Astragalus polysaccharide suppresses skeletal muscle myostatin expression in diabetes: involvement of ROS-ERK and NF-κB pathways

Promotion of chronic wound healing by plant-derived active ingredients and research progress and potential of plant polysaccharide hydrogels

Wound healing is a complex biochemical process. The use of herbal medicine in wound healing not only carries forward the wisdom of traditional medicine, with its anti-inflammatory and immune-regulating effects, but also reflects the direction of modern biopharmaceutical technology, such as its potential in developing new biomaterials like hydrogels. This article first outlines the inherent structural properties of healthy skin, along with the physiological characteristics related to chronic wounds in patients with diabetes and burns. Subsequently, the article delves into the latest advancements in clinical and experimental research on the impact of active constituents in herbal medicine on wound tissue regeneration, summarizing existing studies on the mechanisms of various herbal medicines in the healing of diabetic and burn wounds. Finally, the paper thoroughly examines the application and mechanisms of plant polysaccharide hydrogels containing active herbal compounds in chronic wound healing. The primary objective is to provide valuable resources for the clinical application and development of herbal medicine, thereby maximizing its therapeutic potential. It also represents the continuation of traditional medical wisdom, offering new possibilities for advancements in regenerative medicine and wound care.

DJ-1 as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Mitigating Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains one of the most prominent causes of mortality and morbidity globally, and the risk of ischemia-reperfusion injury is becoming more severe and constant. This underscores the need to develop new methods to protect the heart from damage. DJ-1 is a multifunctional intracellular protein encoded by the PARK7 gene that plays roles in processes including the control of autophagy, the preservation of mitochondrial integrity, the prevention of apoptosis, and the elimination of oxidative stress. DJ-1 has recently been the focus of growing interest as a target molecule relevant to treating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury due to its protective properties and its role in cellular response mechanisms. Consistently, DJ-1-related interventions, such as its exogenous administration or the use of pharmacological agents, have been demonstrated to help protect the myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion injury and associated adverse outcomes. This review provides an overview of DJ-1 and its therapeutic relevance in the myocardium in the setting of ischemia and reperfusion.

Potential of natural drug modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the treatment of myocardial injury

Myocardial injury (MI) is a common occurrence in clinical practice caused by various factors such as ischemia, hypoxia, infection, metabolic abnormalities, and inflammation. Such damages are characterized by a reduction in myocardial function and cardiomyocyte death that can result in dangerous outcomes such as cardiac failure and arrhythmias. An endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) is triggered by several stressors, and its intricate signaling networks are instrumental in both cell survival and death. Cardiac damage frequently triggers ERS in response to different types of injuries and stress. High levels of ERS can exacerbate myocardial damage by inducing necrosis and apoptosis. To target ERS in MI prevention and treatment, current medical research is focused on identifying effective therapy approaches. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is frequently used because of its vast range of applications and low risk of adverse effects. Various studies have demonstrated that active components of Chinese medicines, including polyphenols, saponins, and alkaloids, can reduce myocardial cell death, inflammation, and modify the ERS pathway, thus preventing and mitigating cardiac injury. Thus, this paper aims to provide a new direction and scientific basis for targeting ERS in MI prevention and treatment. We specifically summarize recent research progress on the regulation mechanism of ERS in MI by active ingredients of TCM.

A standardized herbal combination of Astragalus membranaceus and Paeonia japonica promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy in a treadmill exercise mouse model

Background

Maintaining a normal range of muscle mass and function is crucial not only for sustaining a healthy life but also for preventing various disorders. Numerous nutritional or natural resources are being explored for their potential muscle hypertrophic properties.

Aim

We aimed to evaluate the muscle hypertrophic effects of APX, a 1:1 mixture of Astragalus membranaceus and Paeonia japonica. In addition to the myotube differentiation cell assay, we utilized a weighted exercise-based animal model and evaluated changes in muscle hypertrophy using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and histological analysis.

Results

The 8-week treadmill exercise led to notable decreases in body weight and fat mass but an increase in muscle mass compared to the control group. Administration of APX significantly accelerated muscle mass gain (p < 0.05) without altering body weight or fat mass compared to the exercise-only group. This muscle hypertrophic effect of APX was consistent with the histologic size of muscle fibers in the gastrocnemius (p > 0.05) and rectus femoris (p < 0.05), as well as the regulation of myogenic transcription factors (MyoD and myogenin), respectively. Furthermore, APX demonstrated a similar action to insulin-like growth factor 1, influencing the proliferation of C2C12 myoblast cells (p < 0.01) and their differentiation into myotubes (p < 0.05) compared to the control group.

Conclusion

The present study provides experimental evidence that APX has muscle hypertrophic effects, and its underlying mechanisms would involve the modulation of MyoD and myogenin.

The potential of astragalus polysaccharide for treating diabetes and its action mechanism

Type 2 diabetes presents a significant global health burden and is frequently linked to serious clinical complications, including diabetic cardiomyopathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. Astragalus polysaccharide (APS), extracted from Astragalus membranaceus, exhibits various biochemical and physiological effects. In recent years, a growing number of researchers have investigated the role of APS in glucose control and the treatment of diabetes and its complications in various diabetes models, positioning APS as a promising candidate for diabetes therapy. This review surveys the literature on APS from several databases over the past 20 years, detailing its mechanisms of action in preventing and treating diabetes mellitus. The findings indicate that APS can address diabetes by enhancing insulin resistance, modulating the immune system, protecting islet cells, and improving the intestinal microbiota. APS demonstrates positive pharmacological value and clinical potential in managing diabetic complications, including diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, cognitive dysfunction, wound healing, and more. However, further research is necessary to explore APS's bioavailability, optimal dosage, and additional clinical evidence.

Astragalus polysaccharide alleviates polycystic ovary syndrome by reducing insulin resistance and oxidative stress and increasing the diversity of gut microbiota

BACKGROUND

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive endocrine disorder, which is frequently accompanied by insulin resistance, oxidative stress (OS), and dyslipidemia. Astragalus polysaccharide (APS)-as a water-soluble heteropolysaccharide-can lower blood sugar and lipid and exert anti-aging effects and thus has been proven to be beneficial to various types of metabolic diseases. However, specific mechanisms of the action of APS on PCOS are yet to be studied.

METHODS

Herein, BALB/C female mice aged 3 weeks were randomly divided into three groups (10 mice/group): oil + PBS group, DHEA + PBS group, and DHEA + APS group. Changes in the estrous cycle, ovarian tissue sections, serum levels of the hormone, blood glucose, blood lipid, and OS were studied. The intestinal microbiome was sequenced and Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between serum metabolic indexes and microflora.

RESULTS

The results revealed that APS treatment ameliorated insulin resistance, OS, and dyslipidemia in PCOS mice. The results of 16S rDNA sequencing indicated that there were significant differences in the composition and diversity of intestinal microorganisms between DHEA and APS treatments. Firmicutes, Lachnospiraceae, Bacilli, Lactobacillaceae, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A13_group were abundant in the oil + PBS group. Bacteroidota and Muribaculaceae were enriched in the DHEA + PBS group, while Rikenellaceae, Odoribacter, and Marinifilaceae were enriched in the DHEA + APS group. Furthermore, Spearman correlation analysis showed that there were close interactions and correlations between intestinal bacteria and indicators of blood glucose, blood lipids, steroid hormones, and OS in PCOS mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the study showed that APS improved PCOS in mice by correcting serum metabolic disorders and increasing microbiome diversity, which may provide insight into understanding the pathogenesis and be a beneficial intervention for PCOS.

