Ficus carica L. (Moraceae): Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Biological Activities

Hepatoprotective activity of medicinal plants, their phytochemistry, and safety concerns: a systematic review

Medicinal plants and their derivatives represent a promising reservoir of remedies for various ailments. Especially secondary metabolites of these plants, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, tannins, and anthraquinones, play crucial roles in hepatoprotection. Studies have identified several prominent phytoconstituents, such as silymarin, quercetin, luteolin, glycyrrhizin, curcumin, gallic acid, chebulic acid, catechin, aloin, emodin, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, cudraflavone B, and karaviloside, as effective agents for addressing hepatotoxicity. The mechanisms underlying their efficacy include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, free radical scavenging, and the ability to block oxidative stress, cytokine production, and stabilize liver cell membranes. The application of natural products derived from medicinal plants in treating liver injuries is rooted in their efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and safety profile, contributing to their popularity. Many studies, encompassing in vitro, in vivo, preclinical, and clinical investigations, have demonstrated that the extracts of medicinal plants mitigate chemical-induced liver damage using animal models. However, intensive research efforts regarding the safety, regulatory standard, and quality control issues for using medicinal plants as hepatoprotective agents remain the strong task of scholars. The primary focus of this systematic review is to analyze the current state of the literature regarding treating liver ailments using extracts from medicinal plants, examining their phytochemical composition, and addressing associated safety considerations.

Nutritional Value, Fatty Acid and Phytochemical Composition, and Antioxidant Properties of Mysore Fig (Ficus drupacea Thunb.) Fruits

Ficus drupacea is a fruit-bearing tree that is distributed in Southeast Asia and Australia. The objective of this research was to ascertain the following with regard to ripened fruits: (i) their nutritional value, (ii) their mineral status, (iii) the fatty acid composition of fruit and seed oil, (iv) their phytochemical makeup, and (v) their antioxidant properties. The ripened fruits contained 3.21%, 3.25%, 0.92%, 1.47%, and 2.20% carbohydrate, protein, fat, ash, and fiber, respectively. Fruits had an energy content of 30.18 kcal/100 g. In terms of mineral content, the fruit was rich in potassium, magnesium, calcium, and nitrogen, with values of 21.03, 13.24, 11.07, and 4.13 mg/g DW. Iron, zinc, manganese, and boron had values of 686.67, 124.33, 114.40, and 35.78 µg/g DW, respectively. The contents of oxalate and phytate were 14.44 and 2.8 mg/g FW, respectively. The fruit and seed oil content were 0.67 and 8.07%, respectively, and the oil's physicochemical properties were comparable to those of fig fruit and seed oils. Omega-3 (α-linolenic acid), omega-6 (linoleic acid), and omega-9 (oleic acid) fatty acids were abundant in the oils. Fruit extracts in acetone, methanol, and water have greater concentrations of phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, total antioxidant activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays demonstrated increased antioxidant activities in close correlation with the higher concentrations of phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The results of this study demonstrate that the fruits of F. drupacea are a strong source of nutrients and phytochemicals, and they merit more investigation and thought for possible uses.

Functions, accumulation, and biosynthesis of important secondary metabolites in the fig tree (Ficus carica)

Ficus carica is an economically important horticultural plant. Due to its abundant secondary metabolites, F. carica has gained interest for its applications in medicine and as a nutritional supplement. Both external and internal factors affect the accumulation of secondary metabolites in F. carica. The assembly of the F. carica genome has facilitated functional analysis of key genes and transcription factors associated with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, particularly anthocyanin. In this review, we summarize the various types and functions of secondary metabolites, with a particular focus on flavonoids, coumarins, and terpenes. We also explore the factors influencing their biosynthesis and accumulation, including varieties, tissue, environmental factors (e.g., light), stresses (e.g., high temperature, low temperature, drought, nutrient deficiencies, salinity), hormonal treatments, and developmental factors. Furthermore, we discuss the involvement of structural genes and transcription factors in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, specifically anthocyanin and furanocoumarins, knowledge of which will promote the breeding and genetic engineering of novel F. carica varieties.

Physicochemistry, Nutritional, and Therapeutic Potential of Ficus carica - A Promising Nutraceutical

In an era where synthetic supplements have raised concerns regarding their effects on human health, Ficus carica has emerged as a natural alternative rich in polyphenolic compounds with potent therapeutic properties. Various studies on F. carica focusing on the analysis and validation of its pharmacological and nutritional properties are emerging. This paper summarizes present data and information on the phytochemical, nutritional values, therapeutic potential, as well as the toxicity profile of F. carica. An extensive search was conducted from various databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar. A total of 126 studies and articles related to F. carica that were published between 1999 and 2023 were included in this review. Remarkably, F. carica exhibits a diverse array of advantageous effects, including, but not limited to, antioxidant, anti-neurodegenerative, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antiepileptic, anticonvulsant, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-angiogenic, antidiabetic, anti-cancer, and antimutagenic properties. Among the highlights include that antioxidants from F. carica were demonstrated to inhibit cholinesterase, potentially protecting neurons in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. The antimicrobial activities of F. carica were attributed to its high flavonoids and terpenoids content, while its virucidal action through the inhibition of DNA and RNA replication was postulated due to its triterpenes content. Inflammatory and arthritic conditions may also benefit from its anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties through the modulation of various signalling proteins. Studies have also shown that F. carica extracts were generally safe and exhibit low toxicity profile, although more research in this aspect is required, specifically its effects on the skin. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of F. carica as a valuable natural therapeutic agent and dietary supplement. However, continued exploration on F. carica's safety and efficacy is still required prior to embarking on clinical trials, as its role in personalized nutrition and medication will open a new paradigm to improve health outcomes.

Antioxidant Activity and Effectiveness of Fig Extract in Counteracting Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Oxidative Damage in Rats

Figs are the edible fruits of the fig tree, Ficus carica L., that have been used for centuries for human consumption and in traditional medicine, to treat skin problems, inflammation, and gastrointestinal disorders. Our previous study investigated the presence of phenolic compounds in aqueous extracts of two Algerian popular fig varieties, azendjar (Az) and taamriouth (Ta), as well as their in vitro antioxidant activity. In this study, we assessed hydroethanolic extracts of these fig varieties. The total phenolic content was measured, along with the phenolic profile. Rutin was determined to be the dominant phenolic compound, followed by vanillic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, quercetin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, rosmarinic acid (in Az only), and cinnamic acid. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated both in vitro (DPPH and FRAP assays) and in vivo, in rats intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride. In all assays, the fig extract-especially the dark-peeled fig variety azendjar-showed antioxidant potency. The administration of fig extract resulted in a reduction in liver damage, expressed by both different biochemical markers and histopathological study (less degraded liver architecture, reduced fibrosis, and only mild inflammation). A dose-dependent therapeutic effect was observed. The extract from the dark-peeled fig variety, Az, was characterized by a higher phenolic content and a stronger antioxidant activity than the extract from the light-peeled variety-Ta. Our study justifies the use of figs in traditional healing and shows the potential of using fig extracts in natural medicines and functional foods.

