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Li X, Shi Y, Lin X, Li Z, Xiao J, Yang X. Effects of wild, local, and cultivated tobacco varieties on the performance of Spodoptera litura and its parasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2390-2396. [PMID: 36802371 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant domestication can alter plant and insect interactions and influence bottom-up and top-down effects. However, little is known about the effects of wild, local, and cultivated varieties of the same plant species in the same region on herbivores and their parasitoids. Here, six tobacco varieties were selected: wild Bishan and Badan tobaccos, local Liangqiao and Shuangguan sun-cured tobaccos, and cultivated Xiangyan 5 and Cunsanpi. We examined how wild, local, and cultivated tobacco types affect the tobacco cutworm herbivore Spodoptera litura and its parasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis. RESULTS Levels of nicotine and trypsin protease inhibitor in leaves and the fitness of S. litura larvae varied significantly among the varieties. Wild tobacco had the highest levels of nicotine and trypsin protease inhibitor, which reduced the survival rate and prolonged the development period of S. litura. The tobacco types significantly influenced the life history parameters and host selection of M. pulchricornis. The cocoon weight, cocoon emergence rate, adult longevity, hind tibia length, and offspring fecundity of M. pulchricornis increased, whereas the development period decreased from wild to local to cultivated varieties. The parasitoids were more likely to select wild and local varieties than cultivated varieties. CONCLUSION Domestication of tobacco resulted in reduced resistance to S. litura in cultivated tobacco. Wild tobacco varieties suppress S. litura populations, adversely affect M. pulchricornis, and may enhance bottom-up and top-down control of S. litura. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Li
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Forestry Ecology, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
| | - Yimeng Shi
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
| | - XuanXuan Lin
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
| | - Zhezhi Li
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Forestry Ecology, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
| | - Jiawei Xiao
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Forestry Ecology, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
| | - Xianjun Yang
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Forestry Ecology, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
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Mattedi A, Sabbi E, Farda B, Djebaili R, Mitra D, Ercole C, Cacchio P, Del Gallo M, Pellegrini M. Solid-State Fermentation: Applications and Future Perspectives for Biostimulant and Biopesticides Production. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1408. [PMID: 37374910 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With the expansion of the green products market and the worldwide policies and strategies directed toward a green revolution and ecological transition, the demand for innovative approaches is always on the rise. Among the sustainable agricultural approaches, microbial-based products are emerging over time as effective and feasible alternatives to agrochemicals. However, the production, formulation, and commercialization of some products can be challenging. Among the main challenges are the industrial production processes that ensure the quality of the product and its cost on the market. In the context of a circular economy, solid-state fermentation (SSF) might represent a smart approach to obtaining valuable products from waste and by-products. SSF enables the growth of various microorganisms on solid surfaces in the absence or near absence of free-flowing water. It is a valuable and practical method and is used in the food, pharmaceutical, energy, and chemical industries. Nevertheless, the application of this technology in the production of formulations useful in agriculture is still limited. This review summarizes the literature dealing with SSF agricultural applications and the future perspective of its use in sustainable agriculture. The survey showed good potential for SSF to produce biostimulants and biopesticides useful in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mattedi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Enrico Sabbi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Beatrice Farda
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Rihab Djebaili
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Debasis Mitra
- Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Raiganj 733134, India
| | - Claudia Ercole
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paola Cacchio
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maddalena Del Gallo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marika Pellegrini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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Multiple Facets of Nitrogen: From Atmospheric Gas to Indispensable Agricultural Input. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081272. [PMID: 36013451 PMCID: PMC9410007 DOI: 10.3390/life12081272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a gas and the fifth most abundant element naturally found in the atmosphere. N's role in agriculture and plant metabolism has been widely investigated for decades, and extensive information regarding this subject is available. However, the advent of sequencing technology and the advances in plant biotechnology, coupled with the growing interest in functional genomics-related studies and the various environmental challenges, have paved novel paths to rediscovering the fundamentals of N and its dynamics in physiological and biological processes, as well as biochemical reactions under both normal and stress conditions. This work provides a comprehensive review on multiple facets of N and N-containing compounds in plants disseminated in the literature to better appreciate N in its multiple dimensions. Here, some of the ancient but fundamental aspects of N are revived and the advances in our understanding of N in the metabolism of plants is portrayed. It is established that N is indispensable for achieving high plant productivity and fitness. However, the use of N-rich fertilizers in relatively higher amounts negatively affects the environment. Therefore, a paradigm shift is important to shape to the future use of N-rich fertilizers in crop production and their contribution to the current global greenhouse gases (GHGs) budget would help tackle current global environmental challenges toward a sustainable agriculture.
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Li X, Huang Z, Yang X, Wu S. Influence of wild, local and cultivated tobacco varieties on the oviposition preference and offspring performance of Spodoptera litura. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 112:1-7. [PMID: 34602115 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485321000900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The influences of different plants on herbivores have recently attracted research interest; however, little is known regarding the effects of wild, local and cultivated varieties of the same plant from the same origin on herbivores. This study aimed to examine the effects of different tobacco varieties from the same origin on the oviposition preference and offspring performance of Spodoptera litura. We selected two wild ('Bishan wild tobacco' and 'Badan wild tobacco'), two local ('Liangqiao sun-cured tobacco' and 'Shuangguan sun-cured tobacco') and two cultivated ('Xiangyan No. 5' and 'Cunsanpi') tobacco varieties from Hunan Province, China. We found that female S. litura varied in oviposition preferences across the tobacco varieties. They preferred to lay eggs on the cultivated varieties, followed by the local varieties, with the wild varieties being the least preferred. Furthermore, different tobacco varieties significantly influenced the life history parameters of S. litura. Survival rate, pupal weight, emergence rate and adult dry weight decreased in the following order: cultivated varieties > local varieties > wild varieties. Conversely, the pupal stage and development period decreased in the following order: wild varieties > local varieties > cultivated varieties. Therefore, we conclude that wild tobacco varieties have higher resistance to S. litura than cultivated and local varieties, reflecting the evolutionary advantages of wild tobacco varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Li
- College of Urban and Rural Construction, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
| | - Zhiyou Huang
- College of Urban and Rural Construction, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
| | - Xianjun Yang
- College of Urban and Rural Construction, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
| | - Shaolong Wu
- Hunan Province Tobacco Company, Changsha, China
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Fernandez AR, Sáez A, Quintero C, Gleiser G, Aizen MA. Intentional and unintentional selection during plant domestication: herbivore damage, plant defensive traits and nutritional quality of fruit and seed crops. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1586-1598. [PMID: 33977519 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Greater susceptibility to herbivory can arise as an effect of crop domestication. One proposed explanation is that defenses decreased intentionally or unintentionally during the domestication process, but evidence for this remains elusive. An alternative but nonexclusive explanation is presumed selection for higher nutritional quality. We used a metaanalytical approach to examine susceptibility to herbivores in fruit and seed crops and their wild relatives. Our analyses provide novel insights into the mechanisms of increased susceptibility by evaluating whether it can be attributed to either a reduction in herbivore defensive traits, including direct/indirect and constitutive/inducible defenses, or an increase in the nutritional content of crops. The results confirm higher herbivory and lower levels of all types of defenses in crops compared to wild relatives, although indirect defenses were more affected than direct ones. Contrary to expectations, nutritional quality was lower in crops than in wild relatives, which may enhance biomass loss to herbivores if they increase consumption to meet nutritional requirements. Our findings represent an important advance in our understanding of how changes in defensive and nutritional traits following domestication could influence, in combination or individually, crop susceptibility to herbivore attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahí R Fernandez