Licochalcone A and B enhance muscle proliferation and differentiation by regulating Myostatin

BACKGROUND

Myostatin (MSTN) inhibition has demonstrated promise for the treatment of diseases associated with muscle loss. In a previous study, we discovered that Glycyrrhiza uralensis (G. uralensis) crude water extract (CWE) inhibits MSTN expression while promoting myogenesis. Furthermore, three specific compounds of G. uralensis, namely liquiritigenin, tetrahydroxymethoxychalcone, and Licochalcone B (Lic B), were found to promote myoblast proliferation and differentiation, as well as accelerate the regeneration of injured muscle tissue.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to build on our previous findings on G. uralensis and demonstrate the potential of its two components, Licochalcone A (Lic A) and Lic B, in muscle mass regulation (by inhibiting MSTN), aging and muscle formation.

METHODS

G. uralensis, Lic A, and Lic B were evaluated thoroughly using in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches. In silico analyses included molecular docking, and dynamics simulations of these compounds with MSTN. Protein-protein docking was carried out for MSTN, as well as for the docked complex of MSTN-Lic with its receptor, activin type IIB receptor (ACVRIIB). Subsequent in vitro studies used C2C12 cell lines and primary mouse muscle stem cells to acess the cell proliferation and differentiation of normal and aged cells, levels of MSTN, Atrogin 1, and MuRF1, and plasma MSTN concentrations, employing techniques such as western blotting, immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, cell proliferation and differentiation assays, and real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, in vivo experiments using mouse models focused on measuring muscle fiber diameters.

RESULTS

CWE of G. uralensis and two of its components, namely Lic A and B, promote myoblast proliferation and differentiation by inhibiting MSTN and reducing Atrogin1 and MuRF1 expressions and MSTN protein concentration in serum. In silico interaction analysis revealed that Lic A (binding energy -6.9 Kcal/mol) and B (binding energy -5.9 Kcal/mol) bind to MSTN and reduce binding between it and ACVRIIB, thereby inhibiting downstream signaling. The experimental analysis, which involved both in vitro and in vivo studies, demonstrated that the levels of MSTN, Atrogin 1, and MuRF1 were decreased when G. uralensis CWE, Lic A, or Lic B were administered into mice or treated in the mouse primary muscle satellite cells (MSCs) and C2C12 myoblasts. The diameters of muscle fibers increased in orally treated mice, and the differentiation and proliferation of C2C12 cells were enhanced. G. uralensis CWE, Lic A, and Lic B also promoted cell proliferation in aged cells, suggesting that they may have anti-muslce aging properties. They also reduced the expression and phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3 (MSTN downstream effectors), adding to the evidence that MSTN is inhibited.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that CWE and its active constituents Lic A and Lic B have anti-mauscle aging potential. They also have the potential to be used as natural inhibitors of MSTN and as therapeutic options for disorders associated with muscle atrophy.

Recent advances in medicinal and edible homologous plant polysaccharides: Preparation, structure and prevention and treatment of diabetes

Medicinal and edible homologs (MEHs) can be used in medicine and food. The National Health Commission announced that a total of 103 kinds of medicinal and edible homologous plants (MEHPs) would be available by were available in 2023. Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become the third most common chronic metabolic disease that seriously threatens human health worldwide. Polysaccharides, the main component isolated from MEHPs, have significant antidiabetic effects with few side effects. Based on a literature search, this paper summarizes the preparation methods, structural characterization, and antidiabetic functions and mechanisms of MEHPs polysaccharides (MEHPPs). Specifically, MEHPPs mainly regulate PI3K/Akt, AMPK, cAMP/PKA, Nrf2/Keap1, NF-κB, MAPK and other signaling pathways to promote insulin secretion and release, improve glycolipid metabolism, inhibit the inflammatory response, decrease oxidative stress and regulate intestinal flora. Among them, 16 kinds of MEHPPs were found to have obvious anti-diabetic effects. This article reviews the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complications by MEHPPs and provides a basis for the development of safe and effective MEHPP-derived health products and new drugs to prevent and treat diabetes.

Hypoxia induces mitochondrial protein lactylation to limit oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) consumes oxygen to produce ATP. However, the mechanism that balances OXPHOS activity and intracellular oxygen availability remains elusive. Here, we report that mitochondrial protein lactylation is induced by intracellular hypoxia to constrain OXPHOS. We show that mitochondrial alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AARS2) is a protein lysine lactyltransferase, whose proteasomal degradation is enhanced by proline 377 hydroxylation catalyzed by the oxygen-sensing hydroxylase PHD2. Hypoxia induces AARS2 accumulation to lactylate PDHA1 lysine 336 in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2) lysine 457/8, inactivating both enzymes and inhibiting OXPHOS by limiting acetyl-CoA influx from pyruvate and fatty acid oxidation, respectively. PDHA1 and CPT2 lactylation can be reversed by SIRT3 to activate OXPHOS. In mouse muscle cells, lactylation is induced by lactate oxidation-induced intracellular hypoxia during exercise to constrain high-intensity endurance running exhaustion time, which can be increased or decreased by decreasing or increasing lactylation levels, respectively. Our results reveal that mitochondrial protein lactylation integrates intracellular hypoxia and lactate signals to regulate OXPHOS.

EGR1 is crucial for the chlorogenic acid-provided promotion on liver regeneration and repair after APAP-induced liver injury

Improper use of acetaminophen (APAP) will induce acute liver failure. This study is designed to investigate whether early growth response-1 (EGR1) participated in the promotion on liver repair and regeneration after APAP-induced hepatotoxicity provided by natural compound chlorogenic acid (CGA). APAP induced the nuclear accumulation of EGR1 in hepatocytes regulated by extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK)1/2. In Egr1 knockout (KO) mice, the liver damage caused by APAP (300 mg/kg) was more severe than in wild-type (WT) mice. Results of chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing (ChIP-Seq) manifested that EGR1 could bind to the promoter region in Becn1, Ccnd1, and Sqstm1 (p62) or the catalytic/modify subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase (Gclc/Gclm). Autophagy formation and APAP-cysteine adduct (APAP-CYS) clearance were decreased in Egr1 KO mice administered with APAP. The EGR1 deletion reduced hepatic cyclin D1 expression at 6, 12, or 18 h post APAP administration. Meanwhile, the EGR1 deletion also decreased hepatic p62, Gclc and Gclm expression, GCL enzymatic activity, and glutathione (GSH) content and decreased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation and thus aggravated oxidative liver injury induced by APAP. CGA increased EGR1 nuclear accumulation; enhanced hepatic Ccnd1, p62, Gclc, and Gclm expression; and accelerated the liver regeneration and repair in APAP-intoxicated mice. In conclusion, EGR1 deficiency aggravated liver injury and obviously delayed liver regeneration post APAP-induced hepatotoxicity through inhibiting autophagy, enhancing liver oxidative injury, and retarding cell cycle progression, but CGA promoted the liver regeneration and repair in APAP-intoxicated mice via inducing EGR1 transcriptional activation.