Molecular interplay between phytoconstituents of Ficus Racemosa and neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a significant global health concern, primarily affecting middle and older populations. Recently, there has been growing interest in herbal therapeutics as a potential approach to address diverse neuropathological conditions. Despite the widespread prevalence of NDs, limited phytochemical has been reported for their promising therapeutic potential with distinct underlying mechanisms. Additionally, the intricate molecular pathways influenced by herbal phytoconstituents, particularly in neurodegenerative disorders, are also not well documented. This report explores the phytoconstituents of Ficus racemosa (F. racemosa), an unfamiliar plant of the Moraceae family, for their potential interactions with pathological pathways of NDs. The influential phytoconstituents of F. racemosa, including polyphenols, glycosides, terpenoids, and furocoumarin, have been reported for targeting diverse pathological states. We proposed the most convincing molecular interplay between leading phytoconstituents and detrimental signalling cascades. However, extensive research is required to thoroughly understand the phytochemical persuaded intricate molecular pathway. The comprehensive evidence strongly suggests that F. racemosa and its natural compounds could be valuable in treating NDs. This points towards an exciting path for future research and the development of potential treatments based on a molecular level.

Investigating the Potential of Acacia nilotica-Enriched Glass Ionomer Cement: An Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity and Compressive Strength

Background According to existing literature, introducing natural antibacterial agents into glass ionomer cement (GIC) has been associated with potential negative impacts on their strength properties. Hence, this study aims to explore the antibacterial effectiveness of glass ionomer cement enriched with Acacia nilotica and subsequently assess its compressive strength characteristics. Aim The objective of the study is to assess the antimicrobial effectiveness and compressive strength of glass ionomer cement modified with Acacia nilotica. Materials and methods  The plant extract was incorporated into the conventional glass ionomer cement in three different proportions (powder GIC: extract: liquid GIC), divided into group I, group II, and group III with ratios of 2:1:1, 3:1:2, and 3:2:1 respectively. Additionally, a control group denoted as group IV was included without any modifications. Subsequently, the specimens were prepared, and their chemical structure was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), followed by testing for antimicrobial activity using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. The assessment of compressive strength was conducted following ISO 9917-1:2007 standards, and the recorded values represent the maximum force the specimen could withstand before fracturing. Results The antimicrobial effectiveness against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus exhibited a notable increase in all modified specimens compared to the control group, with a significance level of p<0.05. Additionally, significant improvements in compressive strength were observed in group III (183.49±2.99) when compared to the remaining groups. The higher concentrations of the plant extract resulted in superior outcomes. Conclusion Therefore, the incorporation of Acacia nilotica into GIC shows promising potential as a restorative material. These investigations can provide valuable insights into the material's performance and durability, contributing to its potential application in dental restorations. Future research is needed to thoroughly investigate the bonding chemistry between Acacia nilotica and GIC, as well as to assess the extent of microleakage.

The Natural Ficus carica L. (fig) Extract as an Effective Prophylactic Antibacterial Agent for Inflammation-Related Infections

Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is a multidrug-resistance Gram-negative organism responsible for carbapenem-resistant infections. These challenges have inspired studies on the use of natural products as alternatives to conventional drugs. The aim of this study was to analyze the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of Ficus carica L. (fig) branch extracts and to perform in vivo animal experiments to better understand the absorption mechanisms of the antibacterial components during the digestion process after oral administration. The antibacterial components of the fig branch extracts were analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). An in vivo animal study and liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QQQ-MS/MS) analyses were performed to analyze the deacetylation reactions of the fig extracts after oral administration in mice. Ultimately, the antibacterial effects of the fig extracts increased with the fractional distillation time. The fig extracts showed excellent antibacterial effects against K. pneumoniae, as well as Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The three antibacterial and antioxidant components of the fig extracts were revealed to be eugenol, acetyleugenol, and psoralen. Interestingly, in this study, we identified acetyleugenol in the phenolic compounds of the fig extract for the first time. Through in vivo animal testing, we observed the deacetylation reaction of acetyleugenol to eugenol in the fig extract as digestion proceeded in the internal organs of the mice after oral administration. The results of this study suggest the use of natural fig extract as an effective therapeutic and prophylactic antibacterial agent for inflammation-related infections with a wide variety of biomedical applications.

Advancing understanding of Ficus carica: a comprehensive genomic analysis reveals evolutionary patterns and metabolic pathway insights

Ficus carica L. (dioecious), the most significant commercial species in the genus Ficus, which has been cultivated for more than 11,000 years and was one of the first species to be domesticated. Herein, we reported the most comprehensive F. carica genome currently. The contig N50 of the Orphan fig was 9.78 Mb, and genome size was 366.34 Mb with 13 chromosomes. Based on the high-quality genome, we discovered that F. carica diverged from Ficus microcarpa ~34 MYA, and a WGD event took place about 2─3 MYA. Throughout the evolutionary history of F. carica, chromosomes 2, 8, and 10 had experienced chromosome recombination, while chromosome 3 saw a fusion and fission. It is worth proposing that the chromosome 9 experienced both inversion and translocation, which facilitated the emergence of the F. carica as a new species. And the selections of F. carica for the genes of recombination chromosomal fragment are compatible with their goal of domestication. In addition, we found that the F. carica has the FhAG2 gene, but there are structural deletions and positional jumps. This gene is thought to replace the one needed for female common type F. carica to be pollinated. Subsequently, we conducted genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analysis to demonstrate significant differences in the expression of CHS among different varieties of F. carica. The CHS playing an important role in the anthocyanin metabolism pathway of F. carica. Moreover, the CHS gene of F. carica has a different evolutionary trend compared to other Ficus species. These high-quality genome assembly, transcriptomic, and metabolomic resources further enrich F. carica genomics and provide insights for studying the chromosomes evolution, sexual system, and color characteristics of Ficus.

Inventory of the urban flora of Budapest (Hungary) highlighting new and noteworthy floristic records

Background

The systematic urban floristic research of Budapest was started in 2018 by the authors with detailed methodology. One scope of the research was to gain knowledge on the plant taxa appearing in Budapest and to compile the inventory of the urban flora of Budapest.

New information

We have provided the inventory of the urban flora of Budapest, which includes distribution data for all 973 taxa found in Budapest between May 2018 and May 2023. We also provided new detailed occurrence data for 49 species in Budapest. Seven of them are new to the adventive flora of Hungary (Campanulaportenschlagiana Roem. & Schult., Clinopodiumnepeta (L.) Kuntze, Chasmanthiumlatifolium (Michx.) H.O.Yates, Cyrtomiumfortunei J.Sm., Linariamaroccana Hook.f., Talinumpaniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn.), three were rediscovered in Hungary (Glebioniscoronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach, Lagenariasiceraria (Molina) Standl., Sisymbriumirio L.) and 18 were recorded for the first time in Budapest. We also provided data for two data-poor (Artemisiascoparia Waldst. & Kit., Polygonumrurivagum Jord. ex Boreau) species and we documented the major expansion of six species.