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
- IRNAD, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Mitre 630, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
| | - Agustín Sáez
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
| | - Carolina Quintero
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Gleiser
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A Aizen
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
- Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Berlin, 14193, Germany
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Espinosa-García FJ, García-Rodríguez YM, Bravo-Monzón AE, Vega-Peña EV, Delgado-Lamas G. Implications of the foliar phytochemical diversity of the avocado crop Persea americana cv. Hass in its susceptibility to pests and pathogens. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11796. [PMID: 35070514 PMCID: PMC8759378 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical diversity (PD) can be considered as a defensive trait; it can operate through single plant secondary metabolites or usually as complex mixtures of them. We tested the more diversity-better defense hypothesis correlating the leaf plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) with the incidence of plant enemies on Hass avocado trees. We expected a negative correlation between the occurrence of plant enemies and PD metrics. Also, as intraspecific PSMs polymorphisms in plant populations are common, we studied the incidence of plant enemies on Hass avocado trees representing chemical variants (chemotypes). We expected a differential incidence of plant enemies among trees grouped by their mono and sesquiterpene + phenylpropanoid chemotypes. We analyzed foliar hexane extracts from 236 trees in 17 orchards by gas chromatography and for the incidence of red mite, thrips, whitefly, avocado branch borer, fruit rot, scab, and peduncle collar blight. The predicted negative correlation between the plant enemies’ incidence and the phytochemical metrics did not occur. To determine the relationship between enemy incidence and chemotypes we grouped the trees by cluster analysis using a matrix of PSMs in each tree. Most trees were grouped under four out of 23 chemotypes. Branch borers attacked trees of low-frequency chemotypes more frequently than trees with common chemotypes. The incidence of five plant enemies was different among the predominant chemotypes. The hypothesis of more diversity-better defense was not supported by the correlations between the phytochemical diversity and the incidence of pests and pathogens in Hass avocado orchards. Based on our results, we hypothesize that phytochemical diversity function as a defensive trait relies more on differentiation among individuals in a population than on the sole increase of chemical diversity. Also, the differential incidence of pests and pathogens on trees classified by their foliar chemotypes implies that these susceptibility or resistance markers represent potential useful tools for Hass avocado orchard pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Espinosa-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Yolanda M. García-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Angel E. Bravo-Monzón
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Ernesto V. Vega-Peña
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
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Tushabe D, Rosbakh S. A Compendium of in vitro Germination Media for Pollen Research. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:709945. [PMID: 34305993 PMCID: PMC8299282 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.709945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The correct choice of in vitro pollen germination media (PGM) is crucial in basic and applied pollen research. However, the methodological gaps (e.g., strong focus of current research on model species and cultivated plants along with the lack of general rules for developing a PGM) makes experimenting with pollen difficult. We closed these gaps by compiling a compendium of optimized in vitro PGM recipes from more than 1800 articles published in English, German, and Russian from 1926 to 2019. The compendium includes 1572 PGM recipes successfully used to germinate pollen grains or produce pollen tubes in 816 species representing 412 genera and 114 families (both monocots and dicots). Among the 110 components recorded from the different PGM recipes, sucrose (89% of species), H3BO3 (77%), Ca2+ (59%), Mg2+ (44%), and K+ (39%) were the most commonly used PGM components. PGM pH was reported in 35% of all studies reviewed. Also, we identified some general rules for creating PGM for various groups of species differing in area of research (wild and cultivated species), phylogenetic relatedness (angiosperms vs. gymnosperms, dicots vs. monocots), pollen physiology (bi- and tri-cellular), biochemistry (starchy vs. starchless pollen grains), and stigma properties (dry vs. wet), and compared the component requirements. Sucrose, calcium, and magnesium concentrations were significantly different across most categories indicating that pollen sensitivity to sugar and mineral requirements in PGM is highly group-specific and should be accounted for when composing new PGM. This compendium is an important data resource on PGM and can facilitate future pollen research.
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Jaiswal AK, Mengiste TD, Myers JR, Egel DS, Hoagland LA. Tomato Domestication Attenuated Responsiveness to a Beneficial Soil Microbe for Plant Growth Promotion and Induction of Systemic Resistance to Foliar Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:604566. [PMID: 33391227 PMCID: PMC7775394 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.604566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop domestication events followed by targeted breeding practices have been pivotal for improvement of desirable traits and to adapt cultivars to local environments. Domestication also resulted in a strong reduction in genetic diversity among modern cultivars compared to their wild relatives, though the effect this could have on tripartite relationships between plants, belowground beneficial microbes and aboveground pathogens remains undetermined. We quantified plant growth performance, basal resistance and induced systemic resistance (ISR) by Trichoderma harzianum, a beneficial soil microbe against Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic fungus and Phytophthora infestans, a hemi-biotrophic oomycete, in 25 diverse tomato genotypes. Wild tomato related species, tomato landraces and modern commercial cultivars that were conventionally or organically bred, together, representing a domestication gradient were evaluated. Relationships between basal and ISR, plant physiological status and phenolic compounds were quantified to identify potential mechanisms. Trichoderma enhanced shoot and root biomass and ISR to both pathogens in a genotype specific manner. Moreover, improvements in plant performance in response to Trichoderma gradually decreased along the domestication gradient. Wild relatives and landraces were more responsive to Trichoderma, resulting in greater suppression of foliar pathogens than modern cultivars. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of some tomato genotypes were improved by Trichoderma treatment whereas leaf nitrogen status of the majority of tomato genotypes were not altered. There was a negative relationship between basal resistance and induced resistance for both diseases, and a positive correlation between Trichoderma-ISR to B. cinerea and enhanced total flavonoid contents. These findings suggest that domestication and breeding practices have altered plant responsiveness to beneficial soil microbes. Further studies are needed to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying the differential promotion of plant growth and resistance among genotypes, and identify molecular markers to integrate selection for responsiveness into future breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Jaiswal
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Tesfaye D Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - James R Myers
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Daniel S Egel
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Lori A Hoagland
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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The Effects of Ozone on Herbivore-Induced Volatile Emissions of Cultivated and Wild Brassica Rapa. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11111213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Since preindustrial times, concentrations of tropospheric ozone, a phytotoxic pollutant, have risen in the Northern Hemisphere. Selective breeding has intentionally modified crop plant traits to improve yield but may have altered plant defenses against abiotic and biotic stresses. This study aims to determine if cultivated and wild plants respond differently to herbivory under elevated ozone. We studied the volatile emissions of four cultivated Brassica rapa ssp. oleifera varieties and one wild population after exposure to ozone or Plutella xylostella larval feeding either individually or together. Ozone modulated the volatiles emitted in response to herbivory by all plant varieties to different extents. We did not observe a clear difference in the effects of ozone on wild and cultivated plants, but cultivated plants had higher volatile emission rates in response to herbivory and ozone had either no effect or increased the herbivore-induced response. Larvae tended to feed more on elevated ozone-treated plants; however, we could not link the increase of feeding to the change in volatile emissions. Our study complements recent studies reporting that selective breeding might not have weakened chemical defenses to biotic and abiotic stresses of cultivated plants.