Myostatin: a potential therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is a complex metabolic disorder, its main clinical manifestations are obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Although metabolic syndrome has been the focus of research in recent decades, it has been proposed that the occurrence and development of metabolic syndrome is related to pathophysiological processes such as insulin resistance, adipose tissue dysfunction and chronic inflammation, but there is still a lack of favorable clinical prevention and treatment measures for metabolic syndrome. Multiple studies have shown that myostatin (MSTN), a member of the TGF-β family, is involved in the development and development of obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension (clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome), and thus may be a potential therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome. In this review, we describe the transcriptional regulation and receptor binding pathway of MSTN, then introduce the role of MSTN in regulating mitochondrial function and autophagy, review the research progress of MSTN in metabolic syndrome. Finally summarize some MSTN inhibitors under clinical trial and proposed the use of MSTN inhibitor as a potential target for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.

Strong Synergic Growth Inhibition and Death Induction of Cancer Cells by Astragalus membranaceus and Vaccaria hispanica Extract

We present here a new, classification-based screening method for anti-cancer botanical combinations. Using this method, we discovered that the combination of Astragalus membranaceus and Vaccaria hispanica (AV) has strong synergic anti-proliferative and killing effects on cancer cells. We showed that AV induces the hyper activation of proliferation and survival pathways (Akt and ERK1/2) and strongly downregulates the cell cycle control proteins p21 and p27. Moreover, FACS analyses revealed that AV induces accumulation of cells in G2/M phase, supported by accumulation of cyclin A. Taken together, our results suggest that AV interferes with the cell cycle in cancer cells, leading to accumulation in G2/M and apoptosis. Further studies are needed to validate the generalizability of the anti-cancer effect of the AV combination, to fully understand its mechanism of action and to evaluate its potential as a new anti-cancer treatment.

Astragalus species: Phytochemistry, biological actions and molecular mechanisms underlying their potential neuroprotective effects on neurological diseases

Neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric illnesses are prevalent and life-threatening disorders characterized by a wide range of clinical syndromes and comorbidities, all of which have complex origins and share common molecular pathomechanisms. Although the pathophysiology of neurological illnesses is not completely understood, researchers have discovered that several ion channels and signalling pathways may have played a role in disease pathogenesis. Active substances from Astragalus sp. are being employed for nutrition, and their usefulness in the treatment of neurological illnesses is receiving more attention. Because their extracts and active components exert different pharmacological effects on a variety of ailments, they have a long history of usage as a cure for various diseases. This review summarizes the research work on Astragalus and their biologically active constituents as potential candidates for the protection against and treatment of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders to show the potential efficacy of Astragalus sp. and its active ingredients in treating some neurological diseases. Simultaneously, the chemical structures of these active compounds, their sources, biological properties, and mechanisms are also listed. In ethnopharmacological applications, Astragalus membranaceus and spinosus have been studied as traditional medicines worldwide. The chemical constituents of Astragalus species mainly comprise terpenoids, flavonoids, and polysaccharides. The extracts and phytochemical compounds of Astragalus species exhibit various pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antitumor, anticonvulsive, immunomodulatory, and other activities. Based on the current literature, we conclude that Astragalus is a promising dietary herb with multiple potential signal modulating applications that mainly include the modulation of neurotransmitters and receptors, anti-inflammatory activities, inhibition of amyloid aggregation, induction of myelin sheath repair and neurogenesis, as well as activation of the signalling pathways relevant to neurological diseases.

Effect of in ovo administration of Newcastle disease vaccine conjugated with Astragalus polysaccharide on growth performance, intestinal development, and mucosal immunity in broiler chickens

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of in ovo administration of a mixture of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) and Newcastle disease vaccine (NDV) on growth performance, intestinal development, and mucosal immunity in newly hatched chicks. Six hundred specific-pathogen-free (SPF) Leghorn fertilised eggs were incubated in a commercial hatchery and divided into four groups: (a) control group injected with 1 ml of 0.9% physiological saline, (b) APS group injected with 1 ml of 1 mg/ml APS solution, and (c) NDV group injected with 1 ml of 10^4.0 EID₅₀ /dose of NDV solution, and (d) APS + NDV group injected with a mixture of 0.5 ml of 2 mg/ml APS plus 0.5 ml 10^4.0 EID₅₀ /dose ND vaccine (NDV) on Day 18.5 of incubation. The results showed that in ovo injection of APS or the mixture of APS and NDV increased the body weight at 1 day (IW) and final weight (FW) at 28 days and increased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 1-7, 8-14, 15-21, and 1-28 days of age. The villus height (VH) was increased (p < 0.05), and the crypt depth (CD) was decreased (p < 0.05) in the duodenum compared with the control group. The VH/CD ratios were increased (p < 0.05) in the APS + NDV group compared with controls, NDV group, and APS group on d3. The levels of slgA in washings were increased (p < 0.05) on Days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28, and the number of IgA⁺ cells in the duodenum was increased on Days 7, 14, 21, and 28. In addition, the IgA⁺ cells were promoted from the villus root to the apex in the APS + NDV group. It can be concluded that in ovo administration of NDV conjugated with APS compared with NDV alone may be more effective in promoting growth performance and intestinal mucosal immunity.

Myostatin and its Regulation: A Comprehensive Review of Myostatin Inhibiting Strategies

Myostatin (MSTN) is a well-reported negative regulator of muscle growth and a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF) family. MSTN has important functions in skeletal muscle (SM), and its crucial involvement in several disorders has made it an important therapeutic target. Several strategies based on the use of natural compounds to inhibitory peptides are being used to inhibit the activity of MSTN. This review delivers an overview of the current state of knowledge about SM and myogenesis with particular emphasis on the structural characteristics and regulatory functions of MSTN during myogenesis and its involvements in various muscle related disorders. In addition, we review the diverse approaches used to inhibit the activity of MSTN, especially in silico approaches to the screening of natural compounds and the design of novel short peptides derived from proteins that typically interact with MSTN.

Ginsenoside compound K ameliorates palmitate-induced atrophy in C2C12 myotubes via promyogenic effects and AMPK/autophagy-mediated suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress

Background

Compound K (CK) is among the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenoside group, which produces multiple pharmacological effects. Herein, we examined the effects of CK on muscle atrophy under hyperlipidemic conditions along with its pro-myogenic effects. Further, the molecular pathways underlying the effects of CK on skeletal muscle have been justified.

Methods

C2C12 myotubes were treated with palmitate and CK. C2C12 myoblasts were differentiated using CK for 4-5 days. For the in vivo experiments, CK was administered to mice fed on a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. The protein expression levels were analyzed using western blotting analysis. Target protein suppression was performed using small interfering (si) RNA transfection. Histological examination was performed using Jenner-Giemsa and H&E staining techniques.

Results

CK treatment attenuated ER stress markers, such as eIF2α phosphorylation and CHOP expression and impaired myotube formation in palmitate-treated C2C12 myotubes and skeletal muscle of mice fed on HFD. CK treatment augmented AMPK along with autophagy markers in skeletal muscle cells in vitro and in vivo experiments. AMPK siRNA or 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor, abrogated the impacts of CK in C2C12 myotubes. CK treatment augmented p38 and Akt phosphorylation, leading to an enhancement of C2C12 myogenesis. However, AMPK siRNA abolished the effects of CK in C2C12 myoblasts.

Conclusion

These findings denote that CK prevents lipid-induced skeletal muscle apoptosis via AMPK/autophagy-mediated attenuation of ER stress and induction of myoblast differentiation. Therefore, we may suggest the use of CK as a potential therapeutic approach for treating muscle-wasting conditions associated with obesity.