Virtual screening, pharmacokinetics & MD simulation study of active phytoconstituents of Ficus Carica Linn. against PPAR-γ in diabetes mellitus

F. carica is a small tree and commonly used as a traditional medicine against several disorders. Diabetes is currently treated with insulin and oral hypoglycemic medicines such as sulphonyl urea derivatives, bigunides, thiazolidinediones and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonists were found to be very much beneficial in the management of diabetes by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the bioactive phytoconstituents from Ficus carica Linn. against the target PPAR-γ agonist by in silico docking approach. We investigated 68 phytoconstituents as potential inhibitors of PPAR-γ agonists and the top 24 phytoconstituents were further selected for molecular docking studies. Drug ability, side effects, and ADMET analysis were determined by using MolSoft, toxtree freeware, and ADMET SAR web server, respectively. The phytoconstituents were docked with the target PPAR-γ (PDB ID: 4Y29, 1.98 Å) receptor. Quercetin-3-o-rutinoside possessed the highest G score -14.22 kcal/mol, followed by Angelicin with a G score of -13.56 kcal/mol. All the other phytoconstituents displayed good pharmacokinetic and toxicological parameters with values within the permissible limits. The ligand-protein interaction was calculated by molecular dynamic (MD) simulation study. Subsequently, the binding free energy of the Quercetin-3-o-rutinosideand Pioglitazone complex was calculated using MMPBSA analysis. The results indicated that some of the phytoconstituents from Ficus carica have potency as an anti-diabetic agents. So, these bioactive phytoconstituents like Quercetin-3-o-glucoside, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acids may act as a good agonist for PPAR-γ.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

2-(Benzhydryl sulfinyl)-N-sec-butylacetamide) isolated from fig augmented trastuzumab-triggered phagocytic killing of cancer cells through interface with Fcγ receptor

The objective of the current study was to extract 2-(benzhydryl sulfinyl)-N-sec-butylacetamide), a novel compound from fig, and then determine its role in enhancing trastuzumab-triggered phagocytic killing of SKOV-3 cancer cells. In this study, Soxhlet was used to extract the compound from the mature and air-dried fig fruits. The production of the isolated extracts was enhanced by using polar and non-polar solvents. Several solvents, such as methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-hexane, were used to isolate the effective compound 2-(benzhydryl sulfinyl)-N-sec-butylacetamide) from the organic layer. UV-spectroscopy, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR were applied to identify the purified compound. The in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that the 2-(benzhydryl sulfinyl)-N-sec-butylacetamide) can increase the activity of the phagocytic cells, via the interaction with FcY receptors, along with trastuzumab, and the pathway can use a model for the therapeutic strategy for effective treatment of ovarian cancer cells.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Phytochemical Composition, Acute Toxicity Assessment, and Antioxidant Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Carica Papaya Seeds

BACKGROUND

Carica papaya seeds are rich in phytochemicals with potential health benefits, warranting safety and antioxidant assessments. This study comprehensively examined the ethanolic extract of Carica papaya seeds (EECPS) to elucidate its phytochemical composition, acute toxicity profile, and antioxidant activity.

METHODS

Phytochemical analysis of EECPS revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, phenols, alkaloids, proteins, glycosides, and saponins. Additionally, the presence of sulfuric acid was confirmed. Acute toxicity assessment involved oral administration of EECPS at 2000mg/kg body weight to Wistar rats, with a 14-day observation period. General parameters, body weight changes, and histopathological examination of kidney and liver tissues were evaluated. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of EECPS was compared to that of gallic acid.

RESULTS

Phytochemical analysis confirmed the diverse composition of EECPS, suggesting its potential health benefits and biological activity. Acute toxicity assessment revealed no adverse effects, with rats exhibiting normal behavior, weight stability, and no histopathological abnormalities in vital organs. The gallic acid IC50 value was determined to be 5.73±0.02 µg/mL, indicating its antioxidant potency. EECPS exhibited antioxidant properties in a dose-dependent manner, with higher concentrations demonstrating increased DPPH free radical quenching capacity. The IC50 value for EECPS was calculated from the dose-response curve to be 39.41±1.61 µg/mL (expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM)).

CONCLUSION

The phytochemical analysis of EECPS highlights its diverse composition and potential health benefits. Acute toxicity studies in rats confirm its safety for oral administration, with no adverse effects observed. EECPS exhibits significant antioxidant activity, as indicated by its IC50 value. These findings suggest that EECPS holds promise for therapeutic use and health applications. However, further research is needed to determine its precise antioxidant potential. Subchronic and chronic toxicity studies are recommended to establish its safety profile definitively and unlock its full potential for healthcare and nutrition.

Evaluation of bioactive compounds from Ficus carica L. leaf extracts via high-performance thin-layer chromatography combined with effect-directed analysis

This study compares different solvent systems with the use of spontaneous fermentation on the phytochemical composition of leaf extracts from a locally grown white variety of common fig (Ficus carica Linn.). The aim was to detect and identify bioactive compounds that are responsible for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), α-amylase and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) enzyme inhibition, and compounds that exhibit antimicrobial activity. Bioactive zones in chromatograms were detected by combining High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) with enzymatic and biological assays. A new experimental protocol for measuring the relative half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) was designed to evaluate the potency of the extracts compared to the potency of known inhibitors. Although the IC50 of the fig leaf extract for α-amylase and AChE inhibition were significantly higher when compared to IC50 for acarbose and donepezil, the COX-1 inhibition by the extract (IC50 = 627 µg) was comparable to that of salicylic acid (IC50 = 557 µg), and antimicrobial activity of the extract (IC50 = 375-511 µg) was similar to ampicillin (IC50 = 495 µg). Four chromatographic zones exhibited bioactivity. Compounds from detected bioactive bands were provisionally identified by comparing the band positions to coeluted standards, and by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra from eluted zones. Flash chromatography was used to separate selected extract into fractions and isolate fractions that are rich in bioactive compounds for further characterisation with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The main constituents identified were umbelliferon (zone 1), furocoumarins psoralen and bergapten (zone 2), different fatty acids (zone 3 and 4), and pentacyclic triterpenoids (calotropenyl acetate or lupeol) and stigmasterol (zone 4).

The Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Figs (Ficus carica L.) Grown in the Black Sea Region

This study compared the phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of three varieties of fig fruits (Ficus carica L) from the Eastern Black Sea region of Türkiye. Total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and phenolic compositions were analyzed in green, purple, and dark purple species. The mean TPC value was 42.10 ± 5.71 mg GAE/100 g FW, ranging from 35.98 to 47.30 mg GAE/100 g FW, and was highest in the dark purple species. The mean TFC value was 1.27 ± 0.93 mg QUE/100 FW g, ranging between 0.35 and 2.21 mg QUE/100 FW g, and was highest in the purple species. The samples' total antioxidant capacity was measured based on ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), the values ranging from 151.98 to 372.97 μmol FeSO4.7H2O/100 g FW, with an average value of 239.64 μmol FeSO4.7H2O/100 g FW, being highest in the dark purple species. The 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the fruits was expressed as SC50 (mg/mL), and the values ranged from 10.04 to 42.42 mg/mL, being highest in the purple species. The phenolic composition was analyzed using HPLC-PDA according to the method in which 25 phenolic standards were used. Chlorogenic acid and t-cinnamic acid were the most common phenolic compounds, with rutin, chrysin, apigenin, and luteolin being detected at different amounts. In conclusion, the purple species contained the highest flavonoid content, was rich in apigenin, luteolin, and chrysin, and possessed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity.

