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Rivero-Hernández AL, Hervis YP, Valdés-Tresanco ME, Escalona-Rodríguez FA, Cancelliere R, Relova-Hernández E, Romero-Hernández G, Pérez-Rivera E, Palacios YT, Quintero PC, Ros U, Porchetta A, Micheli L, Fernández LE, Laborde R, Álvarez C, Sagan S, Lanio ME, Pazos Santos IF. Decoupling immunomodulatory properties from lipid binding in the α-pore-forming toxin Sticholysin II. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:136244. [PMID: 39368578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 09/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
Sticholysin II (StII), a pore-forming toxin from the marine anemone Stichodactyla helianthus, enhances an antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response when co-encapsulated in liposomes with a model antigen. This capacity does not depend exclusively on its pore-forming activity and is partially supported by its ability to activate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in dendritic cells, presumably by interacting with this receptor or by triggering signaling cascades upon binding to lipid membrane. In order to investigate whether the lipid binding capacity of StII is required for immunomodulation, we designed a mutant in which the aromatic amino acids from the interfacial binding site Trp110, Tyr111 and Trp114 were substituted by Ala. In the present work, we demonstrated that StII3A keeps the secondary structure composition and global folding of StII, while it loses its lipid binding and permeabilization abilities. Despite this, StII3A upregulates dendritic cells maturation markers, enhances an antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells response and confers antitumor protection in a preventive scenario in C57BL/6 mice. Our results indicate that a mechanism independent of its lipid binding ability is involved in the immunomodulatory capacity of StII, pointing to StII3A as a promising candidate to improve the reliability of the Sts-based vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada L Rivero-Hernández
- Center for Protein Studies/Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba; NanoCancer, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana 11600, Cuba.
| | - Yadira P Hervis
- Center for Protein Studies/Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba; Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mario E Valdés-Tresanco
- Center for Protein Studies/Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba; Center for Molecular Simulations and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Felipe A Escalona-Rodríguez
- Center for Protein Studies/Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba; NanoCancer, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana 11600, Cuba.
| | - Rocco Cancelliere
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy.
| | | | - Glenda Romero-Hernández
- Center for Protein Studies/Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba; NanoCancer, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana 11600, Cuba.
| | - Eric Pérez-Rivera
- Center for Protein Studies/Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba; NanoCancer, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Yusniel Torres Palacios
- Center for Protein Studies/Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba; NanoCancer, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana 11600, Cuba.
| | - Patricia Cartaya Quintero
- Center for Protein Studies/Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba; NanoCancer, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Uris Ros
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne 50931, Germany.
| | - Alessandro Porchetta
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy.
| | - Laura Micheli
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy.
| | | | - Rady Laborde
- Center for Protein Studies/Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba; NanoCancer, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana 11600, Cuba.
| | - Carlos Álvarez
- Center for Protein Studies/Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba; NanoCancer, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana 11600, Cuba.
| | - Sandrine Sagan
- Sorbonne Université, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Maria Eliana Lanio
- Center for Protein Studies/Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba; NanoCancer, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana 11600, Cuba.
| | - Isabel F Pazos Santos
- Center for Protein Studies/Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba; NanoCancer, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana 11600, Cuba.
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2
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Mak WA, Visser W, Koeleman JGM, Ong DSY. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses: a comparative analysis between QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2, T-SPOT.COVID, and an in-house Omicron ELISpot. J Virol Methods 2024; 327:114949. [PMID: 38710307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell immunity plays a pivotal role in mitigating the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, reliable functional T cell assays are required to evaluate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific T cell immunity in specific patient populations. METHODS We recruited a cohort of 23 healthcare workers who received their bivalent Omicron BA.1 / ancestral mRNA booster vaccination or were infected with the Omicron variant at a median of 144 days and 227 days before blood collection, respectively. In this cohort, we compared the performances of two widely utilized commercial SARS-CoV-2 interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs), i.e., QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 and T-SPOT.COVID, and an in-house designed Omicron enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot). RESULTS The QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 and T-SPOT.COVID assays detected SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T cells in 34.8 % and 21.7 % of participants, respectively. Moreover, our in-house designed ELISpot that included Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 full-spike peptides detected T cell responses in 47.8 % of participants and was strongly associated with the T-SPOT.COVID. CONCLUSION The evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 T cell immunity using commercially accessible assays may yield disparate outcomes as results from different assays are not directly comparable. A specific Omicron ELISpot should be considered to assess Omicron-specific T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem A Mak
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Wendy Visser
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes G M Koeleman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David S Y Ong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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3
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Grundy EE, Shaw LC, Wang L, Powell DJ, Ostrowski M, Jones RB, Cruz CRY, Gordish-Dressman H, Bollard CM, Chiappinelli KB. Limited Immunogenicity of an HLA-A*03:01-restricted Epitope of Erv-k-env in Non-hiv-1 Settings: Implications for Adoptive Cell Therapy in Cancer. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4432372. [PMID: 38854052 PMCID: PMC11160923 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4432372/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Repetitive elements (REs) are often expressed at higher levels in tumor cells than normal cells, implicating these genomic regions as an untapped pool of tumor-associated antigens. In ovarian cancer (OC), protein from the RE ERV-K is frequently expressed by tumor cells. Here we determined whether the targeting of a previously identified immunogenic epitope in the envelope gene (env) of ERV-K resulted in target antigen specificity in non-HIV-1 settings. We found that transducing healthy donor T cells with an ERV-K-Env-specific T cell receptor construct resulted in antigen specificity only when co-cultured with HLA-A*03:01 B lymphoblastoid cells. Furthermore, these transduced T cells were not specific for HLA-A*03:01 + OC cells nor for the cognate peptide in HLA-matched systems from multiple healthy donors. These data suggest that the ERV-K-Env epitope recognized by this T cell receptor is of low immunogenicity and has limited potential as a T cell target for OC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - R Brad Jones
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Medical Sciences
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4
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Miyata Y, Suzuki K, Nagano T, Iida K, Hasegawa T, Uga H, Matsuoka H. Cellular immunity reflects the persistent symptoms among COVID-19 recovered patients in Japan. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11071. [PMID: 37422499 PMCID: PMC10329673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35505-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) often causes persistent symptoms long after infection, referred to as "long COVID" or post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS). This phenomenon has been studied primarily concerning B-cell immunity, while the involvement of T-cell immunity is still unclear. This retrospective study aimed to examine the relationship among the number of symptoms, cytokine levels, and the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay data in patients with COVID-19. To examine inflammatory conditions, plasma interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-18, chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9), chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were analyzed using plasma obtained from COVID-19 recovery patients and healthy controls (HC). These levels were significantly higher in the COVID-19 group than those in the HC group. ELISPOT assays were performed to investigate the correlation between COVID-19 persistent symptoms and T-cell immunity. Cluster analysis of ELISPOT categorized COVID-19 recovery patients in the ELISPOT-high and -low groups, based on the values of S1, S2, and N. The number of persistent symptoms was significantly higher in the ELISPOT-low group than those in the ELISPOT-high group. Thus, T cell immunity is critical for the rapid elimination of COVID-19 persistent symptoms, and its measurement immediately after COVID-19 recovery might predict long-term COVID-19 or PACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Miyata
- Division of Bioresource Research and Development, Department of Social/Community Medicine and Health Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-1 Minatojimanakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kohjin Suzuki
- System Technologies Laboratory, Sysmex Corporation, 4-4-4 Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, 651-2271, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nagano
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Keiji Iida
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Hyogo Prefectural Kakogawa Medical Center, 203, Kanno, Kanno-cho, Kakogawa, Hyogo, 675-8555, Japan
| | - Takehiro Hasegawa
- Research and Development Division, Sysmex R&D Centre Europe GmbH, Falkenried 88, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hitoshi Uga
- Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Corporation, 4-4-4 Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, 651-2271, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuoka
- Division of Bioresource Research and Development, Department of Social/Community Medicine and Health Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-1 Minatojimanakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
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5
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Gorovits B, Azadeh M, Buchlis G, Fiscella M, Harrison T, Havert M, Janetzki S, Jawa V, Long B, Mahnke YD, McDermott A, Milton M, Nelson R, Vettermann C, Wu B. Evaluation of Cellular Immune Response to Adeno-Associated Virus-Based Gene Therapy. AAPS J 2023; 25:47. [PMID: 37101079 PMCID: PMC10132926 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of approved or investigational late phase viral vector gene therapies (GTx) has been rapidly growing. The adeno-associated virus vector (AAV) technology continues to be the most used GTx platform of choice. The presence of pre-existing anti-AAV immunity has been firmly established and is broadly viewed as a potential deterrent for successful AAV transduction with a possibility of negative impact on clinical efficacy and a connection to adverse events. Recommendations for the evaluation of humoral, including neutralizing and total antibody based, anti-AAV immune response have been presented elsewhere. This manuscript aims to cover considerations related to the assessment of anti-AAV cellular immune response, including review of correlations between humoral and cellular responses, potential value of cellular immunogenicity assessment, and commonly used analytical methodologies and parameters critical for monitoring assay performance. This manuscript was authored by a group of scientists involved in GTx development who represent several pharma and contract research organizations. It is our intent to provide recommendations and guidance to the industry sponsors, academic laboratories, and regulatory agencies working on AAV-based GTx viral vector modalities with the goal of achieving a more consistent approach to anti-AAV cellular immune response assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitra Azadeh
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc, Novato, California, USA
| | - George Buchlis
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Mike Havert
- Gene Therapy Partners, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Vibha Jawa
- Bristol Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Brian Long
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc, Novato, California, USA
| | | | - Andrew McDermott
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mark Milton
- Lake Boon Pharmaceutical Consulting LLC, Hudson, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Bonnie Wu
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
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6
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Kotton CN, Torre-Cisneros J, Aguado JM, Alain S, Baldanti F, Baumann G, Boeken U, de la Calle M, Carbone J, Ciceri F, Comoli P, Couzi L, Danziger-Isakov L, Fernández-Ruiz M, Girmenia C, Grossi PA, Hirsch HH, Humar A, Kamar N, Kotton C, Ljungman P, Malagola M, Mira E, Mueller N, Sester M, Teng CLJ, Torre-Cisneros J, Ussetti P, Westall G, Wolf D, Zamora M. Cytomegalovirus in the transplant setting: Where are we now and what happens next? A report from the International CMV Symposium 2021. Transpl Infect Dis 2022; 24:e13977. [PMID: 36271650 PMCID: PMC10078482 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The CMV Symposium in September 2021 was an international conference dedicated to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. This review provides an overview of the presentations given by the expert faculty, supplemented with educational clinical cases. Topics discussed include CMV epidemiology and diagnosis, the burden of CMV infection and disease, CMV-specific immunity and management of CMV in transplant settings. Major advances in the prevention and treatment of CMV in the past decade and increased understanding of CMV immunity have led to improved patient outcomes. In the future, management algorithms may be individualized based on the transplant recipient's immune profile, which will mark the start of a new era for patients with CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille N Kotton
- Transplant and Immunocompromised Host Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julián Torre-Cisneros
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/Reina Sofía University Hospital/University of Cordoba (UCO), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Maria Aguado
- University Hospital 12 de Octubre, CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sophie Alain
- French References Center for Herpes Viruses, Microbiology Department, CHU-Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Università di Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Udo Boeken
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Javier Carbone
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Comoli
- Cell Factory and Center for Advanced Therapies and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lionel Couzi
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, Dialysis and Apheresis, CHU Bordeaux CNRS-UMR 5164 ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lara Danziger-Isakov
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Per Ljungman
- Karolinska Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dana Wolf
- Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marty Zamora
- University of Colorado at Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Colorado, USA
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7
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Anmol K, Akanksha H, Zhengguo X. Are CD45RO+ and CD45RA- genuine markers for bovine memory T cells? ANIMAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEffective vaccination induces memory T cells, which protect the host against pathogen re-infections. Therefore, detection of memory T cells is essential for evaluating vaccine efficacy, which was originally dependent on cytokine induction assays. Currently, two isoforms of CD45 tyrosine phosphatase, CD45RO expression and CD45RA exclusion (CD45RO+/ CD45RA-) are used extensively for detecting memory T cells in cattle. The CD45RO+/CD45RA- markers were first established in humans around three decades ago, and were adopted in cattle soon after. However, in the last two decades, some published data in humans have challenged the initial paradigm, and required multiple markers for identifying memory T cells. On the contrary, memory T cell detection in cattle still mostly relies on CD45RO+/CD45RA- despite some controversial evidence. In this review, we summarized the current literature to examine if CD45RO+/CD45RA- are valid markers for detecting memory T cells in cattle. It seems CD45RA and CD45RO (CD45RA/RO) as markers for identifying bovine memory T cells are questionable.
