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Hajeer A, Jawdat D, Massadeh S, Aljawini N, Abedalthagafi MS, Arabi YM, Alaamery M. Association between human leukocyte antigen alleles and COVID-19 disease severity. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:102498. [PMID: 39173558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci have been widely characterized to be associated with viral infectious diseases. Several studies including various ethnic groups and populations suggested associations between certain HLA alleles and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Despite the numerous associations identified, the role of HLA polymorphisms in determining the individual response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is controversial among different Saudi populations. METHOD Here, we performed HLA typing by next-generation sequencing to investigate if variations in polymorphic HLA genes are linked to COVID-19 severity in the Saudi population. Namely, we analyzed HLA loci at allele level in 575 Saudi patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. HLA class I and class II frequencies in patients were compared with allele frequency data from healthy Saudi population. RESULTS in our cohort HLA-A* 02:01:01 G was associated with mild disease but was not associated with moderate and severe disease. HLA-B* 51:01:01 G was protective from severe disease while HLA-B* 50:01:01 G, HLA-C* 06:02:01 G and HLA-DRB1 * 07:01:01 G were associated with risk to severe disease as well as the total COVID-19 cohort. HLA-DRB1 * 15:01:01 G was associated with risk to all severity groups. CONCLUSION in conclusion, we found significant associations between HLA alleles and COVID-19 disease severity in Saudis. Further studies are warranted to include HLA typing in the workup for any new COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hajeer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center / King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dunia Jawdat
- Cellular Therapy Services, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salam Massadeh
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard, Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; KACST-BWH Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST)-Saudi Human Genome Satellite Lab at Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora Aljawini
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard, Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; KACST-BWH Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST)-Saudi Human Genome Satellite Lab at Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak S Abedalthagafi
- Genomics Research Department, King Fahad Medical City and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaseen M Arabi
- Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Alaamery
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard, Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; KACST-BWH Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST)-Saudi Human Genome Satellite Lab at Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Thomas SJ. Is new dengue vaccine efficacy data a relief or cause for concern? NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:55. [PMID: 37061527 PMCID: PMC10105158 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a major global public health problem requiring a safe and efficacious vaccine as the foundation of a comprehensive countermeasure strategy. Despite decades of attempts, the world has a single dengue vaccine licensed in numerous countries, but restrictions and conditions of its use have deterred uptake. Recently, clinical efficacy data has been revealed for two additional dengue vaccine candidates and the data appears encouraging. In this perspective I discuss dengue, the complexities of dengue vaccine development, early development setbacks, and how the latest data from the field may be cause for measured optimism. Finally, I provide some perspectives on evaluating dengue vaccine performance and how the pursuit of the perfect dengue vaccine may prevent advancement of vaccines which are good enough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Thomas
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Institute for Global Health and Translational Sciences, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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3
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Cook AC, Thibaut D, Pettersen T. Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: A Meta-Analysis of Human Leukocyte Antigens A*24 and B*44. Cureus 2022; 14:e31485. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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4
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Elpidio LNS, de Moraes AG, Langer IBV, do Amaral GC, Moretti ML, Garcia MT, Angerami R, Proenca-Modena JL, Bispo-dos-Santos K, Martini MC, Parise PL, Ayo CM, de Mattos LC, Brandão CC, Nogueira ML, Oliani DCMV, Spegiorin LCJF, de Lima Neto QA, Visentainer JEL. Lack of association of the KIR and HLA class I ligands with ZIKV infection in south and southeast of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e210194. [PMID: 35976280 PMCID: PMC9377541 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arbovirus associated with foetal malformations and neurological complications. The infection is usually associated with mild symptoms. The comparison between the allelic frequency of polymorphic genes in symptomatic infected individuals in the population can clarify the pathogenic mechanisms of ZIKV. During ZIKV infection, cytokines are produced and natural killer (NK) cells are recruited, whose activation depends on signaling pathways activated by specific receptors, such as killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). These molecules interact with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I ligands and are encoded by polymorphic genes. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of allelic variants of the genes encoding the KIR receptors and their HLA class I ligands in 139 symptomatic ZIKV-patients and 170 controls negative for the virus, and to evaluate the role of these variants for ZIKV susceptibility. METHODS KIR and HLA class I genes were genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific oligonucleotide (PCR-SSO) technique. FINDINGS No significant differences in the frequency distribution of KIRs and KIR-HLA in patients compared to controls were observed. MAIN CONCLUSIONS KIR and its HLA ligands might play a minor role in ZIKV infection in the south and southeast Brazilian individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laise Nayana Sala Elpidio
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina,
Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Amarilis Giaretta de Moraes
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina,
Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | | | | | - Maria Luiza Moretti
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas,
Departamento de Medicina Interna, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Márcia Teixeira Garcia
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Divisão de Epidemiologia
Hospitalar, Hospital das Clínicas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Angerami
- Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde Pública de Campinas, Campinas,
SP, Brasil
| | - José Luiz Proenca-Modena
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia,
Departamento de Genética, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Laboratório de Vírus
Emergentes, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Karina Bispo-dos-Santos
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia,
Departamento de Genética, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Laboratório de Vírus
Emergentes, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Matheus Cavalheiro Martini
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia,
Departamento de Genética, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Laboratório de Vírus
Emergentes, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Pierina Lorencini Parise
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia,
Departamento de Genética, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Laboratório de Vírus
Emergentes, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Christiane Maria Ayo
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Departamento de
Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Imunogenética, São José do Rio Preto, SP,
Brasil
| | - Luiz Carlos de Mattos
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Departamento de
Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Imunogenética, São José do Rio Preto, SP,
Brasil
| | - Cinara Cássia Brandão
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Departamento de
Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Imunogenética, São José do Rio Preto, SP,
Brasil
| | - Maurício Lacerda Nogueira
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Departamento de
Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia, São José
do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Denise Cristina Mós Vaz Oliani
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Departamento de
Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Quirino Alves de Lima Neto
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina,
Maringá, PR, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Laboratório de Imunogenética,
Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Jeane Eliete Laguila Visentainer
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina,
Maringá, PR, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Laboratório de Imunogenética,
Maringá, PR, Brasil
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Uncovering the Burden of Dengue in Africa: Considerations on Magnitude, Misdiagnosis, and Ancestry. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020233. [PMID: 35215827 PMCID: PMC8877195 DOI: 10.3390/v14020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a re-emerging neglected disease of major public health importance. This review highlights important considerations for dengue disease in Africa, including epidemiology and underestimation of disease burden in African countries, issues with malaria misdiagnosis and co-infections, and potential evidence of genetic protection from severe dengue disease in populations of African descent. The findings indicate that dengue virus prevalence in African countries and populations may be more widespread than reported data suggests, and that the Aedes mosquito vectors appear to be increasing in dissemination and number. Changes in climate, population, and plastic pollution are expected to worsen the dengue situation in Africa. Dengue misdiagnosis is also a problem in Africa, especially due to the typical non-specific clinical presentation of dengue leading to misdiagnosis as malaria. Finally, research suggests that a protective genetic component against severe dengue exists in African descent populations, but further studies should be conducted to strengthen this association in various populations, taking into consideration socioeconomic factors that may contribute to these findings. The main takeaway is that Africa should not be overlooked when it comes to dengue, and more attention and resources should be devoted to this disease in Africa.