Phytochemical Composition and Health Benefits of Figs (Fresh and Dried): A Review of Literature from 2000 to 2022

With their rich history dating back 6000 years, figs are one of the oldest known plants to mankind and are a classical fruit in the Mediterranean diet. They possess a diverse array of bioactive components, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, and tocopherols, which have been used for centuries in traditional medicine for their health-promoting effects addressing gastrointestinal, respiratory, inflammatory, metabolic, and cardiovascular issues. This review summarizes the updated information on the phenolic composition, antioxidant capacity and other functional properties of fresh and dried figs cultivated in various parts of the world, highlighting variation in phenolic composition based on cultivar, harvesting time, maturity stage, processing, and fig parts. Additionally, the review delves into the bio-accessibility and bio-availability of bioactive components from figs and their potential influence on cardiovascular health, diabetes, obesity, and gut/digestive health. Data suggest that the intake of figs regularly in the diet, alone or with other dried fruits, increases select micronutrient intake and is associated with higher diet quality, respectively. Research in animal and human models of health and disease risk provide preliminary health benefits data on figs and their extracts from fig parts; however, additional well-controlled human studies, particularly using fig fruit, will be required to uncover and verify the potential impact of dietary intake of figs on modern day health issues.

Ethanolic Extract of Duea Ching Fruit: Extraction, Characterization and Its Effect on the Properties and Storage Stability of Sardine Surimi Gel

The quality of surimi gel can be improved using protein cross-linkers, especially from plant extracts. Apart from the presence of phenolic compounds, Duea ching fruit is rich in calcium, which can activate indigenous transglutaminase or form the salt bridge between protein chains. Its extract can serve as a potential additive for surimi. The effect of different media for the extraction of Duea ching was studied and the use of the extract in sardine surimi gel was also investigated. The Duea ching fruit extract (DCE) was prepared using distilled water and ethanol (EtOH) at varying concentrations. The DCE prepared using 60% EtOH (DCE-60) had the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. When DCE-60 (0-0.125%; w/w) was added to the sardine surimi gel, the breaking force (BF), deformation (DF) and water holding capacity (WHC) of the gel upsurged and the highest values were attained with the 0.05% DCE-60 addition (p < 0.05). However, the whiteness of the gel decreased when DCE-60 levels were augmented. The gel containing 0.05% DCE-60, namely D60-0.05, showed a denser network and had a higher overall likeness score than the control. When the D60-0.05 gel was packed in air, under vacuum or modified atmospheric packaging and stored at 4 °C, BF, DF, WHC and whiteness gradually decreased throughout 12 days of storage. However, the D60-0.05 gel sample showed lower deterioration than the control, regardless of the packaging. Moreover, the gel packaged under vacuum conditions showed the lowest reduction in properties throughout the storage than those packaged with another two conditions. Thus, the incorporation of 0.05% DCE-60 could improve the properties of sardine surimi gel and the deterioration of the resulting gel was retarded when stored at 4 °C under vacuum packaging conditions.

Industrial Application and Health Prospective of Fig (Ficus carica) By-Products

The current review was carried out on the industrial application of fig by-products and their role against chronic disorders. Fig is basically belonging to fruit and is botanically called Ficus carica. There are different parts of fig, including the leaves, fruits, seeds and latex. The fig parts are a rich source of bioactive compounds and phytochemicals including antioxidants, phenolic compounds, polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols and vitamins. These different parts of fig are used in different food industries such as the bakery, dairy and beverage industries. Fig by-products are used in extract or powder form to value the addition of different food products for the purpose of improving the nutritional value and enhancing the stability. Fig by-products are additive-based products which contain high phytochemicals fatty acids, polyphenols and antioxidants. Due to the high bioactive compounds, these products performed a vital role against various diseases including cancer, diabetes, constipation, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Concussively, fig-based food products may be important for human beings and produce healthy food.

Physiological and biochemical features of fig cultivars (<I>Ficus carica</I> L.) from the collection of the Nikita Botanical Gardens

Background. Identification of promising fig cultivars (Ficus carica L.) with high content of bioactive compounds in fruits and increased adaptability to moisture deficiency is important for breeding and fruit growing in arid regions.

Methods. The chemical analysis of fruits was performed using conventional methods. The content of essential elements was measured on a Kvant 2MT atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Drought resistance was assessed using the method of determining the water-holding capacity and resistance to dehydration in the leaves of fruit crops.

Results. Fruits of cv. ‘Muason’ demonstrated the highest dry matter content (26.60 ± 1.30%), total phenolic compounds (169.0±26.0 mg%), sugars (mono: 15.03 ± 1.25%, and total: 17.46 ± 0.56%), water-soluble pectin (1.17%), total pectin substances (1.99%), and K (13565 ± 805 mg/kg); fruits of cv. ‘Pomoriysky’ had the maximum content of Ca (532 ± 65 mg/kg), Mg (982 ± 121 mg/kg), and Mn (1.98 ± 0.182 mg/kg); ‘Sabrutsiya Rozovaya’ excelled in the content of ascorbic acid (17.32 ± 0.78 mg%), Fe (15.413 ± 1.989 mg/kg), Zn (10.688 ± 1.338 mg/kg), and Cu (1.435 ± 0.132 mg/kg). ‘Sabrutsiya Rozovaya’ showed high drought resistance, ‘Pomoriysky’ had a medium degree of resistance, while ‘Muason’ demonstrated low water regime values. The loss of 15–20% of moisture by the leaves is critical: dehydration exceeding this limit leads to the impossibility of restoring satisfactory turgor. Conclusion. Fruits of the studied fig cultivars belong to the group of products with high K and Mg content, and satisfactory content of Fe, Zn and Mn. ‘Sabrutsiya Rozovaya’, a potentially adaptable cultivar with resistance to hydrothermal stress, was identified for its increased water-retaining capacities and high reparative ability of leaf tissues. It is recommended for use in the breeding for drought resistance and for establishment of large-scale plantations in arid regions. 

Fig latex inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria invading human diabetic wounds and accelerates wound closure in diabetic mice

Impaired wound healing is one of the most critical complications associated with diabetes mellitus. Infections and foot ulcers are major causes of morbidity for diabetic patients. The current treatment of diabetic foot ulcers, commonly used antibiotics, is associated with the development of bacterial resistance. Hence, novel and more effective natural therapeutic antibacterial agents are urgently needed and should be developed against the pathogenic bacteria inhabiting diabetic wounds. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the impact of fig latex on pathogenic bacteria and its ability to promote the healing process of diabetic wounds. The pathogenic bacteria were isolated from patients with diabetic foot ulcers admitted to Assiut University Hospital. Fig latex was collected from trees in the Assiut region, and its chemical composition was analyzed using GC‒MS. The antibacterial efficacy of fig latex was assessed on the isolated bacteria. An in vivo study to investigate the effect of fig latex on diabetic wound healing was performed using three mouse groups: nondiabetic control mice, diabetic mice and diabetic mice treated with fig latex. The influence of fig latex on the expression levels of β-defensin-1, PECAM-1, CCL2 and ZO-1 and collagen formation was investigated. The GC‒MS analysis demonstrated the presence of triterpenoids, comprising more than 90% of the total latex content. Furthermore, using a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model, topical treatment of diabetic wound tissues with fig latex was shown to accelerate and improve wound closure by increasing the expression levels of β-defensin-1, collagen, and PECAM-1 compared to untreated diabetic wounds. Additionally, fig latex decreased the expression levels of ZO-1 and CCL2.