Effects of thymoquinone against angiotensin II‑induced cardiac damage in apolipoprotein E‑deficient mice

Herbal medicines have attracted much attention in recent years and are increasingly being used as alternatives to pharmaceutical medicines. Thymoquinone (TQ) is one of the most active ingredients in Nigella sativa seeds, which has several beneficial properties, including anti‑inflammatory, anti‑oxidative stress, anti‑hypertensive, anti‑apoptotic and free radical‑scavenging effects. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is involved in cardiovascular diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of TQ against Ang II‑induced cardiac damage in apolipoprotein E‑deficient (ApoE‑/‑) mice. Briefly, 8‑week‑old male ApoE‑/‑ mice were randomly divided into four groups: Control, TQ, Ang II and Ang II + TQ groups. Osmotic minipumps, filled with either a saline vehicle or an Ang II solution (1,000 ng/kg/min), were implanted in ApoE‑/‑ mice for up to 4 weeks. The serum levels of high‑sensitivity C‑reactive protein (hs‑CRP) and histopathological alterations in heart tissue were assessed. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of molecules associated with fibrosis (collagen I and III), oxidative stress and apoptosis (Nox4 and p53), and inflammation [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, interleukin (IL)‑1β and IL‑6] were analyzed by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR) and western blotting. In the in vitro study, H9c2 cells were incubated with different concentrations of Ang II, and the expression levels of pro‑inflammatory cytokines were evaluated using RT‑qPCR, whereas the protein expression levels of phosphorylated‑extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (p‑ERK) were determined using western blotting. Western blotting was also performed to detect the expression levels of collagen I, collagen III, Nox4 and p53 in H9c2 cells. The results revealed that TQ inhibited the Ang II‑induced increases in serum hs‑CRP levels. TQ also significantly inhibited the high levels of TNF‑α, IL‑1β, IL‑6, collagen I, collagen III, Nox4 and p53 in Ang II‑treated mice. Furthermore, TQ protected against Ang II‑induced cardiac damage by inhibiting inflammatory cell infiltration, proinflammatory cytokine expression, fibrosis, oxidative stress and apoptosis by suppressing activation of the p‑ERK signaling pathway. In conclusion, TQ could be considered a potential therapeutic agent for Ang II‑induced cardiac damage.

Dihydrohomoplantagin and Homoplantaginin, Major Flavonoid Glycosides from Salvia plebeia R. Br. Inhibit oxLDL-Induced Endothelial Cell Injury and Restrict Atherosclerosis via Activating Nrf2 Anti-Oxidation Signal Pathway

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced endothelium injury promotes the development of atherosclerosis. It has been reported that homoplantaginin, a flavonoid glycoside from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia plebeia R. Br., protected vascular endothelial cells by inhibiting inflammation. However, it is undetermined whether homoplantaginin affects atherosclerosis. In this study, we evaluated the effect of homoplantaginin and its derivative dihydrohomoplantagin on oxLDL-induced endothelial cell injury and atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice. Our results showedthat both dihydrohomoplantagin and homoplantaginin inhibited apoptosis and the increased level of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in oxLDL-stimulated HUVECs and the plaque endothelium of apoE-/- mice. Additionally, both of them restricted atherosclerosis development of apoE-/- mice. Mechanistic studies showed that oxLDL-induced the increase in ROS production, phosphorylation of ERK and nuclear translocation of NF-κB in HUVECs was significantly inhibited by the compounds. Meanwhile, these two compounds promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation and increased the anti-oxidation downstream HO-1 protein level in HUVECs and plaque endothelium. Notably, knockdown of Nrf2 by siRNA abolished the cell protective effects of compounds and antagonized the inhibition effects of them on ROS production and NF-κB activation in oxLDL-stimulated HUVECs. Collectively, dihydrohomoplantagin and homoplantaginin protected VECs by activating Nrf2 and thus inhibited atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice.

Resveratrol Alleviates Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance by Downregulating Long Noncoding RNA

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is a crucial factor in the progression of insulin resistance (IR). Resveratrol (RSV) exhibits promising therapeutic potential for IR. However, there are few studies on whether RSV improves IR through lncRNA. This study aimed to determine whether RSV could influence the expression of lncRNA and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Mice were divided into three groups: control group, high-fat diet (HFD) group, and HFD + RSV group. We conducted a high-throughput sequencing analysis to detect lncRNA and mRNA expression signatures and the ceRNA-network in the skeletal muscles of mice that were fed an HFD to induce IR. Hierarchical clustering, gene enrichment, and gene ceRNA-network analyses were subsequently conducted. Differentially expressed lncRNAs were selected and validated via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The biological functions of the selected lncRNAs were investigated by silencing the target genes via lentivirus transfection of C2C12 mouse myotube cells. RSV treatment reversed the expression of 338 mRNAs and 629 lncRNAs in the skeletal muscles of mice with HFD-induced IR. The results of the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database analyses indicated that the differentially expressed mRNAs modulated type II diabetes mellitus. After validating randomly selected lncRNAs via RT-qPCR, we identified a novel lncRNA, NONMMUT044897.2, which was upregulated in the HFD group and reversed with RSV treatment. Additionally, NONMMUT044897.2 was proven to function as a ceRNA of microRNA- (miR-) 7051-5p. Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 (SOCS1) was confirmed as a target of miR-7051-5p. We further performed lentivirus transfection to knock down NONMMUT044897.2 in vitro and found that NONMMUT044897.2 silenced SOCS1 and potentiated the insulin signaling pathway. Hence, RSV mimicked the silencing effect of lentivirus transfection on NONMMUT044897.2. Our study revealed that RSV reduced IR in mouse skeletal muscles via the regulation of NONMMUT044897.2.

Astragalus membranaceus Alters Rumen Bacteria to Enhance Fiber Digestion, Improves Antioxidant Capacity and Immunity Indices of Small Intestinal Mucosa, and Enhances Liver Metabolites for Energy Synthesis in Tibetan Sheep

Simple Summary

Astragalus membranaceus is a widely used traditional Chinese herb that has been used by humans for hundreds of years. The Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP) is regarded as one of the remaining ‘Green’ places in the world. With the fast-developing intensive livestock production, sustainable and environmentally-friendly practices are required urgently on the QTP. In the current study, Tibetan sheep were supplemented with the root of Astragalus membranaceus (AMT) to reduce the use of chemical veterinary drugs and antibiotics, and to examine the effect on rumen bacteria, the antioxidant capacities and immunity indices of small intestinal mucosa and meat tissue, and the liver metabolome responses.

Abstract

Natural, non-toxic feed additives can potentially replace chemical medications and antibiotics that are offered sheep to improve performance. In the present study, Tibetan sheep were supplemented with the root of Astragalus membranaceus (AMT), a traditional herb used widely in China. Twenty-four male Tibetan sheep (31 ± 1.4 kg; 9-month-old) were assigned randomly to one of four levels of supplementary AMT: 0 g/kg (A₀), 20 g/kg (A₂₀), 50 g/kg (A₅₀) and 80 g/kg (A₈₀) dry matter intake (DMI). The A₅₀ and A₈₀ groups increased the diversity of rumen bacteria on d 14 and the relative abundances of fiber decomposing bacteria. Supplementary AMT upregulated the metabolism of vitamins, nucleotides, amino acids and glycan, and downregulated the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates. In addition, supplementary AMT enriched rumen bacteria for drug resistance, and reduced bacteria incurring cell motility. In general, AMT supplementation increased the concentrations of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in the small intestinal mucosa and CAT and SOD in meat tissue. The liver tissue metabolome response showed that AMT in the A₈₀ lambs compared to the A₀ lambs upregulated the metabolites for energy synthesis. It was concluded that supplementary A. membranaceus increased the relative abundances of fiber decomposing bacteria and improved the antioxidant capacities and immunity indices of small intestinal mucosa and meat tissue in Tibetan sheep.