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Morard M, Ibáñez C, Adam AC, Querol A, Barrio E, Toft C. Genomic instability in an interspecific hybrid of the genus Saccharomyces: a matter of adaptability. Microb Genom 2020; 6:mgen000448. [PMID: 33021926 PMCID: PMC7660253 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancient events of polyploidy have been linked to huge evolutionary leaps in the tree of life, while increasing evidence shows that newly established polyploids have adaptive advantages in certain stress conditions compared to their relatives with a lower ploidy. The genus Saccharomyces is a good model for studying such events, as it contains an ancient whole-genome duplication event and many sequenced Saccharomyces cerevisiae are, evolutionary speaking, newly formed polyploids. Many polyploids have unstable genomes and go through large genome erosions; however, it is still unknown what mechanisms govern this reduction. Here, we sequenced and studied the natural S. cerevisiae × Saccharomyces kudriavzevii hybrid strain, VIN7, which was selected for its commercial use in the wine industry. The most singular observation is that its nuclear genome is highly unstable and drastic genomic alterations were observed in only a few generations, leading to a widening of its phenotypic landscape. To better understand what leads to the loss of certain chromosomes in the VIN7 cell population, we looked for genetic features of the genes, such as physical interactions, complex formation, epistatic interactions and stress responding genes, which could have beneficial or detrimental effects on the cell if their dosage is altered by a chromosomal copy number variation. The three chromosomes lost in our VIN7 population showed different patterns, indicating that multiple factors could explain the mechanisms behind the chromosomal loss. However, one common feature for two out of the three chromosomes is that they are among the smallest ones. We hypothesize that small chromosomes alter their copy numbers more frequently as a low number of genes is affected, meaning that it is a by-product of genome instability, which might be the chief driving force of the adaptability and genome architecture of this hybrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Morard
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Ibáñez
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana C. Adam
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Querol
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eladio Barrio
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Christina Toft
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- Program for Systems Biology of Molecular Interactions and Regulation, Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), UV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
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Valladares GA, Coll-Aráoz MV, Alderete M, Vera MT, Fernández PC. Previous herbivory alerts conspecific gravid sawflies to avoid unsuitable host plants. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 110:438-448. [PMID: 31813400 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The willow sawfly, Nematus oligospilus (Förster), is a pest in Salix commercial forests and has been reported worldwide. Female adults must recognize a suitable host plant to oviposit, since her offspring lack the ability to move to another host. We evaluated the effect of conspecific herbivory on the oviposition choices of N. oligospilus females by providing damaged (DP) and undamaged (UP) plants of Salix humboldtiana, a native willow from South America, as oviposition substrates. Local and systemic effects were studied. For the local treatment, a twig from the DP with damaged leaves was contrasted to a twig from a UP in dual choice experiments. For systemic treatment, a twig from the DP with intact leaves was contrasted to a twig from a UP. We estimated the use of olfactory and contact cues by comparing volatile emission of DP and UP, and by analysing the behaviour of the females during host recognition after landing on the leaf surface. In the context of the preference-performance hypothesis (PPH), we also tested if oviposition site selection maximizes offspring fitness by evaluating neonate hatching, larval performance and survival of larvae that were born and bred on either DP or UP. Our results demonstrate that previous conspecific herbivory on S. humboldtiana has a dramatic impact on female oviposition choices and offspring performance of the sawfly N. oligospilus. Females showed a marked preference for laying eggs on UP of S. humboldtiana. This preference was found for both local and systemic treatments. Volatile emission was quantitatively changed after conspecific damage suggesting that it could be related to N. oligospilus avoidance. In the dual choice preference experiments, the analysis of the behaviour of the females once landing on the leaf surface suggested the use of contact cues triggering egg laying on leaves from UP and avoidance of leaves from DP. Furthermore, 48 h of previous conspecific feeding was sufficient to dramatically impair neonate hatching, as well as larval development and survival, suggesting a rapid and effective reaction of the induced resistance mechanisms of the tree. In agreement with the PPH, these results support the idea that decisions made by colonizing females may result in optimal outcomes for their offspring in a barely studied insect model, and also opens the opportunity for studying tree-induced defences in the unexplored South American willow S. humboldtiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Valladares
- Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Florentino Ameghino S/N. B° Mercantil (4105), El Manantial, Tucumán, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, Argentina
| | - M V Coll-Aráoz
- PROIMI-CONICET, Av. Manuel Belgrano 2960 (T4001MVB), S. M. de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M Alderete
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, M. Lillo 205 (4000), S. M. de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M T Vera
- Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Florentino Ameghino S/N. B° Mercantil (4105), El Manantial, Tucumán, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, Argentina
| | - P C Fernández
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, Argentina
- INTA EEA Delta del Paraná, Paraná de las Palmas y Cl Comas S/N (2804), Campana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Química Aplicada y Alimentos, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Av. San Martín 4453 (C1417DSE), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Brosset A, Saunier A, Kivimäenpää M, Blande JD. Does ozone exposure affect herbivore-induced plant volatile emissions differently in wild and cultivated plants? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30448-30459. [PMID: 32468369 PMCID: PMC7378123 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of tropospheric ozone have more than doubled in the Northern Hemisphere since pre-industrial times. Plant responses to single abiotic or biotic stresses, such as ozone exposure and herbivore-feeding, have received substantial attention, especially for cultivated plants. Modern cultivated plants have been subjected to selective breeding that has altered plant chemical defences. To understand how ozone might affect plant responses to herbivore-feeding in wild and cultivated plants, we studied the volatile emissions of brassicaceous plants after exposure to ambient (~ 15 ppb) or elevated ozone (80 ppb), with and without Plutella xylostella larvae-feeding. Results indicated that most of the wild and cultivated plants increased volatile emissions in response to herbivore-feeding. Ozone alone had a weaker and less consistent effect on volatile emissions, but appeared to have a greater effect on wild plants than cultivated plants. This study highlights that closely related species of the Brassicaceae have variable responses to ozone and herbivore-feeding stresses and indicates that the effect of ozone may be stronger in wild than cultivated plants. Further studies should investigate the mechanisms by which elevated ozone modulates plant volatile emissions in conjunction with biotic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Brosset
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Amélie Saunier
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - James D Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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Qutb AM, Wei F, Dong W. Prediction and Characterization of Cationic Arginine-Rich Plant Antimicrobial Peptide SM-985 From Teosinte ( Zea mays ssp. mexicana). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1353. [PMID: 32636825 PMCID: PMC7318549 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are effective against different plant pathogens and newly considered as part of plant defense systems. From prokaryotes to eukaryotes, AMPs can exist in all forms of life. SM-985 is a cationic AMP (CAMP) isolated from the cDNA library of Mexican teosinte (Zea mays ssp. mexicana). A computational prediction server running with different algorithms was used to screen the teosinte cDNA library for AMPs, and the SM-985 peptide was predicted as an AMP with high probability prediction values. SM-985 is an arginine-rich peptide and composed of 21 amino acids (MW: 2671.06 Da). The physicochemical properties of SM-985 are very promising as an AMP, including the net charge (+8), hydrophobicity ratio of 23%, Boman index of 5.19 kcal/mol, and isoelectric point of 12.95. The SM-985 peptide has amphipathic α-helix conformations. The antimicrobial activity of SM-985 was confirmed against six bacterial plant pathogens, and the MIC of SM-985 against Gram-positive indicators was 8 μM, while the MIC of SM-985 against Gram-negative indicators was 4 μM. The SM-985 interacting with the bacterial membrane and this interaction were examined by treatment of the bacterial indicators with FITC-SM-985 peptide, which showed a high binding affinity of SM-985 to the bacterial membrane (whether Gram-positive or Gram-negative). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the treated bacteria with SM-985 demonstrated cell membrane damage and cell lysis. In vivo antimicrobial activity was examined, and SM-985 prevented leaf spot disease infection caused by Pst DC3000 on Solanum lycopersicum. Moreover, SM-985 showed sensitivity to calcium chloride salt, which is a common feature of CAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman M. Qutb
