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Sun Z, Wang X, Feng S, Xie C, Xing Y, Guo L, Zhao J, Ji C. A review of neuroendocrine immune system abnormalities in IBS based on the brain–gut axis and research progress of acupuncture intervention. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:934341. [PMID: 36968497 PMCID: PMC10034060 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.934341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common digestive disorder observed in clinics. Current studies suggest that the pathogenesis of the disease is closely related to abnormal brain–gut interactions, hypokinesia, visceral sensory hypersensitivity in the gastrointestinal tract, and alterations in the intestinal microenvironment. However, it is difficult for a single factor to explain the heterogeneity of symptoms. The Rome IV criteria emphasized the holistic biologic-psycho-social model of IBS, suggesting that symptoms of the disease are closely related to neurogastroenterology and various abnormalities in brain–gut interaction. This study comprehensively reviewed the relationship between the brain–gut axis and IBS, the structure of the brain–gut axis, and the relationship between the brain–gut axis and intestinal microenvironment, and discussed the relationship between the abnormal regulation of the nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system and the incidence of IBS on the basis of brain–gut axis. In terms of treatment, acupuncture therapy can regulate the neuroendocrine-immune system of the body and improve the intestinal microenvironment, and it has the advantages of safety, economy, and effectiveness. We study the pathogenesis of IBS from local to global and micro to macro, and review the use of acupuncture to treat the disease as a whole so as to provide new ideas for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyin Sun
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Shangsheng Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chaoju Xie
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Xing
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Guo
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyu Zhao
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
- *Correspondence: Jingyu Zhao
| | - Changchun Ji
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
- Changchun Ji
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Wilson SM, Oba PM, Applegate CC, Koziol SA, Panasevich MR, Norton SA, Swanson KS. Effects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product-supplemented diet on fecal characteristics, oxidative stress, and blood gene expression of adult dogs undergoing transport stress. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skac378. [PMID: 36373401 PMCID: PMC9838799 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) was shown to positively alter fecal microbiota, fecal metabolites, oxidative stress, and circulating immune cell function of adult dogs. The objective of this study was to measure the effects of SCFP on fecal characteristics, serum oxidative stress biomarkers, and whole blood gene expression of dogs undergoing transport stress. Sixteen adult pointer dogs [8M, 8F; mean age = 6.7 ± 2.1 yr; mean body weight (BW) = 25.5 ± 3.9 kg] were used in a randomized crossover design study. All dogs were fed a control diet for 4 wk, then randomly assigned to a control or SCFP-supplemented diet (formulated to include approximately 0.13% of the active SCFP ingredient) and fed to maintain BW for 11 wk. A 6-wk washout preceded the second 11-wk experimental period with dogs receiving opposite treatments. After 11 wk, fresh fecal and blood samples were collected before and after transport in a van for 45 min. Change from baseline data (i.e., before and after transport) were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4, with P < 0.05 being significant and P < 0.10 being trends. Change in serum malondialdehyde concentrations increased (P < 0.05) and serum 8-isoprostane concentrations tended to increase (P < 0.10) in dogs fed SCFP, but decreased (P < 0.05) in control dogs after transport. Other serum markers were unaffected by diet during transport stress. Fecal dry matter percentage tended to be affected (P < 0.10) by diet during transport stress, being reduced in control dogs, but stable in dogs fed SCFP. Other fecal characteristics were unaffected by diet during transport stress. Genes associated with activation of innate immunity were impacted by diet in response to transport stress, with blood cyclooxygenase-2 and malondialdehyde mRNA expression being increased (P < 0.05) in control dogs, but stable or decreased in dogs fed SCFP. Expression of other genes was unaffected by diet during transport stress. These data suggest that the benefits of feeding a SCFP during transport stress may be mediated through suppression of innate immune cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M Wilson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Patricia M Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Catherine C Applegate
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- The Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Samantha A Koziol
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Saadatmand F, Abbas M, Apprey V, Tailor K, Kwabi-Addo B. Sex differences in saliva-based DNA methylation changes and environmental stressor in young African American adults. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273717. [PMID: 36067197 PMCID: PMC9447871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low socioeconomic status neighborhood exposure to stress and violence may be sources of negative stimuli that poses significant health risks for children, adolescents and throughout the life course of an individual. The study aims to investigate if aberrant epigenetic DNA methylation changes may be a potential mechanism for regulating neighborhood exposures and health outcomes. METHODS Exposure to environmental stressors identified in 98 young African American (AA) adults aged 18-25 years old from the Washington D.C., area were used in the study. We correlated the association between stress markers; cortisol, CRP, IgG, IGA, IgM, and self-reported exposure to violence and stress, with quantitative DNA methylation changes in a panel of gene-specific loci using saliva DNA. RESULTS In all participants studied, the exposure to violence was significant and negatively correlated with DNA methylation of MST1R loci (p = 0.032; r = -0.971) and nominally significant with NR3C1 loci (p = 0.053; r = -0.948). In addition, we observed significant and negative correlation of DNA methylation changes of LINE1 (p = 0.044; r = -0.248); NR3C1 (p = 0.017; r = -0.186); MSTR1 (p = 0.022; r = -0.192); and DRD2 (p = 0.056; r = -0.184; albeit nominal significant correlation) with IgA expression. On the other hand, we observed a significant and position correlation of DNA methylation changes in DRD2 (p = 0.037; r = 0.184) with IgG expression. When participants were stratified by sex, we observed in AA young male adults, significant DNA methylation changes of MST1R (p< 0.05) and association with exposure to violence and IgG level. We also observed significant DNA methylation levels of DRD2 (p< 0.05) and association with IgA, IgG, and cortisol level. Furthermore, we observed significant DNA methylation changes of NR3C1 (p< 0.05) with stress, IgA, and IgG in the male participants only. On the other hand, we only observed significant and a positive association of IgG with DNA methylation levels of ESR1 (p = 0.041) in the young AA female participants. CONCLUSION Our preliminary observation of significant DNA methylation changes in neuronal and immune genes in saliva samples supports our recently published genome-wide DNA methylations changes in blood samples from young AA male adults indicating that saliva offers a non-invasive means for DNA methylation prediction of exposure to environmental stressors in a gender-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Saadatmand
- Department of Pediatrics, Howard University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Muneer Abbas
- Department of Microbiology & The National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Victor Apprey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Krishma Tailor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Bernard Kwabi-Addo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Carnac T. Schizophrenia Hypothesis: Autonomic Nervous System Dysregulation of Fetal and Adult Immune Tolerance. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:844383. [PMID: 35844244 PMCID: PMC9283579 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.844383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system can control immune cell activation via both sympathetic adrenergic and parasympathetic cholinergic nerve release of norepinephrine and acetylcholine. The hypothesis put forward in this paper suggests that autonomic nervous system dysfunction leads to dysregulation of immune tolerance mechanisms in brain-resident and peripheral immune cells leading to excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α). Inactivation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β (GSK3β) is a process that takes place in macrophages and microglia when a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand binds to the TLR4 receptor. When Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPS) and Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS) bind to TLR4s, the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt) pathway should be activated, leading to inactivation of GSK3β. This switches the macrophage from producing pro-inflammatory cytokines to anti-inflammatory cytokines. Acetylcholine activation of the α7 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) on the cell surface of immune cells leads to PI3K/Akt pathway activation and can control immune cell polarization. Dysregulation of this pathway due to dysfunction of the prenatal autonomic nervous system could lead to impaired fetal immune tolerance mechanisms and a greater vulnerability to Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) resulting in neurodevelopmental abnormalities. It could also lead to the adult schizophrenia patient’s immune system being more vulnerable to chronic stress-induced DAMP release. If a schizophrenia patient experiences chronic stress, an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α could cause significant damage. TNF-α could increase the permeability of the intestinal and blood brain barrier, resulting in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNF-α translocation to the brain and consequent increases in glutamate release. MIA has been found to reduce Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase mRNA expression, resulting in reduced Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis, which combined with an increase of glutamate release could result in an imbalance of glutamate and GABA neurotransmitters. Schizophrenia could be a “two-hit” illness comprised of a genetic “hit” of autonomic nervous system dysfunction and an environmental hit of MIA. This combination of factors could lead to neurotransmitter imbalance and the development of psychotic symptoms.
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Xiao Y, Tan C, Nie X, Li B, You M, Lan Y, Tang L. Rise in Postprandial GLP-1 Levels After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Involvement of the Vagus Nerve-Spleen Anti-inflammatory Axis in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Obes Surg 2022; 32:1077-1085. [PMID: 35044600 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05877-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mechanism underlying postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) changes after metabolic surgery remains mostly unclarified. This investigation aimed to address whether the vagus nerve-spleen anti-inflammatory axis is involved in the rise in postprandial GLP-1 levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats following metabolic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS T2DM rat model was established with a high-fat diet and a low dose of streptozotocin and subjected to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and splenic denervation. A mixed-meal tolerance test for postprandial GLP-1 response was performed. TNF-α in the plasma, spleen, and ileum was measured by ELISA, and alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) expression in the spleen was analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS Postprandial GLP-1 improvement by RYGB was accompanied by the reduction of TNF-α levels in spleen and ileum and up-regulation of splenic α7nAChR in T2DM rats. Splenic denervation abrogates a rise in postprandial GLP-1 levels in response to the mixed-meal challenge, along with higher TNF-α levels in spleen and ileum and down-regulation of splenicα7nAChR, compared with denervated sham rats. CONCLUSION Our results reveal that the vagus nerve-spleen anti-inflammatory axis mediates the rise of postprandial GLP-1 response after RYGB through lowering TNF-α contents in the intestinal tissue in T2DM rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiao
- Department of Day Surgery Center, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, 412000, China
| | - Chang Tan
- Department of Gynecology, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, 412000, China
| | - Xiaoya Nie
- Department of General Medicine, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, No. 116 Changjiang Road, Zhuzhou, 412000, China
| | - Baifeng Li
- Department of Day Surgery Center, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, 412000, China
| | - Miao You
- Department of Day Surgery Center, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, 412000, China
| | - Yunyun Lan
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, No.116 Changjiang Road, Zhuzhou, 412000, China.
| | - Liang Tang
- Department of General Medicine, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, No. 116 Changjiang Road, Zhuzhou, 412000, China.