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Rodrigo C, Sigera C, Fernando D, Rajapakse S. Plasma leakage in dengue: a systematic review of prospective observational studies. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1082. [PMID: 34670495 PMCID: PMC8527656 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06793-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma leakage is a precursor to life-threatening complications of dengue, but this group is poorly defined and not often reported in literature. Patients with Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) as defined in the 1997 World Health Organization classification are often reported, and they all have plasma leakage, but some patients with plasma leakage do not meet the definition of DHF. The study aims to estimate the frequency of plasma leakage and DHF (as a surrogate of plasma leakage) in dengue and its variations based on virus serotype, geography, patient gender and pre-existing immunity to dengue. PUBMED, Scopus, EMBASE, CINAHL and Web of Science were searched for prospective observational studies reporting on plasma leakage or DHF. Quality of data was assessed using the NIH quality assessment tool for cohort studies. Forty-three studies that recruited 15,794 confirmed dengue patients were eligible. Cumulative frequency of plasma leakage was 36.8% (15 studies, 1642/4462, 95% CI 35.4-38.2%), but surprisingly the estimated cumulative frequency of DHF was higher (45.7%, 32 studies, 4758/10417, 95% CI 44.7-46.6%), indicating that current medical literature over-reports DHF or under-reports plasma leakage. Therefore, a reliable estimate for the proportion of dengue patients developing plasma leakage cannot be derived from existing medical literature even after applying rigorous inclusion criteria to select homogenous studies. Plasma leakage is an important marker of "at-risk" dengue patients and standardizing its definition, diagnosis and reporting should be a priority in research and global policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaturaka Rodrigo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Chathurani Sigera
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00800, Sri Lanka
| | - Deepika Fernando
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00800, Sri Lanka
| | - Senaka Rajapakse
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00800, Sri Lanka
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7
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Arayasongsak U, Naka I, Ohashi J, Patarapotikul J, Nuchnoi P, Kalambaheti T, Sa-Ngasang A, Chanama S, Chaorattanakawee S. Genetic association study of interferon lambda 3, CD27, and human leukocyte antigen-DPB1 with dengue severity in Thailand. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:948. [PMID: 33308178 PMCID: PMC7731073 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05636-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue patients develop different disease severity ranging from mild (dengue fever [DF]) to severe forms (dengue hemorrhagic fever [DHF] and the fatal dengue shock syndrome [DSS]). Host genetics are considered to be one factor responsible for the severity of dengue outcomes. To identify genes associated with dengue severity that have not been studied yet, we performed genetic association analyses of interferon lambda 3 (IFNL3), CD27, and human leukocyte antigen-DPB1 (HLA-DPB1) genes in Thai dengue patients. METHODS A case-control association study was performed in 877 children (age ≤ 15 years) with dengue infection (DF, n = 386; DHF, n = 416; DSS, n = 75). A candidate single nucleotide polymorphism of each of IFNL3, CD27, and HLA-DPB1 was selected to be analyzed. Genotyping was performed by TaqMan real-time PCR assay, and the association with dengue severity was examined. RESULTS The rs9277534 variant of HLA-DPB1 was weakly associated with DHF. The genotype GG and G allele conferred protection against DHF (p = 0.04, odds ratio 0.74 for GG genotype, p = 0.03, odds ratio 0.79 for G allele). The association became borderline significant after adjusting for confounders (p = 0.05, odds ratio 0.82). No association was detected for IFNL3 or CD27. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated the weak association of the rs9277534 variant of HLA-DPB1 with protection against DHF. This variant is in the 3' untranslated region and affects HLA-DPB1 surface protein expression. Our finding suggests that HLA-DPB1 may be involved in DHF pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unchana Arayasongsak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Izumi Naka
- Laboratory of Human Genome Diversity, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jun Ohashi
- Laboratory of Human Genome Diversity, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jintana Patarapotikul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornlada Nuchnoi
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Thareerat Kalambaheti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Areerat Sa-Ngasang
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sumalee Chanama
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Suwanna Chaorattanakawee
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Wilken L, Rimmelzwaan GF. Adaptive Immunity to Dengue Virus: Slippery Slope or Solid Ground for Rational Vaccine Design? Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060470. [PMID: 32549226 PMCID: PMC7350362 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The four serotypes of dengue virus are the most widespread causes of arboviral disease, currently placing half of the human population at risk of infection. Pre-existing immunity to one dengue virus serotype can predispose to severe disease following secondary infection with a different serotype. The phenomenon of immune enhancement has complicated vaccine development and likely explains the poor long-term safety profile of a recently licenced dengue vaccine. Therefore, alternative vaccine strategies should be considered. This review summarises studies dissecting the adaptive immune responses to dengue virus infection and (experimental) vaccination. In particular, we discuss the roles of (i) neutralising antibodies, (ii) antibodies to non-structural protein 1, and (iii) T cells in protection and pathogenesis. We also address how these findings could translate into next-generation vaccine approaches that mitigate the risk of enhanced dengue disease. Finally, we argue that the development of a safe and efficacious dengue vaccine is an attainable goal.