Mitochondrial function, dynamics and quality control in the pathophysiology of HFpEF

Heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of hospitalization for the adult population and a major cause of mortality worldwide. The HF syndrome is characterized by the heart's inability to supply the cardiac output required to meet the body's metabolic requirements or only at the expense of elevated filling pressures. HF without overt impairment of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was initially labeled as "diastolic HF" until recognizing the coexistence of both systolic and diastolic abnormalities in most cases. Acknowledging these findings, the preferred nomenclature is HF with preserved EF (HFpEF). This syndrome primarily affects the elderly population and is associated with a heterogeneous overlapping of comorbidities that makes its diagnosis challenging. Despite extensive research, there is still no evidence-based therapy for HFpEF, reinforcing the need for a thorough understanding of the pathophysiology underlying its onset and progression. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in developing the pathophysiological changes that accompany HFpEF onset and progression (low-grade systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and myocardial remodeling) has just begun to be acknowledged. This review summarizes our current understanding of the participation of the mitochondrial network in the pathogenesis of HFpEF, with particular emphasis on the signaling pathways involved, which may provide future therapeutic targets.

Astragalus polysaccharide attenuates LPS-related inflammatory osteolysis by suppressing osteoclastogenesis by reducing the MAPK signalling pathway

Bacterial products can stimulate inflammatory reaction and activate immune cells to enhance the production of inflammatory cytokines, and finally promote osteoclasts recruitment and activity, leading to bone destruction. Unfortunately, effective preventive and treatment measures for inflammatory osteolysis are limited and usually confuse the orthopedist. Astragalus polysaccharide (APS), the main extractive of Astragali Radix, has been widely used for treating inflammatory diseases. In the current study, in vitro and in vivo experimental results demonstrated that APS notably inhibited osteoclast formation and differentiation dose-dependently. Moreover, we found that APS down-regulated RANKL-related osteoclastogenesis and levels of osteoclast marker genes, such as NFATC1, TRAP, c-FOS and cathepsin K. Further underlying mechanism investigation revealed that APS attenuated activity of MAPK signalling pathways (eg ERK, JNK and p38) and ROS production induced by RANKL. Additionally, APS was also found to suppress LPS-related inflammatory osteolysis by decreasing inflammatory factors' production in vivo. Overall, our findings demonstrate that APS effectively down-regulates inflammatory osteolysis due to osteoclast differentiation and has the potential to become an effective treatment of the disorders associated with osteoclast.

5-Bromoprotocatechualdehyde Combats against Palmitate Toxicity by Inhibiting Parkin Degradation and Reducing ROS-Induced Mitochondrial Damage in Pancreatic β-Cells

Pancreatic β-cell loss is critical in diabetes pathogenesis. Up to now, no effective treatment has become available for β-cell loss. A polyphenol recently isolated from Polysiphonia japonica, 5-Bromoprotocatechualdehyde (BPCA), is considered as a potential compound for the protection of β-cells. In this study, we examined palmitate (PA)-induced lipotoxicity in Ins-1 cells to test the protective effects of BPCA on insulin-secreting β-cells. Our results demonstrated that BPCA can protect β-cells from PA-induced lipotoxicity by reducing cellular damage, preventing reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, and enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). BPCA also improved mitochondrial morphology by preserving parkin protein expression. Moreover, BPCA exhibited a protective effect against PA-induced β-cell dysfunction in vivo in a zebrafish model. Our results provide strong evidence that BPCA could be a potential therapeutic agent for the management of diabetes.

Placental mitochondrial function in response to gestational exposures

Poor environmental conditions, including malnutrition, hypoxia and obesity in the mother increase the risk of pregnancy complications, such as pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus, which impacts the lifelong health of the mother and her offspring. The placenta plays an important role in determining pregnancy outcome by acting as an exchange interface and endocrine hub to support fetal growth. Mitochondria are energy powerhouses of cells that fuel placental physiology throughout pregnancy, including placental development, substrate exchange and hormone secretion. They are responsive to environmental cues and changes in mitochondrial function may serve to mediate or mitigate the impacts of poor gestational environments on placental physiology and hence, the risks of pregnancy complications. Thus, a more integrated understanding about the role of placental mitochondria in orchestrating changes in relation to environmental conditions and pregnancy outcome is paramount. This review summarises the functions of mitochondria in the placenta and findings from humans and experimental animals that demonstrate how mitochondrial structure and function are altered in different gestational environments (namely complicated pregnancies and adverse environmental conditions). Together the available data suggest that mitochondria in the placenta play a major role in determining placental physiology, fetal growth and pregnancy outcome.

Astragalus root extract improved average daily gain, immunity, antioxidant status and ruminal microbiota of early weaned yak calves

BACKGROUND

Early weaning in yak calves is being attempted to improve yak reproduction rate. However, this has to be done with caution because of the high mortality rate of calves due to the lack of nutrients and the harsh environmental conditions. Twenty-four weaned male yak calves were used in a 60 day feeding trial in which astragalus root extract (ARE) was supplemented. They were assigned randomly to one of four dietary treatments (n = six per treatment) that differed in ARE level: 0 g kg^-1 (control), ARE₀ ; 20 g kg^-1 , ARE₂₀ ; 50 g kg^-1 , ARE_50; and 80 g kg^-1 dry matter intake (DMI), ARE₈₀ .

RESULTS

Final bodyweight and average daily gain (ADG) were significantly higher and the DMI/ADG ratio was significantly lower in calves with ARE supplementation than control (ARE₀ ) calves. Ruminal concentrations of acetate and propionate and serum concentration of superoxide dismutase in ARE₈₀ calves were higher than in the other groups and serum concentration of insulin was higher in ARE₈₀ calves than in ARE₂₀ calves. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) concentrations in ARE-fed calves were higher than in controls. Serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) concentration was higher in ARE₅₀ and ARE₈₀ groups than ARE₀ calves and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration was higher in ARE₈₀ than in ARE₀ calves. Serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG and immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentrations increased with age in ARE-fed calves. ARE supplementation increased the abundance of fiber degrading bacteria.

CONCLUSION

ARE at a dosage of 5% to 8% DMI can be supplemented to early weaned yak calves to improve growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Impacts of Selected Dietary Nutrient Intakes on Skeletal Muscle Insulin Sensitivity and Applications to Early Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes

As the largest tissue in the body, skeletal muscle not only plays key roles in movement and glucose uptake and utilization but also mediates insulin sensitivity in the body by myokines. Insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle is a major feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D). A weakened response to insulin could lead to muscle mass loss and dysfunction. Increasing evidence in skeletal muscle cells, rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans has shown that restriction of caloric or protein intake positively mediates insulin sensitivity. Restriction of essential or nonessential amino acids was reported to facilitate glucose utilization and regulate protein turnover in skeletal muscle under certain conditions. Furthermore, some minerals, such as zinc, chromium, vitamins, and some natural phytochemicals such as curcumin, resveratrol, berberine, astragalus polysaccharide, emodin, and genistein, have been shown recently to protect skeletal muscle cells, mice, or humans with or without diabetes from insulin resistance. In this review, we discuss the roles of nutritional interventions in the regulation of skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. A comprehensive understanding of the nutritional regulation of insulin signaling would contribute to the development of tools and treatment programs for improving skeletal muscle health and for preventing T2D.