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Autonomic Nervous System Neuroanatomical Alterations Could Provoke and Maintain Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Novel Microbiome-Host Interaction Mechanistic Hypothesis. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010065. [PMID: 35010940 PMCID: PMC8746684 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis secondary to environmental factors, including dietary patterns, antibiotics use, pollution exposure, and other lifestyle factors, has been associated to many non-infective chronic inflammatory diseases. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is related to maternal inflammation, although there is no conclusive evidence that affected individuals suffer from systemic low-grade inflammation as in many psychological and psychiatric diseases. However, neuro-inflammation and neuro-immune abnormalities are observed within ASD-affected individuals. Rebalancing human gut microbiota to treat disease has been widely investigated with inconclusive and contradictory findings. These observations strongly suggest that the forms of dysbiosis encountered in ASD-affected individuals could also originate from autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning abnormalities, a common neuro-anatomical alteration underlying ASD. According to this hypothesis, overactivation of the sympathetic branch of the ANS, due to the fact of an ASD-specific parasympathetic activity deficit, induces deregulation of the gut-brain axis, attenuating intestinal immune and osmotic homeostasis. This sets-up a dysbiotic state, that gives rise to immune and osmotic dysregulation, maintaining dysbiosis in a vicious cycle. Here, we explore the mechanisms whereby ANS imbalances could lead to alterations in intestinal microbiome-host interactions that may contribute to the severity of ASD by maintaining the brain-gut axis pathways in a dysregulated state.
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Kiryachkov YY, Bosenko SA, Muslimov BG, Petrova MV. Dysfunction of the Autonomic Nervous System and its Role in the Pathogenesis of Septic Critical Illness (Review). Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2021; 12:106-116. [PMID: 34795998 PMCID: PMC8596275 DOI: 10.17691/stm2020.12.4.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) of the brain in sepsis can cause severe systemic inflammation and even death. Numerous data confirmed the role of ANS dysfunction in the occurrence, course, and outcome of systemic sepsis. The parasympathetic part of the ANS modifies the inflammation through cholinergic receptors of internal organs, macrophages, and lymphocytes (the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway). The sympathetic part of ANS controls the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes by influencing β2-adrenergic receptors, causing the activation of intracellular genes encoding the synthesis of cytokines (anti-inflammatory beta2-adrenergic receptor interleukin-10 pathway, β2AR–IL-10). The interaction of ANS with infectious agents and the immune system ensures the maintenance of homeostasis or the appearance of a critical generalized infection. During inflammation, the ANS participates in the inflammatory response by releasing sympathetic or parasympathetic neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. It is extremely important to determine the functional state of the ANS in critical conditions, since both cholinergic and sympathomimetic agents can act as either anti- or pro-inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Kiryachkov
- Head of the Department of Surgical and Resuscitation Technologies; Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 25, Bldg 2, Petrovka St., Moscow, 107031, Russia
| | - S A Bosenko
- Anesthesiologist; Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 25, Bldg 2, Petrovka St., Moscow, 107031, Russia
| | - B G Muslimov
- Deputy Chief Physician for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care; Konchalovsky Central City Hospital, 2, Bldg 1, Kashtanovaya Alley, Zelenograd, Moscow, 124489, Russia
| | - M V Petrova
- Professor, Deputy Director Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 25, Bldg 2, Petrovka St., Moscow, 107031, Russia
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Stavely R, Abalo R, Nurgali K. Targeting Enteric Neurons and Plexitis for the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:1428-1439. [PMID: 32416686 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200516173242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are pathological conditions with an unknown aetiology that are characterised by severe inflammation of the intestinal tract and collectively referred to as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Current treatments are mostly ineffective due to their limited efficacy or toxicity, necessitating surgical resection of the affected bowel. The management of IBD is hindered by a lack of prognostic markers for clinical inflammatory relapse. Intestinal inflammation associates with the infiltration of immune cells (leukocytes) into, or surrounding the neuronal ganglia of the enteric nervous system (ENS) termed plexitis or ganglionitis. Histological observation of plexitis in unaffected intestinal regions is emerging as a vital predictive marker for IBD relapses. Plexitis associates with alterations to the structure, cellular composition, molecular expression and electrophysiological function of enteric neurons. Moreover, plexitis often occurs before the onset of gross clinical inflammation, which may indicate that plexitis can contribute to the progression of intestinal inflammation. In this review, the bilateral relationships between the ENS and inflammation are discussed. These include the effects and mechanisms of inflammation-induced enteric neuronal loss and plasticity. Additionally, the role of enteric neurons in preventing antigenic/pathogenic insult and immunomodulation is explored. While all current treatments target the inflammatory pathology of IBD, interventions that protect the ENS may offer an alternative avenue for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian Stavely
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raquel Abalo
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorcón, Spain,Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(CSIC), Madrid, Spain,High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System NeuGut-URJC
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences,
The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Impact of chemotherapy-induced enteric nervous system toxicity on gastrointestinal mucositis. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2021; 14:293-300. [PMID: 32769620 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chemotherapy is a first-line treatment for many cancers; however, its use is hampered by a long list of side-effects. Gastrointestinal mucositis is a common and debilitating side-effect of anticancer therapy contributing to dose reductions, delays and cessation of treatment, greatly impacting clinical outcomes. The underlying pathophysiology of gastrointestinal mucositis is complex and likely involves several overlapping inflammatory, secretory and neural mechanisms, yet research investigating the role of innervation in gastrointestinal mucositis is scarce. This review provides an overview of the current literature surrounding chemotherapy-induced enteric neurotoxicity and discusses its implications on gastrointestinal mucositis. RECENT FINDINGS Damage to the intrinsic nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract, the enteric nervous system (ENS), occurs following chemotherapeutic administration, leading to altered gastrointestinal functions. Chemotherapeutic drugs have various mechanisms of actions on the ENS. Oxidative stress, direct toxicity and inflammation have been identified as mechanisms involved in chemotherapy-induced ENS damage. Enteric neuroprotection has proven to be beneficial to reduce gastrointestinal dysfunction in animal models of oxaliplatin-induced enteric neuropathy. SUMMARY Understanding of the ENS role in chemotherapy-induced mucositis requires further investigation and might lead to the development of more effective therapeutic interventions for prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal side-effects.
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Guzmán-Mejía F, Godínez-Victoria M, Vega-Bautista A, Pacheco-Yépez J, Drago-Serrano ME. Intestinal Homeostasis under Stress Siege. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105095. [PMID: 34065791 PMCID: PMC8150578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis encompasses a complex and balanced interplay among a wide array of components that collaborate to maintain gut barrier integrity. The appropriate function of the gut barrier requires the mucus layer, a sticky cushion of mucopolysaccharides that overlays the epithelial cell surface. Mucus plays a critical anti-inflammatory role by preventing direct contact between luminal microbiota and the surface of the epithelial cell monolayer. Moreover, mucus is enriched with pivotal effectors of intestinal immunity, such as immunoglobulin A (IgA). A fragile and delicate equilibrium that supports proper barrier function can be disturbed by stress. The impact of stress upon intestinal homeostasis results from neuroendocrine mediators of the brain-gut axis (BGA), which comprises a nervous branch that includes the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, as well as an endocrine branch of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. This review is the first to discuss the experimental animal models that address the impact of stress on components of intestinal homeostasis, with special emphasis on intestinal mucus and IgA. Basic knowledge from animal models provides the foundations of pharmacologic and immunological interventions to control disturbances associated with conditions that are exacerbated by emotional stress, such as irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Guzmán-Mejía
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, CP 04960 Mexico City, Mexico; (F.G.-M.); (A.V.-B.)
| | - Marycarmen Godínez-Victoria
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, CP 11340 Mexico City, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (M.G.-V.); (M.E.D.-S.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6000 (ext. 62743) (M.G.-V.); +52-55-5483-7000 (ext. 3624) (M.E.D.-S.)
| | - Alan Vega-Bautista
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, CP 04960 Mexico City, Mexico; (F.G.-M.); (A.V.-B.)
| | - Judith Pacheco-Yépez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, CP 11340 Mexico City, Mexico;
| | - Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, CP 04960 Mexico City, Mexico; (F.G.-M.); (A.V.-B.)
- Correspondence: (M.G.-V.); (M.E.D.-S.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6000 (ext. 62743) (M.G.-V.); +52-55-5483-7000 (ext. 3624) (M.E.D.-S.)
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Bear T, Dalziel J, Coad J, Roy N, Butts C, Gopal P. The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis and Resilience to Developing Anxiety or Depression under Stress. Microorganisms 2021; 9:723. [PMID: 33807290 PMCID: PMC8065970 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Episodes of depression and anxiety commonly follow the experience of stress, however not everyone who experiences stress develops a mood disorder. Individuals who are able to experience stress without a negative emotional effect are considered stress resilient. Stress-resilience (and its counterpart stress-susceptibility) are influenced by several psychological and biological factors, including the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Emerging research shows that the gut microbiota can influence mood, and that stress is an important variable in this relationship. Stress alters the gut microbiota and plausibly this could contribute to stress-related changes in mood. Most of the reported research has been conducted using animal models and demonstrates a relationship between gut microbiome and mood. The translational evidence from human clinical studies however is rather limited. In this review we examine the microbiome-gut-brain axis research in relation to stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Bear
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (C.B.); (P.G.)
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.D.); (N.R.)
| | - Julie Dalziel
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.D.); (N.R.)
- Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jane Coad
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Nicole Roy
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.D.); (N.R.)
- Department of Human Nutrition, Otago University, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1145, New Zealand
| | - Christine Butts
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (C.B.); (P.G.)
| | - Pramod Gopal
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (C.B.); (P.G.)
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.D.); (N.R.)