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring and Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Feng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wubei Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring and Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Solís-Montero V, Martínez-Natarén DA, Parra-Tabla V, Ibarra-Cerdeña C, Munguía-Rosas MA. Herbivory and anti-herbivore defences in wild and cultivated Cnidoscolus aconitifolius: disentangling domestication and environmental effects. AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa023. [PMID: 32607138 PMCID: PMC7306974 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic changes in plants during domestication may disrupt plant-herbivore interactions. Because wild and cultivated plants have different habitats and some anti-herbivore defences exhibit some plasticity, their defences may be also influenced by the environment. Our goal was to assess the effects of domestication and the environment on herbivory and some anti-herbivore defences in chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) in its centre of domestication. Herbivores, herbivory, and direct and indirect anti-herbivore defences were assessed in wild and cultivated plants. The same variables were measured in the field and in a common garden to assess environmental effects. Our results show that domestication increased herbivory and herbivore abundance, but reduced direct and some indirect defences (ants). The environment also affected the herbivore guild (herbivore abundance and richness) and some direct and indirect defences (trichome number and ants). There was also an interaction effect of domestication and the environment on the number of trichomes. We conclude that domestication and the environment influence herbivory and anti-herbivore defences in an additive and interactive manner in chaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Solís-Montero
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Merida C.P., México
| | - Daniela A Martínez-Natarén
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Merida C.P., México
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Conacyt), Insurgentes Sur, Ciudad de México C.P., México
| | - Víctor Parra-Tabla
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida C.P., México
| | - Carlos Ibarra-Cerdeña
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Merida C.P., México
| | - Miguel A Munguía-Rosas
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Merida C.P., México
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16
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Batyrshina ZS, Cna'ani A, Rozenberg T, Seifan M, Tzin V. The combined impacts of wheat spatial position and phenology on cereal aphid abundance. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9142. [PMID: 32518724 PMCID: PMC7258891 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wheat is a staple crop that suffers from massive yield losses caused by cereal aphids. Many factors can determine the abundance of cereal aphids and the damage they cause to plants; among them are the plant’s genetic background, as well as environmental conditions such as spatial position within the plot, the composition and the distance from neighboring vegetation. Although the effects of these factors have been under scrutiny for many years, the combined effect of both factors on aphid populations is not fully understood. The goal of this study was to examine the collective impact of genotype and environment on wheat phenology (developmental stages), chemical diversity (metabolites), and insect susceptibility, as manifested by cereal aphid abundance. Methods To determine the influence of plant genotype on the metrics mentioned above, we measured the phenology, chemical profile, and aphid abundance of four wheat genotypes, including the tetraploid wild emmer (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides cv. Zavitan), tetraploid durum (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum cv. Svevo), and two hexaploid spring bread (Triticum aestivum), ‘Rotem’ and ‘Chinese Spring’. These genotypes are referred to as “focal” plants. To evaluate the impact of the environment, we scored the distance of each focal plant (spatial position) from two neighboring vegetation types: (i) natural resource and (ii) monoculture wheat resource. Results The results demonstrated that the wild emmer wheat was the most aphid-resistant, while the bread wheat Rotem was most aphid-susceptible. Aphids were more abundant in plants that matured early. The spatial position analysis demonstrated that aphids were more abundant in focal plants located closer to the margin monoculture wheat resource rather than to the natural resource, suggesting a resource concentration effect. The analysis of metabolic diversity showed that the levels of three specialized metabolites from the flavonoid class, differed between the wheat genotypes and some minor changes in central metabolites were shown as well. Altogether, these results demonstrate a combined effect of genetic background and spatial position on wheat phenology and aphid abundance on plants. This exposes the potential role of the marginal vegetation environment in shaping the insect population of desirable crops. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining plant intra-specific variation in the agriculture system because of its potential applications in reducing pest density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaniya S Batyrshina
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Israel
| | - Alon Cna'ani
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Israel.,Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Israel
| | - Tamir Rozenberg
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Israel
| | - Merav Seifan
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Israel
| | - Vered Tzin
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Israel
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Dixit G, Srivastava A, Rai KM, Dubey RS, Srivastava R, Verma PC. Distinct defensive activity of phenolics and phenylpropanoid pathway genes in different cotton varieties toward chewing pests. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1747689. [PMID: 32290756 PMCID: PMC7238874 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1747689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the maximum level of inherent defense against harmful insects in natural variation among wild lineages of crop plants may result in high yield tolerant varieties and reducing use of chemical insecticides. However, knowledge of natural cotton genotypes with high insect-resistance is still indistinguishable at the biochemical or molecular level. In the present study, different cultivated Gossypium hirsutum varieties were evaluated for their inherent insect-tolerance against two major cottons chewing pests. The insect bio-assay identified two tolerant and one susceptible cotton varieties. The study demonstrates difference in phenolic acids, proanthocyanidin and tannin accumulation in tolerant and susceptible varieties. The post-infestation of chewing pests increases transcript level of the phenylpropanoid pathway genes were detected in tolerant varieties as compared to the susceptible varieties. Altogether, chewing pest-tolerance level in cotton varieties is the cumulative effect of enhanced phenylpropanoid pathway genes expression and secondary metabolite leading to defense responses to conventional host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Dixit
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Alka Srivastava
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Krishan Mohan Rai
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Rakesh Srivastava
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Praveen Chandra Verma
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
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18