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8
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Mak WA, Koeleman JGM, Ong DSY. Comparison between an in-house SARS-CoV-2 ELISpot and the T-Spot® Discovery SARS-CoV-2 for the assessment of T cell responses in prior SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. J Clin Virol 2022; 150-151:105158. [PMID: 35447515 PMCID: PMC9005222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Willem A Mak
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Franciscus Gasthuis en Vlietland, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Johannes G M Koeleman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Franciscus Gasthuis en Vlietland, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David S Y Ong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Franciscus Gasthuis en Vlietland, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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9
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Boodhoo N, Behboudi S. Differential Virus-Specific IFN-Gamma Producing T Cell Responses to Marek's Disease Virus in Chickens With B19 and B21 MHC Haplotypes. Front Immunol 2022; 12:784359. [PMID: 35095857 PMCID: PMC8792850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.784359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease virus (MDV), the etiologic agent for Marek’s disease (MD), causes a deadly lymphoproliferative disease in chickens. Causes of the well-documented association between genetically defined lines of chicken and resistance to MD remain unknown. Here, the frequencies of IFN-gamma producing pp38 and MEQ-specific T cell responses were determined in line N (B21 haplotype; MD-resistant) and line P2a (B19 haplotype, MD-susceptible) chickens after infection with vaccine and/or virulent (RB1B) strains of MDV using both standard ex vivo and cultured chIFN-gamma ELISPOT assays. Notably, MDV infection of naïve and vaccinated MD-resistant chickens induced higher frequencies of IFN-gamma producing MDV-specific T cell responses using the cultured and ex vivo ELISPOT assay, respectively. Remarkably, vaccination did not induce or boost MEQ-specific effector T cells in the susceptible chickens, while it boosted both pp38-and MEQ-specific response in resistant line. Taken together, our results revealed that there is a direct association between the magnitude of T cell responses to pp38 and MEQ of MDV antigens and resistance to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahriar Behboudi
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford, United Kingdom
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10
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Mak WA, Koeleman JG, Ong DS. Development of an in-house SARS-CoV-2 interferon-gamma ELISpot and plate reader-free spot detection method. J Virol Methods 2022; 300:114398. [PMID: 34863782 PMCID: PMC8634702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination programs rolled out in an attempt to stop the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides neutralising antibodies, effective T cell responses are also crucial for protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and COVID-19 disease severity. To assess SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity, we developed an interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) that can be deployed in research and diagnostic settings. We optimised our ELISpot by testing multiple antigen concentrations to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells of SARS-CoV-2-unexposed, COVID-19 convalescent and COVID-19 vaccinated volunteers. Also, we developed an ELISpot plate reader-free method to detect and quantify spots, which we compared to manual spot counting and automated analysis by an ELISpot plate reader. We observed strong SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent, and COVID-19 vaccinated volunteers but absent or only weak responses in unexposed volunteers. Overall, antigens with concentrations from 0.1 to 5.0 μg/mL per peptide elicited similar T cell responses. Also, our plate reader-free detection method reliably detected and quantified SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells, demonstrated by an excellent reliability when compared to manual analysis and automated analysis by an ELISpot plate reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem A. Mak
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Kleiweg 500, 3045PM Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes G.M. Koeleman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Kleiweg 500, 3045PM Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David S.Y. Ong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Kleiweg 500, 3045PM Rotterdam, the Netherlands,Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584GC Utrecht, the Netherlands,Corresponding author at: Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Kleiweg 500, 3045PM Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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11
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Klauer LK, Schutti O, Ugur S, Doraneh-Gard F, Amberger DC, Rogers N, Krämer D, Rank A, Schmid C, Eiz-Vesper B, Schmetzer HM. Interferon Gamma Secretion of Adaptive and Innate Immune Cells as a Parameter to Describe Leukaemia-Derived Dendritic-Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia in vitro. Transfus Med Hemother 2022; 49:44-61. [PMID: 35221867 PMCID: PMC8832209 DOI: 10.1159/000516886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myeloid leukaemic blasts can be converted into leukaemia-derived dendritic cells (DCleu), characterised by the simultaneous expression of dendritic- and leukaemia-associated antigens, which have the competence to prime and enhance (leukaemia-specific) immune responses with the whole leukaemic antigen repertoire. To display and further specify dendritic cell (DC)- and DCleu-mediated immune responses, we analysed the interferon gamma (IFNy) secretion of innate and adaptive immune cells. METHODS DC/DCleu were generated from leukaemic whole blood (WB) with (blast)modulatory Kit-I (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF] + Picibanil [OK-432]) and Kit-M (GM-CSF + prostaglandin E1) and were used to stimulate T cell-enriched immunoreactive cells. Initiated anti-leukaemic cytotoxicity was investigated with a cytotoxicity fluorolysis assay. Initiated IFNy secretion of T, NK, CIK, and iNKT cells was investigated with a cytokine secretion assay (CSA). IFNy positivity was additionally evaluated with an intracellular cytokine assay (ICA). Recent activation of leukaemia-specific cells was verified through addition of leukaemia-associated antigens (LAA; WT-1 and Prame). RESULTS We found Kit-I and Kit-M competent to generate mature DC and DCleu from leukaemic WB without induction of blast proliferation. Stimulation of immunoreactive cells with DC/DCleu regularly resulted in an increased anti-leukaemic cytotoxicity and increased IFNy secretion of T, NK, and CIK cells, pointing to the significant role of DC/DCleu in leukaemia-specific alongside anti-leukaemic reactions. Interestingly, an addition of LAA did not further increase IFNy secretion, suggesting an efficient activation of leukaemia-specific cells. Here, both the CSA and ICA yielded comparable frequencies of IFNy-positive cells. Remarkably, the anti-leukaemic cytotoxicity positively correlated with the IFNy secretion in TCD3+, TCD4+, TCD8+, and NKCD56+ cells. CONCLUSION Ultimately, the IFNy secretion of innate and adaptive immune cells appeared to be a suitable parameter to assess and monitor the efficacy of in vitro and potentially in vivo acute myeloid leukaemia immunotherapy. The CSA in this regard proved to be a convenient and reproducible technique to detect and phenotypically characterise IFNy-secreting cells. In respect to our studies on DC-based immunomodulation, we were able to display the potential of DC/DCleu to induce or improve leukaemia-specific and anti-leukaemic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Schutti
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Selda Ugur
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Nicole Rogers
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Krämer
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, St.-Josefs-Hospital, Hagen, Germany
| | - Andreas Rank
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmid
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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12
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Chen C, Liu YM, Xuan SX, Zhou MF, Zhou P, Cheng B, Lin JD, Yin WG, Li LH. Establishment and Clinical Application of a Method for Detecting T Lymphocyte Subsets by Cellular Immunochip Technology. J Inflamm Res 2022; 14:7529-7537. [PMID: 35002285 PMCID: PMC8725877 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s343636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To establish and verify the method for detecting the immune phenotype of peripheral blood T lymphocytes by cellular immune chip technology, analyze the immune status, and discuss its clinical diagnostic value of different populations in the Qingyuan area. Methods First, a cellular immune chip was used to detect the number of T lymphocyte subsets CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD4/CD8, followed by evaluating the accuracy and precision through a comparison with flow cytometry. After passing the performance verification, a large-scale detection was performed by a cellular immune chip in 8389 cases. Immunochip technology detects the expression of T lymphocyte subsets and analyzes the differences in cellular immune function among people with physical examination, inflammation, and cancer, as well as different cancer types and in genders. Results The cell immunochip method and flow cytometry method have the same accuracy and precision in detecting specimens, and the former is fast and simple, and is suitable for clinical use; big data analysis is expected to establish a reference range for CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cell counts in Qingyuan. There are statistical differences in CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T cell counts in physical examination, inflammation and cancer populations; there are also certain differences in CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T cell counts and CD4/CD8 ratios between different cancer types and different diseases. Conclusion The method of cell immunochip technology to detect T lymphocyte subsets is simple and practical, with accurate results and rapid detection. It can be used for immune function monitoring and treatment prognosis evaluation of people with different diseases, and it is worthy of popularization and application in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Mei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Xia Xuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Fang Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Duan Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Guo Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Hai Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, People's Republic of China
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13
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Foti C, Favoino E, Scarasciulli M, Colacicco AM, Jahantigh H, Stufano A, Lovreglio P, Mascia P, Barlusconi C, Perosa F, Romita P, Calvario A. Chronic-Relapsing cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis in a young patient with reduced EBV-specific T cell response using enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay successfully treated with Valaciclovir. IDCases 2021; 26:e01331. [PMID: 34840952 PMCID: PMC8605419 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Among different pathogens, opportunistic viral infection caused by EBV is particularly relevant. This gammaherpesvirus, belonging to the Herpesviridae family, may complicate the disease course in different clinical settings by inducing pathological EBV pictures in patients with a defective immunologic response. Our report evaluated EBV-specific T cell responses by IFN- γ ELISPOT assay, which revealed defective EBV specific immunological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Foti
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatological Clinic, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Elvira Favoino
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), Rheumatic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Scarasciulli
- Microbiology and Virology Unit - Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM) - University of Bari "Aldo Moro"- AOU Policlinico Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Colacicco
- Microbiology and Virology Unit - Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM) - University of Bari "Aldo Moro"- AOU Policlinico Bari, Italy
| | - Hamidreza Jahantigh
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Stufano
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Piero Lovreglio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Mascia
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatological Clinic, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Chiara Barlusconi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatological Clinic, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Federico Perosa
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), Rheumatic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Romita
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatological Clinic, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Agata Calvario
- Microbiology and Virology Unit - Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM) - University of Bari "Aldo Moro"- AOU Policlinico Bari, Italy
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14
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Immunity after COVID-19 and vaccination: follow-up study over 1 year among medical personnel. Infection 2021; 50:439-446. [PMID: 34562263 PMCID: PMC8475821 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term course of immunity among individuals with a history of COVID-19, in particular among those who received a booster vaccination, has not been well defined so far. METHODS SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels were measured by ELISA over 1 year among 136 health care workers infected during the first COVID-19 wave and in a subgroup after booster vaccination approximately 1 year later. Furthermore, spike-protein-reactive memory T cells were quantified approximately 7 months after the infection and after booster vaccination. Thirty healthy individuals without history of COVID-19 who were routinely vaccinated served as controls. RESULTS Levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM- and IgA-antibodies showed a rapid decay over time, whereas IgG-antibody levels decreased more slowly. Among individuals with history of COVID-19, booster vaccination induced very high IgG- and to a lesser degree IgA-antibodies. Antibody levels were significantly higher after booster vaccination than after recovery from COVID-19. After vaccination with a two-dose schedule, healthy control subjects developed similar antibody levels as compared to individuals with history of COVID-19 and booster vaccination. SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cell counts did not correlate with antibody levels. None of the study participants suffered from a reinfection. CONCLUSIONS Booster vaccination induces high antibody levels in individuals with a history of COVID-19 that exceeds by far levels observed after recovery. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels of similar magnitude were achieved in healthy, COVID-19-naïve individuals after routine two-dose vaccination.
