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Hasby Saad MA, El-Saadi EG, Ali DA, Watany MM, Eid MM. Potential i-Nos/Arg-1 Switch with NLRP3 and Parasitic Load Down Regulation in Experimental Schistosoma mansoni Infection via Chloroquine Repurposing. Parasite Immunol 2024; 46:e13030. [PMID: 38498004 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
In previous studies, the inhibitory effect of chloroquine on NLRP3 inflammasome and heme production was documented. This may be employed as a double-bladed sword in schistosomiasis (anti-inflammatory and parasiticidal). In this study, chloroquine's impact on schistosomiasis mansoni was investigated. The parasitic load (worm/egg counts and reproductive capacity index [RCI]), i-Nos/Arg-1 expression, splenomegaly, hepatic insult and NLRP3-immunohistochemical expression were assessed in infected mice after receiving early and late repeated doses of chloroquine alone or dually with praziquantel. By early treatment, the least RCI was reported in dually treated mice (41.48 ± 28.58) with a significant reduction in worm/egg counts (3.50 ± 1.29/2550 ± 479.58), compared with either drug alone. A marked reduction in the splenic index was achieved by prolonged chloroquine administration (alone: 43.15 ± 5.67, dually: 36.03 ± 5.27), with significantly less fibrosis (15 ± 3.37, 14.25 ± 2.22) than after praziquantel alone (20.5 ± 2.65). Regarding inflammation, despite the praziquantel-induced significant decrease in NLRP3 expression, the inhibitory effect was marked after dual and chloroquine administration (liver: 3.13 ± 1.21/3.45 ± 1.23, spleen: 5.7 ± 1.6/4.63 ± 2.41). i-Nos RNA peaked with early/late chloroquine administration (liver: 68.53 ± 1.8/57.78 ± 7.14, spleen: 63.22 ± 2.06/62.5 ± 3.05). High i-Nos echoed with a parasiticidal and hepatoprotective effect and may indicate macrophage-1 polarisation. On the flip side, the chloroquine-induced low Arg-1 seemed to abate immune tolerance and probably macrophage-2 polarisation. Collectively, chloroquine synergised the praziquantel-schistosomicidal effect and minimised tissue inflammation, splenomegaly and hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A Hasby Saad
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Esraa G El-Saadi
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Dareen A Ali
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mona M Watany
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M Eid
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Brkić BM, Rovčanin B, Stojanović M, Srebro D, Vučković S, Savić Vujović K. Chloroquine Attenuates Oxidative Stress in Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats. Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258221119871. [PMID: 36003319 PMCID: PMC9393693 DOI: 10.1177/15593258221119871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The wider application of gentamicin is limited by potential adverse effects
(nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity). The goal of our study was to investigate the effects of
chloroquine on biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in gentamicin-induced
nephrotoxicity in rats. Animals were randomly divided into 1 of 5 groups. First was Sham
group (0.9% NaCl) (n = 8); second group received gentamicin (n = 8); while third (n = 8),
fourth (n = 8) and fifth group (n = 8) received gentamicin and chloroquine in a dose of
0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg, respectively. The urea and creatinine levels were significantly lower
in chloroquine treated groups in doses of 0.3 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg (P <
0.001). Total oxidant status and the oxidative stress index showed significantly lower
values in all chloroquine treated groups (P < 0.001;
P < 0.005). Malondialdehyde was lower in chloroquine treatment in
doses of 0.3 mg/kg (P < 0.005) and 3 mg/kg (P <
0.05). Chloroquine treatment markedly reduced the level of superoxide dismutase in doses
of 1 mg/kg (P < 0.01) and 3 mg/kg (P < 0.05). Our
study showed that chloroquine attenuates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats
regarding biochemical and oxidative stress parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislava Medić Brkić
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branislav Rovčanin
- Centre for Endocrine Surgery, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Stojanović
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Srebro
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja Vučković
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Savić Vujović
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Han S, Zhuang H, Lee PY, Li M, Yang L, Nigrovic PA, Reeves WH. NF-E2-Related Factor 2 Regulates Interferon Receptor Expression and Alters Macrophage Polarization in Lupus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:1707-1720. [PMID: 32500632 DOI: 10.1002/art.41383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pristane-induced lupus is associated with nonresolving inflammation and deficiency of proresolving macrophages. Proresolving nonclassic macrophages (NCMs) are less responsive to type I interferon (IFN) than classic macrophages (CMs; which are proinflammatory), reflecting their relative expression levels of the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR). This study was undertaken to investigate the regulation of IFNAR expression in macrophages. METHODS We carried out gene expression profiling of purified CMs and NCMs from mice treated with pristane (which develop lupus) or mineral oil (non-lupus controls). Macrophage differentiation and IFNAR expression were examined in mice treated with NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activators and inhibitors and in Nrf2-deficient mice. Nrf2 activity was also assessed in blood cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Significant differences were determined by Student's t-test. RESULTS RNA sequencing revealed increased expression of genes regulated by the transcription factor Nrf2 in NCMs from mineral oil-treated versus pristane-treated mice and in NCMs versus CMs. The Nrf2 activator CDDO-imidazole (CDDO-Im) decreased CMs (P < 0.0001) and promoted the development of proresolving NCMs (P = 0.06), whereas the Nrf2 inhibitor brusatol increased CMs (P < 0.05) and decreased NCMs (P < 0.001). CDDO-Im decreased Ifnar1 (P < 0.001) and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in macrophages and alleviated oxidative stress (P < 0.05), whereas brusatol had the opposite effect (P < 0.01). Moreover, Ifnar1 and ISG expression levels were higher in Nrf2-knockout mice than controls (P < 0.05). As seen in mice with lupus, SLE patients showed evidence of low Nrf2 activity. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that Nrf2 activation favors the resolution of chronic inflammation in lupus. Since autoantibody production and lupus nephritis depend on IFNAR signaling, the ability of Nrf2 activators to repolarize macrophages and reduce the INF signature suggests that these agents may warrant consideration for treating lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pui Y Lee
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Peter A Nigrovic
- Boston Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Quiros Roldan E, Biasiotto G, Magro P, Zanella I. The possible mechanisms of action of 4-aminoquinolines (chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine) against Sars-Cov-2 infection (COVID-19): A role for iron homeostasis? Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104904. [PMID: 32430286 PMCID: PMC7217799 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The anti-malarial drugs chloroquine (CQ) and primarily the less toxic hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are currently used to treat autoimmune diseases for their immunomodulatory and anti-thrombotic properties. They have also been proposed for the treatment of several viral infections, due to their anti-viral effects in cell cultures and animal models, and, currently, for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus 2 (Sars-Cov-2) infection that is spreading all over the world. Although in some recent studies a clinical improvement in COVID-19 patients has been observed, the clinical efficacy of CQ and HCQ in COVID-19 has yet to be proven with randomized controlled studies, many of which are currently ongoing, also considering pharmacokinetics, optimal dosing regimen, therapeutic level and duration of treatment and taking into account patients with different severity degrees of disease. Here we review what is currently known on the mechanisms of action of CQ and HCQ as anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic drugs and discuss the up-to-date experimental evidence on the potential mechanisms of action of CQ/HCQ in Sars-Cov2 infection and the current clinical knowledge on their efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Given the role of iron in several human viral infections, we also propose a different insight into a number of CQ and HCQ pharmacological effects, suggesting a potential involvement of iron homeostasis in Sars-Cov-2 infection and COVID-19 clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Quiros Roldan
- University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Biasiotto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Section, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Magro
- University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Isabella Zanella
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Section, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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Varisli L, Cen O, Vlahopoulos S. Dissecting pharmacological effects of chloroquine in cancer treatment: interference with inflammatory signaling pathways. Immunology 2020; 159:257-278. [PMID: 31782148 PMCID: PMC7011648 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroquines are 4-aminoquinoline-based drugs mainly used to treat malaria. At pharmacological concentrations, they have significant effects on tissue homeostasis, targeting diverse signaling pathways in mammalian cells. A key target pathway is autophagy, which regulates macromolecule turnover in the cell. In addition to affecting cellular metabolism and bioenergetic flow equilibrium, autophagy plays a pivotal role at the interface between inflammation and cancer progression. Chloroquines consequently have critical effects in tissue metabolic activity and importantly, in key functions of the immune system. In this article, we will review the work addressing the role of chloroquines in the homeostasis of mammalian tissue, and the potential strengths and weaknesses concerning their use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokman Varisli
- Union of Education and Science Workers (EGITIM SEN), Diyarbakir Branch, Diyarbakir, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Osman Cen
- Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, Joliet Jr College, Joliet, IL, USA
| | - Spiros Vlahopoulos
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Khan MF, Wang H. Environmental Exposures and Autoimmune Diseases: Contribution of Gut Microbiome. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3094. [PMID: 31998327 PMCID: PMC6970196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental agents have been gaining more attention in recent years for their role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (ADs). Increasing evidence has linked environmental exposures, including trichloroethene (TCE), silica, mercury, pristane, pesticides, and smoking to higher risk for ADs. However, potential mechanisms by which these environmental agents contribute to the disease pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is another important environmental factor that has been linked to the onset of different ADs. Altered microbiota composition is associated with impaired intestinal barrier function and dysregulation of mucosal immune system, but it is unclear if gut dysbiosis is a causal factor or an outcome of ADs. In this review article, we first describe the recent epidemiological and mechanistic evidences linking environmental/occupational exposures with various ADs (especially SLE). Secondly, we discuss how changes in the gut microbiome composition (dysbiosis) could contribute to the disease pathogenesis, especially in response to exposure to environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Firoze Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