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12
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Medina-Rosales MN, Muñoz-Ortega MH, García-Hernández MH, Talamás-Rohana P, Medina-Ramírez IE, Salas-Morón LG, Martínez-Hernández SL, Ávila-Blanco ME, Medina-Rosales B, Ventura-Juárez J. Acetylcholine Upregulates Entamoeba histolytica Virulence Factors, Enhancing Parasite Pathogenicity in Experimental Liver Amebiasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:586354. [PMID: 33585267 PMCID: PMC7876292 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.586354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is an invasive enteric protozoan, whose infections are associated to high morbidity and mortality rates. However, only less than 10% of infected patients develop invasive amebiasis. The ability of E. histolytica to adapt to the intestinal microenvironment could be determinant in triggering pathogenic behavior. Indeed, during chronic inflammation, the vagus nerve limits the immune response through the anti-inflammatory reflex, which includes acetylcholine (ACh) as one of the predominant neurotransmitters at the infection site. Consequently, the response of E. histolytica trophozoites to ACh could be implicated in the establishment of invasive disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ACh on E. histolytica virulence. Methods include binding detection of ACh to plasma membrane, quantification of the relative expression of virulence factors by RT-PCR and western blot, evaluation of the effect of ACh in different cellular processes related to E. histolytica pathogenesis, and assessment of the capability of E. histolytica to migrate and form hepatic abscesses in hamsters. Results demonstrated that E. histolytica trophozoites bind ACh on their membrane and show a clear increase of the expression of virulence factors, that were upregulated upon stimulation with the neurotransmitter. ACh treatment increased the expression of L220, Gal/GalNAc lectin heavy subunit (170 kDa), amebapore C, cysteine proteinase 2 (ehcp-a2), and cysteine proteinase 5 (ehcp-a5). Moreover, erythrophagocytosis, cytotoxicity, and actin cytoskeleton remodeling were augmented after ACh treatment. Likewise, by assessing the formation of amebic liver abscess, we found that stimulated trophozoites to develop greater hamster hepatic lesions with multiple granulomas. In conclusion, ACh enhanced parasite pathogenicity by upregulating diverse virulence factors, thereby contributing to disease severity, and could be linked to the establishment of invasive amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Nayeli Medina-Rosales
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Martín Humberto Muñoz-Ortega
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | | | - Patricia Talamás-Rohana
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Larissa Guadalupe Salas-Morón
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Sandra Luz Martínez-Hernández
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Manuel Enrique Ávila-Blanco
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Medina-Rosales
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Javier Ventura-Juárez
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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13
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Jena A, Montoya CA, Mullaney JA, Dilger RN, Young W, McNabb WC, Roy NC. Gut-Brain Axis in the Early Postnatal Years of Life: A Developmental Perspective. Front Integr Neurosci 2020; 14:44. [PMID: 32848651 PMCID: PMC7419604 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2020.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in the development of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract during the early postnatal period can influence brain development and vice-versa. It is increasingly recognized that communication between the GI tract and brain is mainly driven by neural, endocrine, immune, and metabolic mediators, collectively called the gut-brain axis (GBA). Changes in the GBA mediators occur in response to the developmental changes in the body during this period. This review provides an overview of major developmental events in the GI tract and brain in the early postnatal period and their parallel developmental trajectories under physiological conditions. Current knowledge of GBA mediators in context to brain function and behavioral outcomes and their synthesis and metabolism (site, timing, etc.) is discussed. This review also presents hypotheses on the role of the GBA mediators in response to the parallel development of the GI tract and brain in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Jena
- School of Food & Advanced Technology, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carlos A Montoya
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jane A Mullaney
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Wayne Young
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.,Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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14
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Patterson TT, Nicholson S, Wallace D, Hawryluk GWJ, Grandhi R. Complex Feed-Forward and Feedback Mechanisms Underlie the Relationship Between Traumatic Brain Injury and the Gut-Microbiota-Brain Axis. Shock 2020; 52:318-325. [PMID: 30335675 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) contributes to nearly 1 in 3 injury-related deaths in the United States and accounts for a substantial public health burden and cost. The current literature reports that physiologic responses in the gastrointestinal system after TBI include, but are not limited to, epithelial barrier dysfunction, microbiota changes, and immunologic transformations. Recent evidence suggests gut alterations after TBI modify the homeostasis of the bidirectional gut-microbiota-brain axis, resulting in altered immune responses in the periphery and the brain. This cascade possibly contributes to impaired central nervous system (CNS) healing. Although attention to the gut-brain-microbiota axis has been increasing in the literature, the precise mechanisms underlying the changes observed after TBI remain unclear. The purpose of this review are to describe our current understanding regarding alterations to the gut-microbiota-brain axis after TBI, highlight the pathophysiologic changes involved, and evaluate how these variations modify healing in the CNS or even contribute to secondary injury. We also discuss current investigations into potential medical therapies directed at the gut-microbiota-brain axis, which might offer improved outcomes after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tyler Patterson
- Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Susannah Nicholson
- Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - David Wallace
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Gregory W J Hawryluk
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ramesh Grandhi
- Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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15
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Sahakian L, Filippone RT, Stavely R, Robinson AM, Yan XS, Abalo R, Eri R, Bornstein JC, Kelley MR, Nurgali K. Inhibition of APE1/Ref-1 Redox Signaling Alleviates Intestinal Dysfunction and Damage to Myenteric Neurons in a Mouse Model of Spontaneous Chronic Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 27:388-406. [PMID: 32618996 PMCID: PMC8287929 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) associates with damage to the enteric nervous system (ENS), leading to gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction. Oxidative stress is important for the pathophysiology of inflammation-induced enteric neuropathy and GI dysfunction. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a dual functioning protein that is an essential regulator of the cellular response to oxidative stress. In this study, we aimed to determine whether an APE1/Ref-1 redox domain inhibitor, APX3330, alleviates inflammation-induced oxidative stress that leads to enteric neuropathy in the Winnie murine model of spontaneous chronic colitis. METHODS Winnie mice received APX3330 or vehicle via intraperitoneal injections over 2 weeks and were compared with C57BL/6 controls. In vivo disease activity and GI transit were evaluated. Ex vivo experiments were performed to assess functional parameters of colonic motility, immune cell infiltration, and changes to the ENS. RESULTS Targeting APE1/Ref-1 redox activity with APX3330 improved disease severity, reduced immune cell infiltration, restored GI function ,and provided neuroprotective effects to the enteric nervous system. Inhibition of APE1/Ref-1 redox signaling leading to reduced mitochondrial superoxide production, oxidative DNA damage, and translocation of high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) was involved in neuroprotective effects of APX3330 in enteric neurons. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to investigate inhibition of APE1/Ref-1's redox activity via APX3330 in an animal model of chronic intestinal inflammation. Inhibition of the redox function of APE1/Ref-1 is a novel strategy that might lead to a possible application of APX3330 for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Sahakian
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhiannon T Filippone
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ainsley M Robinson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xu Sean Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raquel Abalo
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición y Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Médica (IQM) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain,High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System at URJC, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- University of Tasmania, School of Health Sciences, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark R Kelley
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Pharmacology & Toxicology, Program in Pediatric Molecular Oncology & Experimental Therapeutics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, USA
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Address correspondence to: Kulmira Nurgali, Level 4, Research Labs, Western Centre for Health Research & Education, Sunshine Hospital, 176 Furlong Road, St Albans, 3021, VIC, Australia. E-mail:
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16
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Bear TLK, Dalziel JE, Coad J, Roy NC, Butts CA, Gopal PK. The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Dietary Interventions for Depression and Anxiety. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:890-907. [PMID: 32149335 PMCID: PMC7360462 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that an unhealthy dietary pattern may increase the risk of developing depression or anxiety, whereas a healthy dietary pattern may decrease it. This nascent research suggests that dietary interventions could help prevent, or be an alternative or adjunct therapy for, depression and anxiety. The relation, however, is complex, affected by many confounding variables, and is also likely to be bidirectional, with dietary choices being affected by stress and depression. This complexity is reflected in the data, with sometimes conflicting results among studies. As the research evolves, all characteristics of the relation need to be considered to ensure that we obtain a full understanding, which can potentially be translated into clinical practice. A parallel and fast-growing body of research shows that the gut microbiota is linked with the brain in a bidirectional relation, commonly termed the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Preclinical evidence suggests that this axis plays a key role in the regulation of brain function and behavior. In this review we discuss possible reasons for the conflicting results in diet-mood research, and present examples of areas of the diet-mood relation in which the gut microbiota is likely to be involved, potentially explaining some of the conflicting results from diet and depression studies. We argue that because diet is one of the most significant factors that affects human gut microbiota structure and function, nutritional intervention studies need to consider the gut microbiota as an essential piece of the puzzle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey L K Bear
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Julie E Dalziel
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- AgResearch Ltd Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jane Coad
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- AgResearch Ltd Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christine A Butts
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Pramod K Gopal
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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17
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Semaniakou A, Brothers S, Gould G, Zahiremani M, Paton J, Chappe F, Li A, Anini Y, Croll RP, Chappe V. Disrupted local innervation results in less VIP expression in CF mice tissues. J Cyst Fibros 2020; 20:154-164. [PMID: 32600901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is the major physiological agonist of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) chloride channel activity. VIP functions as a neuromodulator and neurotransmitter secreted by neurons innervating all exocrine glands. VIP is also a potent vasodilator and bronchodilator that regulates exocrine gland secretions, contributing to local innate defense by stimulating the movement of water and chloride transport across intestinal and tracheobronchial epithelia. Previous human studies have shown that the rich intrinsic neuronal networks for VIP secretion around exocrine glands could be lost in tissues from patients with cystic fibrosis. Our research has since confirmed, in vitro and in vivo, the need for chronic VIP exposure to maintain functional CFTR chloride channels at the cell surface of airways and intestinal epithelium, as well as normal exocrine tissues morphology [1]. The goal of the present study was to examine changes in VIP in the lung, duodenum and sweat glands of 8- and 17-weeks old F508del/F508del mice and to investigate VIPergic innervation in the small intestine of CF mice, before important signs of the disease development. Our data show that a low amount of VIP is found in CF tissues prior to tissue damage. Moreover, we found a specific reduction in VIPergic and cholinergic innervation of the small intestine. The general innervation of the primary and secondary myenteric plexus was lost in CF tissues, with the presence of enlarged ganglionic cells in the tertiary layer. We propose that low amount of VIP in CF tissues is due to a reduction in VIPergic and cholinergic innervation and represents an early defect that constitutes an aggravating factor for CF disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Semaniakou