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Humanized Mice in Dengue Research: A Comparison with Other Mouse Models. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010039. [PMID: 31979145 PMCID: PMC7157640 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is an arbovirus of the Flaviviridae family and is an enveloped virion containing a positive sense single-stranded RNA genome. DENV causes dengue fever (DF) which is characterized by an undifferentiated syndrome accompanied by fever, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, and in severe cases, patients can deteriorate and develop life-threatening vascular leakage, bleeding, and multi-organ failure. DF is the most prevalent mosquito-borne disease affecting more than 390 million people per year with a mortality rate close to 1% in the general population but especially high among children. There is no specific treatment and there is only one licensed vaccine with restricted application. Clinical and experimental evidence advocate the role of the humoral and T-cell responses in protection against DF, as well as a role in the disease pathogenesis. A lot of pro-inflammatory factors induced during the infectious process are involved in increased severity in dengue disease. The advances in DF research have been hampered by the lack of an animal model that recreates all the characteristics of this disease. Experiments in nonhuman primates (NHP) had failed to reproduce all clinical signs of DF disease and during the past decade, humanized mouse models have demonstrated several benefits in the study of viral diseases affecting humans. In DENV studies, some of these models recapitulate specific signs of disease that are useful to test drugs or vaccine candidates. However, there is still a need for a more complete model mimicking the full spectrum of DENV. This review focuses on describing the advances in this area of research.
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Perdomo-Celis F, Salvato MS, Medina-Moreno S, Zapata JC. T-Cell Response to Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E11. [PMID: 30678246 PMCID: PMC6466054 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are a group of clinically similar diseases that can be caused by enveloped RNA viruses primarily from the families Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Hantaviridae, and Flaviviridae. Clinically, this group of diseases has in common fever, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, and other associated symptoms that can progress to vascular leakage, bleeding and multi-organ failure. Most of these viruses are zoonotic causing asymptomatic infections in the primary host, but in human beings, the infection can be lethal. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that the T-cell response is needed for protection against VHF, but can also cause damage to the host, and play an important role in disease pathogenesis. Here, we present a review of the T-cell immune responses to VHF and insights into the possible ways to improve counter-measures for these viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 050010, Colombia.