Astragalus membranaceus root supplementation improves average daily gain, rumen fermentation, serum immunity and antioxidant indices of Tibetan sheep

The use of antibiotics as supplements in animal feed is restricted due to possible health hazards associated with them. Consequently, there is increasing interest in exploiting natural products to improve health and production of livestock with no detrimental side effects. In this study, we examined the effect of Astragalus membranaceus root (AMT) supplementation on DM intake, growth performance, rumen fermentation and immunity of Tibetan sheep. Twenty-four male Tibetan sheep (31 ± 1.4 kg; 9 months old) were assigned randomly to one of four dietary treatments with different levels of AMT: 0, 20, 50 and 80 g/kg DM (A₀, A₂, A₅ and A₈, respectively) in addition to their basal diets. A₀ acted as a control group, and measurements were recorded over a 56-d feeding period. Sheep fed with AMT had a higher average daily gain and a lower feed:gain ratio than controls (P < 0.001). Rumen concentrations of NH₃-N (P < 0.001), total volatile fatty acids (P = 0.028), acetate (P = 0.017) and propionate (P = 0.031) in A₅ and A₈ were higher than those in A₀. The addition of AMT in the feed significantly increased serum antioxidant and immunity factors of the sheep and increased the concentrations of serum interleukin, immunoglobulin and tumour necrosis factor-α (P = 0.010). We concluded that AMT can be used as a feed additive to improve growth performance and rumen fermentation and enhance the immunity of Tibetan sheep. Some responses exhibited a dose-dependent response, whereas other did not exhibit a pattern, with an increase in AMT. The addition of 50 and 80 g/kg AMT of total DM intake showed the most promising results.

Network Pharmacology-Based Identification of the Mechanisms of Shen-Qi Compound Formula in Treating Diabetes Mellitus

Aim

The purpose of this research is to identify the mechanisms of Shen-Qi compound formula (SQC), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), for treating diabetes mellitus (DM) using system pharmacology.

Methods

The active components and therapeutic targets were identified, and these targets were analyzed using gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. Finally, an integrated pathway was constructed to show the mechanisms of SQC.

Results

A total of 282 active components and 195 targets were identified through a database search. The component-target network was constructed, and the key components were screened out according to their degree. Through the GO, PPI, and KEGG analyses, the mechanism network of SQC treating DM was constructed.

Conclusions

This study shows that the mechanisms of SQC treating DM are related to various pathways and targets. This study provides a good foundation and basis for further in-depth verification and clinical application.

The immune adjuvant effect of Astragalus polysaccharide on in ovo injection of Newcastle disease vaccine

In this study, immunogenic efficacies of in ovo administration of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) along with live Newcastle disease vaccine (live ND vaccine) (live VG/GA strain) were evaluated. Four hundred fertilized eggs were randomly divided into four groups (n = 100/group), and vaccinated in ovo, respectively, with solutions of APS, live ND vaccine, live ND vaccine combined with APS, and 0.9% physiological saline into their amniotic fluid on d 18.5 of incubation. Significant improvement of chicks' development was displayed in those vaccinated with live ND vaccine adjuvanted with APS in ovo, manifested as enhanced hatchability and gaining weight. Moreover, in ovo administration of live NDV vaccine plus APS could significantly enhance the serum anti-NDV antibody titres and interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4 and IL-6 concentrations, promote lymphocyte proliferative capability as well as improve the frequencies of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in peripheral blood. Overall results indicated in ovo administration of live ND vaccine adjuvanted with APS could stimulate stronger humoral and cellular responses in newly hatched chicks.

Dendrobium nobile Lindl. alkaloids-mediated protection against CCl4-induced liver mitochondrial oxidative damage is dependent on the activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway

The activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated signaling pathway has been involved in the mechanisms of a variety of protective agents against cellular oxidative stress. We recently demonstrated that Dendrobium nobile Lindl. alkaloids (DNLA), the active ingredients of Dendrobium, protects mice from CCl₄-induced liver injury, dependent on the Nrf2 signaling pathway. The present study was aimed to determine whether the protection against mitochondrial oxidative damage plays a role in the mode of action of DNLA on CCl₄-induced liver injury, and to further investigate whether the DNLA-conferred mitochondrial beneficial effects is dependent on the activation of Nrf2 signaling. The CCl₄-induced acute liver injury model was employed in both wild-type (WT) and Nrf2-knockout (Nrf2^-/-) mice. The results showed that in WT mice DNLA reduced CCl₄-induced liver injury, accompanied by a significant reduction in CCl₄-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress as evidenced by a decrease in mitochondrial H₂O₂ content and MDA production, and a marked increase in GSH level and Mn-SOD activity. However, these protective effects were significantly attenuated in Nrf2^-/- mice. Furthermore, the administration of DNLA improved mitochondrial oxygen consumption, elevated ATP production, and decreased CCl₄-induced apoptosis in the WT mice, whereas the DNLA-mediated protections on mitochondrial function were diminished in the Nrf2 null mice. These results demonstrate that the improvement of mitochondrial oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the mechanism of DNLA-mediated protection on CCl₄-induced liver injury, and this DNLA-modulated mode of action is dependent on the activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway.

A Review of the Pharmacological Action of Astragalus Polysaccharide

Astragalus membranaceus (A. membranaceus) is a type of traditional Chinese medicine with a long history of clinical application. It is used in the improvement and treatment of various diseases as medicine and food to invigorate the spleen and replenish qi. The main components of A. membranaceus are Astragalus polysaccharide (APS), flavonoids compounds, saponins compounds, alkaloids, etc. APS is the most important natural active component in A. membranaceus, and possesses multiple pharmacological properties. At present, APS possess the huge potential to develop a drug improving or treating different diseases. In this review, we reveal the potential approaches of pre-treating and preparation on APS as much as possible and the study on content of APS and its chemical composition including different monosaccharides. More importantly, this paper summarize pharmacological actions on immune regulation, such as enhancing the immune organ index, promoting the proliferation of immune cells, stimulating the release of cytokines, and affecting the secretion of immunoglobulin and conduction of immune signals; anti-aging; anti-tumor by enhancing immunity, inducing apoptosis of tumor cells and inhibiting the proliferation and transfer of tumor cells; antiviral effects; regulation of blood glucose such as type I diabetes mellitus, type II diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications; lipid-lowering; anti-fibrosis; antimicrobial activities and anti-radiation. It provided theoretical basis for the further research such as its structure and mechanism of action, and clinical application of APS.

Astragalus polysaccharides suppresses high glucose-induced metabolic memory in retinal pigment epithelial cells through inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction-induced apoptosis by regulating miR-195

BACKGROUND

Metabolic memory contributes to the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is the complication of diabetes. But it's still unknown how to prevent the metabolic memory to treat the DR. In our study, we want to examine the function of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) in the metabolic memory of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) pretreated with high glucose (HG).