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Sarah Brothers
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Grayson Gould
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Mehrsa Zahiremani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jamie Paton
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Frederic Chappe
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Audrey Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Younes Anini
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IWK Health Center, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Roger P Croll
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Valerie Chappe
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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18
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Li XJ, You XY, Wang CY, Li XL, Sheng YY, Zhuang PW, Zhang YJ. Bidirectional Brain-gut-microbiota Axis in increased intestinal permeability induced by central nervous system injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:783-790. [PMID: 32472633 PMCID: PMC7366750 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system injuries may lead to the disorders of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis, autonomic nervous system, and enteric nervous system. These effects then cause the changes in the intestinal microenvironment, such as a disordered intestinal immune system as well as alterations of intestinal bacteria. Ultimately, this leads to an increase in intestinal permeability. Inflammatory factors produced by the interactions between intestinal neurons and immune cells as well as the secretions and metabolites of intestinal flora can then migrate through the intestinal barrier, which will aggravate any peripheral inflammation and the central nervous system injury. The brain‐gut‐microbiota axis is a complex system that plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of central nervous system diseases. It may also increase the consequences of preventative treatment. In this context, here we have summarized the factors that can lead to the increased intestinal permeability and some of the possible outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jin Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin-Yu You
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Cong-Ying Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue-Li Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Sheng
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng-Wei Zhuang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, China
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19
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Al-Shalan HAM, Hu D, Nicholls PK, Greene WK, Ma B. Innervation and nerve-immune cell contacts in mouse Peyer's patches. Histol Histopathol 2019; 35:371-383. [PMID: 31486062 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neural regulation of the function of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) relies on a delicate balance of the two divisions of its nervous system, namely, the intrinsic and extrinsic divisions. The intrinsic innervation is provided by the enteric nervous system (ENS), whereas the extrinsic innervation includes sympathetic/parasympathetic nerve fibers and extrinsic sensory nerve fibers. In the present study, we used immunofluorescent staining of neurofilament-heavy (NF-H) to reveal the distribution of nerve fibers and their associations with immune cells inside mouse Peyer's patches (PP), an essential part of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Our results demonstrate (1) the presence of an extensive meshwork of NF-H-immunoreactive presumptive nerve fibers in all PP compartments including the lymphoid nodules, interfollicular region, follicle-associated epithelium, and subepithelial dome; (2) close associations/contacts of nerve fibers with blood vessels including high endothelial venules, indicating neural control of blood flow and immune cell dynamics inside the PP; (3) close contacts between nerve fibers/endings and B/T cells and various subsets of dendritic cells ( e.g., B220⁻, B220⁺, CD4⁻, CD4⁺, CD8⁻, and CD8⁺). Our novel findings concerning PP innervation and nerve-immune-cell contacts in situ should facilitate our understanding of bi-directional communications between the PNS and GALT. Since the innervation of the gut, including PP, might be important in the pathogenesis and progression of some neurological, infectious, and autoimmune diseases, e.g., prion diseases and inflammatory bowel disease, better knowledge of PNS-immune system interactions in the GALT (including PP) should benefit the development of potential treatments for these diseases via neuroimmune manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda A M Al-Shalan
- Discipline of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Department of Microbiology/Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Dailun Hu
- Clinical College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Philip K Nicholls
- Discipline of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Wayne K Greene
- Discipline of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Bin Ma
- Discipline of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
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20
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Cherpak CE. Mindful Eating: A Review Of How The Stress-Digestion-Mindfulness Triad May Modulate And Improve Gastrointestinal And Digestive Function. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2019; 18:48-53. [PMID: 32549835 PMCID: PMC7219460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Much research associated with mindful eating pertains to weight loss, so this review is novel in that it explores mindful eating in a broader context of it attenuating the widespread problem of chronic stress disturbing gastrointestinal function. This attenuation is rooted in stress offsetting biological homeostasis and mindfulness being a widely studied stress-reduction intervention due to its ability to promote parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) dominance. The stress-digestion-mindfulness triad is a hypothesized construct, integrating what is understood about the digestive system with literature about the nervous system, neuro-endocrine-immune signaling, stress, and mindfulness. Thus, the plausibility of mind-body practices (e.g., mindful eating), which maintain PSNS dominance, helping to cultivate autonomic nervous system (ANS) homeostasis vital for optimal digestive function is established. The clinical utility of the stress-digestion-mindfulness triad involves a clinician-friendly application of mindful eating to improve digestive function.
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21
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Nunes NS, Chandran P, Sundby M, Visioli F, da Costa Gonçalves F, Burks SR, Paz AH, Frank JA. Therapeutic ultrasound attenuates DSS-induced colitis through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. EBioMedicine 2019; 45:495-510. [PMID: 31253515 PMCID: PMC6642284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is an Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) characterized by uncontrolled immune response, diarrhoea, weight loss and bloody stools, where sustained remission is not currently achievable. Dextran Sulphate Sodium (DSS)-induced colitis is an animal model that closely mimics human UC. Ultrasound (US) has been shown to prevent experimental acute kidney injury through vagus nerve (VN) stimulation and activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAIP). Since IBD patients may present dysfunctional VN activity, our aim was to determine the effects of therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) in DSS-induced colitis. METHODS Acute colitis was induced by 2% DSS in drinking water for 7 days and TUS was administered to the abdominal area for 7 min/day from days 4-10. Clinical symptoms were analysed, and biological samples were collected for proteomics, macroscopic and microscopic analysis, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. FINDINGS TUS attenuated colitis by reducing clinical scores, colon shortening and histological damage, inducing proteomic tolerogenic response in the gut during the injury phase and early recovery of experimental colitis. TUS did not improve clinical and pathological outcomes in splenectomised mice, while α7nAChR (α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor - indicator of CAIP involvement) knockout animals presented with disease worsening. Increased levels of colonic F4/80+α7nAChR+ macrophages in wild type mice suggest CAIP activation. INTERPRETATION These results indicate TUS improved DSS-induced colitis through stimulation of the splenic nerve along with possible contribution by VN with CAIP activation. FUND: Intramural Research Programs of the Clinical Centre, the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering at the NIH and CAPES/Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Schneider Nunes
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Centre, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States; Gastroenterology and Hepatology Sciences Graduate Program, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Parwathy Chandran
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Centre, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maggie Sundby
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Centre, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Fernanda Visioli
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Pathology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Scott Robert Burks
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Centre, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ana Helena Paz
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Sciences Graduate Program, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Joseph Alan Frank
- Frank Laboratory, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Centre, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States; National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Zubcevic J, Richards EM, Yang T, Kim S, Sumners C, Pepine CJ, Raizada MK. Impaired Autonomic Nervous System-Microbiome Circuit in Hypertension. Circ Res 2019; 125:104-116. [PMID: 31219753 PMCID: PMC6588177 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.313965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension affects an estimated 103 million Americans, yet gaps in knowledge continue to limit its successful management. Rapidly emerging evidence is linking gut dysbiosis to many disorders and diseases including hypertension. The evolution of the -omics techniques has allowed determination of the abundance and potential function of gut bacterial species by next-generation bacterial sequencing, whereas metabolomics techniques report shifts in bacterial metabolites in the systemic circulation of hypertensive patients and rodent models of hypertension. The gut microbiome and host have evolved to exist in balance and cooperation, and there is extensive crosstalk between the 2 to maintain this balance, including during regulation of blood pressure. However, an understanding of the mechanisms of dysfunctional host-microbiome interactions in hypertension is still lacking. Here, we synthesize some of our recent data with published reports and present concepts and a rationale for our emerging hypothesis of a dysfunctional gut-brain axis in hypertension. Hopefully, this new information will improve the understanding of hypertension and help to address some of these knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida, Gainesville FL32610
| | - Elaine M. Richards
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville FL32610
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville FL32610
| | - Seungbum Kim
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville FL32610
| | - Colin Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville FL32610
| | - Carl J Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville FL32610
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville FL32610
