Saeki M, Sato T, Furuya D, Yakuwa Y, Sato Y, Kobayashi R, Ono M, Nirasawa S, Tanaka M, Nakafuri H, Nakae M, Shinagawa M, Asanuma K, Yanagihara N, Yokota SI, Takahashi S. Clonality investigation of clinical Escherichia coli isolates by polymerase chain reaction-based open-reading frame typing method. J Infect Chemother 2020; 26:38-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
18
|
Sousa V, Gomes ATPC, Freitas A, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Almeida A. Photodynamic Inactivation of Candida albicans in Blood Plasma and Whole Blood. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040221. [PMID: 31766190 PMCID: PMC6963715 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The few approved disinfection techniques for blood derivatives promote damage in the blood components, representing risks for the transfusion receptor. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) seems to be a promising approach for the photoinactivation of pathogens in blood, but only three photosensitizers (PSs) have been approved, methylene blue (MB) for plasma and riboflavin and amotosalen for plasma and platelets. In this study, the efficiency of the porphyrinic photosensitizer Tri-Py(+)-Me and of the porphyrinic formulation FORM was studied in the photoinactivation of Candida albicans in plasma and in whole blood and the results were compared to the ones obtained with the already approved PS MB. The results show that FORM and Tri-Py(+)-Me are promising PSs to inactivate C. albicans in plasma. Although in whole blood the inactivation rates obtained were higher than the ones obtained with MB, further improvements are required. None of these PSs had promoted hemolysis at the isotonic conditions when hemolysis was evaluated in whole blood and after the addition of treated plasma with these PSs to concentrates of red blood cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Sousa
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal;
| | - Ana T. P. C. Gomes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (A.T.P.C.G.); (M.A.F.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Américo Freitas
- Clinical Analysis Laboratory Avelab, Rua Cerâmica do Vouga, Aveiro 3800-011, Portugal;
| | - Maria A. F. Faustino
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA and LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (A.T.P.C.G.); (M.A.F.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Maria G. P. M. S. Neves
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA and LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal;
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (A.T.P.C.G.); (M.A.F.F.); (A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Oztoprak N, Kizilates F, Percin D. Comparison of steam technology and a two-step cleaning (water/detergent) and disinfecting (1,000 resp. 5,000 ppm hypochlorite) method using microfiber cloth for environmental control of multidrug-resistant organisms in an intensive care unit. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2019; 14:Doc15. [PMID: 31728268 PMCID: PMC6838735 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this prospective observational study was to evaluate the impact of two cleaning and disinfecting methods and the use of steam against methicillin-resistant Staphyl ococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii in a tertiary referral hospital. Methods: McFarland 0.5 suspensions (content 1.5 x 108 cfu/ml) of four challenge bacterial species were prepared and used to inoculate different sites in three ICU rooms. One of the following methods was used in each room: steam technology (Tecnovap Evo 304) resp. cleaning with microfiber cloths, soaked with detergent and water, thereafter disinfection with 1,000 ppm hypochlorite or the same procedure with 5,000 ppm hypochlorite. Qualitative microbiology and ATP bioluminescence were performed before and after cleaning with each method. The Wilcoxon test was used for paired samples to check for ordinal variables. The cost of each cleaning method was analyzed. Results: Environmental cleaning with steam technology was found to be as effective against MDR microorganisms as a two-step cleaning process (water/detergent and disinfecting with 1,000 resp. 5,000 ppm hypochlorite) in ICUs. No bacterial growth was detected after any of the three cleaning methods. Steam technology was 76% and 91% cheaper than using 5,000 ppm and 1,000 ppm hypochlorite, respectively. Conclusions: When compared to, steam technology was found to have an advantage over the 2-step procedure with cleaning and disinfection, because it avoids the use of chemicals, reduces water consumption, labor time and costs for cleaning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nefise Oztoprak
- Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Filiz Kizilates
- Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Duygu Percin
- Kutahya Health Sciences University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Microbiology, Kutahya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Darge A, Kahsay AG, Hailekiros H, Niguse S, Abdulkader M. Bacterial contamination and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of intensive care units medical equipment and inanimate surfaces at Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:621. [PMID: 31547851 PMCID: PMC6757422 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine bacterial contaminants and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from medical equipment and inanimate surfaces. Results Of 130 swabs, 115 (88.5%) swabs were culture positive, of which contaminated medical equipment and inanimate surfaces account 70 (83.3%) and 45 (97.8%), respectively. All the swabs collected from sphygmomanometer, bedside table, computer and computer standing tables were 100% contaminated with bacteria. From the culture-positive swabs, a total of 171 bacterial isolates were identified, out of which 117 (68.4%) and 54 (31.6%) isolates were gram-positive and gram-negative, respectively. Most isolates (82%) were resistant to ampicillin and 13%, 8.6%, and 14% was observed in ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and tetracycline respectively. Multi-drug resistant was observed in Escherichia coli (72.7%) and Staphylococcus aureus (58.7%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Addis Darge
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Bahirdar College of Health Sciences, Bahidar, Ethiopia
| | - Atsebaha Gebrekidan Kahsay
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, PO. Box: 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Haftamu Hailekiros
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, PO. Box: 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Selam Niguse