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Pannu N, Bhatnagar A. Combinatorial therapeutic effect of resveratrol and piperine on murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 28:401-424. [PMID: 31732838 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00662-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multi-system inflammatory disease associated with autoantibody formation. Clinical management of lupus is associated with multiple adverse events. Resveratrol is a phytoalexin with several pharmacological properties. This study aimed to evaluate the combinatorial effect of resveratrol (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) and its bio-enhancer piperine (1/10th dose of resveratrol) on pristane-induced SLE murine model. Mice were injected with 0.5 ml of pristane and after 2 months they were orally dosed with resveratrol combinations for 4 months. Determined by indirect immunofluorescence, resveratrol was unable to abrogate autoantibody formation. The increased IFN-α, IL-6 and TNF-α was mitigated by low dose of resveratrol and piperine (RP-1). None of the doses regulated the increase in nitric oxide. Lipogranulomas associated with injected pristane were not observed after RP-1 and high dose of resveratrol (Res-2) treatment. Lupus mice witnessed IgG and IgM immune complexes by direct immunofluorescence assay and associated histopathological observations in kidneys, liver, lung, spleen and skin. None of the treatment regimens were able to regulate the manifestations observed in spleen and skin. RP-1 and Res-2 proved beneficial in kidney, liver and lungs and were able to ameliorate lupus associated manifestations. Renal manifestations (proteinuria and decreased creatinine in urine) were successfully mitigated by RP-1 and Res-2 and high dose combination of resveratrol and piperine. Oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species by flowcytometry and catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation by biochemical analysis) was evident by pristane injection. These were regulated by different doses of resveratrol alone and in combination with piperine. Hence, resveratrol when used in combination with piperine successfully reduces some measures of morbidity with little or no effect on mortality associated with lupus.
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dos Santos M, Favero G, Bonomini F, Stacchiotti A, Rodella LF, Veronese FV, Rezzani R. Oral supplementation of melatonin protects against lupus nephritis renal injury in a pristane-induced lupus mouse model. Life Sci 2018; 193:242-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Panagiotaki KN, Sideratou Z, Vlahopoulos SA, Paravatou-Petsotas M, Zachariadis M, Khoury N, Zoumpourlis V, Tsiourvas D. A Triphenylphosphonium-Functionalized Mitochondriotropic Nanocarrier for Efficient Co-Delivery of Doxorubicin and Chloroquine and Enhanced Antineoplastic Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E91. [PMID: 29160846 PMCID: PMC5748647 DOI: 10.3390/ph10040091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems that target subcellular organelles and, in particular, mitochondria are considered to have great potential in treating disorders that are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, including cancer or neurodegenerative diseases. To this end, a novel hyperbranched mitochondriotropic nanocarrier was developed for the efficient co-delivery of two different (both in chemical and pharmacological terms) bioactive compounds. The carrier is based on hyperbranched poly(ethyleneimine) functionalized with triphenylphosphonium groups that forms ~100 nm diameter nanoparticles in aqueous media and can encapsulate doxorubicin (DOX), a well-known anti-cancer drug, and chloroquine (CQ), a known chemosensitizer with arising potential in anticancer medication. The anticancer activity of this system against two aggressive DOX-resistant human prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines and in in vivo animal studies was assessed. The co-administration of encapsulated DOX and CQ leads to improved cell proliferation inhibition at extremely low DOX concentrations (0.25 μΜ). In vivo experiments against DU145 human prostate cancer cells grafted on immunodeficient mice resulted in tumor growth arrest during the three-week administration period and no pervasive side effects. The findings put forward the potential of such targeted low dose combination treatments as a therapeutic scheme with minimal adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina N Panagiotaki
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR ''Demokritos", 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece.
| | - Zili Sideratou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR ''Demokritos", 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece.
| | - Spiros A Vlahopoulos
- Ηoremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Paediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Maria Paravatou-Petsotas
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology Energy and Safety, NCSR ''Demokritos", 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece.
| | - Michael Zachariadis
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, NCSR ''Demokritos", 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece.
| | - Nikolas Khoury
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece.
| | - Vassilis Zoumpourlis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitris Tsiourvas
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR ''Demokritos", 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece.