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Pérez-López JA, Rojas-Hernández S, Campos-Rodríguez R, Arciniega-Martínez IM, Cruz-Hernández TR, Reséndiz-Albor AA, Drago-Serrano ME. Posterior Subdiaphragmatic Vagotomy Downmodulates the IgA Levels in the Small Intestine of BALB/c Mice. Neuroimmunomodulation 2019; 26:292-300. [PMID: 31918430 DOI: 10.1159/000505097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The posterior vagus nerve trunk innervates the entire small intestine, and elucidating its modulatory role in the IgA response was the aim of this study. METHODS Two groups of six male BALB/c mice underwent sham or posterior subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and were euthanized on the 14th postoperative day; then, the small intestines were dissected. The intestinal fluid was harvested for antibody analysis by ELISA, and cell suspensions from Peyer's patches and lamina propria were prepared for cytofluorometric analysis of plasma cells and T lymphocytes. The CD4+ T cells were labeled for the intracellular IgA-producing interleukins (ILs)-4, -5, -6, and -10; transforming growth factor (TGF)-β; and the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, and IL-12. In the intestinal tissue samples, myeloperoxidase (MPO) visualization and the enzymatic activity were assessed by immunohistochemistry and ELISA, respectively. The data were analyzed by Student's t test, and the differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. RESULTS In the vagotomy group, the IgA levels and the CD4+ T cells labeled with mediators that promote IgA secretion, including IL-4 (only at lamina propria), TNF-α, and IFN-γ, were decreased, whereas the lamina propria IgA+ plasma cells and MPO presence/activity were increased; changes in the IgM levels, IgM+ plasma cells, and CD4+ T cells labeled with TGF-β, which have a role in class switch recombination, were not observed. CONCLUSION The downmodulating impact of vagotomy on IgA levels may result from defective IgA secretion without affecting class switch recombination, whereas vagotomy evoked a proinflammatory response regarding MPO. These findings may reflect the role of the vagus nerve on the control of the IgA response in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alfredo Pérez-López
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Saúl Rojas-Hernández
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Campos-Rodríguez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ivonne Maciel Arciniega-Martínez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Teresita Rocío Cruz-Hernández
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aldo Arturo Reséndiz-Albor
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico,
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Schokker D, Fledderus J, Jansen R, Vastenhouw SA, de Bree FM, Smits MA, Jansman AAJM. Supplementation of fructooligosaccharides to suckling piglets affects intestinal microbiota colonization and immune development. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:2139-2153. [PMID: 29800418 PMCID: PMC6095281 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging knowledge shows the importance of early life events in programming the intestinal mucosal immune system and development of the intestinal barrier function. These processes depend heavily on close interactions between gut microbiota and host cells in the intestinal mucosa. In turn, development of the intestinal microbiota is largely dependent on available nutrients required for the specific microbial community structures to expand. It is currently not known what the specificities are of intestinal microbial community structures in relation to the programming of the intestinal mucosal immune system and development of the intestinal barrier function. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of a nutritional intervention on intestinal development of suckling piglets by daily oral administration of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) over a period of 12 d (days 2-14 of age). At the microbiota community level, a clear "bifidogenic" effect of the FOS administration was observed in the colon digesta at day 14. The former, however, did not translate into significant changes of local gene expression in the colonic mucosa. In the jejunum, significant changes were observed for microbiota composition at day 14, and microbiota diversity at day 25. In addition, significant differentially expressed gene sets in mucosal tissues of the jejunum were identified at both days 14 and 25 of age. At the age of 14 d, a lower activity of cell cycle-related processes and a higher activity of extracellular matrix processes were observed in the jejunal mucosa of piglets supplemented with FOS compared with control piglets. At day 25, the lower activity of immune-related processes in jejunal tissue was seen in piglets supplemented with FOS. Villi height and crypt depth in the jejunum were significantly different at day 25 between the experimental and control groups, where piglets supplemented with FOS had greater villi and deeper crypts. We conclude that oral FOS administration during the early suckling period of piglets had significant bifidogenic effects on the microbiota in the colon and on gene expression in the jejunal mucosa by thus far unknown mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirkjan Schokker
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Droevendaalsesteeg, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Freddy M de Bree
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg,Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Mari A Smits
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Droevendaalsesteeg, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg,Lelystad, The Netherlands
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25
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Wülfing C, Schuran FA, Urban J, Oehlmann J, Günther HS. Neural architecture in lymphoid organs: Hard-wired antigen presenting cells and neurite networks in antigen entrance areas. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2018; 6:354-370. [PMID: 29635889 PMCID: PMC5946157 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Recently, we found abundant innervation of antigen presenting cells that were reached and enclosed by single neurites. These neurally hard‐wired antigen presenting cells (wAPC) could be observed in the T‐cell zone of superficial cervical lymph nodes of rats and other mammalians, including humans. Methods As a consequence, we investigated lymph nodes at many different anatomical positions as well as all primary and secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) in rodents for a similar morphology of innervation regarding antigen presenting cells known in those tissues. Results As a result, we confirmed wAPC in lymph nodes independent from their draining areas and anatomical positions but also in all other T‐cell zones of lymphoid organs, like Peyer's patches, NALT and BALT, as well as in the thymic medulla. Other cells were innervated in a similar fashion but with seemingly missing antigen presenting capacity. Both types of innervated immune cells were observed as being also present in the dermis of the skin. Only in the spleen wAPC could not be detected. Beyond this systematic finding, we also found another regular phenomenon: a dense network of neurites that stained for neurofilament always in antigen entrance areas of lymphoid organs (subsinoidal layer of lymph nodes, subepithelial dome of Peyer's patches, subsinoidal layer of the splenic white pulp, margins of NALT and BALT). Lastly, also thymic epithelial cells (TEC) restricted to the corticomedullary junction of the thymus showed similar neurofilament staining. Conclusions Therefore, we propose much more hard‐wired and probably afferent connections between lymphoid organs and the central nervous system than is hitherto known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Wülfing
- Group for Interdisciplinary Neurobiology and Immunology, Biozentrum Grindel, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fenja Amrei Schuran
- Group for Interdisciplinary Neurobiology and Immunology, Biozentrum Grindel, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Urban
- Group for Interdisciplinary Neurobiology and Immunology, Biozentrum Grindel, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Oehlmann
- Group for Interdisciplinary Neurobiology and Immunology, Biozentrum Grindel, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hauke Simon Günther
- Group for Interdisciplinary Neurobiology and Immunology, Biozentrum Grindel, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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26
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Al-Barazie RM, Bashir GH, Qureshi MM, Mohamed YA, Al-Sbiei A, Tariq S, Lammers WJ, Al-Ramadi BK, Fernandez-Cabezudo MJ. Cholinergic Activation Enhances Resistance to Oral Salmonella Infection by Modulating Innate Immune Defense Mechanisms at the Intestinal Barrier. Front Immunol 2018; 9:551. [PMID: 29616040 PMCID: PMC5867304 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a crucial defense mechanism that protects the body from the devastating effects of invading pathogens. However, an unrestrained inflammatory reaction may result in systemic manifestations with dire consequences to the host. The extent of activation of the inflammatory response is tightly regulated through immunological and neural pathways. Previously, we demonstrated that cholinergic stimulation confers enhanced protection in experimental animals orally infected with virulent Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which this enhanced protection takes place. Cholinergic stimulation was induced by a 3-week pretreatment with paraoxon, a highly specific acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. This treatment enhanced host survival following oral-route infection and this correlated with significantly reduced bacterial load in systemic target organs. Enhanced protection was not due to increased gut motility or rapid bacterial clearance from the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, protection against bacterial infection was not evident when the animals were infected systemically, suggesting that acetylcholine-mediated protective effect was mostly confined to the gut mucosal tissue. In vivo imaging demonstrated a more localized infection and delay in bacterial dissemination into systemic organs in mice pretreated with paraoxon. Morphological analysis of the small intestine (ileum) showed that AChE inhibition induced the degranulation of goblet cells and Paneth cells, two specialized secretory cells involved in innate immunity. Our findings demonstrate a crucial pathway between neural and immune systems that acts at the mucosal interface to protect the host against oral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray M Al-Barazie
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ghada Hassan Bashir
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed M Qureshi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yassir A Mohamed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ashraf Al-Sbiei
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Tariq
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wim J Lammers
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Basel K Al-Ramadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maria J Fernandez-Cabezudo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Calvani R, Picca A, Lo Monaco MR, Landi F, Bernabei R, Marzetti E. Of Microbes and Minds: A Narrative Review on the Second Brain Aging. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:53. [PMID: 29552561 PMCID: PMC5840854 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, an extensive body of literature focused on the gut-brain axis and the possible role played by the gut microbiota in modulating brain morphology and function from birth to old age. Gut microbiota has been proposed as a relevant player during the early phases of neurodevelopment, with possible long-standing effects in later life. The reduction in gut microbiota diversity has also become one of the hallmarks of aging, and disturbances in its composition are associated with several (age-related) neurological conditions, including depression, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Several pathways have been evoked for gut microbiota-brain communication, including neural connections (vagus nerve), circulating mediators derived by host-bacteria cometabolism, as well as the influence exerted by gut microbiota on host gut function, metabolism, and immune system. Although the most provoking data emerged from animal studies and despite the huge debate around the possible epiphenomenal nature of those findings, the gut microbiota-brain axis still remains a fascinating target to be exploited to attenuate some of the most burdensome consequences of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Calvani
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Picca
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Lo Monaco
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Landi
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bernabei
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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Errico J. The Role of Vagus Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Central and Peripheral Pain Disorders and Related Comorbid Somatoform Conditions. Neuromodulation 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805353-9.00132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Godar DE, Merrill SJ. Untangling the most probable role for vitamin D 3 in autism. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2017; 9:e1387702. [PMID: 29484101 PMCID: PMC5821151 DOI: 10.1080/19381980.2017.1387702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate an important role for vitamin D3 in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), although its mechanism is not completely understood. The most puzzling aspect of ASD is that identical twins, who share identical DNA, do not have 100% concordance rates (∼88% for identical and ∼31% for fraternal twins). These findings provide major clues into the etiology: ASD must involve an environmental factor present in the prenatal milieu that both identical twins are not always exposed to because they do not always share it (i.e., placentas). Combined with the exponential increasing rates of ASD around the world, these observations suggest a contagious disease is probably transferred to the fetus via the placenta becoming infected by a cervical virus. Vitamin D3 boosts immune responses clearing viral infections and increases serotonin and estrogen brain levels. Here we review the different roles and untangle the most probable one vitamin D3 plays in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne E. Godar
- Body of Knowledge, Inc., Division of Human Disease Research Worldwide, Racine, WI, USA
| | - Stephen J. Merrill
- Marquette University, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Abstract
免疫球蛋白A(immunoglobulin A, IgA)在黏膜的免疫功能中起关键作用, 是维持肠道黏膜稳态的重要物质. 分泌型IgA(secretory IgA, SIgA)的分泌组分保护免疫球蛋白不被蛋白水解酶降解, SIgA在肠道内各种免疫因子、免疫细胞以及其他免疫球蛋白的参与下完成肠道内的免疫监视、免疫自稳、免疫调控. 本文主要就肠道中SIgA的结构、合成转运、分泌调节、作用和其相关临床疾病的研究进展作一综述.