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, PO. Box: 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Mahmud Abdulkader
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, PO. Box: 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Impact of MRSA Transmission and Infection in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in China: A Bundle Intervention Study during 2014-2017. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5490413. [PMID: 31380430 PMCID: PMC6652075 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5490413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of bundle intervention on healthcare-associated (HA) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) infection in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods. In this study, 11,277 infants having undergone treatment at the NICU in Xiamen, China, from January 2014 to February 2017 were recruited. We retrospectively reviewed patients' demographic and clinical information. Patients from 2014 to 2015 were treated as the control group and those from 2016 to 2017 were classified as the experimental group. Bundle intervention measures were performed, including screening for MRSA, isolation precautions, training of hand hygiene, cleaning protocols, and decontamination of isolation ward. The HA-MRSA data and compliance of infection control measures between both groups were analyzed. Results. Through bundle interventions, the compliance with the isolation of MRSA raised from 55.88% to 92.86% and hand hygiene compliance increased from 90.07% to 93.23% (P < 0.05). The HA infection decreased from 1.87% to 1.71% (P > 0.05) and HA detection rate of MRSA declined from 2.63‰ to 1.00‰, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Multifaceted interventions can effectively prevent MRSA infection and transmission; this includes active surveillance, isolation precautions, increased hand hygiene compliance, environmental cleaning, and decontamination.
Collapse
|
22
|
Ide N, Frogner BK, LeRouge CM, Vigil P, Thompson M. What's on your keyboard? A systematic review of the contamination of peripheral computer devices in healthcare settings. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e026437. [PMID: 30852549 PMCID: PMC6429971 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the extent and type of microbial contamination of computer peripheral devices used in healthcare settings, evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to reduce contamination of these devices and establish the risk of patient and healthcare worker infection from contaminated devices. DESIGN Systematic review METHODS: We searched four online databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase and Scopus for articles reporting primary data collection on contamination of computer-related equipment (including keyboards, mice, laptops and tablets) and/or studies demonstrating the effectiveness of a disinfection technique. Pooling of contamination rates was conducted where possible, and narrative synthesis was used to describe the rates of device contamination, types of bacterial and viral contamination, effectiveness of interventions and any associations between device contamination and human infections. RESULTS Of the 4432 records identified, a total of 75 studies involving 2804 computer devices were included. Of these, 50 studies reported contamination of computer-related hardware, and 25 also measured the effects of a decontamination intervention. The overall proportion of contamination ranged from 24% to 100%. The most common microbial contaminants were skin commensals, but also included potential pathogens including methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus, Clostridiumdifficile, vancomycin-resistantenterococci and Escherichia coli. Interventions demonstrating effective decontamination included wipes/pads using isopropyl alcohol, quaternary ammonium, chlorhexidine or dipotassium peroxodisulfate, ultraviolet light emitting devices, enhanced cleaning protocols and chlorine/bleach products. However, results were inconsistent, and there was insufficient data to demonstrate comparative effectiveness. We found little evidence on the link between device contamination and patient/healthcare worker colonisation or infection. CONCLUSIONS Computer keyboards and peripheral devices are frequently contaminated; however, our findings do not allow us to draw firm conclusions about their relative impact on the transmission of pathogens or nosocomial infection. Additional studies measuring the incidence of healthcare-acquired infections from computer hardware, the relative risk they pose to healthcare and evidence for effective and practical cleaning methods are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ide
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bianca K Frogner
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cynthia M LeRouge
- Department of Information Systems & Business Analytics, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Patrick Vigil
- Family Medicine, Pacific Northwest University, Yakima, Washington, USA
| | - Matthew Thompson
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies of Nosocomial Infection in Geriatric Patients. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 2019:6417959. [PMID: 30931076 PMCID: PMC6410437 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6417959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction To investigate the risk factors of nosocomial infections (NIs) in geriatric department and the effectiveness of the proposed prevention strategy. Methodology We studied 3370 cases of elderly patients who were hospitalized more than 48 hours from January 2015 to December 2017 in the Geriatrics Department of Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University. In order to reduce the infection rate, nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002) was used to evaluate the nutritional status of the patients; enteral nutritional suspension (TPF-FOS) was provided to the patients who were assessed to be necessary. Results Before prevention strategy was taken, the nosocomial infection rate was 3.3% (80 among 2413 patients) in our department. The most frequent NIs were pneumonia (60 cases) followed by urinary tract infection (30 cases). It is worth noting that the elderly patients are often associated with multiple infections: in our study, 15 patients have pneumonia and UTI at the same time. After prevention strategy was taken, the nosocomial infection rate reduced to 1.15% (11 among 957 patients) in our department. Conclusions NIs are common in elderly patients. The improvement of the nutritional status of patients is effective in reducing the risks of NIs.