Bioengineered synthesis of phytochemical-adorned green silver oxide (Ag2O) nanoparticles via Mentha pulegium and Ficus carica extracts with high antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities

Silver oxide nanoparticles have various biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. However, conventional nanofabrication of Ag₂O is associated with the use of toxic chemicals and organic solvents. To circumvent this hurdle, herein silver oxide quantum dots (Ag₂O-QDs) were synthesized quickly (3 min) via the use of ultrasonic irradiation and plant-extract. Additionally, due to ultrasonic irradiation's effect on cell-wall destruction and augmentation of extraction efficiency, ultrasonic was also used in the preparation of Mentha pulegium and Ficus carica extracts (10 min, r.t) as natural eco-friendly reducing/capping agents. The UV-Vis result indicated a broad absorption peak at 400-500 nm. TEM/SEM analysis showed that ultrasound introduced a uniform spherical particle and significantly reduced particle size compared to the conventional heating method (∼ 9 nm vs. ∼ 100 nm). Silver and oxygen elements were found in the bio-synthesized Ag₂O by EDS. The FTIR and phenol/flavonoid tests revealed the presence of phenol and flavonoid associated with the nanoparticles. Moreover, nanoparticles exhibited antioxidant/antibacterial/antifungal activities. The MIC and MBC results showed the Ag₂O QDs synthesized with M. pulegium extract have the highest antibacterial activity against E. coli (MBC = MIC:15.6 ppm), which were significantly different from uncoated nanoparticles (MBC = MIC:500 ppm). The data reflects the role of phyto-synthesized Ag₂O-QDs using ultrasonic-irradiation to develop versatile and green biomedical products.

Sodium benzoate induced toxicities in albino male rats: mitigating effects of Ficus carica and Cymbopogon citratus leave extract

Herbal products have become widely used in managing and treating a wide range of illnesses. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant and protective effects of Cymbopogon citratus ethyl acetate and Ficus carica hexane leave extract (200 mg/kg b.w for both) on sodium benzoate (SB) (200 mg/kg b.w) toxicity in rats. For 6 weeks, four groups of five rats each (control, SB, F. carica + SB, and C. citrates + SB). Blood sample (liver, kidney) tissue and histological examination were used at the end of the experiment. According to the findings, the extracts have significant concentrations of total flavonoids, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity. Oxidative stress caused by SB exposure induced an increase in ALT, AST, ALP, glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, TG, TC, LDL, and MDA, while insulin and SOD were decreased. Furthermore, the biochemical alterations generated by SB in the blood serum, homogenate, liver, and kidney tissue were significantly reduced by C. citratus ethyl acetate and F. carica hexane leave extracts (P < 0.05). The leaf extracts of the examined plants had significant curative and preventive effects in SB-induced liver and kidney damage, resulting in diminished liver and kidney biomarker enzymes, an improved antioxidant defense system, and lipid peroxidation inhibition.

Diversity of rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria isolated from dried fruit of Ficus carica

There is currently an increasing demand for the characterization of endophytic bacteria isolated from different parts of plants (rhizosphere, roots, fruit, leaf) in order to improve the organic agriculture practices. The current research was performed to identify both rhizospheric bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of Ficus carica in three different sites in the north of Tunisia and endophytic bacteria isolated from dried figs. We then characterized them for a diversity of plant growth-promoting (PGP) activities. A collection of 120 isolates from rhizospheric soil and 9 isolates from dried figs was obtained and purified. 16SrDNA gene amplification of rhizospheric bacteria revealed significant diversity and allowed for the assigning of the isolates to 6 phyla: Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Representative strains of the collection (90 strains) were tested for numerous PGP activities and resistance to abiotic stresses. The most common PGP trait for all bacteria from the three regions was siderophore production (62%), followed by cellulase (38%), then protease activity (37%), then by lipases activity (17%) and lastly by solubilization of phosphates (9%). Twenty -three strains that showed most PGP traits were selected, 8 strains presented 12 or more, and 15 strains displayed between 7 and 11 of 17 PGP activities. The majority of the isolates manifested a possible adaptation to abiotic stress and unfavorable environments. PCR-DGGE analysis of soil rhizosphere of the three sites allowed also for the acquisition of a Cluster analysis of rhizospheric bacterial communities. Our current study identified and characterized for the first time in Tunisia rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria from dried fruit of Ficus carica.

Different Seasonal Collections of Ficus carica L. Leaves Diversely Modulate Lipid Metabolism and Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Due to the high prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, adipogenesis dysfunction and metabolic disorders are common features in the elderly population. Thus, the identification of novel compounds with anti-adipogenic and lipolytic effects is highly desirable to reduce diabetes complications. Plants represent an important source of bioactive compounds. To date, the antidiabetic potential of several traditional plants has been reported, among which Ficus carica L. is one of the most promising. Considering that plant metabolome changes in response to a number of factors including seasonality, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether Ficus carica leaves extracts collected in autumn (FCa) and spring (FCs) differently modulate lipid metabolism and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The 1H-NMR profile of the extracts showed that FCs have a higher content of caffeic acid derivatives, glucose, and sucrose than FCa. In contrast, FCa showed a higher concentration of malic acid and furanocoumarins, identified as psoralen and bergapten. In vitro testing showed that only FCa treatments were able to significantly decrease the lipid content (Ctrl vs. FCa 25 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL and 80 μg/mL; p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, FCa treatments were able to downregulate the transcriptional pathway of adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In more detail, FCa 80 μg/mL significantly decreased the gene expression of PPARγ (p < 0.05), C/EBPα (p < 0.05), Leptin (p < 0.0001), adiponectin (p < 0.05) and GLUT4 (p < 0.01). In conclusion, this study further supports an in-depth investigation of F. carica leaves extracts as a promising source of active compounds useful for targeting obesity and diabetes.

Specific Ionic Recognition Using Fig's Xylem/Phloem Vessel as a Novel and Applicable Device: Lab-on-a Xylem/Phloem

A novel and specific detection system using voltage-stimulating ion transport through fig xylem/phloem vessels as a new lab-on-a xylem/phloem substrate was introduced. The voltage drove the ion flux through the vessels by a sinusoidal waveform with very low frequency (2.70 ± 0.05 kHz, n = 10) and voltage amplitude between 0.0 and 1.0 kV (vs total applied potential) with positive and negative polarities depending on cation and anion separation, respectively. The recorded potential induced by the applied potential was considered as a fingerprint electrical potential stimulator during reliable recognition of different ionic species. The system possessed some different characteristics such as (i) prominent figures of merit with linear ranges between 5.0 and 1200.0 (±0.7, n = 10) ng mL^-1 (correlation coefficient, R ², >0.99) for each ionic species and (ii) improved detection limits via tracing electrical current and conductance gradient (as the sensitive detection systems), while testing 50.0 ng mL^-1 of different salts as cationic and anionic species. The reliability of the system was evidenced via focusing on at least 60 independent cationic and anionic species during introducing a 70-membered distinct array-based bio-substrate device. This process not only showed great method applicability for specific determination with acceptable figures of merit but also resulted in introducing a software database for direct detection and recognition of various ionic analyses. The introduced detection/separation device competed with other spectroscopic/electrochemical systems due to the specific and simultaneous recognition of great ranges of ionic species in different real samples at ultratrace levels.

Autophagy is involved in Ficus carica fruit extract-induced anti-tumor effects on pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer (PaCa), a common and highly lethal malignant cancer, is often insensitive to radio- and/or chemotherapy. Therefore, effective treatment regiments are still lacking. Herein, we found that an extract of Ficus carica fruit (EFCF) exerted anti-tumor effects on PaCa cells. EFCF induced cell viability inhibition and apoptotic cell death in two PaCa cell lines in a dose- and time dependent manner. EFCF effectively suppressed the migration, metastasis, invasion, and colony formation of PaCa cells. Mechanistically, EFCF stimulated an increase in intracellular ROS to promote cell death and senescence. EFCF treatment also triggered autophagy, and autophagy inhibition enhanced EFCF-induced cell death. We found that EFCF decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and promoted lipid peroxidation. Moreover, intragastric administration of EFCF effectively suppressed xenograft PaCa growth inhibition by activating cell death. EFCF had no apparent toxicity to normal pancreatic epithelial cells. Together, these findings suggest that EFCF may be a potential treatment for PaCa.