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15
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Characterization of Varicella-Zoster (VZV) Specific T Cell Response in Healthy Subjects and Transplanted Patients by Using Enzyme Linked Immunospot (ELISpot) Assays. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080875. [PMID: 34451999 PMCID: PMC8402512 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid organ transplant recipients, due to the administration of post-transplant immunosuppressive therapies, are at greater risk of viral reactivation episodes, mainly from herpes viruses, including varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The aim of this pilot study was to develop functional immunological assays (VZV-ELISpot) for the quantification and characterization of the VZV-specific effector-memory and central-memory responses in healthy subjects and transplanted patients. Glycoprotein gE and immediate-early 63 (IE-63) were used as antigens for in vitro stimulation. VZV-seropositive healthy subjects showed higher responses in respect to seronegative subjects. Even if differences were observed between VZV-seropositive healthy subjects and transplanted subjects at pre-transplant, the VZV-specific T-cell response was reduced at 60 days after transplant, mainly for the high level of immunosuppression. Phenotypical characterization revealed that response against VZV was mainly mediated by CD4 T cells. The results obtained in this study might be useful for the definition of personalized follow-up of the transplanted patients, providing useful information on the status of the patient potentially at risk of viral reactivation or other opportunistic infections.
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16
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Sanchez-Vargas LA, Anderson KB, Srikiatkhachorn A, Currier JR, Friberg H, Endy TP, Fernandez S, Mathew A, Rothman AL. Longitudinal Analysis of Dengue Virus-Specific Memory T Cell Responses and Their Association With Clinical Outcome in Subsequent DENV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:710300. [PMID: 34394112 PMCID: PMC8355709 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.710300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells resulting from primary dengue virus (DENV) infection are hypothesized to influence the clinical outcome of subsequent DENV infection. However, the few studies involving prospectively collected blood samples have found weak and inconsistent associations with outcome and variable temporal trends in DENV-specific memory T cell responses between subjects. This study used both ex-vivo and cultured ELISPOT assays to further evaluate the associations between DENV serotype-cross-reactive memory T cells and severity of secondary infection. Using ex-vivo ELISPOT assays, frequencies of memory T cells secreting IFN-γ in response to DENV structural and non-structural peptide pools were low in PBMC from multiple time points prior to symptomatic secondary DENV infection and showed a variable response to infection. There were no differences in responses between subjects who were not hospitalized (NH, n=6) and those who were hospitalized with dengue hemorrhagic fever (hDHF, n=4). In contrast, responses in cultured ELISPOT assays were more reliably detectable prior to secondary infection and showed more consistent increases after infection. Responses in cultured ELISPOT assays were higher in individuals with hDHF (n=8) compared to NH (n=9) individuals before the secondary infection, with no difference between these groups after infection. These data demonstrate an association of pre-existing DENV-specific memory responses with the severity of illness in subsequent DENV infection, and suggest that frequencies of DENV-reactive T cells measured after short-term culture may be of particular importance for assessing the risk for more severe dengue disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Sanchez-Vargas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Kathryn B Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York-Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Anon Srikiatkhachorn
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States.,Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jeffrey R Currier
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Heather Friberg
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Timothy P Endy
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York-Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Stefan Fernandez
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anuja Mathew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Alan L Rothman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
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17
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Del Valle A, Acosta-Rivero N, Laborde RJ, Cruz-Leal Y, Cabezas S, Luzardo MC, Alvarez C, Labrada M, Rodríguez A, Rodríguez GL, Raymond J, Nogueira CV, Grubaugh D, Fernández LE, Higgins D, Lanio ME. Sticholysin II shows similar immunostimulatory properties to LLO stimulating dendritic cells and MHC-I restricted T cell responses of heterologous antigen. Toxicon 2021; 200:38-47. [PMID: 34237340 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Induction of CD8+ T cell responses against tumor cells and intracellular pathogens is an important goal of modern vaccinology. One approach of translational interest is the use of liposomes encapsulating pore-forming proteins (PFPs), such as Listeriolysin O (LLO), which has shown efficacy at priming strong and sustained CD8+ T cell responses. Recently, we have demonstrated that Sticholysin II (StII), a PFP from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus, co-encapsulated into liposomes with ovalbumin (OVA) was able to stimulate, antigen presenting cells, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and anti-tumor activity in mice. In the present study, we aimed to compare StII and LLO in terms of their abilities to stimulate dendritic cells and to induce major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I restricted T cell responses against OVA. Interestingly, StII exhibited similar abilities to LLO in vitro of inducing dendritic cells maturation, as measured by increased expression of CD40, CD80, CD86 and MHC-class II molecules, and of stimulating OVA cross-presentation to a CD8+ T cell line. Remarkably, using an ex vivo Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot Assay (ELISPOT) to monitor gamma interferon (INF-γ) producing effector memory CD8+ T cells, liposomal formulations containing either StII or LLO induced comparable frequencies of OVA-specific INF-γ producing CD8+ T cells in mice that were sustained in time. However, StII-containing liposomes stimulated antigen-specific memory CD8+ T cells with a higher potential to secrete IFN-γ than liposomes encapsulating LLO. This StII immunostimulatory property further supports its use for the rational design of T cell vaccines against cancers and intracellular pathogens. In summary, this study indicates that StII has immunostimulatory properties similar to LLO, despite being evolutionarily distant PFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Del Valle
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University (UH) and Lab UH-CIM, Cuba
| | - N Acosta-Rivero
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University (UH) and Lab UH-CIM, Cuba.
| | - R J Laborde
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University (UH) and Lab UH-CIM, Cuba
| | - Y Cruz-Leal
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University (UH) and Lab UH-CIM, Cuba
| | - S Cabezas
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University (UH) and Lab UH-CIM, Cuba
| | - M C Luzardo
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University (UH) and Lab UH-CIM, Cuba
| | - C Alvarez
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University (UH) and Lab UH-CIM, Cuba
| | - M Labrada
- Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Playa, La Habana, Cuba
| | - A Rodríguez
- Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Playa, La Habana, Cuba
| | - G L Rodríguez
- Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Playa, La Habana, Cuba
| | - J Raymond
- Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Playa, La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - D Grubaugh
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, USA
| | - L E Fernández
- Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Playa, La Habana, Cuba
| | - D Higgins
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, USA
| | - M E Lanio
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University (UH) and Lab UH-CIM, Cuba.