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Maria S Salvato
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Sandra Medina-Moreno
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Juan C Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Gupta S, Agarwal A, Kumar A, Biswas D. Genome-Wide Analysis to Identify HLA Factors Potentially Associated With Severe Dengue. Front Immunol 2018; 9:728. [PMID: 29692780 PMCID: PMC5902865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), following dengue virus (DENV) infection, is a complex and poorly understood phenomenon. In view of the clinical need of identifying patients with higher likelihood of developing this severe outcome, we undertook a comparative genome-wide association analysis of epitope variants from sequences available in the ViPR database that have been reported to be differentially related to dengue fever and DHF. Having enumerated the incriminated epitope variants, we determined the corresponding HLA alleles in the context of which DENV infection could potentially precipitate DHF. Our analysis considered the development of DHF in three different perspectives: (a) as a consequence of primary DENV infection, (b) following secondary DENV infection with a heterologous serotype, (c) as a result of DENV infection following infection with related flaviviruses like Zika virus, Japanese Encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, etc. Subject to experimental validation, these viral and host markers would be valuable in triaging DENV-infected patients for closer supervision owing to the relatively higher risk of poor prognostic outcome and also for the judicious allocation of scarce institutional resources during large outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheer Gupta
- Regional Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Ankita Agarwal
- Regional Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Amod Kumar
- Regional Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Debasis Biswas
- Regional Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, India
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Reginald K, Chan Y, Plebanski M, Poh CL. Development of Peptide Vaccines in Dengue. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 24:1157-1173. [PMID: 28914200 PMCID: PMC6040172 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170913163904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is one of the most important arboviral infections worldwide, infecting up to 390 million people and causing 25,000 deaths annually. Although a licensed dengue vaccine is available, it is not efficacious against dengue serotypes that infect people living in South East Asia, where dengue is an endemic disease. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop an efficient dengue vaccine for this region. Data from different clinical trials indicate that a successful dengue vaccine must elicit both neutralizing antibodies and cell mediated immunity. This can be achieved by designing a multi-epitope peptide vaccine comprising B, CD8+ and CD4+ T cell epitopes. As recognition of T cell epitopes are restricted by human leukocyte antigens (HLA), T cell epitopes which are able to recognize several major HLAs will be preferentially included in the vaccine design. While peptide vaccines are safe, biocompatible and cost-effective, it is poorly immunogenic. Strategies to improve its immunogenicity by the use of long peptides, adjuvants and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chit Laa Poh
- Address correspondence to this author at the Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 5 Jalan University, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Tel: +60-3-7491 8622 ext. 7338; E-mail:
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Xavier-Carvalho C, Cardoso CC, de Souza Kehdy F, Pacheco AG, Moraes MO. Host genetics and dengue fever. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 56:99-110. [PMID: 29133029 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is a major worldwide problem in tropical and subtropical areas; it is caused by four different viral serotypes, and it can manifest as asymptomatic, mild, or severe. Many factors interact to determine the severity of the disease, including the genetic profile of the infected patient. However, the mechanisms that lead to severe disease and eventually death have not been determined, and a great challenge is the early identification of patients who are more likely to progress to a worse health condition. Studies performed in regions with cyclic outbreaks such as Cuba, Brazil, and Colombia have demonstrated that African ancestry confers protection against severe dengue. Highlighting the host genetics as an important factor in infectious diseases, a large number of association studies between genetic polymorphisms and dengue outcomes have been published in the last two decades. The most widely used approach involves case-control studies with candidate genes, such as the HLA locus and genes for receptors, cytokines, and other immune mediators. Additionally, a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) identified SNPs associated with African ethnicity that had not previously been identified in case-control studies. Despite the increasing number of publications in America, Africa, and Asia, the results are quite controversial, and a meta-analysis is needed to assess the consensus among the studies. SNPs in the MICB, TNF, CD209, FcγRIIA, TPSAB1, CLEC5A, IL10 and PLCE1 genes are associated with the risk or protection of severe dengue, and the findings have been replicated in different populations. A thorough understanding of the viral, human genetic, and immunological mechanisms of dengue and how they interact is essential for effectively preventing dengue, but also managing and treating patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia Chester Cardoso
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Milton Ozório Moraes
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Comber JD, Karabudak A, Huang X, Piazza PA, Marques ETA, Philip R. Dengue virus specific dual HLA binding T cell epitopes induce CD8+ T cell responses in seropositive individuals. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3531-43. [PMID: 25668665 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.980210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus infects an estimated 300 million people each year and even more are at risk of becoming infected as the virus continues to spread into new areas. Despite the increase in viral prevalence, no anti-viral medications or vaccines are approved for treating or preventing infection. CD8+ T cell responses play a major role in viral clearance. Therefore, effective vaccines that induce a broad, multi-functional T cell response with substantial cross-reactivity between all virus serotypes can have major impacts on reducing infection rates and infection related complications. Here, we took an immunoproteomic approach to identify novel MHC class I restricted T cell epitopes presented by dengue virus infected cells, representing the natural and authentic targets of the T cell response. Using this approach we identified 4 novel MHC-I restricted epitopes: 2 with the binding motif for HLA-A24 molecules and 2 with both HLA-A2 and HLA-A24 binding motifs. These peptides were able to activate CD8+ T cell responses in both healthy, seronegative individuals and in seropositive individuals who have previously been infected with dengue virus. Importantly, the dual binding epitopes activated pre-existing T cell precursors in PBMCs obtained from both HLA-A2+ and HLA-A24+ seropositive individuals. Together, the data indicate that these epitopes are immunologically relevant T cell activating peptides presented on infected cells during a natural infection and therefore may serve as candidate antigens for the development of effective multi-serotype specific dengue virus vaccines.