Natural plant extracts mediated expression regulation of TGF-β receptors and SMAD genes in human cancer cell lines

BACKGROUND

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily has key role in cell proliferation which leads to tumor promoting activities at metastatic stage of cancer. Inhibition of transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGFβR) signaling pathway can provide better therapeutic strategy to control cancer. Natural products are best known for their safety, less toxic nature, antioxidant characteristics making them a promising candidate to inhibit TGFβR signaling pathway.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Crude methanolic extracts (CMEs) of 16 selected plants were prepared by using maceration method and subjected to phytochemical assays for identification of major phytometabolites particularly cancer chemopreventive antioxidant constituents. Total flavonoid content of all plants CME was > 0.6 mg/ml exhibiting the Cichorium intybus contains comparatively highest amount of total flavonoid content (0.53 mg/ml). Scanvenging activity of all plants was determined having IC₅₀ ranges between 2 and 88 (µg/ml) while Moringa oleifera revealed the maximum scavenging activity (IC₅₀ 2.03 µg/ml). Comparative cytotoxicity of plant extracts was evaluated in HUH and MCF-7 cell lines using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay. The nine active plant extracts i.e. Fagonia cretica, Argemone Mexicana, Rubus fruticosus, M. oleifera, Punica granatum, Cichorium intybus, Xanthium strumarium, Carissa opaca, Cyperus rotundus were identified based on their high antiproliferative activity > 50% against cancer cell lines and subjected to relative expression studies. Modulation of TGFβ signaling molecules (i.e.TGFβR1, 2 & 3, SMAD3, SMAD5) and ubiquitous proteins i.e. SMURF1 and SMURF2 genetic expression by potent extracts was determined by RT-PCR using GAPDH (housekeeping gene) as gene of reference.

CONCLUSIONS

This present study revealed that CME of Fagonia cretica and Argemone mexicana significantly inhibit TGF beta mediated signaling cascade by downregulating the gene expression fold change > 1 of TGFβR 1, 2 & 3 and receptor associated complex protein SMAD3 as compared to control.

Bioactive Constituents and Toxicological Evaluation of Selected Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants of Saudi Arabia

The purpose of this review is to summarize the available antidiabetic medicinal plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with its phytoconstituents and toxicological findings supporting by the latest literature. Required data about medicinal plants having antidiabetic activities and growing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were searched/collected from the online databases including Wiley, Google, PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Keywords used in search are in vivo antidiabetic activities, flora of Saudi Arabia, active ingredients, toxicological evaluations, and medicinal plants. A total of 50 plant species belonging to 27 families were found in the flora of Saudi Arabia. Dominant family was found Lamiaceae with 5 species (highest) followed by Moraceae with 4 species. β-Amyrin, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, rutin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol are the very common bioactive constituents of these selected plant species. This paper has presented a list of antidiabetic plants used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Bioactive antidiabetic phytoconstituents which showed that these plants have hypoglycemic effects and highly recommended for further pharmacological purposes and to isolate/identify antidiabetes mellitus (anti-DM) active agents also need to investigate the side effects of active ingredients.

Breba Fruits Characterization from Four Varieties (Ficus carica L.) with Important Commercial Interest in Spain

Although most of the published articles generalize with the fruit of the fig tree (Ficus carica L.), the differentiation between fig and breba is increasingly common in the bibliography. In this regard, keep in mind that the fig tree generally produces two crops a year, the parthenocarpic breba, also called as early fig, and the main non-parthenocarpic crop, the fig proper. In this study, four brebas varieties (‘Colar’, ‘SuperFig1’, ‘Cuello de Dama Negro’ and ‘San Antonio’) were selected in order to identify compositional, nutritional, and chemical diversity. These varieties were chosen for their commercial relevance in Spain. Color (internal and external), fruit and peel weight, size, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), maturity index (MI), sugar, and organic content were determined for all the breba fruits samples. In addition, polyphenolic profile, amino acids, and volatile aromatic compounds were also identified. The varieties ‘Colar’ and ‘SuperFig1’ showed the highest fruit weight and size, while ‘Cuello de Dama Negro’ presented the higher pulp yield. The higher organic acid and sugar contents were determined for ‘SuperFig1’ and ‘Cuello de Dama Negro’, respectively. Although in low concentrations, the phenolic compound quercetin 3-(6-O-acetyl-beta-glucoside) and the amino acid tyrosine were only detected in the ‘’Cuello de Dama Negra’ and ‘SuperFig1’ fruits, respectively. Of the eighty volatile aromatic compounds identified, only eight were common in four varieties. An important knowledge gap was identified in relation to the characterization of the two Ficus carica L. crops, that is, the differentiation and specification in the literature when working with brebas and/or figs.

Morphogenetic and physiological effects of LED spectra on the apical buds of Ficus carica var. Black Jack

The use of artificial light sources such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has become a prerequisite in tissue culture studies to obtain morphogenetic enhancements on in vitro plants. This technology is essential for developmental enhancements in the growing plant cultures due to its light quality and intensity greatly influencing the in vitro growing explants at a cellular level. The current study investigates the effects of different light-emitting diode (LED) spectra on the growth of apical buds of Ficus carica var. Black Jack. Ficus carica, commonly known as figs is rich in vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals capable of treating microbial infections and gastric, inflammatory, and cardiac disorders. Apical buds of Ficus carica var. Black Jack, presented morphogenetic changes when grown under six different LED spectra. The highest multiple shoots (1.80 per growing explant) and healthy growing cultures were observed under the blue + red LED spectrum. Wound-induced callus formation was observed on apical buds grown under green LED spectrum and discolouration of the growing shoots were observed on the cultures grown under far-red LED spectrum. Multiple shoots obtained from the blue + red LED treatment were rooted using 8 µM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and the rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatised. Compared with the other monochromatic LEDs, blue + red proved to be significantly better for producing excellent plant morphogeny. It is apparent that blue and red LED is the most suitable spectra for the healthy development of plants. The findings have confirmed that the combination of blue + red LED can potentially be used for enhancing growth yields of medicinally and commercially important plants.

Cations and Phenolic Compounds Concentrations in Fruits of Fig Plants Exposed to Moderate Levels of Salinity

Fig trees are often grown in areas affected by salinity problems. We investigated changes in the concentrations of 15 phenolic compounds and mineral elements (Mg, Ca, K, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Fe, Na) in fruits of fig plants (Ficus carica L. cv. Dottato) subjected to irrigation with saline water (100 mM of NaCl) for 28 days. We used UHPLC-MS/MS techniques to determine chlorogenic acid, tiliroside, catechin, epicatechin (ECTC), p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, phloridzin, phloretine, quercetagetin 7-O-glucoside, rutin, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol 7-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, and quercetin. There was a steep gradient of Na⁺ concentrations between the root and the canopy of salinized plants, but leaf Na⁺ was similar in control and salt-treated plants. Quercetin, ECTC, and chlorogenic acid were the most abundant phenolic compounds in fig fruits. Salinity increased total phenols by 5.6%, but this increase was significant only for ECTC. Salt stress significantly increased Zn and Mg concentration in the fruit. Leaf levels of K, Mg, Ca, and Mn were similar in control and salinized plants. Moderate salt stress appears to improve fig fruit quality because of its positive effect on nutrients and antioxidant compounds such as epicatechin.