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31
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Devant M, Penner GB, Marti S, Quintana B, Fábregas F, Bach A, Arís A. Behavior and inflammation of the rumen and cecum in Holstein bulls fed high-concentrate diets with different concentrate presentation forms with or without straw supplementation. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:3902-3917. [PMID: 27898891 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-four individually housed Holstein bulls (395 ± 7.3 kg BW and 252 ± 3.1 d age) were exposed to a 2 × 2 factorial design (meal vs. pellets; with vs. without straw) to evaluate the effect of concentrate form and provision of straw in finishing diets on behavior and expression of rumen and cecum epithelium genes related to inflammation and behavior. Concentrate and straw consumption were recorded monthly and behavior (self-grooming, social, oral nonnutritive, tongue rolling, eating, drinking, ruminating, and lying) was recorded every two weeks. Bulls were slaughtered after 64 d of exposure to treatments, lesions on the rumen and liver were assessed, and samples of the rumen and cecum were collected. Straw supplementation tended ( = 0.08) to increase concentrate intake (8.0 vs. 7.4 ± 0.26 kg/d), increased ( < 0.01) the proportion of time ruminating (9.4 vs. 3.1 ± 1.02%), and decreased ( < 0.01) the occurrence of oral nonnutritive behaviors (0.52 vs. 1.34 ± 0.123 times/15 min) relative to bulls deprived of straw. Provision of straw increased ruminal pH, but the magnitude of the change was greater when the concentrate was provided as meal compared with pellets (interaction, < 0.05). When straw was not supplemented, all rumen samples had papillae fusion, whereas only 16.7% of bulls fed pellets and straw had papillae fusions (interaction, < 0.05). Vacuole grading of the rumen papillae was less ( < 0.01) in bulls provided straw compared with bulls without straw. For the ruminal epithelium, straw provision tended to increase the relative expression ratio of (which stimulates peptide YY, PYY, and serotonin secretion; = 0.06) and α (which modulates immune reactions and behavior; = 0.09) and increased and (tight junction proteins; < 0.05), along with β and (proinflammatory cytokines; < 0.01) and ( < 0.01) in the rumen. Moreover, it also tended to increase the relative gene expression ratio of β (an antimicrobial peptide; = 0.10) and ( = 0.10). Bulls fed pellets had a decreased ruminal relative expression ratio of α ( < 0.05). Bulls without straw had increased ( < 0.05) the cecum relative expression ratio of β. In conclusion, the lack of straw supplementation in bulls fed high-concentrate diets modifies behavior and affects rumen macroscopic morphology and expression of epithelial genes that could be related to behavior and inflammation.
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Vogelaar L, de Haar C, Aerts BR, Peppelenbosch MP, Timman R, Hanssen BE, van der Woude CJ. Fatigue in patients with inflammatory bowel disease is associated with distinct differences in immune parameters. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2017; 10:83-90. [PMID: 28496351 PMCID: PMC5422327 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s123942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although it is well recognized that fatigue is an important problem in many of the quiescent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, it is unknown whether the immune status is different in fatigued versus non-fatigued patients. In this study, we contrasted various characteristics of the immune system in fatigued against non-fatigued patients with IBD in clinical remission. Patients and methods Patients with IBD in clinical remission were phenotyped according to the Montreal classification, and the checklist individual strength-fatigue (CIS-fatigue) was used to assess fatigue (CIS-fatigue ≥ 35). Flow cytometry on peripheral blood samples was used to investigate differences in leukocyte subsets. The expression of various cytokines was determined in stimulated whole blood and serum samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Differences between fatigued and non-fatigued patients with IBD were assessed. Results In total, 55 patients were included in the fatigue group (FG) and 29 patients in the non-fatigue group (NFG). No differences in demographic and clinical characteristics were observed between the groups. Flow cytometry data showed a significantly lower percentage of monocytes (p = 0.011) and a higher percentage of memory T-cells (p = 0.005) and neutrophils (p = 0.033) in the FG compared with the NFG. Whole blood stimulation showed increased TNF-α (p = 0.022) and IFN-γ (p = 0.047) in the FG. The median serum level was significantly higher for IL-12 (p < 0.001) and IL-10 (p = 0.005) and lower for IL-6 (p = 0.002) in the FG compared with NFG. Conclusion Significant differences in immune profile between fatigued and non-fatigued patients with IBD in clinical remission were found, which point out to a chronically active and Th1-skewed immune system in patients with fatigue. Whether these immune differences are directly involved in the fatigue complaints via immune-to-brain communication pathways remains to be determined. As such, further exploration of the underlying immune effects associated with fatigue is warranted to determine potential treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauran Vogelaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam
| | - Colin de Haar
- Applied Tumor Immunology, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht
| | - Bas Rj Aerts
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam
| | | | - Reinier Timman
- Department of Psychiatry, Section of Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bettina E Hanssen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam
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Buckinx R, Alpaerts K, Pintelon I, Cools N, Van Nassauw L, Adriaensen D, Timmermans JP. In situ proximity of CX3CR1-positive mononuclear phagocytes and VIP-ergic nerve fibers suggests VIP-ergic immunomodulation in the mouse ileum. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 368:459-467. [PMID: 28190088 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Being continuously exposed to a plethora of antigens ranging from food antigens to potential pathogenic organisms, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbors the largest collection of immune cells in the mammalian body. This immune system has to maintain a delicate balance between mounting an active immune response and maintaining tolerance. The GI tract is also home to an elaborate intrinsic nervous system, the enteric nervous system (ENS). Various in vitro studies of neuro-immune communication have suggested that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), an important GI neurotransmitter, modulates mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs), i.e., dendritic cells and macrophages. Using a combined approach of reverse transcription plus the polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, three-dimensional maximum intensity projections and immunoelectron microscopy, we investigate the interaction between the enteric innervation and MNPs in the ileal lamina propria (LP). We demonstrate that VIP-ergic fibers of the ENS lie adjacent to CX3CR1+ MNPs and that VPAC1 is constitutively expressed on ileal CX3CR1+ cells in the LP of the mouse. We also identify, for the first time, CX3CR1+ immune cells in the LP at the ultrastructural level. Our data thus reveal the in situ presence of the molecular components that are necessary for a VIP-mediated neuro-immune interaction between the ENS and CX3CR1-expressing immune cells in the LP of the ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland Buckinx
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Katrien Alpaerts
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Nassauw
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dirk Adriaensen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Abstract
Neuroimmune communications are facilitated by the production of neurotransmitters by immune cells and the generation of immune mediators by immune cells, which form a functional entity called the "neuroimmune synapse." There are several mechanisms that further facilitate neuroimmune interactions including the anatomic proximity between immune cells and nerves, the expression of receptors for neurotransmitters on immune cells and for immune mediators on nerves, and the receptor-mediated activation of intracellular signaling pathways that modulate nerve and immune phenotype and function. The bidirectional communication between nerves and immune cells is implicated in allostasis, a process that describes the continuous adaptation to an ever-changing environment. Neuroimmune interactions are amplified during inflammation by the influx of activated immune cells that significantly alter the microenvironment. In this context, the types of neurotransmitters released by activated neurons or immune cells can exert pro- or anti-inflammatory effects. Dysregulation of the enteric nervous system control of gastrointestinal functions, such as epithelial permeability and secretion as well as smooth muscle contractility, also contribute to the chronicity of inflammation. Persistent active inflammation in the gut leads to neuroimmune plasticity, which is a structural and functional remodeling in both the neural and immune systems. The importance of neuroimmune interactions has made them an emerging target in the development of novel therapies for GI pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terez Shea-Donohue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, DTRS, MSTF Rm 700C, 10 Pine Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Joseph F Urban
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
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Rietdijk CD, de Haan L, van Wezel RJA, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD. Best practice for passaging murine embryonic enteric neuronal cell line before differentiation. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2379-2388. [PMID: 26910417 PMCID: PMC5101308 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-9953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a complex network of neurons in the gut, regulating many local, vital functions of the gastro-intestinal tract. The ENS is also part of the bidirectional gut-brain axis. The murine immorto fetal enteric neuronal (IM-FEN) cell line was chosen as a model to study enteric neurons. This cell line can be differentiated into cells with a neuronal phenotype, although they do not produce action potentials in vitro. It was concluded that the differentiation process in our laboratory was successful, based on positive staining for neuronal proteins. Proliferating IM-FEN cells have an unstable growth rate in our laboratory. An indicator of growth rate was calculated, and this indicator was found to be related to seeding density and number of days in culture, and was unrelated to person culturing, previous overconfluency or passage number. The indicator of growth rate was also unrelated to successful use of differentiated cells in follow-up experiments. We recommend the following conditions for optimal culture of IM-FEN cells. Keep cells in culture until 80 % confluent before passaging, seed cells at a density of 0.0133 million cells per cm2, and anticipate on unstable growth rates and the risk for overconfluency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen D Rietdijk
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lydia de Haan
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Richard J A van Wezel
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, MIRA, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, Netherlands
- Department of Biophysics, Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht Science Park, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aletta D Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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Obata Y, Pachnis V. The Effect of Microbiota and the Immune System on the Development and Organization of the Enteric Nervous System. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:836-844. [PMID: 27521479 PMCID: PMC5102499 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essential for the absorption of nutrients, induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses, and maintenance of a healthy gut microbiota. Key aspects of gastrointestinal physiology are controlled by the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is composed of neurons and glial cells. The ENS is exposed to and interacts with the outer (microbiota, metabolites, and nutrients) and inner (immune cells and stromal cells) microenvironment of the gut. Although the cellular blueprint of the ENS is mostly in place by birth, the functional maturation of intestinal neural networks is completed within the microenvironment of the postnatal gut, under the influence of gut microbiota and the mucosal immune system. Recent studies have shown the importance of molecular interactions among microbiota, enteric neurons, and immune cells for GI homeostasis. In addition to its role in GI physiology, the ENS has been associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, raising the possibility that microbiota-ENS interactions could offer a viable strategy for influencing the course of brain diseases. Here, we discuss recent advances on the role of microbiota and the immune system on the development and homeostasis of the ENS, a key relay station along the gut-brain axis.