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Batyrshina ZS, Yaakov B, Shavit R, Singh A, Tzin V. Comparative transcriptomic and metabolic analysis of wild and domesticated wheat genotypes reveals differences in chemical and physical defense responses against aphids. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:19. [PMID: 31931716 PMCID: PMC6958765 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young wheat plants are continuously exposed to herbivorous insect attack. To reduce insect damage and maintain their growth, plants evolved different defense mechanisms, including the biosynthesis of deterrent compounds named benzoxazinoids, and/or trichome formation that provides physical barriers. It is unclear whether both of these mechanisms are equally critical in providing an efficient defense for wheat seedlings against aphids-an economically costly pest in cereal production. RESULTS In this study, we compared the transcriptome, metabolome, benzoxazinoids, and trichome density of three selected wheat genotypes, with a focus on differences related to defense mechanisms. We chose diverse wheat genotypes: two tetraploid wheat genotypes, domesticated durum 'Svevo' and wild emmer 'Zavitan,' and one hexaploid bread wheat, 'Chinese Spring.' The full transcriptomic analysis revealed a major difference between the three genotypes, while the clustering of significantly different genes suggested a higher similarity between the two domesticated wheats than between either and the wild wheat. A pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the genes associated with primary metabolism, as well as the pathways associated with defense such as phytohormones and specialized metabolites, were different between the three genotypes. Measurement of benzoxazinoid levels at the three time points (11, 15, and 18 days after germination) revealed high levels in the two domesticated genotypes, while in wild emmer wheat, they were below detection level. In contrast to the benzoxazinoid levels, the trichome density was dramatically higher in the wild emmer than in the domesticated wheat. Lastly, we tested the bird cherry-oat aphid's (Rhopalosiphum padi) performance and found that Chinese Spring is more resistant than the tetraploid genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that benzoxazinoids play a more significant defensive role than trichomes. Differences between the abundance of defense mechanisms in the wild and domesticated plants were observed in which wild emmer possesses high physical defenses while the domesticated wheat genotypes have high chemical defenses. These findings provide new insights into the defense adaptations of wheat plants against aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaniya S Batyrshina
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Midreseht Ben Gurion, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Beery Yaakov
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Midreseht Ben Gurion, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Reut Shavit
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Midreseht Ben Gurion, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Anuradha Singh
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Midreseht Ben Gurion, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Vered Tzin
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Midreseht Ben Gurion, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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19
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Kokkoris V, Hart M. In vitro Propagation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi May Drive Fungal Evolution. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2420. [PMID: 31695689 PMCID: PMC6817466 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformed root cultures (TRC) are used to mass produce arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal propagules in vitro. These propagules are then used in research, agriculture, and ecological restoration. There are many examples from other microbial systems that long-term in vitro propagation leads to domesticated strains that differ genetically and functionally. Here, we discuss potential consequences of in TRC propagation on AM fungal traits, and how this may affect their functionality. We examine weather domestication of AM fungi has already happened and finally, we explore whether it is possible to overcome TRC-induced domestication.
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20
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Induced Plant Defenses Against Herbivory in Cultivated and Wild Tomato. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:693-707. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Whitehead SR, Poveda K. Resource allocation trade-offs and the loss of chemical defences during apple domestication. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:1029-1041. [PMID: 30770925 PMCID: PMC6589505 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most crops have been dramatically altered from their wild ancestors with the primary goal of increasing harvestable yield. A long-held hypothesis is that increased allocation to yield has reduced plant investment in defence and resulted in crops that are highly susceptible to pests. However, clear demonstrations of these trade-offs have been elusive due to the many selective pressures that occur concurrently during crop domestication. METHODS To provide a robust test of whether increased allocation to yield can alter plant investment in defence, this study examined fruit chemical defence traits and herbivore resistance across 52 wild and 56 domesticated genotypes of apples that vary >26-fold in fruit size. Ninety-six phenolic metabolites were quantified in apple skin, pulp and seeds, and resistance to the codling moth was assessed with a series of bioassays. KEY RESULTS The results show that wild apples have higher total phenolic concentrations and a higher diversity of metabolites than domesticated apples in skin, pulp and seeds. A negative phenotypic relationship between fruit size and phenolics indicates that this pattern is driven in part by allocation-based trade-offs between yield and defence. There were no clear differences in codling moth performance between wild and domesticated apples and no overall effects of total phenolic concentration on codling moth performance, but the results did show that codling moth resistance was increased in apples with higher phenolic diversity. The concentrations of a few individual compounds (primarily flavan-3-ols) also correlated with increased resistance, primarily driven by a reduction in pupal mass of female moths. CONCLUSIONS The negative phenotypic relationship between fruit size and phenolic content, observed across a large number of wild and domesticated genotypes, supports the hypothesis of yield-defence trade-offs in crops. However, the limited effects of phenolics on codling moth highlight the complexity of consequences that domestication has for plant-herbivore interactions. Continued studies of crop domestication can further our understanding of the multiple trade-offs involved in plant defence, while simultaneously leading to novel discoveries that can improve the sustainability of crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Whitehead
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Katja Poveda
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
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22
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Du H, Li X, Ning L, Qin R, Du Q, Wang Q, Song H, Huang F, Wang H, Yu D. RNA-Seq analysis reveals transcript diversity and active genes after common cutworm (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) attack in resistant and susceptible wild soybean lines. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:237. [PMID: 30902045 PMCID: PMC6431011 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5599-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common cutworm (CCW) is highly responsible for destabilizing soybean productivity. Wild soybean is a resource used by breeders to discover elite defensive genes. RESULTS The transcriptomes of two wild accessions (W11 and W99) with different resistance to CCW were analyzed at early- and late-induction time points. After induction, the susceptible accession W11 differentially expressed 1268 and 508 genes at the early and late time points, respectively. Compared with W11, the resistant accession W99 differentially expressed 1270 genes at the early time point and many more genes (2308) at the late time point. In total, 3836 non-redundant genes were identified in both lines. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in W99 at the late time point were mostly associated with specific processes and pathways. Among the non-redundant genes, 146 genes were commonly up-regulated in the treatment condition compared with the control condition at the early- and late-induction time points in both accessions used in this experiment. Approximately 40% of the common DEGs were related to secondary metabolism, disease resistance, and signal transduction based on their putative function. Excluding the common DEGs, W99 expressed more unique DEGs than W11. Further analysis of the 3836 DEGs revealed that the induction of CCW not only up-regulated defense-related genes, including 37 jasmonic acid (JA)-related genes, 171 plant-pathogen-related genes, and 17 genes encoding protease inhibitors, but also down-regulated growth-related genes, including 35 photosynthesis-related genes, 48 nutrition metabolism genes, and 28 auxin metabolism genes. Therefore, representative defense-related and growth-related genes were chosen for binding site prediction via co-expression of transcription factors (TFs) and spatial expression pattern analyses. In total, 53 binding sites of 28 TFs were identified based on 3 defense-related genes and 3 growth-related genes. Phosphate transporter PT1, which is a representative growth-related gene, was transformed into soybean, and the transgenic soybean plants were susceptible to CCW. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we described transcriptome reprograming after herbivore induction in wild soybean, identified the susceptibility of growth-related genes, and provided new resources for the breeding of herbivore-resistant cultivated soybeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Du