Antispasmodic Potential of Medicinal Plants: A Comprehensive Review

Numerous medicinal plants have been utilized for the treatment of different types of diseases and disorders including gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. GI diseases are the most common complaints that normally affects the largest proportion of children and adolescents with overlapping clinical manifestation in diagnosis and medical needs. Drugs with antispasmodic effects are normally applied for the symptomatic treatment of contraction and cramping of smooth muscles in gastrointestinal diseases as well as in other critical clinical situations. In alternative system of medicines, the antispasmodic herbs played a significant role in the cure of GI diseases. These medicinal plants and their herbal products are used from generation to generation because of multiple nutritional and therapeutic benefits. The multiple uses might be attributed to the presence on biologically active chemical constitutes. The main aim of this review is to focus on the medicinal potential of plants possessing antispasmodic activities with their proposed mechanism of action. Several databases such as Google Scholar, Cochrane database, Scopus, and PubMed were used to search the relevant literature regarding "plants with antispasmodic activities." This present study highlights the updated and quantified information on several medicinal plants with antispasmodic activity like Zanthoxylum armatum, Matricaria chamomilla, Foeniculum vulgare, Pycnocycla spinosa, Atropa belladonna, Lavandula angustifolia, Mentha pulegium, Glycyrrhiza ularensis, Anethum graveolens, and Origanum majorana. Moreover, recent studies on other medicinal plant species also have been included in this review article. Additionally, the study also revealed that the active compounds of all these plants possess significant spasmolytic effect which is safest, efficacious, and cost effective as compared to the available synthetic drugs.

Traditional medicinal knowledge of plants used for cancer treatment by communities of mountainous areas of Fez-Meknes-Morocco

Since their existence on earth, humans have used herbal medicine to meet their requirements for medication. The aim of the study: This work refers to a study conducted to carry out an ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used for the treatment of cancer in Fez-Meknes region of Morocco. Material and Methods: To achieve this goal, 300 informants including 237 local people and 63 herbalists. They were requested to fill a survey related questionnaire aiming at the collection of data about the addressed objective. Informants were asked about the vernacular names, parts of medicinal plants used, mode of preparation, route of administration, reference area as well as the ecological distribution. The Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) and Fidelity Level (FL) were calculated to identify the most effective plants recommended by informants for disease treatment. Results: The findings obtained in the present survey revealed that 94 species belonging to 47 families have been used for cancer treatment in the region of Fez-Meknes. Fruits, leaves, and seeds are the most commonly used plant parts, by the time powder and infusion arethe most common methods used fordrug preparations. Conclusion: This work may contribute towards the society as it provides interesting data on traditional medicinal knowledge of medicinal plantsused to fight cancer.

The Attractant Bioactivity Test of Semi-Polar Fraction of the Datuan Stem Bark (Ficus vasculosa Wall. Ex Miq) against Warehouse Pest (Sitophilus oryzae L.)

Bioactive isolation was performed on the stem bark of Datuan (Ficus vasculosa Wall. Ex Miq), and extraction was carried out via the maceration method using acetone as a solvent. Furthermore, an attractant bioactivity test was conducted on acetone extract, A-G fraction, and composition of the isolates. The separation and purification via column chromatography produced a D8.3.5.7 fraction in the form of needle crystal of about 50 mg, at a melting point of 136°C–138.7°C. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis showed a single spot at an Rf value of 0.57 (n-hexane eluent: ethyl acetate 7:3), 0.36 (DCM eluent), and 0.24 (CHCl3 eluent). The isolated compounds were identified using infrared and UV–Vis spectrophotometry, as well as mass spectrometry. The characterization of the infrared spectrum of the isolated compound showed a strong OH goo band at 3461 cm-1 region and the absorption band at 2936.25 cm-1 exhibited a stretch of CH alkanes. These two bands are supported by the vibration at 1378.47 and 1462.55 cm-1 for CH absorption of methyl and methylene. The absorption band in the 1622 cm-1 region showed a stretch of conjugated C=C double bond, which is supported by absorption at 918.96 and 966.22 cm-1 as C–H alkene. The UV–Vis spectrophotometry showed absorption at λmax 263.97 nm A = 0.483, which was the result of electronic transition π → π*, and at λ 331.0 nm A = 0.274, which was an electronic result of n → π*. Meanwhile, identification via mass spectrometry that produces isolate has a molecular weight of 414.1 m/e with the formula C29H50O. Therefore, the bioactivity test results on compound D8.3.5.7 had an attractant activity of 71.67% against warehouse pests (Sitophilus oryzae L.) and an interest index of 0.63.

Potential of Ficus carica extracts against Euschistus heros: Toxicity of major active compounds and selectivity against beneficial insects

BACKGROUND

Using plant-based extracts and their constituents has been suggested as an alternative tool to replace or integrate with the synthetic compounds used to manage insect pests. Here, we evaluated the potential of extracts obtained from Ficus carica Linn (Moraceae) branches and leaves against the Neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros, one of the most prevalent insect pests in soybean fields. We further isolated and evaluated the toxicity of the extracts' major components against E. heros. Additionally, by using computational docking analysis and toxicological approaches, we assessed the physiological basis for the selectivity of these extracts against beneficial insects such as pollinator bees (i.e. Apis mellifera and the Neotropical stingless bee Partamona helleri), ladybeetles (Eriopis connexa and Coleomegilla maculata), and lacewings (Chrysoperla externa).

RESULTS

Our results demonstrate that branch (LC50  = 5.9 [4.7-7.1] mg mL-1 ) and leaf (LC50  = 14.1 [12.5-15.4] mg mL-1 ) extracts exhibited similar toxicity against E. heros. Our phytochemical analysis revealed psoralen and bergapten furanocoumarins as the major components of the extract. Based on our computational predictions, these molecules' differential abilities to physically interact with the acetylcholinesterases of E. heros and beneficial insects play relevant roles in their selectivity actions. The estimated LC90 values of branch (30.0 mg mL-1 ) and leaf (30.0 mg mL-1 ) extracts killed less than 12% of the beneficial insects.