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18
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Trzewikoswki de Lima G, Rodrigues TS, Portilho AI, Correa VA, Gaspar EB, De Gaspari E. Immune responses of meningococcal B outer membrane vesicles in middle-aged mice. Pathog Dis 2021; 78:5868766. [PMID: 32639524 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The elderly are more likely to die when infected with Neisseria meningitidis. Aging is associated with immune system dysfunctions that impair responses to vaccines and infections. Therefore, immunization of middle-aged individuals could be beneficial. This study aims to evaluate the immunogenicity of N. meningitidis B outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) complexed to two different adjuvants. Middle-aged BALB/c and A/Sn mice were immunized and subsequent immune response was assessed by ELISA, immunoblotting and ELISpot. IgG levels were similar between the animals immunized with OMVs complexed to adjuvants. A total of 235 days after the last immunization only A/Sn mice presented higher IgG levels than those observed in the baseline, especially the group immunized with OMVs and aluminum hydroxide. The predominant IgG subclasses were IgG2a and IgG2b. Immunization with the three-dose regimen generated IgG antibodies that recognized a variety of antigens present in the homologous and heterologous meningococcal OMVs evaluated. There was an increase in the frequency of antigen-specific IFN-γ secreting splenocytes, after in vitro stimulation, in mice immunized with OMVs and adjuvants compared to the control group, almost 1 year after the last immunization. Both adjuvants showed similar performance. Immunization of middle-aged mice has generated a robust immune response and it appears to be advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Trzewikoswki de Lima
- Department of Immunology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 355, 11 floor, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interunits Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Sousa Rodrigues
- Department of Immunology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 355, 11 floor, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Izeli Portilho
- Department of Immunology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 355, 11 floor, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interunits Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor Araujo Correa
- Department of Immunology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 355, 11 floor, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interunits Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Elizabeth De Gaspari
- Department of Immunology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 355, 11 floor, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interunits Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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19
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De Keersmaecker B, Claerhout S, Carrasco J, Bar I, Corthals J, Wilgenhof S, Neyns B, Thielemans K. TriMix and tumor antigen mRNA electroporated dendritic cell vaccination plus ipilimumab: link between T-cell activation and clinical responses in advanced melanoma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000329. [PMID: 32114500 PMCID: PMC7057443 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously reported that dendritic cell-based mRNA vaccination plus ipilimumab (TriMixDC-MEL IPI) results in an encouraging rate of tumor responses in patients with pretreated advanced melanoma. Here, we report the TriMixDC-MEL IPI-induced T-cell responses detected in the peripheral blood. Methods Monocyte-derived dendritic cells electroporated with mRNA encoding CD70, CD40 ligand, and constitutively active TLR4 (TriMix) as well as the tumor-associated antigens tyrosinase, gp100, MAGE-A3, or MAGE-C2 were administered together with IPI for four cycles. For 18/39 patients, an additional vaccine was administered before the first IPI administration. We evaluated tumor-associated antigen specific T-cell responses in previously collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells, available from 15 patients. Results Vaccine-induced enzyme-linked immunospot assay responses detected after in vitro T-cell stimulation were shown in 12/15 patients. Immune responses detected in patients with a complete or partial response were significantly stronger and broader, and exhibited a higher degree of multifunctionality compared with responses in patients with stable or progressive disease. CD8+ T-cell responses from patients with an ongoing clinical response, either elicited by TriMixDC-MEL IPI or on subsequent pembrolizumab treatment, exhibited the highest degree of multifunctionality. Conclusions TriMixDC-MEL IPI treatment results in robust CD8+ T-cell responses in a meaningful portion of stage III or IV melanoma patients, and obviously in patients with a clinical response. The levels of polyfunctional and multiantigen T-cell responses measured in patients with a complete response, particularly in patients evidently cured after 5+ years of follow-up, may provide a benchmark for the level of immune stimulation needed to achieve a durable clinical remission. Trial registration number NCT01302496.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javier Carrasco
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Institute of Pathology and Genetics, Grand Hopital de Charleroi, Charleroi, Hainaut, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Bar
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Institute of Pathology and Genetics, Grand Hopital de Charleroi, Charleroi, Hainaut, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Corthals
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Sofie Wilgenhof
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Bart Neyns
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
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20
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Lim KP, Zainal NS. Monitoring T Cells Responses Mounted by Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:623475. [PMID: 33937323 PMCID: PMC8082312 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.623475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
With the regulatory approval of Provenge and Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer and advanced melanoma respectively, and other promising clinical trials outcomes, cancer vaccine is gaining prominence as a cancer therapeutic agent. Cancer vaccine works to induce T cell priming, expansion, and infiltration resulting in antigen-specific cytotoxicity. Such an approach that can drive cytotoxicity within the tumor could complement the success of checkpoint inhibitors as tumors shown to have high immune cell infiltration are those that would respond well to these antibodies. With the advancements in cancer vaccine, methods to monitor and understand how cancer vaccines modify the immune milieu is under rapid development. This includes using ELISpot and intracellular staining to detect cytokine secretion by activated T cells; tetramer and CyTOF to quantitate the level of antigen specific T cells; proliferation and cell killing assay to detect the expansion of T cell and specific killing activity. More recently, T cell profiling has provided unprecedented detail on immune cell subsets and providing clues to the mechanism involved in immune activation. Here, we reviewed cancer vaccines currently in clinical trials and highlight available techniques in monitoring the clinical response in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kue Peng Lim
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Nur Syafinaz Zainal
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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21
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Luu AM, Leistico JR, Miller T, Kim S, Song JS. Predicting TCR-Epitope Binding Specificity Using Deep Metric Learning and Multimodal Learning. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040572. [PMID: 33920780 PMCID: PMC8071129 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the recognition of specific epitopes by cytotoxic T cells is a central problem in immunology. Although predicting binding between peptides and the class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) has had success, predicting interactions between T cell receptors (TCRs) and MHC class I-peptide complexes (pMHC) remains elusive. This paper utilizes a convolutional neural network model employing deep metric learning and multimodal learning to perform two critical tasks in TCR-epitope binding prediction: identifying the TCRs that bind a given epitope from a TCR repertoire, and identifying the binding epitope of a given TCR from a list of candidate epitopes. Our model can perform both tasks simultaneously and reveals that inconsistent preprocessing of TCR sequences can confound binding prediction. Applying a neural network interpretation method identifies key amino acid sequence patterns and positions within the TCR, important for binding specificity. Contrary to common assumption, known crystal structures of TCR-pMHC complexes show that the predicted salient amino acid positions are not necessarily the closest to the epitopes, implying that physical proximity may not be a good proxy for importance in determining TCR-epitope specificity. Our work thus provides an insight into the learned predictive features of TCR-epitope binding specificity and advances the associated classification tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Luu
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (A.M.L.); (J.R.L.); (T.M.); (S.K.)
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jacob R. Leistico
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (A.M.L.); (J.R.L.); (T.M.); (S.K.)
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tim Miller
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (A.M.L.); (J.R.L.); (T.M.); (S.K.)
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Somang Kim
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (A.M.L.); (J.R.L.); (T.M.); (S.K.)
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jun S. Song
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (A.M.L.); (J.R.L.); (T.M.); (S.K.)
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence:
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22
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Michelo CM, Dalel JA, Hayes P, Fernandez N, Fiore-Gartland A, Kilembe W, Tang J, Streatfield C, Gilmour J, Hunter E. Comprehensive epitope mapping using polyclonally expanded human CD8 T cells and a two-step ELISpot assay for testing large peptide libraries. J Immunol Methods 2021; 491:112970. [PMID: 33529681 PMCID: PMC8008507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.112970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The genetic diversity of circulating HIV-1 strains poses a major barrier to the design, development and evaluation of HIV-1 vaccines. The assessment of both vaccine- and natural infection-elicited T cell responses is commonly done with multivalent peptides that are designed to maximally capture the diversity of potential T cell epitopes (PTEs) observed in natural circulating sequences. However, depending on the sequence diversity of viral subtypes and number of the HIV immunogens under investigation, PTE estimates, including HLA-guided computational methods, can easily generate enormous peptide libraries. Evaluation of T cell epitope specificity using such extensive peptide libraries is usually limited by sample availability, even for high-throughput and robust epitope mapping techniques like ELISpot assays. Here we describe a novel, two-step protocol for in-vitro polyclonal expansion of CD8 T cells from a single vial of frozen PBMC, which facilitated the screening 441 HIV-1 Gag peptides for immune responses among 32 HIV-1 positive subjects and 40 HIV-1 negative subjects for peptide qualification. Using a pooled-peptide mapping strategy, epitopes were mapped in two sequential ELISpot assays; the first ELISpot screened 33 large peptide pools using CD8 T cells expanded for 7 days, while the second step tested pool-matrix peptides to identify individual peptides using CD8 T cells expanded for 10 days. This comprehensive epitope screening established the breadth and magnitude of HIV-1 Gag-specific CD8 T cells and further revealed the extent of immune responses to variable/polymorphic epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive M Michelo
- Zambia Emory HIV Research Project, B22/737 Mwembelelo, Emmasdale, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Jama A Dalel
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hayes
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Fernandez
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - William Kilembe
- Zambia Emory HIV Research Project, B22/737 Mwembelelo, Emmasdale, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Claire Streatfield
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Gilmour
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Hunter
- Zambia Emory HIV Research Project, B22/737 Mwembelelo, Emmasdale, Lusaka, Zambia; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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23
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Dissanayake K, Jayasinghe C, Wanigasekara P, Sominanda A. Potential applicability of cytokines as biomarkers of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay-based evaluation of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-17A. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246111. [PMID: 33497394 PMCID: PMC7837465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers play a pivotal role in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by facilitating early diagnosis and ‘treat to the target.’ However, no gold standard biomarker has been identified for monitoring the disease activity in RA. Cytokines, a diverse group of small protein molecules secreted by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), play a pivotal role in pathogenesis and disease progression in RA. Research is currently underway to find out the applicability of cytokines as biomarkers in RA. This study aimed to quantify the PBMCs that secrete four types of cytokines; TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-17A in two cohorts of active RA patients (early RA patients and established RA patients), compared to healthy controls (HC), using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay, and to assess their association with measures of disease activity of RA. Patients were recruited from outpatient rheumatology clinics, and the disease activity was assessed using single and composite measures of disease activity. The cytokine expression was evaluated using freshly separated PBMCs from whole blood of RA patients using the ELISPOT assay. The number of PBMCs (counted as spot-forming cells (SFCs) per 105 PBMCs) that secreted the cytokine of interest were statistically significantly higher in early RA patients, compared to HC, for IL-17A (P<0.05). Such an increased number of SFCs was not observed in the established RA group, compared to controls, for any of the cytokines tested. The correlation analysis showed that IL-17A is having a moderate correlation (Spearman`s ρ, p <0.05) with five clinical measures of disease activity, including disease activity score 28 (DAS28). According to the multivariable linear regression models, IL17A was a good predictor of both the disease activity score 28 (DAS28) and clinical disease activity index (CDAI). In conclusion, IL-17A has potential applicability as a biomarker of disease activity of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthie Dissanayake
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
- * E-mail:
| | - Chandrika Jayasinghe
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
- Teaching Hospital, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Ajith Sominanda
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
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24
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Abstract
The enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot (ELISpot) assay allows for the quantification of the number of cells producing a particular secreted analyte. As T lymphocytes secrete cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ upon binding of the T cell receptor with its cognate antigen epitope, IFN-γ ELISpot allows for the measurement of antigen-specific T cells in an immune sample. Immune cells are isolated from the vaccinated subject and incubated with the epitope/antigen of interest on polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF)-lined microplates precoated with a capture antibody to IFN-γ. Cytokine spots are then detected utilizing an IFN-γ-specific detection antibody and an enzyme-linked conjugate. Here, we describe the quantification of OVA-specific CD8 and CD4 T cells from mouse splenocytes to measure vaccine-induced cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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25
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Fusion Cytokines IL-7-Linker-IL-15 Promote Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine to Induce Central Memory like T Cell-Mediated Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040715. [PMID: 33271822 PMCID: PMC7712479 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), is among the most serious infectious diseases worldwide. Adjuvanted protein subunit vaccines have been demonstrated as a kind of promising novel vaccine. This study proposed to investigate whether cytokines interliukine-7 (IL-7) and interliukine-15 (IL-15) help TB subunit vaccines induce long-term cell-mediated immune responses, which are required for vaccination against TB. In this study, mice were immunized with the M. tuberculosis protein subunit vaccines combined with adnovirus-mediated cytokines IL-7, IL-15, IL-7-IL-15, and IL-7-Linker-IL-15 at 0, 2, and 4 weeks, respectively. Twenty weeks after the last immunization, the long-term immune responses, especially the central memory-like T cells (TCM like cell)-mediated immune responses, were determined with the methods of cultured IFN-γ-ELISPOT, expanded secondary immune responses, cell proliferation, and protective efficacy against Mycobacterium bovis Bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) challenge, etc. The results showed that the group of vaccine + rAd-IL-7-Linker-IL-15 induced a stronger long-term antigen-specific TCM like cells-mediated immune responses and had higher protective efficacy against BCG challenge than the vaccine + rAd-vector control group, the vaccine + rAd-IL-7 and the vaccine + rAd-IL-15 groups. This study indicated that rAd-IL-7-Linker-IL-15 improved the TB subunit vaccine’s efficacy by augmenting TCM like cells and provided long-term protective efficacy against Mycobacteria.