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Houlden A, Goldrick M, Brough D, Vizi E, Lénárt N, Martinecz B, Roberts I, Denes A. Brain injury induces specific changes in the caecal microbiota of mice via altered autonomic activity and mucoprotein production. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 57:10-20. [PMID: 27060191 PMCID: PMC5021180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota are critical for health with changes associated with diverse human diseases. Research suggests that altered intestinal microbiota can profoundly affect brain function. However, whether altering brain function directly affects the microbiota is unknown. Since it is currently unclear how brain injury induces clinical complications such as infections or paralytic ileus, key contributors to prolonged hospitalization and death post-stroke, we tested in mice the hypothesis that brain damage induced changes in the intestinal microbiota. Experimental stroke altered the composition of caecal microbiota, with specific changes in Peptococcaceae and Prevotellaceae correlating with the extent of injury. These effects are mediated by noradrenaline release from the autonomic nervous system with altered caecal mucoprotein production and goblet cell numbers. Traumatic brain injury also caused changes in the gut microbiota, confirming brain injury effects gut microbiota. Changes in intestinal microbiota after brain injury may affect recovery and treatment of patients should appreciate such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Houlden
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M. Goldrick
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - D. Brough
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - E.S. Vizi
- Laboratory of Drug Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O.B. 67, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - N. Lénárt
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B. Martinecz
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - I.S. Roberts
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK,Corresponding authors at: Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (I.S. Roberts); Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (A. Denes).Faculty of Life SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - A. Denes
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK,Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary,Corresponding authors at: Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (I.S. Roberts); Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (A. Denes).Faculty of Life SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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Bustamante M, Standl M, Bassat Q, Vilor-Tejedor N, Medina-Gomez C, Bonilla C, Ahluwalia TS, Bacelis J, Bradfield JP, Tiesler CMT, Rivadeneira F, Ring S, Vissing NH, Fink NR, Jugessur A, Mentch FD, Ballester F, Kriebel J, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Wolsk HM, Llop S, Thiering E, Beth SA, Timpson NJ, Andersen J, Schulz H, Jaddoe VWV, Evans DM, Waage J, Hakonarson H, Grant SFA, Jacobsson B, Bønnelykke K, Bisgaard H, Davey Smith G, Moll HA, Heinrich J, Estivill X, Sunyer J. A genome-wide association meta-analysis of diarrhoeal disease in young children identifies FUT2 locus and provides plausible biological pathways. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:4127-4142. [PMID: 27559109 PMCID: PMC5291237 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
More than a million childhood diarrhoeal episodes occur worldwide each year, and in developed countries a considerable part of them are caused by viral infections. In this study, we aimed to search for genetic variants associated with diarrhoeal disease in young children by meta-analyzing genome-wide association studies, and to elucidate plausible biological mechanisms. The study was conducted in the context of the Early Genetics and Lifecourse Epidemiology (EAGLE) consortium. Data about diarrhoeal disease in two time windows (around 1 year of age and around 2 years of age) was obtained via parental questionnaires, doctor interviews or medical records. Standard quality control and statistical tests were applied to the 1000 Genomes imputed genotypic data. The meta-analysis (N = 5758) followed by replication (N = 3784) identified a genome-wide significant association between rs8111874 and diarrhoea at age 1 year. Conditional analysis suggested that the causal variant could be rs601338 (W154X) in the FUT2 gene. Children with the A allele, which results in a truncated FUT2 protein, had lower risk of diarrhoea. FUT2 participates in the production of histo-blood group antigens and has previously been implicated in the susceptibility to infections, including Rotavirus and Norovirus Gene-set enrichment analysis suggested pathways related to the histo-blood group antigen production, and the regulation of ion transport and blood pressure. Among others, the gastrointestinal tract, and the immune and neuro-secretory systems were detected as relevant organs. In summary, this genome-wide association meta-analysis suggests the implication of the FUT2 gene in diarrhoeal disease in young children from the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Bustamante
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Natalia Vilor-Tejedor
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina Bonilla
- MRC/University of Bristol Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bacelis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonathan P Bradfield
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carla M T Tiesler
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Ring
- MRC/University of Bristol Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nadja H Vissing
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nadia R Fink
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astanand Jugessur
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalisation, Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frank D Mentch
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ferran Ballester
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jessica C Kiefte-de Jong
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Leiden University College, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Helene M Wolsk
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sabrina Llop
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Systke A Beth
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC/University of Bristol Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Josefine Andersen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Holger Schulz
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M Evans
- MRC/University of Bristol Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johannes Waage
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalisation, Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC/University of Bristol Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Henriette A Moll
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Xavier Estivill
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Experimental Genetics, Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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Neurodevelopment of Preterm Infants at 24 Months After Neonatal Supplementation of a Prebiotic Mix: A Randomized Trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 63:270-6. [PMID: 26859091 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fetal brain maturation is disrupted by preterm birth. Inflammation during the neonatal period may further harm neurodevelopmental outcomes. The present study aimed to determine the effect of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides/long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides/pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS) on neurodevelopmental outcomes measured by Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development in preterm infants at 24 months. METHODS In this randomized controlled trial, scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS or placebo was supplemented between days 3 and 30 of life. Serum samples at day 1, 7, and 14 were analyzed for cytokine levels. Stool samples at day 1, 7, 14, and 30 were measured for bacterial count and bifidobacteria percentage. At 24 months corrected age infants were followed up by a blinded pediatric psychologist for the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development II or III. RESULTS Seventy-seven of one hundred one (76%) eligible infants participated in the follow-up study. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were not different in the scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS and placebo group. Infections during the neonatal period, lower percentages of bifidobacteria at day 7 (F = 3.8, P = 0.05) and day 14 (F = 5.0, P = 0.02) and higher levels of Interleukine (IL)-1β (F = 4.0, P = 0.04) and IL-8 (F = 8.0, P = 0.01) at day 7 are associated with lower mental developmental index. Lower psychomotor outcomes are associated with IL-2 (F = 4.0, P = 0.05), IL-4 (F = 6.0, P = 0.02) at birth, and interferon gamma at day 7 (F = 4.4, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS showed no significant improvement of neurodevelopmental outcomes at 24 months in preterm infants. Infections, lower bifidobacteria counts, and higher serum cytokine levels during the neonatal period were associated with lower neurodevelopmental outcomes at 24 months of age indicating the relevance of microbiome and immune responses in neurodevelopmental processes.
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Lopes F, Graepel R, Reyes JL, Wang A, Petri B, McDougall JJ, Sharkey KA, McKay DM. Involvement of Mast Cells in α7 Nicotinic Receptor Agonist Exacerbation of Freund's Complete Adjuvant-Induced Monoarthritis in Mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:542-52. [PMID: 26314943 DOI: 10.1002/art.39411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activation of antiinflammatory cholinergic (vagal) pathways can reduce inflammation, and in vitro studies support a pivotal role of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7-nAChR), macrophages, and T cells in these events. The aim of this study was to assess α7-nAChR agonists as an antiinflammatory treatment for Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA)-induced monoarthritis. METHODS Arthritis was induced by intraarticular injection of CFA unilaterally into the knee joints of mice. Animals were treated with α7-nAChR agonists (AR-R17779 or A844606), with or without antagonists (COG133 or methyllycaconitine), and joint inflammation and pain were assessed. Experiments were repeated in c-Kit(W-sh) mast cell-deficient mice, and the effects of an α7-nAChR agonist on mast cell proliferation, migration, and activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were tested. RESULTS Treatment with α7-nAChR agonists significantly exacerbated CFA-induced arthritis and pain, as gauged by all indices of assessment, the specificity of which was confirmed by coadministration of an nAChR antagonist that attenuated the increase in disease severity. Toluidine blue-positive mast cells were increased in the joint capsule of CFA plus AR-R17779-treated mice, and AR-R17779 enhanced LPS-induced TNF proliferation and migration of a human mast cell line. The AR-R17779-driven increase in severity of CFA-induced arthritis was significantly reduced in mast cell-deficient mice. CONCLUSION Using CFA to elicit a local inflammatory response, we found that pharmacologic activation of α7-nAChR exacerbated joint inflammation and pain, in part via mast cells, which illustrates the organ- and disease-specific nature of regulatory neuroimmune mechanisms. Thus, α7-nAChR activation may not be uniformly antiinflammatory in all types of inflammatory joint disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arthur Wang
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Björn Petri
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Catecholamines for inflammatory shock: a Jekyll-and-Hyde conundrum. Intensive Care Med 2016; 42:1387-97. [PMID: 26873833 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-016-4249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Catecholamines are endogenous neurosignalling mediators and hormones. They are integral in maintaining homeostasis by promptly responding to any stressor. Their synthetic equivalents are the current mainstay of treatment in shock states to counteract myocardial depression and/or vasoplegia. These phenomena are related in large part to decreased adrenoreceptor sensitivity and altered adrenergic signalling, with resultant vascular and cardiomyocyte hyporeactivity. Catecholamines are predominantly used in supraphysiological doses to overcome these pathological consequences. However, these adrenergic agents cause direct organ damage and have multiple 'off-target' biological effects on immune, metabolic and coagulation pathways, most of which are not monitored or recognised at the bedside. Such detrimental consequences may contribute negatively to patient outcomes. This review explores the schizophrenic 'Jekyll-and-Hyde' characteristics of catecholamines in critical illness, as they are both necessary for survival yet detrimental in excess. This article covers catecholamine physiology, the pleiotropic effects of catecholamines on various body systems and pathways, and potential alternatives for haemodynamic support and adrenergic modulation in the critically ill.