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Xiao Li
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Lihua Ning
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Institute of Germplasm Resources and Biotechnology, Nanjing, 210014 China
| | - Rui Qin
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Qing Du
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Qing Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Haina Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration in Hilly Area, PingDingshan University, Pingdingshan, 467000 China
| | - Fang Huang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Hui Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Deyue Yu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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23
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Soltis NE, Atwell S, Shi G, Fordyce R, Gwinner R, Gao D, Shafi A, Kliebenstein DJ. Interactions of Tomato and Botrytis cinerea Genetic Diversity: Parsing the Contributions of Host Differentiation, Domestication, and Pathogen Variation. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:502-519. [PMID: 30647076 PMCID: PMC6447006 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although the impacts of crop domestication on specialist pathogens are well known, less is known about the interaction of crop variation and generalist pathogens. To study how genetic variation within a crop affects plant resistance to generalist pathogens, we infected a collection of wild and domesticated tomato accessions with a genetically diverse population of the generalist pathogen Botrytis cinerea We quantified variation in lesion size of 97 B. cinerea genotypes (isolates) on six domesticated tomato genotypes (Solanum lycopersicum) and six wild tomato genotypes (Solanum pimpinellifolium). Lesion size was significantly affected by large effects of the host and pathogen's genotype, with a much smaller contribution of domestication. This pathogen collection also enables genome-wide association mapping of B. cinerea Genome-wide association mapping of the pathogen showed that virulence is highly polygenic and involves a diversity of mechanisms. Breeding against this pathogen would likely require the use of diverse isolates to capture all possible mechanisms. Critically, we identified a subset of B. cinerea genes where allelic variation was linked to altered virulence against wild versus domesticated tomato, as well as loci that could handle both groups. This generalist pathogen already has a large collection of allelic variation that must be considered when designing a breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Soltis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Susanna Atwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Gongjun Shi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58102
| | - Rachel Fordyce
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Raoni Gwinner
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616
- Department of Agriculture, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Dihan Gao
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Aysha Shafi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Ng DWK, Abeysinghe JK, Kamali M. Regulating the Regulators: The Control of Transcription Factors in Plant Defense Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3737. [PMID: 30477211 PMCID: PMC6321093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Being sessile, plants rely on intricate signaling pathways to mount an efficient defense against external threats while maintaining the cost balance for growth. Transcription factors (TFs) form a repertoire of master regulators in controlling various processes of plant development and responses against external stimuli. There are about 58 families of TFs in plants and among them, six major TF families (AP2/ERF (APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor), bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix), MYB (myeloblastosis related), NAC (no apical meristem (NAM), Arabidopsis transcription activation factor (ATAF1/2), and cup-shaped cotyledon (CUC2)), WRKY, and bZIP (basic leucine zipper)) are found to be involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses. As master regulators of plant defense, the expression and activities of these TFs are subjected to various transcriptional and post-transcriptional controls, as well as post-translational modifications. Many excellent reviews have discussed the importance of these TFs families in mediating their downstream target signaling pathways in plant defense. In this review, we summarize the molecular regulatory mechanisms determining the expression and activities of these master regulators themselves, providing insights for studying their variation and regulation in crop wild relatives (CWR). With the advance of genome sequencing and the growing collection of re-sequencing data of CWR, now is the time to re-examine and discover CWR for the lost or alternative alleles of TFs. Such approach will facilitate molecular breeding and genetic improvement of domesticated crops, especially in stress tolerance and defense responses, with the aim to address the growing concern of climate change and its impact on agriculture crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny W-K Ng
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jayami K Abeysinghe
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Maedeh Kamali
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
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25
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Liu MJ, Sugimoto K, Uygun S, Panchy N, Campbell MS, Yandell M, Howe GA, Shiu SH. Regulatory Divergence in Wound-Responsive Gene Expression between Domesticated and Wild Tomato. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:1445-1460. [PMID: 29743197 PMCID: PMC6096591 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of transcriptional regulatory mechanisms is central to how stress response and tolerance differ between species. However, it remains largely unknown how divergence in cis-regulatory sites and, subsequently, transcription factor (TF) binding specificity contribute to stress-responsive expression divergence, particularly between wild and domesticated species. By profiling wound-responsive gene transcriptomes in wild Solanum pennellii and domesticated S. lycopersicum, we found extensive wound response divergence and identified 493 S. lycopersicum and 278 S. pennellii putative cis-regulatory elements (pCREs) that were predictive of wound-responsive gene expression. Only 24-52% of these wound response pCREs (depending on wound response patterns) were consistently enriched in the putative promoter regions of wound-responsive genes across species. In addition, between these two species, their differences in pCRE site sequences were significantly and positively correlated with differences in wound-responsive gene expression. Furthermore, ∼11-39% of pCREs were specific to only one of the species and likely bound by TFs from different families. These findings indicate substantial regulatory divergence in these two plant species that diverged ∼3-7 million years ago. Our study provides insights into the mechanistic basis of how the transcriptional response to wounding is regulated and, importantly, the contribution of cis-regulatory components to variation in wound-responsive gene expression between a wild and a domesticated plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jung Liu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 741, Taiwan
| | - Koichi Sugimoto
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Sahra Uygun
- Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Nicholas Panchy
- Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Michael S Campbell
- Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Mark Yandell
- Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
- USTAR Center for Genetic Discovery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Gregg A Howe
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Shin-Han Shiu
- Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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26
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Gaillard MDP, Glauser G, Robert CAM, Turlings TCJ. Fine-tuning the 'plant domestication-reduced defense' hypothesis: specialist vs generalist herbivores. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:355-366. [PMID: 28877341 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Domesticated plants are assumed to have weakened chemical defenses. We argue, however, that artificial selection will have maintained defense traits against specialized herbivores that have coexisted with the crops throughout their domestication. We assessed the performance of eight species of insect herbivores from three feeding guilds on six European maize lines and six populations of their wild ancestor, teosinte. A metabolomics approach was used in an attempt to identify compounds responsible for observed differences in insect performance. Insects consistently performed better on maize than on teosinte. As hypothesized, this difference was greater for generalist herbivores that are normally not found on teosinte. We also found clear differences in defense metabolites among the different genotypes, but none that consistently correlated with differences in performance. Concentrations of benzoxazinoids, the main chemical defense in maize, tended to be higher in leaves of teosinte, but the reverse was true for the roots. It appears that chemical defenses that target specialized insects are still present at higher concentrations in cultivated maize than compounds that are more effective against generalists. These weakened broad-spectrum defenses in crops may explain the successes of novel pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël D P Gaillard