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26
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Wright D, Allen ER, Clark MH, Gitonga JN, Karanja HK, Hulswit RJ, Taylor I, Biswas S, Marshall J, Mwololo D, Muriuki J, Bett B, Bowden TA, Warimwe GM. Naturally Acquired Rift Valley Fever Virus Neutralizing Antibodies Predominantly Target the Gn Glycoprotein. iScience 2020; 23:101669. [PMID: 33134899 PMCID: PMC7588868 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral hemorrhagic disease first discovered in Kenya in 1930. Numerous animal studies have demonstrated that protective immunity is acquired following RVF virus (RVFV) infection and that this correlates with acquisition of virus-neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that target the viral envelope glycoproteins. However, naturally acquired immunity to RVF in humans is poorly described. Here, we characterized the immune response to the viral envelope glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, in RVFV-exposed Kenyan adults. Long-lived IgG (dominated by IgG1 subclass) and T cell responses were detected against both Gn and Gc. However, antigen-specific antibody depletion experiments showed that Gn-specific antibodies dominate the RVFV nAb response. IgG avidity against Gn, but not Gc, correlated with nAb titers. These data are consistent with the greater level of immune accessibility of Gn on the viral envelope surface and confirm the importance of Gn as an integral component for RVF vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wright
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, CGMRC, PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth R. Allen
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | - John N. Gitonga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, CGMRC, PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Henry K. Karanja
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, CGMRC, PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Ruben J.G. Hulswit
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Iona Taylor
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sumi Biswas
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Damaris Mwololo
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - John Muriuki
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - George M. Warimwe
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, CGMRC, PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
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27
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Di Blasi D, Claessen I, Turksma AW, van Beek J, Ten Brinke A. Guidelines for analysis of low-frequency antigen-specific T cell results: Dye-based proliferation assay vs 3H-thymidine incorporation. J Immunol Methods 2020; 487:112907. [PMID: 33152332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is generally recognized that dysregulation of the immune system plays a critical role in many diseases, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. T cells play a crucial role in maintaining self-tolerance, while loss of immune tolerance and T cell activation can lead to severe inflammation and tissue damage. T cell responses have a key role in the effectiveness of vaccination strategies and immunomodulating therapies. Immunomonitoring methods have the ability to elucidate immunological processes, monitor the development of disease and assess therapeutic effects. In this respect, it is of particular interest to evaluate antigen (Ag)-specific T cells by determining their frequency, type and functionality in cellular assays. Nevertheless, Ag-specific T cells are detected infrequently in most diseases using current techniques. Many efforts have been made to develop more sensitive, reproducible, and reliable methods for Ag-specific T cell detection. It has been found that analysis of cellular proliferation can be a useful tool to determine the presence and frequency of Ag-specific T cell and to provides insight into modulation of the T cell response by a specific antigen or therapy. However, the selection of a cut-off value for a positive response and therefore a more accurate interpretation of the data, continues to be a major concern. Here, we provide guidelines to select a proper cut-off for monitoring of Ag-specific CD4+ T cell responses. In vitro Ag-stimulation has been assessed with two methods; a dye-based proliferation assay and 3H-thymidine-based assay. Two cut-off approaches are compared; mean and variance of control wells, and the stimulation index. By evaluating the proliferative response to the in vitro Ag-stimulation using these two methods, we demonstrate the importance of taking into consideration the variability of the control wells to distinguish a positive from a false positive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Di Blasi
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Iris Claessen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Sanquin Diagnostics B.V., Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Josine van Beek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, the Netherlands
| | - Anja Ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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28
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T lymphocyte responses to flaviviruses - diverse cell populations affect tendency toward protection and disease. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 43:28-34. [PMID: 32810785 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV), Yellow Fever virus, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and Zika virus are medically important flaviviruses transmitted to humans by mosquitoes and circulate in overlapping geographic areas. Cross-reactive immune responses have been demonstrated among the flaviviruses, particularly the four DENV serotypes. The immunological imprint left by a flavivirus infection can therefore have profound effects on the responses to subsequent infections. In this review we summarize recent research focusing on T cell responses to DENV using clinical samples from prospective cohort studies in Asia. These data suggest that durability of different T cell populations after natural infection or vaccination is an important consideration for the outcome of subsequent flavivirus exposures and we argue for continued investigation in the context of longitudinal cohort studies.
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29
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Chen C, Jiang X, Liu X, Guo L, Wang W, Gu S, Wen C, Yi X, Tang L, Li Y. Identification of the association between HBcAg-specific T cell and viral control in chronic HBV infection using a cultured ELISPOT assay. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:455-465. [PMID: 32620046 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ma0620-023rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific T cells play a critical role in determining the outcome of HBV infection. However, T cell response induced by predominant Ag in chronic infection is hardly detectable owing to the lack of a suitable assay. We herein established an optimized method to enumerate HBV-specific T cells and assessed the association between HBV surface Ag (HBsAg) and HBV DNA. Sixty chronic HBV infection patients were enrolled. HBV-specific T cells were expanded by using overlapping peptide pools covering the entire sequence of HBV genotypes B and C. IFN-γ-producing HBV-specific T cells were detected by a cultured enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, ex vivo ELISPOT assay, or flow cytometry staining. The association between HBV-specific T cells and serum levels of HBsAg and HBV DNA were analyzed. Cultured ELISPOT assay had a higher sensitivity than ex vivo ELISPOT in the detection of HBV-specific T cells. Moreover, consistent results were acquired by flow cytometry analysis and cultured ELISPOT assay, but the latter required only a limited number of cells for detection. Interestingly, HBV core peptide pool induced a robust HBV-specific T cell response in patients with lower levels of HBV DNA and HBsAg. Specifically, the frequency of HBV core Ag-specific IFN-γ+ spot-forming cells was inversely correlated with serum levels of HBV DNA and HBsAg. An optimized cultured ELISPOT assay reveals the association between HBV core Ag-induced T cell response and HBV control; this method may favor the investigation of HBV-specific T cell in chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotao Jiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomic, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weibin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuqin Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Libo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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30
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Liu X, Ma Q, Qiu L, Ou C, Lin Z, Lu Y, Huang H, Chen P, Huang Z, Liu W. Quantitative features and clinical significance of two subpopulations of AChR-specific CD4+ T cells in patients with myasthenia gravis. Clin Immunol 2020; 216:108462. [PMID: 32437925 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-specific CD4+ T cells play a driving role in myasthenia gravis (MG) by regulating the production of autoantibodies. However, the quantitative features of AChR-specific T cells and their clinical significance in MG are unclear. In this study, we adopted standard and cultured enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assays to quantify subpopulations of AChR-specific CD4+ T cells in MG patients, and evaluate their correlation with clinical characteristics. The results showed that Th1- and Th17-AChR-specific CD4+ T cells were detectable by standard and cultured ELISPOT assay respectively, with higher levels observed in MG patients comparing with healthy controls. The number of Th17-AChR-specific CD4+ T cells was positively correlated with anti-AChR antibody titer and quantitative MG score and may have latent capacity to reflect responses to immunosuppressants. These results highlight the differences in quantitative features of AChR-specific CD4+ T cells and imply Th17-AChR-specific CD4+ T cells can serve as a biomarker in MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Changyi Ou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhongqiang Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yaru Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhidong Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Weibin Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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31
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Hamrouni S, Bras-Gonçalves R, Kidar A, Aoun K, Chamakh-Ayari R, Petitdidier E, Messaoudi Y, Pagniez J, Lemesre JL, Meddeb-Garnaoui A. Design of multi-epitope peptides containing HLA class-I and class-II-restricted epitopes derived from immunogenic Leishmania proteins, and evaluation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses induced in cured cutaneous leishmaniasis subjects. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008093. [PMID: 32176691 PMCID: PMC7098648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human leishmaniasis is a public health problem worldwide for which the development of a vaccine remains a challenge. T cell-mediated immune responses are crucial for protection. Peptide vaccines based on the identification of immunodominant T cell epitopes able to induce T cell specific immune responses constitute a promising strategy. Here, we report the identification of human leukocyte antigen class-I (HLA-I) and -II (HLA-II)-restricted multi-epitope peptides from Leishmania proteins that we have previously described as vaccine candidates. Promastigote Surface Antigen (PSA), LmlRAB (L. major large RAB GTPase) and Histone (H2B) were screened, in silico, for T cell epitopes. 6 HLA-I and 5 HLA-II-restricted multi-epitope peptides, able to bind to the most frequent HLA molecules, were designed and used as pools to stimulate PBMCs from individuals with healed cutaneous leishmaniasis. IFN-γ, IL-10, TNF-α and granzyme B (GrB) production was evaluated by ELISA/CBA. The frequency of IFN-γ-producing T cells was quantified by ELISpot. T cells secreting cytokines and memory T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. 16 of 25 peptide pools containing HLA-I, HLA-II or HLA-I and -II peptides were able to induce specific and significant IFN-γ levels. No IL-10 was detected. 6 peptide pools were selected among those inducing the highest IFN-γ levels for further characterization. 3/6 pools were able to induce a significant increase of the percentages of CD4+IFN-γ+, CD8+IFN-γ+ and CD4+GrB+ T cells. The same pools also induced a significant increase of the percentages of bifunctional IFN-γ+/TNF-α+CD4+ and/or central memory T cells. We identified highly promiscuous HLA-I and -II restricted epitope combinations from H2B, PSA and LmlRAB proteins that stimulate both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in recovered individuals. These multi-epitope peptides could be used as potential components of a polytope vaccine for human leishmaniasis. The control of leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease of public health importance, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, mainly relies on chemotherapy, which is highly toxic. Currently, there is no vaccine against human leishmaniasis. Peptide-based vaccines consisting of T cell epitopes identified within proteins of interest by epitope predictive algorithms are a promising strategy for vaccine development. Here, we identified multi-epitope peptides composed of HLA-I and -II-restricted epitopes, using immunoinformatic tools, within Leishmania proteins previously described as potential vaccine candidates. We showed that multi-epitope peptides used as pools were able to activate IFN-γ producing CD4+ as well as CD8+ T cells, both required for parasite elimination. In addition, granzyme B-producing CD4+ T cells, bifunctional CD4+ IFN-γ+/TNF-α+ and/or TNF-α+/IL-2+ T cells as well as CD4+ and CD8+ central memory T cells, all involved in Leishmania infection control, were significantly increased in response to multi-epitope peptide stimulation. As far as we know, no study has described the detection of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations in response to stimulation by both HLA-I and II-restricted peptides in humans. The immunogenic HLA-I and -II-restricted multi-epitope peptides identified in this study could constitute potential vaccine candidates against human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Hamrouni