CONCLUSION

Overall, our findings revealed that furanocoumarin-rich extracts obtained from F. carica extracts have the potential to be used as alternative tools in the integrated management of stink bug pests. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Inhibitory Potential of Murraya Koenigii (L.) and Ficus Carica L. Extracts Against Aldose Reductase (ALR), Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) Formation and Sorbitol Accumulation

Introduction: Murraya koenigii (L.) and Ficus carica L. are traditionally used plants with significant medicinal and nutritional values. Aim and Objective: The present study was focused on the evaluation of hydro-alcoholic and aqueous extracts of M. koenigii (L.) leaves [MKHA (M. koenigii (L.) hydro-alcoholic extract) and MKAQ (M. koenigii (L.) aqueous extract)] and dried fruits of F. carica L. [FCHA (F. carica L. hydro-alcoholic extract) and FCAQ (F. carica L. aqueous extract)] in the attenuation of markers of microvascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus which can be further used to investigate the pharmacological activity of these plants in treatment of diabetes and its complications. Material and Method: The attenuating effect of the extracts was evaluated by calculating the ALR1 enzyme inhibition in a kidney of Wistar rat, anti-glycation activity in bovine serum albumin (BSA) and erythrocyte sorbitol accumulation inhibition in heparinized human blood. Results: A significant inhibitory effect (IC50 6.47μg/ml,7.26μg/ml,8.93 μg/ml and 9.66μg/ml) was observed with different concentrations of extracts (MKHA, MKAQ, FCHA and FCAQ) respectively, against ALR enzyme. After the 4th week of incubation, the inhibition of AGEs formation by MKHA, MKAQ, FCHA and FCAQ (500μg/ml) was found to be 82.58%, 78.58%, 74.39% and 69.56% respectively. MKHA, MKAQ, FCHA and FCAQ were found to exhibit significant inhibition against the accumulation of sorbitol in RBCs with IC50 188.88 μg/ml, 247.74μg/ml, 291.94μg/ml and 345.34μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The administration of different concentrations of MKHA, MKAQ, FCHA and FCAQ significantly attenuated ALR, AGEs and sorbitol accumulation; hence, it can provide a basis for identification and development of new inhibitors of these biomarkers.

Maclura tinctoria Extracts: In Vitro Antibacterial Activity against Aeromonas hydrophila and Sedative Effect in Rhamdia quelen

Maclura tinctoria is a tree species native from Brazil and rich in phenolic compounds. Since plant antibacterial activity is highly associated with phenolic compound concentration, we aim to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of different extracts against fish pathogenic bacteria. In addition, some phenolic compounds have central depressant effects and can be useful in aquaculture due to possible sedative and/or anesthetic effects. Four M. tinctoria extracts were extracted separately with ethanol; leaves (LE), bark (BE), heartwood (HE), and the sapwood (SE). In vitro antimicrobial activity was tested against Aeromonas strains at concentrations of 6400 to 3.125 μg/mL. The sedative effect was evaluated for 24 h with 30 and 100 mg/L concentrations. Chemical composition was analyzed by HPLC-DAD-MS. The HE extract had the best MIC (400 µg/mL) and MBC (800 µg/mL) compared to the LE, BE, and SE extracts. LE extract induced deep sedation and the BE, SE, and HE extracts induced light sedation. Additionally, BE, SE, and HE induced a normal behavior without side effects. Polyphenolic compounds with antimicrobial activity and sedative effects were identified mainly in HE. Thus, HE extract is safe and can be used as a sedative for silver catfish.

Molecular docking and dynamics simulation study of bioactive compounds from Ficus carica L. with important anticancer drug targets

Ficus carica L., commonly known as fig, has been used in traditional medicine for metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases and cancer. Various bioactive compounds have been previously isolated from the leaves, fruit, and bark, which have different pharmacological properties, but the anticancer mechanisms of this plant are not known. In the current study we focused on understanding the probable mechanisms underlying the anticancer activity of F. carica plant extracts by molecular docking and dynamic simulation approaches. We evaluated the drug-likeness of the active constituents of the plant and explored its binding affinity with selected anticancer drug target receptors such as cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK-2), cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK-6), topoisomerase-I (Topo I), topoisomerase-II (Topo II), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2). In silico toxicity studies revealed that thirteen molecules out of sixty-eight major active compounds in the plant extract have acceptable drug-like properties. Compound 37 (β-bourbonene) has a good binding affinity with the majority of drug targets, as revealed by molecular docking studies. The complexes of the lead molecules with the drug receptors were stable in terms of molecular dynamics simulation derived parameters such as root mean square deviation and radius of gyration. The top ten residues contributing significantly to the binding free energies were deciphered through analysis of molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) and molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA). Thus, the results of our studies unravel the potential of F. carica bioactive compounds as anticancer candidate molecules against selected macromolecular receptors.

Comparative anticancer activities of Ficus carica and Ficus salicifolia latex in MDA-MB-231 cells

Ficus latex is rich in polyphenolic compounds and hence considered as an antioxidant and anti-proliferative. Many studies are available on Ficus carica (common fig) whereas Ficus salicifolia is less studied. F. salicifolia grows in a harsh dry environment, therefore its latex was selected in the current study along with the F. carica for their comparative anti-cancer potential and the involved molecular mechanism. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) derived MDA-MB-231 cells were used in the study. MTT and morphological studies indicated that the latex of both plants has anti-proliferative effects. To know their anti-metastatic effects, a wound-healing assay was performed. Both species were able to maintain the wound size compared to the untreated cells indicating their anti-metastatic effects. Using a DNA damage assay kit, we found that both fig species have genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in MDA-MB-231 cells compared to the untreated control. To know the potential molecular mechanism involved, we used a human kinase array kit. We found that ERK2, CREB, and AKT2 were downregulated after treatment the MDA-Mb-231 cells with the latex of F. carica. We assumed that F. salicifolia will also affect the same pathways, however after confirmation through real-time (RT)-PCR, downregulations of the above mentioned pathways were confirmed in cells treated with F. carica latex, however, in cells treated with F. salicifolia the selected genes were upregulated at the transcriptional level. We conclude that latex of both species of ficus have anti-cancer effects in MDA-MB-231 cells, however differ in their level of toxicity and the mechanism of action at the molecular level.

Effects of topical gel formulation of Ficus carica latex on cutaneous leishmaniasis induced by Leishmania major in BALB/c mice

Objectives

The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of Ficus carica latex on the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), induced by Leishmania major. A 5% topical gel with F. carica latex was prepared. BALB/c mice were infected by inoculation of amastigotes form of L. major. Thirty BALB/c mice were divided into five groups, where the first group was treated daily, the second group twice per day, and the third group every other day with the 5% topical gel, for 3 weeks. The sizes of the lesions were measured before and during the course of treatment.

Results

Although the mean size of lesions in the mice group treated with the 5% F. carica gel, especially in the group receiving daily treatment, was less than the mean size of the lesions in the control group, yet, the differences was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The findings of the current study demonstrated that the 5% F. carica latex with a 3-week course of treatment had no considerable effect in recovery or control of CL induced by L. major in the murine model. Using higher concentration of F. carica latex and with longer treatment lengths may increase its efficacy in the treatment of CL.

Ficus Carica L. Latex: Possible Chemo-Preventive, Apoptotic Activity and Safety Assessment

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the third cause of cancer-related mortality with the low 5-year survival in which more than 50 percent of patients have recurrent cancer within 2 years of treatment. The present study investigated the cytotoxicity and lethal dose of Ficus carica L. (Figure) latex and phytochemical composition of effective fraction. Figure latex was collected in summer and 4 fractions of Figure latex were prepared. The cytotoxic effect of each fraction was studied and the most effective fraction was selected for apoptosis assay, acute toxicity study, and phytochemical analysis using column chromatography. The isolated compounds were identified by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Chloroform fraction was the most effective fraction with the IC₅₀ value of 0.219 and 0.748 mg/mL for HepG2 and NIH cell lines, respectively. Presence of cells in early apoptotic phase was documented by flow cytometry assay. Single dose administration of 2g/kg of fraction did not cause any death. Phytochemical analyses confirmed presence of lupeol acetate and lupeol palmitate in chloroform fraction. The present study revealed that the chloroform fraction is not only 3.4 times more toxic in HepG2 cell line but also has low in-vivo toxicity which could be considered as a good candidate for a chemo-preventive agent.