Collapse
|
24
|
Molecular analysis of bacterial contamination on stethoscopes in an intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018; 40:171-177. [PMID: 30560753 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2018.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culture-based studies, which focus on individual organisms, have implicated stethoscopes as potential vectors of nosocomial bacterial transmission. However, the full bacterial communities that contaminate in-use stethoscopes have not been investigated. METHODS We used bacterial 16S rRNA gene deep-sequencing, analysis, and quantification to profile entire bacterial populations on stethoscopes in use in an intensive care unit (ICU), including practitioner stethoscopes, individual-use patient-room stethoscopes, and clean unused individual-use stethoscopes. Two additional sets of practitioner stethoscopes were sampled before and after cleaning using standardized or practitioner-preferred methods. RESULTS Bacterial contamination levels were highest on practitioner stethoscopes, followed by patient-room stethoscopes, whereas clean stethoscopes were indistinguishable from background controls. Bacterial communities on stethoscopes were complex, and community analysis by weighted UniFrac showed that physician and patient-room stethoscopes were indistinguishable and significantly different from clean stethoscopes and background controls. Genera relevant to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) were common on practitioner stethoscopes, among which Staphylococcus was ubiquitous and had the highest relative abundance (6.8%-14% of contaminating bacterial sequences). Other HAI-related genera were also widespread although lower in abundance. Cleaning of practitioner stethoscopes resulted in a significant reduction in bacterial contamination levels, but these levels reached those of clean stethoscopes in only a few cases with either standardized or practitioner-preferred methods, and bacterial community composition did not significantly change. CONCLUSIONS Stethoscopes used in an ICU carry bacterial DNA reflecting complex microbial communities that include nosocomially important taxa. Commonly used cleaning practices reduce contamination but are only partially successful at modifying or eliminating these communities.
Collapse
|
25
|
Nante N, Ceriale E, Messina G, Lenzi D, Manzi P. Effectiveness of ATP bioluminescence to assess hospital cleaning: a review. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2017; 58:E177-E183. [PMID: 28900359 PMCID: PMC5584088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Contamination of hospital surfaces plays an important role in the transmission of several healthcare-associated microorganisms, therefore methods for evaluating hospital surfaces' cleaning gain particular importance. Among these, there are visual inspection, quantitative microbiology, fluorescent markers and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence. The latter seems to provide interesting features, detecting the presence of ATP on surface (as Relative Light Units, RLU), a proxy of organic matter and microbial contamination. Several studies have investigated the effectiveness of this technology; with this research, we aim to summarize the most significant results. METHODS A systematic review was conducted. The keywords (namely, "ATP", "bioluminescence", "hospital" and "surfaces") were searched in PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus databases, in order to find relevant data, from January 2000 to October 2014. After the selection, we globally considered 27 articles. RESULTS Most of the studies were conducted in United Kingdom and in USA. Different threshold RLU benchmark values were identified by analyzed studies. Fourteen of these researches compared the ATP bioluminescence with microbiological methods, 11 identified a significant correlation between the two methods, although poor or not complete for 5. DISCUSSION ATP bioluminescence is not a standardized methodology: each tool has different benchmark values, not always clearly defined. At the moment, we can say that the technique could be used to assess, in real time, hospital surfaces where cleanliness is required, but not sterility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. Nante
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene, University of Siena, Italy;,Correspondence: Gabriele Messina, Research Professor of Public Health, University of Siena, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100 Italy - Tel.+39 0577 234139 - Fax +39 0577 234090 - E-mail:
| | - E. Ceriale
- Post-Graduate School in Public Health, University of Siena, Italy
| | - G. Messina
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene, University of Siena, Italy
| | - D. Lenzi
- Teaching Hospital "Le Scotte", Hospital Direction, Siena, Italy
| | - P. Manzi
- Teaching Hospital "Le Scotte", Hospital Direction, Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lin D, Ou Q, Lin J, Peng Y, Yao Z. A meta-analysis of the rates of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S aureus contamination on the surfaces of environmental objects that health care workers frequently touch. Am J Infect Control 2017; 45:421-429. [PMID: 28010909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health care workers may potentially spread Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) to patients by contaminated high-touch items. We aimed to determine the pooled rates of S aureus and MRSA contamination and influencing factors. METHODS A literature search of the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, Ovid, and Scopus databases was performed. Pooled contamination rates were determined using random effect models. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were conducted to identify factors potentially influencing the rates of S aureus and MRSA contamination. Sensitivity and publication bias analyses were performed. RESULTS Thirty-eight studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled contamination rates were 15.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.8%-21.1%) for S aureus and 5.0% (95% CI, 2.7%-7.7%) for MRSA. The subgroup analyses indicated that the pooled rate of S aureus contamination was significantly higher for studies conducted in South America, in developing countries, and during 2010-2015. The pooled rate of MRSA contamination was significantly higher for studies conducted in Africa. The meta-regression analysis suggested that the pooled rate of S aureus contamination was lower for studies conducted in developed countries (odds ratio, 0.664; 95% CI, 0.509-0.867; P = .004). No bias was found in the publication of the rates of S aureus and MRSA contamination. CONCLUSIONS S aureus and MRSA contamination statuses of high-touch items are worrisome and should be paid greater attention. Developing country status was a risk factor for S aureus contamination.