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry (NPAC), University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Christelle A M Robert
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Section Biotic Interactions, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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27
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Nievola CC, Carvalho CP, Carvalho V, Rodrigues E. Rapid responses of plants to temperature changes. Temperature (Austin) 2017; 4:371-405. [PMID: 29435478 PMCID: PMC5800372 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2017.1377812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is one of the main environmental factors that affect plant metabolism. Considering that plants are sessile, their survival depends on the efficient activation of resistance responses to thermal stress. In this comprehensive review, we discuss recent work on rapid biochemical and physiological adjustments, herein referred to as those occurring during the first few hours or a few days after the beginning of the change in the ambient temperature. The short-term metabolic modulation after plant exposure to heat and cold, including chilling and freezing, is discussed. Effects on photosynthesis, cell membranes, antioxidant system, production of heat shock proteins and nitric oxide, as well as an overview of signaling events to heat or cold stress are presented. In addition, we also discuss the acclimation process that occurs when the plant acquires resistance to an increase or decrease in temperature, adjusting its homeostasis and steady-state physiology to the new temperatures. Finally, we present studies with tropical plants that aim at elucidating the effects of temperature and the identification of the resilience levels of these plants to the expected climate changes, and which seek the development of techniques for germplasm conservation of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina C. Nievola
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Plantas Ornamentais, Instituto de Botânica SMA/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila P. Carvalho
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Plantas Ornamentais, Instituto de Botânica SMA/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Victória Carvalho
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Plantas Ornamentais, Instituto de Botânica SMA/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson Rodrigues
- Instituto Básico de Biociências, Universidade de Taubaté, Taubaté, SP, Brazil
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28
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Nepal MP, Andersen EJ, Neupane S, Benson BV. Comparative Genomics of Non-TNL Disease Resistance Genes from Six Plant Species. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E249. [PMID: 28973974 PMCID: PMC5664099 DOI: 10.3390/genes8100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease resistance genes (R genes), as part of the plant defense system, have coevolved with corresponding pathogen molecules. The main objectives of this project were to identify non-Toll interleukin receptor, nucleotide-binding site, leucine-rich repeat (nTNL) genes and elucidate their evolutionary divergence across six plant genomes. Using reference sequences from Arabidopsis, we investigated nTNL orthologs in the genomes of common bean, Medicago, soybean, poplar, and rice. We used Hidden Markov Models for sequence identification, performed model-based phylogenetic analyses, visualized chromosomal positioning, inferred gene clustering, and assessed gene expression profiles. We analyzed 908 nTNL R genes in the genomes of the six plant species, and classified them into 12 subgroups based on the presence of coiled-coil (CC), nucleotide binding site (NBS), leucine rich repeat (LRR), resistance to Powdery mildew 8 (RPW8), and BED type zinc finger domains. Traditionally classified CC-NBS-LRR (CNL) genes were nested into four clades (CNL A-D) often with abundant, well-supported homogeneous subclades of Type-II R genes. CNL-D members were absent in rice, indicating a unique R gene retention pattern in the rice genome. Genomes from Arabidopsis, common bean, poplar and soybean had one chromosome without any CNL R genes. Medicago and Arabidopsis had the highest and lowest number of gene clusters, respectively. Gene expression analyses suggested unique patterns of expression for each of the CNL clades. Differential gene expression patterns of the nTNL genes were often found to correlate with number of introns and GC content, suggesting structural and functional divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav P Nepal
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Ethan J Andersen
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Surendra Neupane
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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29
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Whitehead SR, Turcotte MM, Poveda K. Domestication impacts on plant-herbivore interactions: a meta-analysis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160034. [PMID: 27920379 PMCID: PMC5182430 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For millennia, humans have imposed strong selection on domesticated crops, resulting in drastically altered crop phenotypes compared with wild ancestors. Crop yields have increased, but a long-held hypothesis is that domestication has also unintentionally decreased plant defences against herbivores. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis comparing insect herbivore resistance and putative plant defence traits between crops and their wild relatives. Our database included 2098 comparisons made across 73 crops in 89 studies. We found that domestication consistently reduced plant resistance to herbivores, although the magnitude of the effects varied across plant organs and depended on how resistance was measured. However, domestication had no consistent effects on the specific plant defence traits underlying resistance, including secondary metabolites and physical feeding barriers. The values of these traits sometimes increased and sometimes decreased during domestication. Consistent negative effects of domestication were observed only when defence traits were measured in reproductive organs or in the plant organ that was harvested. These results highlight the complexity of evolution under domestication and the need for an improved theoretical understanding of the mechanisms through which agronomic selection can influence the species interactions that impact both the yield and sustainability of our food systems.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Whitehead
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall 4117, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Martin M Turcotte
- Center for Adaptation to a Changing Environment, CHN G35.1, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Katja Poveda
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall 4117, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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30
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Shelef O, Weisberg PJ, Provenza FD. The Value of Native Plants and Local Production in an Era of Global Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2069. [PMID: 29259614 PMCID: PMC5723411 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
For addressing potential food shortages, a fundamental tradeoff exists between investing more resources to increasing productivity of existing crops, as opposed to increasing crop diversity by incorporating more species. We explore ways to use local plants as food resources and the potential to promote food diversity and agricultural resilience. We discuss how use of local plants and the practice of local agriculture can contribute to ongoing adaptability in times of global change. Most food crops are now produced, transported, and consumed long distances from their homelands of origin. At the same time, research and practices are directed primarily at improving the productivity of a small number of existing crops that form the cornerstone of a global food economy, rather than to increasing crop diversity. The result is a loss of agro-biodiversity, leading to a food industry that is more susceptible to abiotic and biotic stressors, and more at risk of catastrophic losses. Humans cultivate only about 150 of an estimated 30,000 edible plant species worldwide, with only 30 plant species comprising the vast majority of our diets. To some extent, these practices explain the food disparity among human populations, where nearly 1 billion people suffer insufficient nutrition and 2 billion people are obese or overweight. Commercial uses of new crops and wild plants of local origin have the potential to diversify global food production and better enable local adaptation to the diverse environments humans inhabit. We discuss the advantages, obstacles, and risks of using local plants. We also describe a case study-the missed opportunity to produce pine nuts commercially in the Western United States. We discuss the potential consequences of using local pine nuts rather than importing them overseas. Finally, we provide a list of edible native plants, and synthesize the state of research concerning the potential and challenges in using them for food production. The goal of our synthesis is to support more local food production using native plants in an ecologically sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Shelef