METHODS

ARPE-19 and PRPE cells were exposed to HG followed by normal glucose (NG) treatment with or without APS. QPCR was used to examine the levels of miR-195 and Bcl-2. MDA and SOD detection assays were used to examine the oxidative stress level. Western blotting and immunostaining were applied to detect the protein level of mitochondrial damage and apoptotic signaling pathway. Flow cytometry and TUNEL staining were used to analyze cell apoptosis. Luciferase assay was used to examine the direct target of miR-195.

RESULTS

APS treatment significantly decreased the expression of miR-195, while increased the expression of Bcl-2 with optimized dosages which were induced by HG treatment, even after replacing the HG with NG. And we found Bcl-2 was the direct target of miR-195. APS alleviated the oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and cell apoptosis induced by HG and HG + NG treatments in RPE cells via regulating miR-195. Furthermore, we found overexpression of miR-195 abolished the alleviated effects of APS on the HG-treated RPE cells.

CONCLUSIONS

APS suppressed high glucose-induced metabolic memory in retinal pigment epithelial cells through inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction-induced apoptosis by regulating miR-195.

A Systematic Review of Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics on Astragali Radix: Implications for Astragali Radix as a Personalized Medicine

Astragali radix (AR) is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese herbal medicines. Modern pharmacological studies and clinical practices indicate that AR possesses various biological functions, including potent immunomodulation, antioxidant, anti-inflammation and antitumor activities. To date, more than 200 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from AR. Among them, isoflavonoids, saponins and polysaccharides are the three main types of beneficial compounds responsible for its pharmacological activities and therapeutic efficacy. After ingestion of AR, the metabolism and biotransformation of the bioactive compounds were extensive in vivo. The isoflavonoids and saponins and their metabolites are the major type of constituents absorbed in plasma. The bioavailability barrier (BB), which is mainly composed of efflux transporters and conjugating enzymes, is expected to have a significant impact on the bioavailability of AR. This review summarizes studies on the phytochemistry, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics on AR. Additionally, the use of AR as a personalized medicine based on the BB is also discussed, which may provide beneficial information to achieve a better and more accurate therapeutic response of AR in clinical practice.

Astragalus Polysaccharide Protect against Cadmium-Induced Cytotoxicity through the MDA5/NF-κB Pathway in Chicken Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

Cadmium (Cd) is a known environmental pollutant that is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis. Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) is a major component of Astragalus membranaceus, a vital qi-reinforcing herb medicine with favorable immuneregulation properties. To study the effect of APS on the inhibition of the cadmium-induced injury of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) in chickens through the MDA5/NF-κB signaling pathway, PLBs acquired from 15-day-old chickens were divided into control group, Cd group, APS + Cd group, anti-MDA5 mAb + Cd group, BAY 11-7082 (a nuclear factor kappa-light chain-enhancer of activated B cells [NF-κB] inhibitor) +Cd group, APS group, anti-MDA5 mAb group, and BAY 11-7082 group. The transcription levels of melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), interferon promoter-stimulating factor 1 (IPS-1), NF-κB, and inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. MDA5 protein expression was measured by western blotting. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured by corresponding antioxidant kit. The morphological change of PBLs was measured by transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that Cd significantly increased the expression of MDA5, IPS-1, NF-κB, and their downstream cytokines, IL-1β and TNF-α, IL-6 in PLBs. In addition, a high level of MDA was observed in the Cd treatment group; the activities of GSH-Px and SOD were significantly lower in the Cd treatment group than those in controls (p < 0.05). Ultrastructural changes of PBLs showed that Cd promoted autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis in PBLs. However, APS can efficiently improve Cd-induced cell damage by decreasing the activation of the MDA5 signaling pathway. The effect is consistent with that of anti-MDA5 mAb or/and BAY. The results indicated that APS inhibited Cd-induced cytotoxicity through the regulation of MDA5/NF-κB signaling.

Network Pharmacology Studies on the Bioactive Compounds and Action Mechanisms of Natural Products for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: A Review

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a kind of chronic and metabolic disease, which can cause a number of diseases and severe complications. Network pharmacology approach is introduced to study DM, which can combine the drugs, target proteins and disease and form drug-target-disease networks. Network pharmacology has been widely used in the studies of the bioactive compounds and action mechanisms of natural products for the treatment of DM due to the multi-components, multi-targets, and lower side effects. This review provides a balanced and comprehensive summary on network pharmacology from current studies, highlighting different bioactive constituents, related databases and applications in the investigations on the treatment of DM especially type 2. The mechanisms related to type 2 DM, including α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory, targeting β cell dysfunction, AMPK signal pathway and PI3K/Akt signal pathway are summarized and critiqued. It suggests that the network pharmacology approach cannot only provide a new research paradigm for natural products, but also improve the current antidiabetic drug discovery strategies. Furthermore, we put forward the perspectives on the reasonable applications of network pharmacology for the therapy of DM and related drug discovery.

Effect of astragalus injection on renal tubular epithelial transdifferentiation in type 2 diabetic mice

Background

Astragalus injection is used by practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine to treat diabetic nephropathy (DN). The current study was conducted to determine the effect of astragalus on tubular epithelial transdifferentiation during the progression of DN in KKAy mice, as well as to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying this effect.

Methods

Diabetic, 14-week-old, male KKAy mice were randomly divided into a model group and an astragalus treatment group, while age-matched male C57BL/6 J mice were selected as controls. The treatment group received daily intraperitoneal injections of astragalus (0.03 mL/10 g per day), while the model group received injections of an equal volume of saline. Mice were euthanized after 24 weeks. Serum samples were obtained from the animals in each group for blood glucose measurement. Kidney tissue samples were used for morphometric studies. The mRNA and protein expression levels of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGFβ-R1), alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and E-cadherin were evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blotting.

Results

Astragalus significantly reduced blood glucose levels; inhibited morphological changes in the kidneys of KKAy mice; reduced mRNA and protein expression levels of TGF-β1, TGFβ-R1, and α-SMA; and increased E-cadherin expression.

Conclusions

Tubular epithelial transdifferentiation plays an important role in the development of DN in diabetic mice. Administration of astragalus likely prevents or mitigates DN by suppressing tubular epithelial transdifferentiation, protecting KKAy mice from renal damage.

Astragalus polysaccharides decrease muscle wasting through Akt/mTOR, ubiquitin proteasome and autophagy signalling in 5/6 nephrectomised rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Existing evidences suggest that Radix Astragali and its polysaccharides composition (APS) can improve muscle mass, but the mechanisms need more research.

AIM OF THE STUDY

In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of APS on muscle wasting at molecular level in 5/6 nephrectomised rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We performed 5/6 nephrectomy or sham operation in 160 6-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats, and feed animals with or without 2% APS for 155 days. After treatment, we compared the change of weight, muscle fibre, protein metabolism, pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-15, CRP) and oxidative factors (MDA, SOD) among each group. In addition, we detected the Akt/mTOR, ubiquitin proteasome, autophagy signalling and AA transporters in vivo and in vitro.