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Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune diseases (ADs) and many environmental agents participate in this process. Environmental agents, including trichloroethylene (TCE), silica, pristane, mercury, and smoke, are known to induce an autoimmune response, potentially through OS-mediated mechanisms. Here, we focus on unraveling the targets and signaling pathways that have been mechanistically linked with OS, as a result of exposure to these and numerous other environmental agents, and their impact on the immune system in triggering ADs. Antioxidants and molecular targets impeding autoimmunity by targeting specific signaling pathways are also reviewed. The review not only provides an overview of the current knowledge and evidence showing strong associations between environmental exposures, OS, and ADs, but also plausible mechanisms by which OS causes autoimmunity/ADs. We also discuss areas that require additional approaches, such as unraveling specific events/mechanisms leading to such devastating diseases and measures to prevent or attenuate such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Firoze Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Gangduo Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
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Li Y, Wu J, Xu L, Wu Q, Wan Z, Li L, Yu H, Li X, Li K, Zhang Q, Hou Z, Sun X, Chen H. Regulation of Leukocyte Recruitment to the Spleen and Peritoneal Cavity during Pristane-Induced Inflammation. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:9891348. [PMID: 29201923 PMCID: PMC5671734 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9891348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is associated with an increased number of leukocytes in the spleen, which are then redirected to the site of inflammation. However, it remains unknown how leukocyte recruitment is regulated. Herein, chronic inflammation was induced by intraperitoneal injection of pristane into mice. Leukocytes in the spleen or in the peritoneal cavity were quantified by flow cytometry. We found that the loss of IL-6 decreased macrophage recruitment to the spleen and the peritoneal cavity during pristane-induced inflammation. The loss of TNFα delayed the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages to the spleen and inhibited the recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, B cells, and T cells. The recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages into the spleen or peritoneal cavity was largely inhibited in the absence of LTα. The loss of TNFα receptor 1/2 resulted in reduced recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells into the spleen, but only neutrophil recruitment was inhibited in the peritoneal cavity. Similarly, a lack of B cells significantly impeded the recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells to the spleen. However, only macrophage recruitment was inhibited in the absence of T cells in the spleen. These data provide insight into the development of chronic inflammation induced by noninfectious substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- 1Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junping Wu
- 2Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
- 3Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Long Xu
- 2Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qi Wu
- 2Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhen Wan
- 1Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Li
- 3Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongzhi Yu
- 3Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xue Li
- 1Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kuan Li
- 1Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuyang Zhang
- 1Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhili Hou
- 4Department of Tuberculosis, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xin Sun
- 1Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- 2Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- 1Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Dey S, Bishayi B. Killing of Staphylococcus aureus in murine macrophages by chloroquine used alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin or azithromycin. J Inflamm Res 2015; 8:29-47. [PMID: 25653549 PMCID: PMC4309780 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s76045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine any alteration in the killing of Staphylococcus aureus in murine peritoneal macrophages when chloroquine (CQ) is used alone compared with when it is used in combination with ciprofloxacin (CIP) or azithromycin (AZM). The study also aimed to find out the implication of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cytokine release in the intracellular killing of S. aureus in macrophages. We present here data obtained with a model of S. aureus-infected mouse peritoneal macrophages in which the intracellular growth of the bacteria and the influence of antibiotics was monitored for 30, 60, and 90 minutes in the presence or absence of CQ along with the production of ROS and alteration in levels of antioxidant enzymes and cytokines. It was observed that S. aureus-triggered cytokine response was regulated when macrophages were co-cultured with CQ and AZM as compared with CQ stimulation only. It can be suggested that action of AZM in mediating bacterial killing is enhanced by the presence of CQ, indicating enhanced uptake of AZM during early infection that may be essential for bacteria killing by AZM. Reduction of oxidative stress burden on the S. aureus-infected macrophages may pave the way for better killing of internalized S. aureus by CQ plus ciprofloxacin (CIP) or CQ plus AZM. Based on these observations, one may speculate that in an inflammatory milieu, CQ loaded with AZM elicits a stronger proinflammatory response by increasing the intracellular uptake of AZM or CIP, thus enabling the immune system to mount a more robust and prolonged response against intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somrita Dey
- Department of Physiology, Immunology laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, Calcutta, India
| | - Biswadev Bishayi
- Department of Physiology, Immunology laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, Calcutta, India
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