- Biology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
- *Correspondence: Oren Shelef ;
| | - Peter J. Weisberg
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
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31
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Alamgir KM, Hojo Y, Christeller JT, Fukumoto K, Isshiki R, Shinya T, Baldwin IT, Galis I. Systematic analysis of rice (Oryza sativa) metabolic responses to herbivory. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:453-66. [PMID: 26386366 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants defend against attack from herbivores by direct and indirect defence mechanisms mediated by the accumulation of phytoalexins and release of volatile signals, respectively. While the defensive arsenals of some plants, such as tobacco and Arabidopsis are well known, most of rice's (Oryza sativa) defence metabolites and their effectiveness against herbivores remain uncharacterized. Here, we used a non-biassed metabolomics approach to identify many novel herbivory-regulated metabolic signatures in rice. Most were up-regulated by herbivore attack while only a few were suppressed. Two of the most prominent up-regulated signatures were characterized as phenolamides (PAs), p-coumaroylputrescine and feruloylputrescine. PAs accumulated in response to attack by both chewing insects, i.e. feeding of the lawn armyworm (Spodoptera mauritia) and the rice skipper (Parnara guttata) larvae, and the attack of the sucking insect, the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH). In bioassays, BPH insects feeding on 15% sugar solution containing p-coumaroylputrescine or feruloylputrescine, at concentrations similar to those elicited by heavy BPH attack in rice, had a higher mortality compared to those feeding on sugar diet alone. Our results highlight PAs as a rapidly expanding new group of plant defence metabolites that are elicited by herbivore attack, and deter herbivores in rice and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir Md Alamgir
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Yuko Hojo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - John T Christeller
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Kaori Fukumoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Isshiki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Tomonori Shinya
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Ivan Galis
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
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32
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Wang Y, Cao L, Zhang Y, Cao C, Liu F, Huang F, Qiu Y, Li R, Lou X. Map-based cloning and characterization of BPH29, a B3 domain-containing recessive gene conferring brown planthopper resistance in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6035-45. [PMID: 26136269 PMCID: PMC4566989 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) production, essential for global food security, is threatened by the brown planthopper (BPH). The breeding of host-resistant crops is an economical and environmentally friendly strategy for pest control, but few resistance gene resources have thus far been cloned. An indica rice introgression line RBPH54, derived from wild rice Oryza rufipogon, has been identified with sustainable resistance to BPH, which is governed by recessive alleles at two loci. In this study, a map-based cloning approach was used to fine-map one resistance gene locus to a 24kb region on the short arm of chromosome 6. Through genetic analysis and transgenic experiments, BPH29, a resistance gene containing a B3 DNA-binding domain, was cloned. The tissue specificity of BPH29 is restricted to vascular tissue, the location of BPH attack. In response to BPH infestation, RBPH54 activates the salicylic acid signalling pathway and suppresses the jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent pathway, similar to plant defence responses to biotrophic pathogens. The cloning and characterization of BPH29 provides insights into molecular mechanisms of plant-insect interactions and should facilitate the breeding of rice host-resistant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Liming Cao
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Yuexiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Changxiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Fengkuan Huang
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Yongfu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Rongbai Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaojin Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Maag D, Erb M, Bernal JS, Wolfender JL, Turlings TCJ, Glauser G. Maize Domestication and Anti-Herbivore Defences: Leaf-Specific Dynamics during Early Ontogeny of Maize and Its Wild Ancestors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135722. [PMID: 26267478 PMCID: PMC4534137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
As a consequence of artificial selection for specific traits, crop plants underwent considerable genotypic and phenotypic changes during the process of domestication. These changes may have led to reduced resistance in the cultivated plant due to shifts in resource allocation from defensive traits to increased growth rates and yield. Modern maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) was domesticated from its ancestor Balsas teosinte (Z. mays ssp. parviglumis) approximately 9000 years ago. Although maize displays a high genetic overlap with its direct ancestor and other annual teosintes, several studies show that maize and its ancestors differ in their resistance phenotypes with teosintes being less susceptible to herbivore damage. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we addressed the question to what extent maize domestication has affected two crucial chemical and one physical defence traits and whether differences in their expression may explain the differences in herbivore resistance levels. The ontogenetic trajectories of 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones, maysin and leaf toughness were monitored for different leaf types across several maize cultivars and teosinte accessions during early vegetative growth stages. We found significant quantitative and qualitative differences in 1,4-benzoxazin-3-one accumulation in an initial pairwise comparison, but we did not find consistent differences between wild and cultivated genotypes during a more thorough examination employing several cultivars/accessions. Yet, 1,4-benzoxazin-3-one levels tended to decline more rapidly with plant age in the modern maize cultivars. Foliar maysin levels and leaf toughness increased with plant age in a leaf-specific manner, but were also unaffected by domestication. Based on our findings we suggest that defence traits other than the ones that were investigated are responsible for the observed differences in herbivore resistance between teosinte and maize. Furthermore, our results indicate that single pairwise comparisons may lead to false conclusions regarding the effects of domestication on defensive and possibly other traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Maag
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julio S. Bernal
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843–2475, United States of America
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ted C. J. Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Azadi H, Ghanian M, Ghoochani OM, Rafiaani P, Taning CNT, Hajivand RY, Dogot T. Genetically Modified Crops: Towards Agricultural Growth, Agricultural Development, or Agricultural Sustainability? FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2014.994816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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35
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Chen YH, Gols R, Benrey B. Crop domestication and its impact on naturally selected trophic interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 60:35-58. [PMID: 25341108 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Crop domestication is the process of artificially selecting plants to increase their suitability to human requirements: taste, yield, storage, and cultivation practices. There is increasing evidence that crop domestication can profoundly alter interactions among plants, herbivores, and their natural enemies. Overall, little is known about how these interactions are affected by domestication in the geographical ranges where these crops originate, where they are sympatric with the ancestral plant and share the associated arthropod community. In general, domestication consistently has reduced chemical resistance against herbivorous insects, improving herbivore and natural enemy performance on crop plants. More studies are needed to understand how changes in morphology and resistance-related traits arising from domestication may interact with environmental variation to affect species interactions across multiple scales in agroecosystems and natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda H Chen
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405;
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