RESULTS

Data in vivo show 2% APS could alleviate weight loss and improve protein metabolism in nephrectomised rats. The levels of serum pro-inflammatory factors and oxidative factors were restored by APS treatment. In molecular levels, APS restored Akt/mTOR, MAFbx, MuRF1, Atg7, LC3B-II/LC3B-I and SLC38A2 which changed in nephrectomised rats. Data in vitro show the optimal dose of APS is 0.2mg/mL, and SLC38A2 siRNA attenuated the effects of 0.2mg/mL APS on atrophy and autophagy.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggested APS could improve muscle wasting through Akt/mTOR, ubiquitin proteasome and autophagy signalling, and SLC38A2 may be one of potential targets.

Astragalus polysaccharide protects human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury: The role of PI3K/AKT, Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3

In the present study, the mechanisms associated with the Astragalus polysaccharide (APS)-mediated protection of human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (HCMEC) against hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR) injury were investigated. Pretreatment of HCMECs with APS at various concentrations was performed prior to Na2S2O4-induced HR injury. Subsequently, cell viability and apoptosis were measured by MTT and Hoechst assays, respectively. The viability of HCMECs was reduced by Na2S2O4 and apoptosis was enhanced; however, cell viability was observed to be increased by APS via inhibition of apoptosis. Additionally, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca2+, nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT), B‑cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2), Bcl‑2 associated X protein (Bax) and caspase‑3 were measured using detection kits or western blot analysis. In HCMECs with HR injury, the levels of ROS and Ca2+, MDA and Bax expression levels, and the activity of caspase‑3 were elevated. By contrast, the level of NO, the protein expression levels of SOD, Bcl‑2 and PI3K, and the phosphorylation of AKT were decreased. However, compared with the HR group, the effects of HR injury were significantly reduced by APS, with APS providing a protective effect on HCMECs, particularly at higher doses. The current study concluded that APS protects HCMECs from Na2S2O4‑induced HR injury by reducing the levels of ROS, Ca2+, MDA and Bax, inhibiting the activity of caspase‑3, and enhancing the levels of NO, SOD, Bcl‑2, PI3K and phosphorylated AKT. These results may provide an insight into the clinical application of APS and novel therapeutic strategies for HR injury.

Anti-diabetic polysaccharides from natural sources: A review

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease attracted worldwide concerns, which severely impairs peoples' quality of life and is attributed to several life-threatening complications, including atherosclerosis, nephropathy and retinopathy. The current therapies for DM include mainly oral anti-diabetic drugs and insulin. However, continuous use of these causes insulin resistance and side-effects, and the demand of effective, nontoxic and affordable drugs for DM patients is eager. Several previous studies have shown that non-toxic biological macromolecules, mainly polysaccharides, possess prominent efficacies on DM. Based on these encouraging observations, a great deal of efforts have been focused on discovering anti-diabetic polysaccharides for the development of effective therapeutics for DM. This review focuses on the advancements in the anti-diabetic efficacy of various natural polysaccharides and polysaccharide complexes from 2010 to 2015.

PD98059 Protects Brain against Cells Death Resulting from ROS/ERK Activation in a Cardiac Arrest Rat Model

The clinical and experimental postcardiac arrest treatment has not reached therapeutic success. The present study investigated the effect of PD98059 (PD) in rats subjected to cardiac arrest (CA)/cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Experimental rats were divided randomly into 3 groups: sham, CA, and PD. The rats except for sham group were subjected to CA for 5 min followed by CPR operation. Once spontaneous circulation was restored, saline and PD were injected in CA and PD groups, respectively. The survival rates and neurologic deficit scores (NDS) were observed, and the following indices of brain tissue were evaluated: ROS, MDA, SOD, p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2, caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, TUNEL positive cells, and double fluorescent staining of p-ERK/TUNEL. Our results indicated that PD treatment significantly reduced apoptotic neurons and improved the survival rates and NDS. Moreover, PD markedly downregulated the ROS, MDA, p-ERK, and caspase-3, Bax and upregulated SOD and Bcl-2 levels. Double staining p-ERK/TUNEL in choroid plexus and cortex showed that cell death is dependent on ERK activation. The findings in present study demonstrated that PD provides neuroprotection via antioxidant activity and antiapoptosis in rats subjected to CA/CPR.

Astragalus polysaccharide suppresses palmitate-induced apoptosis in human cardiac myocytes: the role of Nrf1 and antioxidant response

OBJECTIVE

Previous studies have shown that Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) can be used to ameliorate cardiotoxicity due to chemotherapy and improve the cardiac function. However, the mechanism by which APS mediate this effect is unclear. In the present study, the effects of APS, which suppressed ROS-mediated apoptosis through Nrf1 accumulation in human cardiac myocytes (HCMs), was investigated.

METHODS

The cell viability was detected by the CCK8 assay. The cell apoptosis was assessed by annexin V-PI double-labeling staining. Expression of genes and proteins were analyzed by real-time PCR and western blotting respectively. Nrf1 gene was overexpressed using a lentiviral expression vector in HCMs in vitro, in order to explore the mechanism by which the Nrf1 promoted cell growth.

RESULTS

CCK8 and Annexin V-PI double-labeling showed that PAL induced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner, and suppressed HCMs proliferation. The combination PAL with APS was significantly decreased the percentage of the early phase of apoptosis cells. ROS levels were increased in HCMs by exposure to PAL. APS treatment significantly inhibited generation of ROS in response to palmitate. Moreover, PAL administration significantly decreased the mRNA and proteins expression of Bcl-2 as well as increased the mRNA expression of BAX and the protein expression of caspase-3 and caspase-8 as compare to those of control group, but APS treatment could reverse PA-induced HCMs apoptosis. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was an oxidative stress marker, was significantly increased in cardiomyocytes by exposure to PAL, but overexpressing Nrf1 could ameliorate ROS-induced cardiomyocyte toxicity and increase the expression of SOD1 and SOD2 in HCMs by overexpressing Nrf1.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that the PAL could induce HCMs apoptosis. However, APS could reverse PAL-induced cardiomyocyte toxicity, at least partially, through suppression ROS and Nrf1 accumulation in HCMs.

Astragalus polysaccharide suppresses doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by regulating the PI3k/Akt and p38MAPK pathways

Background. Doxorubicin, a potent chemotherapeutic agent, is associated with acute and chronic cardiotoxicity, which is cumulatively dose-dependent. Astragalus polysaccharide (APS), the extract of Astragalus membranaceus with strong antitumor and antiglomerulonephritis activity, can effectively alleviate inflammation. However, whether APS could ameliorate chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity is not understood. Here, we investigated the protective effects of APS on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and elucidated the underlying mechanisms of the protective effects of APS. Methods. We analyzed myocardial injury in cancer patients who underwent doxorubicin chemotherapy and generated a doxorubicin-induced neonatal rat cardiomyocyte injury model and a mouse heart failure model. Echocardiography, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, TUNEL, DNA laddering, and Western blotting were performed to observe cell survival, oxidative stress, and inflammatory signal pathways in cardiomyocytes. Results. Treatment of patients with the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin led to heart dysfunction. Doxorubicin reduced cardiomyocyte viability and induced C57BL/6J mouse heart failure with concurrent elevated ROS generation and apoptosis, which, however, was attenuated by APS treatment. In addition, there was profound inhibition of p38MAPK and activation of Akt after APS treatment. Conclusions. These results demonstrate that APS could suppress oxidative stress and apoptosis, ameliorating doxorubicin-mediated cardiotoxicity by regulating the PI3k/Akt and p38MAPK pathways.