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisie
- UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Karim Aoun
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Rym Chamakh-Ayari
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Elodie Petitdidier
- UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Yasmine Messaoudi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisie
- UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Pagniez
- UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Loup Lemesre
- UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Amel Meddeb-Garnaoui
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologie et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
- * E-mail:
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Pushpakumara PD, Jeewandara C, Wijesinghe A, Gomes L, Ogg GS, Goonasekara CL, Malavige GN. Identification of Immune Responses to Japanese Encephalitis Virus Specific T Cell Epitopes. Front Public Health 2020; 8:19. [PMID: 32117854 PMCID: PMC7029616 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Due to the similarity between the dengue (DENV) and the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) there is potential for immune cross-reaction. We sought to identify T cell epitopes that are specific to JEV and do not cross react with DENV. Methodology: 20mer peptides were synthesized from regions which showed >90% conservation. Using IFNγ cultured ELISpot assays, we investigated JEV-specific T cell responses in DENV- and JEV- non-immune individuals (DENV-JEV- = 21), JEV seronegative and had not received the JE vaccine, but who were DENV seropositive (DENV+JEV- = 22), JEV+(seropositive for JEV and had received the JE vaccine), but seronegative for DENV (DENV-JEV+ = 23). We further assessed the responses to these peptides by undertaking ex vivo IFNγ assays and flow cytometry. Results: None of DENV-JEV- individuals responded to any of the 20 JEV-specific peptides. High frequency of responses was seen to 6/20 peptides by individuals who were JEV+ but DENV-, where over 75% of the individuals responded to at least one peptide. P34 was the most immunogenic peptide, recognized by 20/23 (86.9%) individuals who were DENV-JEV+, followed by peptide 3 and peptide 7 recognized by 19/23 (82.6%). Peptide 34 from the NS2a region, showed <25% homology with any flaviviruses, and <20% homology with any DENV serotype. Peptide 20 and 32, which were also from the non-structural protein regions, showed <25% homology with DENV. Ex vivo responses to these peptides were less frequent, with only 40% of individuals responding to peptide 34 and 16-28% to other peptides, probably as 5/6 peptides were recognized by CD4+ T cells. Discussion: We identified six highly conserved, T cell epitopes which are highly specific for JEV, in the Sri Lankan population. Since both JEV and DENV co-circulate in the same regions and since both JE and dengue vaccines are likely to be co-administered in the same geographical regions in future, these JEV-specific T cell epitopes would be useful to study JEV-specific T cell responses, in order to further understand how DENV and JEV-specific cellular immune responses influence each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Darshana Pushpakumara
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Rathmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandima Jeewandara
- Centre for Dengue Research, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Ayesha Wijesinghe
- Centre for Dengue Research, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Laksiri Gomes
- Centre for Dengue Research, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Graham S Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charitha Lakshini Goonasekara
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Rathmalana, Sri Lanka
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Frequent Recurrences of Genital Herpes Are Associated with Enhanced Systemic HSV-Specific T Cell Response. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 2020:5640960. [PMID: 32047574 PMCID: PMC7003255 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5640960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is controlled by HSV-specific T cells in the genital tract, and the role of systemic T cell responses is not fully understood. Thus, we analysed T cell responses in patients with recurrent genital herpes (GH). Methods T cell responses to HSV-1 and HSV-2 native antigens and the expression of HLA-DR and CD38 molecules on circulating CD8+ T cells were analysed in adults with high frequency of GH recurrences (19 patients) and low frequency of GH recurrences (7 patients) and 12 HSV-2 seronegative healthy controls. The study utilized the interferon-γ Elispot assay for measurement of spot-forming cells (SFC) after ex vivo stimulation with HSV antigens and flow cytometry for analysis of the expression of activation markers in unstimulated T cells. Results The patients with high frequency of GH recurrences (mean number of recurrences of 13.3 per year) had significantly enhanced HSV-specific T cell responses than the HSV-2 seronegative healthy controls. Moreover, a trend of higher numbers of SFC was observed in these patients when compared with those with low frequency of GH recurrences (mean number of recurrences of 3.3 per year). Additionally, no differences in CD38 and HLA-DR expression on circulating CD8+ T cells were found among the study groups. Conclusions Frequency of GH recurrences positively correlates with high numbers of systemic HSV-specific T cells.
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Coxiella burnetii Epitope-Specific T-Cell Responses in Patients with Chronic Q Fever. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00213-19. [PMID: 31331958 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00213-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, can result in life-threatening persistent infection. Reactogenicity hinders worldwide implementation of the only licensed human Q fever vaccine. We previously demonstrated long-lived immunoreactivity in individuals with past symptomatic and asymptomatic Coxiella infection (convalescents) to promiscuous HLA class II C. burnetii epitopes, providing the basis for a novel T-cell targeted subunit vaccine. In this study, we investigated in a cohort of 22 individuals treated for persistent infection (chronic Q fever) whether they recognize the same set of epitopes or distinct epitopes that could be candidates for a therapeutic vaccine or aid in the diagnosis of persistent infection. In cultured enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assays, individuals with chronic Q fever showed strong class II epitope-specific responses that were largely overlapping with the peptide repertoire identified previously for convalescents. Five additional peptides were recognized more frequently by chronic subjects, but there was no combination of epitopes uniquely recognized by or nonreactive in subjects with chronic Q fever. Consistent with more recent/prolonged exposure, we found, however, stronger ex vivo responses by direct ELISpot to both whole-cell C. burnetii and individual peptides in chronic patients than in convalescents. In conclusion, we have validated and expanded a previously published set of candidate epitopes for a novel T-cell targeted subunit Q fever vaccine in treated patients with chronic Q fever and demonstrated that they successfully mounted a T-cell response comparable to that of convalescents. Finally, we demonstrated that individuals treated for chronic Q fever mount a broader ex vivo response to class II epitopes than convalescents, which could be explored for diagnostic purposes.
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35
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Sánchez-Vargas LA, Kounlavouth S, Smith ML, Anderson KB, Srikiatkhachorn A, Ellison DW, Currier JR, Endy TP, Mathew A, Rothman AL. Longitudinal Analysis of Memory B and T Cell Responses to Dengue Virus in a 5-Year Prospective Cohort Study in Thailand. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1359. [PMID: 31263466 PMCID: PMC6585174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior exposure to dengue virus (DENV) has a profound impact on the outcome of infection, which varies according to the interval between infections. Antibodies secreted by B cells and cytokines secreted by T cells are thought to contribute both to protective immunity against DENV and the pathogenesis of dengue disease. We analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected from Thai children over a 5-year prospective cohort study to define the dynamics of DENV-specific memory B and T cell responses and the impact of symptomatic or subclinical DENV infections. To measure B cell responses, PBMC were stimulated with IL-2 plus R848 and culture supernatants were tested for DENV-binding antibodies by ELISA. To measure T cell responses, PBMC were stimulated in dual-color ELISPOT assays with overlapping peptide pools of structural and non-structural proteins from the four DENV types. B cell responses were low to one or more DENV types prior to symptomatic infection and increased with reactivity to all four types after infection. Subjects who had a subclinical infection or who did not experience a DENV infection during the study period showed strong memory B cell responses to all four DENV types. T cell responses to DENV peptides demonstrated a cytokine hierarchy of IFN-γ > IL-2 > IFN-γ/IL-2. T cell responses were low or absent prior to secondary infections. The trends in T cell responses to DENV peptides over 3 year post-infection were highly variable, but subjects who had experienced a secondary DENV1 infection showed higher cytokine responses compared to subjects who had experienced a secondary DENV2 or subclinical infection. The longitudinal nature of our study demonstrates persistent memory B cell responses over years and a lasting but variable impact of secondary DENV infection on DENV-specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Sánchez-Vargas
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Sonia Kounlavouth
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Madison L Smith
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Kathryn B Anderson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Anon Srikiatkhachorn
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Damon W Ellison
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jeffrey R Currier
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Timothy P Endy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York-Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Anuja Mathew
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Alan L Rothman
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
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Abstract
Ferrets are an ideal animal model in which to study the transmission of respiratory viruses as well as disease progression and vaccine efficacy because of their close anatomical and physiological resemblances to humans. However, a paucity of reagents and standardized procedures has hampered research progress, especially for studying cell-mediated immunity. The approaches described here-leukocyte isolation from whole blood and secondary lymphoid tissues-are generalizable, highly reproducible, and deliver single cell suspensions with excellent cell viability. Importantly, we have now developed assays to quantify key cellular components and antigen-specific T cell responses at the single cell level from multiple tissue compartments following influenza infection in ferrets. Collectively, these methods were instrumental in flow cytometry studies that revealed alterations in immune cell composition and distribution across lymphoid tissues following viral infection. Furthermore, sorting of T cell populations and peptide restimulation ex vivo in cytokine ELISpot assays has provided novel insight into the influenza-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell repertoire. The detailed procedures for these techniques are described in this chapter and can likely be adapted for the analyses of responses to many respiratory pathogens.