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de Punder K, Pruimboom L. Stress induces endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation by increasing barrier permeability. Front Immunol 2015; 6:223. [PMID: 26029209 PMCID: PMC4432792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of work absence, disability, and mortality worldwide. Most of these diseases are associated with low-grade inflammation. Here, we hypothesize that stresses (defined as homeostatic disturbances) can induce low-grade inflammation by increasing the availability of water, sodium, and energy-rich substances to meet the increased metabolic demand induced by the stressor. One way of triggering low-grade inflammation is by increasing intestinal barrier permeability through activation of various components of the stress system. Although beneficial to meet the demands necessary during stress, increased intestinal barrier permeability also raises the possibility of the translocation of bacteria and their toxins across the intestinal lumen into the blood circulation. In combination with modern life-style factors, the increase in bacteria/bacterial toxin translocation arising from a more permeable intestinal wall causes a low-grade inflammatory state. We support this hypothesis with numerous studies finding associations with NCDs and markers of endotoxemia, suggesting that this process plays a pivotal and perhaps even a causal role in the development of low-grade inflammation and its related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin de Punder
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany ; Natura Foundation , Numansdorp , Netherlands
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Enteric purinergic signaling: Shaping the "brain in the gut". Neuropharmacology 2015; 95:477-8. [PMID: 25981956 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
Sedentary lifestyle is linked with poor health, most commonly obesity and associated disorders, the corollary being that exercise offers a preventive strategy. However, the scope of exercise biology extends well beyond energy expenditure and has emerged as a great 'polypill', which is safe, reliable and cost-effective not only in disease prevention but also treatment. Biological mechanisms by which exercise influences homeostasis are becoming clearer and involve multi-organ systemic adaptations. Most of the elements of a modern lifestyle influence the indigenous microbiota but few studies have explored the effect of increased physical activity. While dietary responses to exercise obscure the influence of exercise alone on gut microbiota, professional athletes operating at the extremes of performance provide informative data. We assessed the relationship between extreme levels of exercise, associated dietary habits and gut microbiota composition, and discuss potential mechanisms by which exercise may exert a direct or indirect influence on gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla O’Sullivan
- Teagasc Food Research Center; Moorepark; Fermoy; Cork, Ireland
| | - Owen Cronin
- Department of Medicine; University College Cork; National University of Ireland; Cork, Ireland
| | - Siobhan F Clarke
- Teagasc Food Research Center; Moorepark; Fermoy; Cork, Ireland,Alimentary Pharmabiotic Center; University College Cork; Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Micheal G Molloy
- Department of Medicine; University College Cork; National University of Ireland; Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- Department of Medicine; University College Cork; National University of Ireland; Cork, Ireland,Alimentary Pharmabiotic Center; University College Cork; Cork, Ireland,Correspondence to: Fergus Shanahan;
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Center; Moorepark; Fermoy; Cork, Ireland,Alimentary Pharmabiotic Center; University College Cork; Cork, Ireland
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45
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Stojanovska V, Sakkal S, Nurgali K. Platinum-based chemotherapy: gastrointestinal immunomodulation and enteric nervous system toxicity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G223-32. [PMID: 25501548 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00212.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of chemotherapeutic treatment of colorectal cancer is challenged by severe gastrointestinal side effects, which include nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea. These symptoms can persist long after the treatment has been ceased. An emerging concept is the ability of platinum-based drugs to stimulate immunity, which is in contrast to conventional chemotherapeutic agents that are immunosuppressive. Here, we review the immunomodulatory aspects of platinum-based anticancer chemotherapeutics and their impact on gastrointestinal innervation. Given the bidirectional communication between the enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal immune system; exploring the consequences of platinum-induced immunogenicity will facilitate better understanding of gut dysfunction caused by chemotherapeutic agents. We propose that the development of future successful chemotherapeutics should rely on targeting the mechanisms underlying long-term gastrointestinal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Stojanovska
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samy Sakkal
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
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46
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Galley JD, Yu Z, Kumar P, Dowd SE, Lyte M, Bailey MT. The structures of the colonic mucosa-associated and luminal microbial communities are distinct and differentially affected by a prolonged murine stressor. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:748-60. [PMID: 25536463 PMCID: PMC4615309 DOI: 10.4161/19490976.2014.972241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The commensal microbiota of the human gastrointestinal tract live in a largely stable community structure, assisting in host physiological and immunological functions. Changes to this structure can be injurious to the health of the host, a concept termed dysbiosis. Psychological stress is a factor that has been implicated in causing dysbiosis, and studies performed by our lab have shown that restraint stress can indeed shift the cecal microbiota structure as well as increase the severity of a colonic infection caused by Citrobacter rodentium. However, this study, like many others, have focused on fecal contents when examining the effect of dysbiosis-causing stimuli (e.g. psychological stress) upon the microbiota. Since the mucosa-associated microbiota have unique properties and functions that can act upon the host, it is important to understand how stressor exposure might affect this niche of bacteria. To begin to understand whether chronic restraint stress changes the mucosa-associated and/or luminal microbiota mice underwent 7 16-hour cycles of restraint stress, and the microbiota of both colonic tissue and fecal contents were analyzed by sequencing using next-gen bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon technology (bTEFAP) pyrosequencing. Both control and stress groups had significantly different mucosa-associated and luminal microbiota communities, highlighting the importance of focusing gastrointestinal community structure analysis by microbial niche. Furthermore, restraint stress was able to disrupt both the mucosa-associated and luminally-associated colonic microbiota by shifting the relative abundances of multiple groups of bacteria. Among these changes, there was a significant reduction in the immunomodulatory commensal genus Lactobacillus associated with colonic mucosa. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp. was not affected in the lumen. These results indicate that stressor-exposure can have distinct effects upon the colonic microbiota situated at the mucosal epithelium in comparison to the luminal-associated microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Galley
- Division of Oral Biolog; College of Dentistry; The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH USA
| | - Zhongtang Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences; College of Food; Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Purnima Kumar
- Division of Periodontology; College of Dentistry; The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH USA
| | - Scot E Dowd
- Research and Testing Laboratory; Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Mark Lyte
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology; School of Pharmacy; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; Abilene, TX USA
| | - Michael T Bailey
- Division of Oral Biolog; College of Dentistry; The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH USA,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research; College of Medicine; The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH USA,Department of Pediatrics; Wexner Medical Center; The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH USA,Correspondence to: Michael T Bailey;
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47
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The enigmatic role of cholinergic reflex in the pathogenesis of Chagas disease. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2113-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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48
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Sharkey KA, Savidge TC. Reprint of: Role of enteric neurotransmission in host defense and protection of the gastrointestinal tract. Auton Neurosci 2014; 182:70-82. [PMID: 24674836 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Host defense is a vital role played by the gastrointestinal tract. As host to an enormous and diverse microbiome, the gut has evolved an elaborate array of chemical and physicals barriers that allow the digestion and absorption of nutrients without compromising the mammalian host. The control of such barrier functions requires the integration of neural, humoral, paracrine and immune signaling, involving redundant and overlapping mechanisms to ensure, under most circumstances, the integrity of the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier. Here we focus on selected recent developments in the autonomic neural control of host defense functions used in the protection of the gut from luminal agents, and discuss how the microbiota may potentially play a role in enteric neurotransmission. Key recent findings include: the important role played by subepithelial enteric glia in modulating intestinal barrier function, identification of stress-induced mechanisms evoking barrier breakdown, neural regulation of epithelial cell proliferation, the role of afferent and efferent vagal pathways in regulating barrier function, direct evidence for bacterial communication to the enteric nervous system, and microbial sources of enteric neurotransmitters. We discuss these new and interesting developments in our understanding of the role of the autonomic nervous system in gastrointestinal host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Tor C Savidge
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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49
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Daulatzai MA. Chronic functional bowel syndrome enhances gut-brain axis dysfunction, neuroinflammation, cognitive impairment, and vulnerability to dementia. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:624-44. [PMID: 24590859 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder world wide that lasts for decades. The human gut harbors a diverse population of microbial organisms which is symbiotic and important for well being. However, studies on conventional, germ-free, and obese animals have shown that alteration in normal commensal gut microbiota and an increase in pathogenic microbiota-termed "dysbiosis", impact gut function, homeostasis, and health. Diarrhea, constipation, visceral hypersensitivity, and abdominal pain arise in IBS from the gut-induced dysfunctional metabolic, immune, and neuro-immune communication. Dysbiosis in IBS is associated with gut inflammation. Gut-related inflammation is pivotal in promoting endotoxemia, systemic inflammation, and neuroinflammation. A significant proportion of IBS patients chronically consume alcohol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, and fatty diet; they may also suffer from co-morbid respiratory, neuromuscular, psychological, sleep, and neurological disorders. The above pathophysiological substrate is underpinned by dysbiosis, and dysfunctional bidirectional "Gut-Brain Axis" pathways. Pathogenic gut microbiota-related systemic inflammation (due to increased lipopolysaccharide and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and barrier dysfunction), may trigger neuroinflammation enhancing dysfunctional brain regions including hippocampus and cerebellum. These as well as dysfunctional vago-vagal gut-brain axis may promote cognitive impairment. Indeed, inflammation is characteristic of a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases that manifest demntia. It is argued that an awareness of pathophysiological impact of IBS and implementation of appropriate therapeutic measures may prevent cognitive impairment and minimize vulnerability to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mak Adam Daulatzai
- Sleep Disorders Group, EEE Department, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, 3rd Floor, Room No. 344, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia,
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50
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Role of enteric neurotransmission in host defense and protection of the gastrointestinal tract. Auton Neurosci 2013; 181:94-106. [PMID: 24412639 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Host defense is a vital role played by the gastrointestinal tract. As host to an enormous and diverse microbiome, the gut has evolved an elaborate array of chemical and physicals barriers that allow the digestion and absorption of nutrients without compromising the mammalian host. The control of such barrier functions requires the integration of neural, humoral, paracrine and immune signaling, involving redundant and overlapping mechanisms to ensure, under most circumstances, the integrity of the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier. Here we focus on selected recent developments in the autonomic neural control of host defense functions used in the protection of the gut from luminal agents, and discuss how the microbiota may potentially play a role in enteric neurotransmission. Key recent findings include: the important role played by subepithelial enteric glia in modulating intestinal barrier function, identification of stress-induced mechanisms evoking barrier breakdown, neural regulation of epithelial cell proliferation, the role of afferent and efferent vagal pathways in regulating barrier function, direct evidence for bacterial communication to the enteric nervous system, and microbial sources of enteric neurotransmitters. We discuss these new and interesting developments in our understanding of the role of the autonomic nervous system in gastrointestinal host defense.
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