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Dos Santos Francisco R, Buhler S, Nunes JM, Bitarello BD, França GS, Meyer D, Sanchez-Mazas A. HLA supertype variation across populations: new insights into the role of natural selection in the evolution of HLA-A and HLA-B polymorphisms. Immunogenetics 2015; 67:651-63. [PMID: 26459025 PMCID: PMC4636516 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-015-0875-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Supertypes are groups of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles which bind overlapping sets of peptides due to sharing specific residues at the anchor positions-the B and F pockets-of the peptide-binding region (PBR). HLA alleles within the same supertype are expected to be functionally similar, while those from different supertypes are expected to be functionally distinct, presenting different sets of peptides. In this study, we applied the supertype classification to the HLA-A and HLA-B data of 55 worldwide populations in order to investigate the effect of natural selection on supertype rather than allelic variation at these loci. We compared the nucleotide diversity of the B and F pockets with that of the other PBR regions through a resampling procedure and compared the patterns of within-population heterozygosity (He) and between-population differentiation (G ST) observed when using the supertype definition to those estimated when using randomized groups of alleles. At HLA-A, low levels of variation are observed at B and F pockets and randomized He and G ST do not differ from the observed data. By contrast, HLA-B concentrates most of the differences between supertypes, the B pocket showing a particularly high level of variation. Moreover, at HLA-B, the reassignment of alleles into random groups does not reproduce the patterns of population differentiation observed with supertypes. We thus conclude that differently from HLA-A, for which supertype and allelic variation show similar patterns of nucleotide diversity within and between populations, HLA-B has likely evolved through specific adaptations of its B pocket to local pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Dos Santos Francisco
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Anthropology, Genetics and Peopling History, Department of Genetics and Evolution-Anthropology Unit, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Stéphane Buhler
- Laboratory of Anthropology, Genetics and Peopling History, Department of Genetics and Evolution-Anthropology Unit, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Transplantation Immunology Unit and National Reference Laboratory for Histocompatibility, Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - José Manuel Nunes
- Laboratory of Anthropology, Genetics and Peopling History, Department of Genetics and Evolution-Anthropology Unit, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGE3), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Gustavo Starvaggi França
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Molecular Oncology Center, Sírio-Libanês Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diogo Meyer
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Alicia Sanchez-Mazas
- Laboratory of Anthropology, Genetics and Peopling History, Department of Genetics and Evolution-Anthropology Unit, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGE3), Geneva, Switzerland.
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16
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Epidemiological Scenario of Dengue in Brazil. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:321873. [PMID: 26413514 PMCID: PMC4568054 DOI: 10.1155/2015/321873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is the most important reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease worldwide. It is caused by any of four Dengue virus types or serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4) and is transmitted by mosquitoes from the genus Aedes. Ecological changes have favored the geographic expansion of the vector and, since the dengue pandemic in the Asian and Pacific regions, the infection became widely distributed worldwide, reaching Brazil in 1845. The incidence of dengue in Brazil has been frequently high, and the number of cases in the country has at some point in time represented up to 60% of the dengue reported cases worldwide. This review addresses vector distribution, dengue outbreaks, circulating serotypes and genotypes, and prevention approaches being utilized in Brazil.