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Wilson KL, Pouniotis D, Hanley J, Xiang SD, Ma C, Coppel RL, Plebanski M. A Synthetic Nanoparticle Based Vaccine Approach Targeting MSP4/5 Is Immunogenic and Induces Moderate Protection Against Murine Blood-Stage Malaria. Front Immunol 2019; 10:331. [PMID: 30930890 PMCID: PMC6428706 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a significant health problem in many tropical and sub-tropical regions. The development of vaccines against the clinically active blood-stage of infection needs to consider variability and polymorphism in target antigens, and an adjuvant system able to induce broad spectrum immunity comprising both antibodies and helper T cells. Moreover, recent studies have shown some conventional pro-inflammatory adjuvants can also promote expansion of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Treg) and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), both of which could negatively impact malaria disease progression. Herein, we explore the ability of a model nanoparticle delivery system (polystyrene nanoparticles; PSNPs), previously proven to not induce conventional inflammation, Treg or MDSC, to induce immunity to MSP4/5 from Plasmodium yoelii, a member of the MSP4 and MSP5 family of proteins which are highly conserved across diverse malaria species including P. falciparum. The results show PSNPs-MSP4/5 conjugates are highly immunogenic, inducing immune responses comprising both T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cellular immunity, and a spectrum of antibody subclasses including IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b. Benchmarked against Alum and Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA), the immune responses that were induced were of comparable or higher magnitude, for both T cell frequencies by ELISpot and antibody responses in terms of ELISA end titer. Importantly, immunization with PSNPs-MSP4/5 induced partial protection against malaria blood-stage infection (50–80%) shown to be mechanistically dependent on interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production. These results expand the scope of adjuvants considered for malaria blood-stage vaccine development to those that do not use conventional adjuvant pathways and emphasizes the critical role of cellular immunity and specifically IFN-γ producing cells in providing moderate protection against blood-stage malaria comparable to Freunds adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty L Wilson
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Dodie Pouniotis
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer Hanley
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sue D Xiang
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Charles Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross L Coppel
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Scholzen A, Richard G, Moise L, Baeten LA, Reeves PM, Martin WD, Brauns TA, Boyle CM, Raju Paul S, Bucala R, Bowen RA, Garritsen A, De Groot AS, Sluder AE, Poznansky MC. Promiscuous Coxiella burnetii CD4 Epitope Clusters Associated With Human Recall Responses Are Candidates for a Novel T-Cell Targeted Multi-Epitope Q Fever Vaccine. Front Immunol 2019; 10:207. [PMID: 30828331 PMCID: PMC6384241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, is a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium transmitted via aerosol. Regulatory approval of the Australian whole-cell vaccine Q-VAX® in the US and Europe is hindered by reactogenicity in previously exposed individuals. The aim of this study was to identify and rationally select C. burnetii epitopes for design of a safe, effective, and less reactogenic T-cell targeted human Q fever vaccine. Immunoinformatic methods were used to predict 65 HLA class I epitopes and 50 promiscuous HLA class II C. burnetii epitope clusters, which are conserved across strains of C. burnetii. HLA binding assays confirmed 89% of class I and 75% of class II predictions, and 11 HLA class II epitopes elicited IFNγ responses following heterologous DNA/DNA/peptide/peptide prime-boost immunizations of HLA-DR3 transgenic mice. Human immune responses to the predicted epitopes were characterized in individuals naturally exposed to C. burnetii during the 2007–2010 Dutch Q fever outbreak. Subjects were divided into three groups: controls with no immunological evidence of previous infection and individuals with responses to heat-killed C. burnetii in a whole blood IFNγ release assay (IGRA) who remained asymptomatic or who experienced clinical Q fever during the outbreak. Recall responses to C. burnetii epitopes were assessed by cultured IFNγ ELISpot. While HLA class I epitope responses were sparse in this cohort, we identified 21 HLA class II epitopes that recalled T-cell IFNγ responses in 10–28% of IGRA+ subjects. IGRA+ individuals with past asymptomatic and symptomatic C. burnetii infection showed a comparable response pattern and cumulative peptide response which correlated with IGRA responses. None of the peptides elicited reactogenicity in a C. burnetii exposure-primed guinea pig model. These data demonstrate that a substantial proportion of immunoinformatically identified HLA class II epitopes show long-lived immunoreactivity in naturally infected individuals, making them desirable candidates for a novel human multi-epitope Q fever vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonard Moise
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Laurie A Baeten
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Patrick M Reeves
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Timothy A Brauns
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Susan Raju Paul
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Richard A Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Ann E Sluder
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark C Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Flaxman A, Ewer KJ. Methods for Measuring T-Cell Memory to Vaccination: From Mouse to Man. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:E43. [PMID: 30037078 PMCID: PMC6161152 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective vaccines continues to be a key goal for public health bodies, governments, funding bodies and pharmaceutical companies. With new vaccines such as Shingrix targeting Shingles and Bexsero for Meningitis B, licensed in recent years, today's population can be protected from more infectious diseases than ever before. Despite this, we are yet to license vaccines for some of the deadliest endemic diseases affecting children, such as malaria. In addition, the threat of epidemics caused by emerging pathogens is very real as exemplified by the 2014⁻2016 Ebola outbreak. Most licensed vaccines provide efficacy through humoral immunity and correlates of protection often quantify neutralising antibody titre. The role of T-cells in vaccine efficacy is less well understood and more complex to quantify. Defining T-cell responses which afford protection also remains a challenge, although more sophisticated assays for assessing cell-mediated immunity with the potential for higher throughput and scalability are now available and warrant review. Here we discuss the benefits of multiparameter cytokine analysis and omics approaches compared with flow cytometric and ELISpot assays. We also review technical challenges unique to clinical trial studies, including assay validation across laboratories and availability of sample type. Measuring T-cell immunogenicity alongside humoral responses provides information on the breadth of immune responses induced by vaccination. Accurately enumerating and phenotyping T-cell immunogenicity to vaccination is key for the determination of immune correlates of protection. However, identifying such T-cell parameters remains challenging without a clear understanding of the immunological mechanisms by which a T-cell-mediated response induces protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Flaxman
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Katie J Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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40
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A simple and enzyme-free method for processing infiltrating lymphocytes from small mouse tumors for ELISpot analysis. J Immunol Methods 2018; 459:90-93. [PMID: 29859231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ELISpot assay prevails as one of the most sensitive and meaningful assays for the detection of antigen-specific, effector immune responses. Acquisition of cellular analyte for ELISpot analysis is typically not problematic when derived from tissues enriched in lymphocytes (e.g., lymphoid organs and blood); however, cell processing becomes more difficult when lymphocytes represent only a very minor population relative to the source tissue, especially when the source tissue is in limited supply (e.g., small mouse tumors). Traditional enzymatic-based methods for dissociating tumors often result in poor yields, inconsistent lymphocyte enrichment, and can have deleterious effects on lymphocyte phenotype and function. To address these limitations, we have developed an enzyme-free protocol for processing tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from small mouse tumors, which enables the enumeration of antigen-specific effector lymphocytes using ELISpot analysis. This procedure is predicated on the dissociation of tumor tissue using gentle agitation with a paddle blender followed by a brief in vitro culture period to remove adherent cells, as well as to revive lymphocytes from a non-responsive state. Although this method is demonstrated with mouse intracerebral tumors, we have found that this protocol is applicable to peripheral tumors and may likely extend to alternative tissue sources wherein lymphocytes exist in low numbers.
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Bai C, He J, Niu H, Hu L, Luo Y, Liu X, Peng L, Zhu B. Prolonged intervals during Mycobacterium tuberculosis subunit vaccine boosting contributes to eliciting immunity mediated by central memory-like T cells. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 110:104-111. [PMID: 29779765 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
It is believed that central memory T cells (TCM) provide long-term protection against tuberculosis (TB). However, the effects of TB subunit vaccine immunization schedule, especially the vaccination intervals, on T cell immune memory is still unclear. In this study, mice were immunized with fusion protein ESAT6-Ag85B-MPT64 (190-198)-Mtb8.4-Rv2626c (LT70) based subunit vaccine three times according to the following schedules: ① 0, 3rd and 6th week respectively (0-3-6w), ② 0, 4th and 12th week (0-4-12w), and ③ 0, 4th and 24th week (0-4-24w). We found that both schedules of 0-4-12w and 0-4-24w induced higher level of antigen specific IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α than 0-3-6w immunization. Among them, 0-4-12w induced the highest level of IL-2, which is a key cytokine mainly produced by TCM. Moreover, by cultured IFN-γ ELISPOT and cell proliferation assay etc., we found that the vaccination schedule of 0-4-12w elicited higher numbers of TCM like cells, stronger TCM - mediated immune responses and higher protective efficacy against M. bovis BCG challenge than 0-3-6w did. It suggests that prolonging the vaccination interval of TB subunit vaccine to some extent contributes to inducing more abundant TCM like cells and providing stronger immune protection against mycobacteria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Bai
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation &Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Juanjuan He
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation &Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Hongxia Niu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation &Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Lina Hu
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Yanping Luo
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation &Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Xun Liu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation &Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Liang Peng
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation &Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
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42
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STRANAVOVA L, HRUBA P, GIRMANOVA E, TYCOVA I, SLAVCEV A, FRONEK J, SLATINSKA J, REINKE P, VOLK HD, VIKLICKY O. The Effect of Induction Therapy on Established CMV Specific T Cell Immunity in Living Donor Kidney Transplantation. Physiol Res 2018; 67:251-260. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection influences both short and long term outcomes in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different induction immunosuppression regimens on CMV specific T cell response in patients with already established CMV immunity. In 24 seropositive living donor kidney recipients, the frequency of CMV specific T cells was determined by ELISPOT (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot) assay prior and 6 months after transplantation. Recipients’ peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with immediate-early (IE1) and phosphoprotein 65 (pp65) CMV-derived peptide pools and the number of cells producing interferon gamma (IFN-γ) was assessed. Patients received quadruple immunosuppression based either on depletive rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) or non-depletive basiliximab induction and tacrolimus/mycophenolate mofetil/steroids. Patients with rATG induction received valgancyclovir prophylaxis. No effects of different induction agents on CMV specific T cell immunity were found at sixth month after kidney transplantation. There were no associations among dialysis vintage, pretransplant CMV specific T cell immunity, and later CMV DNAemia. Similarly, no effect of CMV prophylaxis on CMV specific T cell immunity was revealed. This study shows no effect of posttransplant immunosuppression on CMV specific T cell immunity in living donor kidney transplant recipients with CMV immunity already established, regardless of lymphocyte depletion and CMV prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - O. VIKLICKY
- Department of Nephrology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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43
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Bryant CE, Sutherland S, Kong B, Papadimitrious MS, Fromm PD, Hart DNJ. Dendritic cells as cancer therapeutics. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 86:77-88. [PMID: 29454038 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of immune therapies to control cancer has recently generated intense interest. This therapeutic outcome is reliant on T cell recognition of tumour cells. The natural function of dendritic cells (DC) is to generate adaptive responses, by presenting antigen to T cells, hence they are a logical target to generate specific anti-tumour immunity. Our understanding of the biology of DC is expanding, and they are now known to be a family of related subsets with variable features and function. Most clinical experience to date with DC vaccination has been using monocyte-derived DC vaccines. There is now growing experience with alternative blood-derived DC derived vaccines, as well as with multiple forms of tumour antigen and its loading, a wide range of adjuvants and different modes of vaccine delivery. Key insights from pre-clinical studies, and lessons learned from early clinical testing drive progress towards improved vaccines. The potential to fortify responses with other modalities of immunotherapy makes clinically effective "second generation" DC vaccination strategies a priority for cancer immune therapists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Bryant
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW Australia; Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW Australia.
| | - Sarah Sutherland
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Benjamin Kong
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Michael S Papadimitrious
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Phillip D Fromm
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Derek N J Hart
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW Australia; Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia.