Collapse
|
27
|
Fattorini M, Ceriale E, Nante N, Lenzi D, Manzi P, Basagni C, Messina G. Use of a fluorescent marker for assessing hospital bathroom cleanliness. Am J Infect Control 2016; 44:1066-8. [PMID: 27179392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescent marker was used to assess the efficacy of daily cleaning in hospital en suite bathrooms. We applied the marker on 218 surfaces and we assigned a score according how completely the mark had been removed. We found significant statistical differences among different surfaces and wards (P < .05). Microbiologic contamination and marker removal score did not seem to be correlated. Differences in cleanliness may indicate discrepancies in cleaning procedures. Fluorescent marker proved to be a practical and effective method and it could be adopted as a first-level control system to assess hospital cleanliness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Fattorini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emma Ceriale
- Postgraduate School in Public Health, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Nante
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Postgraduate School in Public Health, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniele Lenzi
- Medical Administration, Teaching Hospital "Le Scotte," Siena, Italy
| | - Pietro Manzi
- Medical Administration, Teaching Hospital "Le Scotte," Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Basagni
- Medical Administration, Teaching Hospital "Le Scotte," Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Messina
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Postgraduate School in Public Health, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tajeddin E, Rashidan M, Razaghi M, Javadi SS, Sherafat SJ, Alebouyeh M, Sarbazi MR, Mansouri N, Zali MR. The role of the intensive care unit environment and health-care workers in the transmission of bacteria associated with hospital acquired infections. J Infect Public Health 2016; 9:13-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
29
|
Nurain AM, Bilal NE, Ibrahim ME. The frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns of nosocomial pathogens recovered from cancer patients and hospital environments. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
30
|
Grif Alspach J. About that health care icon dangling around your neck: do we have some cleaning up to do? Crit Care Nurse 2015; 34:11-4. [PMID: 24882825 DOI: 10.4037/ccn2014437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|
31
|
A new UV-LED device for automatic disinfection of stethoscope membranes. Am J Infect Control 2015; 43:e61-6. [PMID: 26254501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stethoscopes are widely used by doctors and nurses. Poor stethoscope hygiene is a potential source of nosocomial infection. This study aimed to propose an innovative solution, based on the latest advances in ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs), for disinfecting stethoscope membranes automatically and efficiently. METHODS Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis were sown on 28 stethoscope membranes and then transferred to Petri dishes. Treatment involved illuminating exposed Petri dishes with a UVC LED for 1 minute. For each microbe, the number of colony-forming units (cfu) at 36°C was compared in control and treated dishes using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess percent reductions in bacteria. Statistical significance was set at 99%. RESULTS A significant reduction in cfu counts after UV treatment (P < .01) was found for all bacteria: 85.5% for E faecalis, 87.5% for S aureus, 94.3% for E coli, and 94.9% for P aeruginosa . No significant differences in percent reduction in cfu were found between bacteria (P > .01). CONCLUSION The stethoscope, symbol of medicine and health care professionals, has been demonstrated to be a carrier of microorganisms. The treatment technique was effective and efficient in disinfecting the membranes. These promising results represent a step forward toward eliminating stethoscope membrane contamination with an innovative approach.
Collapse
|
32
|
Mizusawa M, Doron S, Gorbach S. Clostridium difficile Diarrhea in the Elderly: Current Issues and Management Options. Drugs Aging 2015; 32:639-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s40266-015-0289-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|