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Petitdemange C, Wauquier N, Jacquet JM, Theodorou I, Leroy E, Vieillard V. Association of HLA class-I and inhibitory KIR genotypes in Gabonese patients infected by Chikungunya or Dengue type-2 viruses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108798. [PMID: 25264760 PMCID: PMC4181859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natural killer (NK) cells provide defense in the early stages of the immune response against viral infections. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) expressed on the surface of NK cells play an important role in regulating NK cell response through recognition of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules on target cells. Previous studies have shown that specific KIR/ligand combinations are associated with the outcome of several viral infectious diseases. Methods We investigated the impact of inhibitory and activating KIR and their HLA-class I ligand genotype on the susceptibility to Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Dengue virus (DENV2) infections. From April to July 2010 in Gabon, a large outbreak of CHIKV and DENV2 concomitantly occurred in two provinces of Gabon (Ogooué-Lolo and Haut-Ogooué). We performed the genotypic analysis of KIR in the combination with their cognate HLA-class I ligands in 73 CHIKV and 55 DENV2 adult cases, compared with 54 healthy individuals. Results We found in CHIV-infected patients that KIR2DL1 and KIR2DS5 are significantly increased and decreased respectively, as compared to DENV2+ patients and healthy donors. The combination of KIR2DL1 and its cognate HLA-C2 ligand was significantly associated with the susceptibility to CHIKV infection. In contrast, no other inhibitory KIR-HLA pairs showed an association with the two mosquito-borne arboviruses. Conclusion These observations are strongly suggestive that the NK cell repertoire shaped by the KIR2DL1:HLA-C2 interaction facilitate specific infection by CHIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Petitdemange
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, CR7, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1135, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Unité des maladies Emergentes, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Nadia Wauquier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, CR7, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
- Metabiota Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Ioannis Theodorou
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, CR7, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1135, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
- AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d'Immunologie, Paris, France
| | - Eric Leroy
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Unité des maladies Emergentes, Franceville, Gabon
- IRD, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, CR7, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1135, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
- CNRS, ERL8255, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Nascimento EJM, Mailliard RB, Khan AM, Sidney J, Sette A, Guzman N, Paulaitis M, de Melo AB, Cordeiro MT, Gil LVG, Lemonnier F, Rinaldo C, August JT, Marques ETA. Identification of conserved and HLA promiscuous DENV3 T-cell epitopes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2497. [PMID: 24130917 PMCID: PMC3794980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-dengue T-cell responses have been implicated in both protection and immunopathology. However, most of the T-cell studies for dengue include few epitopes, with limited knowledge of their inter-serotype variation and the breadth of their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) affinity. In order to expand our knowledge of HLA-restricted dengue epitopes, we screened T-cell responses against 477 overlapping peptides derived from structural and non-structural proteins of the dengue virus serotype 3 (DENV3) by use of HLA class I and II transgenic mice (TgM): A2, A24, B7, DR2, DR3 and DR4. TgM were inoculated with peptides pools and the T-cell immunogenic peptides were identified by ELISPOT. Nine HLA class I and 97 HLA class II novel DENV3 epitopes were identified based on immunogenicity in TgM and their HLA affinity was further confirmed by binding assays analysis. A subset of these epitopes activated memory T-cells from DENV3 immune volunteers and was also capable of priming naïve T-cells, ex vivo, from dengue IgG negative individuals. Analysis of inter- and intra-serotype variation of such an epitope (A02-restricted) allowed us to identify altered peptide ligands not only in DENV3 but also in other DENV serotypes. These studies also characterized the HLA promiscuity of 23 HLA class II epitopes bearing highly conserved sequences, six of which could bind to more than 10 different HLA molecules representing a large percentage of the global population. These epitope data are invaluable to investigate the role of T-cells in dengue immunity/pathogenesis