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44
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Jeewandara C, Ogg GS, Malavige GN. Cultured ELISpot Assay to Investigate Dengue Virus Specific T-Cell Responses. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1808:165-171. [PMID: 29956182 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8567-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cultured Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot (ELISpot) assay is a functional T cell assay, which is commonly used to assess virus-specific T cell responses. The use of an in vitro expansion step before the ELISpot distinguishes such "cultured" ELISpots from "ex vivo" ELISpots. Cultured ELISpots have the advantage that lower frequency responses can be analyzed compared to ex vivo ELISpots, but do carry the associated potential distortions of the expansion phase. Cultured ELISpot assays are of value to determine silent and symptomatic transmission of the Dengue virus (DENV) in the community and to identify the correlates of a DENV-specific protective immune response. We have evaluated T cell responses to the DENV using cultured ELISpot assays with serotype-specific T cell epitopes to determine past infecting dengue virus (DENV) serotypes. The peptides used in this assay do not cross react with the Japanese encephalitis virus nor other flaviviruses. Therefore, this assay is likely to be useful in determining the past infecting DENV serotype in immune-epidemiological studies and in dengue vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandima Jeewandara
- Centre for Dengue Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Graham S Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Gathsaurie Neelika Malavige
- Centre for Dengue Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka. .,MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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45
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Gaido CM, Granland C, Laing IA, Souëf PNL, Thomas WR, Currie AJ, Hales BJ. T-cell responses against rhinovirus species A and C in asthmatic and healthy children. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 6:143-153. [PMID: 29124902 PMCID: PMC5818445 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Infections by rhinovirus (RV) species A and C are the most common causes of exacerbations of asthma and a major cause of exacerbations of other acute and chronic respiratory diseases. Infections by both species are prevalent in pre‐school and school‐aged children and, particularly for RV‐C, can cause severe symptoms and a need for hospitalization. While associations between RV infection and asthma are well established, the adaptive immune‐mechanisms by which RV infections influence asthma exacerbations are yet to be defined. Objective The aim of this study was to characterize and compare T‐cell responses between RV‐A and RV‐C and to test the hypothesis that T‐cell responses would differ between asthmatic children and healthy controls. Methods A multi‐parameter flow cytometry assay was used to characterize the in vitro recall T‐cell response against RV‐A and RV‐C in PBMCs from children with acute asthma (n = 22) and controls (n = 26). The responses were induced by pools of peptides containing species‐specific VP1 epitopes of RV‐A and RV‐C. Results Regardless of children's clinical status, all children that responded to the in vitro stimulation (>90%) had a similar magnitude of CD4+ T‐cell responses to RV‐A and RV‐C. However, asthmatic children had a significantly lower number of circulating regulatory T cells (Tregs), and healthy controls had significantly more Tregs induced by RV‐A than RV‐C. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance The comparable recall memory T‐cell responses in asthmatic and control children to both RV‐A and RV‐C show that differences in the antibody and inflammatory responses previously described are likely to be due to regulation, with a demonstrated candidate being reduced regulatory T‐cells. The reduced Treg numbers demonstrated here could explain the asthmatic's inability to appropriately control immunopathological responses to RV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibele M Gaido
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Caitlyn Granland
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ingrid A Laing
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter N Le Souëf
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Australia
| | - Wayne R Thomas
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Andrew J Currie
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Belinda J Hales
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Verma K, Ogonek J, Varanasi PR, Luther S, Bünting I, Thomay K, Behrens YL, Mischak-Weissinger E, Hambach L. Human CD8+ CD57- TEMRA cells: Too young to be called "old". PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177405. [PMID: 28481945 PMCID: PMC5421808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
End-stage differentiation of antigen-specific T-cells may precede loss of immune responses against e.g. viral infections after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells detected by HLA/peptide multimers largely comprise CD45RA-/CCR7- effector memory (TEM) and CD45RA+/CCR7- TEMRA subsets. A majority of terminally differentiated T-cells is considered to be part of the heterogeneous TEMRA subset. The senescence marker CD57 has been functionally described in memory T-cells mainly composed of central memory (TCM) and TEM cells. However, its role specifically in TEMRA cells remained undefined. Here, we investigated the relevance of CD57 to separate human CD8+ TEMRA cells into functionally distinct subsets. CD57- CD8+ TEMRA cells isolated from healthy donors had considerably longer telomeres and showed significantly more BrdU uptake and IFN-γ release upon stimulation compared to the CD57+ counterpart. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) specific T-cells isolated from patients after allogeneic SCT were purified into CD57+ and CD57- TEMRA subsets. CMV specific CD57- TEMRA cells had longer telomeres and a considerably higher CMV peptide sensitivity in BrdU uptake and IFN-γ release assays compared to CD57+ TEMRA cells. In contrast, CD57+ and CD57- TEMRA cells showed comparable peptide specific cytotoxicity. Finally, CD57- CD8+ TEMRA cells partially changed phenotypically into TEM cells and gained CD57 expression, while CD57+ CD8+ TEMRA cells hardly changed phenotypically and showed considerable cell death after in vitro stimulation. To the best of our knowledge, these data show for the first time that CD57 separates CD8+ TEMRA cells into a terminally differentiated CD57+ population and a so far functionally undescribed “young” CD57- TEMRA subset with high proliferative capacity and differentiation plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Verma
- Dept. of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover, Germany
| | - Justyna Ogonek
- Dept. of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Pavankumar Reddy Varanasi
- Dept. of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Luther
- Dept. of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ivonne Bünting
- Dept. of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katrin Thomay
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Eva Mischak-Weissinger
- Dept. of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Hambach
- Dept. of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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47
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Maggioli MF, Palmer MV, Thacker TC, Vordermeier HM, McGill JL, Whelan AO, Larsen MH, Jacobs WR, Waters WR. Increased TNF-α/IFN-γ/IL-2 and Decreased TNF-α/IFN-γ Production by Central Memory T Cells Are Associated with Protective Responses against Bovine Tuberculosis Following BCG Vaccination. Front Immunol 2016; 7:421. [PMID: 27799930 PMCID: PMC5066095 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Central memory T cell (Tcm) and polyfunctional CD4 T cell responses contribute to vaccine-elicited protection with both human and bovine tuberculosis (TB); however, their combined role in protective immunity to TB is unclear. To address this question, we evaluated polyfunctional cytokine responses by CD4 T cell effector/memory populations from bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccinated and non-vaccinated calves by flow cytometry prior to and after aerosol challenge with virulent Mycobacterium bovis. Polyfunctional cytokine expression patterns in the response by Tcm, effector memory, and effector T cell subsets were similar between BCG-vaccinated and M. bovis-infected calves, only differing in magnitude (i.e., infected > vaccinated). BCG vaccination, however, did alter the kinetics of the ensuing response to virulent M. bovis infection. Early after challenge (3 weeks post-infection), non-vaccinates had greater antigen-specific interferon-γ (IFN-γ)/tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and lesser IFN-γ/TNF-α/IL-2 responses by Tcm cells than did vaccinated animals. Importantly, these differences were also associated with mycobacterial burden upon necropsy. Polyfunctional responses to ESAT-6:CFP10 (antigens not synthesized by BCG strains) were detected in memory subsets, as well as in effector cells, as early as 3 weeks after challenge. These findings suggest that cell fate divergence may occur early after antigen priming in the response to bovine TB and that memory and effector T cells may expand concurrently during the initial phase of the immune response. In summary, robust IFN-γ/TNF-α response by Tcm cells is associated with greater mycobacterial burden, while IFN-γ/TNF-α/IL-2 response by Tcm cells are indicative of a protective response to bovine TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara F Maggioli
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA; Imbio, Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Ames, IA , USA
| | - Tyler C Thacker
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Ames, IA , USA
| | | | - Jodi L McGill
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS , USA
| | - Adam O Whelan
- Defense Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down , Wiltshire , UK
| | - Michelle H Larsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
| | - W Ray Waters
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Ames, IA , USA
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48
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Cassaniti I, Calarota SA, Adzasehoun KMG, Chiesa A, Comolli G, Parea M, Baldanti F. Memory T cells specific for HBV enumerated by a peptide-based cultured enzyme-linked immunospot assay in healthy HBV-vaccinated subjects. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2927-2933. [PMID: 27392260 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1204500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B vaccine is the most effective strategy to control hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and disease. It is considered that an anti-HBs (antibodies against HBV surface antigen) titer >10 mIU/ml, measured shortly after a complete vaccination schedule, provides protection against infection. Approximately 4-10% of healthy individuals fail to respond to 3-dose vaccination. Long-term HBV-specific memory T-cell response has not been fully investigated, mainly due to the lack of a suitable assay. We quantified HBV-specific expandable memory T cells by using a cultured IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. Cultured ELISPOT response to an overlapping peptide pool representing the complete L (large) HBV envelope polypeptide was evaluated in 41 healthy subjects vaccinated 15-20 y earlier and 5 unvaccinated. Plasma samples were tested for anti-HBs. Vaccinated subjects had significantly higher HBV-specific T-cellular response than unvaccinated (p = 0.0002). HBV-specific T-cell response was mainly mediated by CD4+ T cells. No concordance was found between cultured ELISPOT and anti-HBs data in vaccinated subjects. Thirty-one (76%) vaccinated subjects were responders (anti-HBs >10 mIU/ml). Nineteen (46%) vaccinated subjects were considered to be responders in cultured ELISPOT. Twenty-two (54%) vaccinated subjects were considered non-responders in cultured ELISPOT; 5 of them (23%) were also humoral non-responders. About 12% of healthy HBV-vaccinated subjects are both humoral and cellular non-responders. Although the prognostic value of this assay has not been established in terms of predictability for susceptibility to de-novo HBV infection, ELISPOT data suggest that these subjects may be at risk for HBV infection and disease, especially health care workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cassaniti
- a Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Sandra A Calarota
- b Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy
| | - Kodjo M G Adzasehoun
- b Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy
| | - Antonella Chiesa
- b Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy
| | - Giuditta Comolli
- b Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy.,c Experimental Research Laboratories , Biotechnology Area, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy
| | - Maurizio Parea
- b Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- a Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy.,b Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy
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Fenoglio D, Parodi A, Lavieri R, Kalli F, Ferrera F, Tagliamacco A, Guastalla A, Lamperti MG, Giacomini M, Filaci G. Immunogenicity of GX301 cancer vaccine: Four (telomerase peptides) are better than one. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:838-50. [PMID: 25714118 PMCID: PMC4514186 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1012032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide540–548, peptide611–626, peptide672–686 and peptide766–780, which are derived from human telomerase, constitute the immunogenic component of the GX301 cancer vaccine. The relative immunogenicity of these peptides is unknown, thus it is unsure whether their combined use offers real advantages over single peptide stimulation. Hence, this study compared the number of specific immune responses and responders to each peptide, as well as to their mixture (meaning the co-presence of the 4 peptides in the same culture well), achieved after ex vivo stimulation of PBMC from 21, HLA-A2+ (n.11) or HLA-A2- (n.10), healthy donors. The study was performed on freshly collected PBMC (T0) and on PBMC stimulated for 10 d with single peptides or their mixture (T1). Peptide-specific immune responses were analyzed by Elispot and cytokine intracellular staining by flow cytometry. The results showed that each peptide induced specific immune responses in some subjects, with different panels of responders among the peptides. Moreover, the numbers of responses and responders to the single peptides or their mixture were comparable. Importantly, the overall number of responders to the 4 peptides was higher than to each single peptide, or to their mixture, both at T0 and T1. These data demonstrate the immunogenicity of each of the 4 GX301 telomerase peptides. Moreover, they show the advantage of multi-peptide over single peptide stimulation, providing a clear support to their combined administration in vaccination protocols. However, the data pose a warning against peptide administration as a mixture due to possible interference phenomena during antigen presentation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fenoglio
- a Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research ; University of Genoa ; Genoa , Italy
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50
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Individual-level factors associated with variation in mycobacterial-specific immune response: Gender and previous BCG vaccination status. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 96:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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