and vaccine design. Although there is an increased recognition of the role of T-cells in both dengue pathogenesis and protection, comprehensive analysis of T-cell activation during dengue infection is hampered by the small repertoire of known human dengue T-cell epitopes. Although dengue serotype 3 (DENV3) is responsible for numerous outbreaks worldwide, most of the known epitopes are from studies of dengue 2 serotype (DENV2). In this study, we identified novel DENV3 T-cell epitopes in HLA transgenic mice that were confirmed by HLA binding assays. A subset of these epitopes activated memory T-cells from subjects who were dengue IgG positive and primed naïve T-cells from dengue IgG negative individuals. Notably, some of HLA class II epitopes bearing highly conserved regions common to all four dengue serotypes could bind to multiple HLAs. We postulate that these highly conserved and HLA promiscuous T-helper epitopes can be important components of a dengue tetravalent vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J. M. Nascimento
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EJMN); , (ETAM)
| | - Robbie B. Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Asif M. Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Perdana University Graduate School of Medicine, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole Guzman
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael Paulaitis
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Andréa Barbosa de Melo
- Department of Virology and Experimental Therapy, CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marli T. Cordeiro
- Department of Virology and Experimental Therapy, CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Laura V. G. Gil
- Department of Virology and Experimental Therapy, CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Charles Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. Thomas August
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ernesto T. A. Marques
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Virology and Experimental Therapy, CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail: (EJMN); , (ETAM)
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Pastor AF, Moura LR, Neto JW, Nascimento EJ, Calzavara-Silva CE, Gomes ALV, da Silva AM, Cordeiro MT, Braga-Neto U, Crovella S, Gil LH, Marques ET, Acioli-Santos B. Complement factor H gene (CFH) polymorphisms C-257T, G257A and haplotypes are associated with protection against severe dengue phenotype, possible related with high CFH expression. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1225-30. [PMID: 23747994 PMCID: PMC3909654 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Four genetic polymorphisms located at the promoter (C-257T) and coding regions of CFH gene (exon 2 G257A, exon 14 A2089G and exon 19 G2881T) were investigated in 121 dengue patients (DENV-3) in order to assess the relationship between allele/haplotypes variants and clinical outcomes. A statistical value was found between the CFH-257T allele (TT/TC genotypes) and reduced susceptibility to severe dengue (SD). Statistical associations indicate that individuals bearing a T allele presented significantly higher protein levels in plasma. The -257T variant is located within a NF-κB binding site, suggesting that this variant might have effect on the ability of the CFH gene to respond to signals via the NF-κB pathway. The G257A allelic variant showed significant protection against severe dengue. When CFH haplotypes effect was considered, the ancestral CG/CG promoter-exon 2 SNP genotype showed significant risk to SD either in a general comparison (ancestral × all variant genotypes), as well as in individual genotypes comparison (ancestral × each variant genotype), where the most prevalent effect was observed in the CG/CG × CA/TG comparison. These findings support the involvement of -257T, 257A allele variants and haplotypes on severe dengue phenotype protection, related with high basal CFH expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F. Pastor
- Virology and Experimental Therapy Laboratory, FIOCRUZ-PE, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - José W.D. Neto
- Virology and Experimental Therapy Laboratory, FIOCRUZ-PE, Recife, Brazil
| | - Eduardo J.M. Nascimento
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | - Ana Lisa V. Gomes
- Virology and Experimental Therapy Laboratory, FIOCRUZ-PE, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria da Silva
- Virology and Experimental Therapy Laboratory, FIOCRUZ-PE, Recife, Brazil
| | - Marli T. Cordeiro
- Virology and Experimental Therapy Laboratory, FIOCRUZ-PE, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Braga-Neto
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Laura H.V.G. Gil
- Virology and Experimental Therapy Laboratory, FIOCRUZ-PE, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ernesto T.A. Marques
- Virology and Experimental Therapy Laboratory, FIOCRUZ-PE, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
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