Vitis vinifera (Muscat Variety) Seed Ethanolic Extract Preserves Activity Levels of Enzymes and Histology of the Liver in Adult Male Rats with Diabetes

Tiliroside protects against diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation

BACKGROUND

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), affecting half of diabetic patients and contributing significantly to end-stage kidney disease, poses a substantial medical challenge requiring dialysis or transplantation. The nuanced onset and clinical progression of kidney disease in diabetes involve consistent renal function decline and persistent albuminuria.

AIM

To investigate Tiliroside's (Til) protective effect against diabetic nephropathy (DN) in rats under diabetic conditions.

METHODS

Five groups of six rats each were included in this study: Rats treated with DMSO by intraperitoneal injection as controls, those treated with STZ by intraperitoneal injection, those treated with STZ + Til (25 mg/kg body weight [bwt]) or Til (50 mg/kg bwt), and those treated with anti-diabetic medication glibenclamide (600 μg/kg bwt). Biochemical markers, fasting blood glucose, food intake, kidney weight, antioxidant enzymes, inflammatory and fibrotic markers, and renal injury were monitored in different groups. Molecular docking analysis was performed to identify the interactions between Til and its targeted biomarkers.

RESULTS

Til significantly reduced biochemical markers, fasting blood glucose, food intake, and kidney weight and elevated antioxidant enzymes in diabetic rats. It also mitigated inflammatory and fibrotic markers, lessened renal injury, and displayed inhibitory potential against crucial markers associated with DN as demonstrated by molecular docking analysis.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest Til's potential as a therapeutic agent for DN treatment, highlighting its promise for future drug development.

Spilanthes filicaulis (Schumach. & Thonn.) C. D Adam leaf extract prevents assault of streptozotocin on liver cells via inhibition of oxidative stress and activation of the NrF2/Keap1, PPARγ, and PTP1B signaling pathways

BACKGROUND

Spilanthes filicaulis (Schumach. & Thonn.) C. D Adam is a shrubby plant of the Asteraceae family that has medicinal benefits for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of Spilanthes filicaulis leaf extract in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat model and the associated signaling pathways.

METHODS

A sample of 25 male Wistar rats was randomly assigned to groups I, II, III, IV, and V. Each group included five animals, i.e., control rats, diabetic control rats, diabetic rats treated with metformin, and diabetic rats treated with 150 mg/kg/bw and 300 mg/kg/bw of the methanolic extract of S. filicaulis leaves (MESFL). Treatment was administered for 15 successive days via oral gavage. After 15 days, the rats were evaluated for fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), lipid peroxidation (MDA), hexokinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase activities. Gene expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and the antiapoptotic protein caspase-3 were examined.

RESULTS

MESFL was administered to diabetic rats, and changes in body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and HbA1c were restored. Furthermore, in diabetic rats, S. filicaulis significantly reduced the levels of triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and significantly increased HDL. S. filicaulis improved ALT, AST, and ALP enzyme activity in diabetic rats. MDA levels decreased considerably with increasing activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as GST, SOD, CAT and GSH, in diabetic liver rats treated with S. filicaulis. Diabetic rats treated with MESFL and metformin exhibited upregulated mRNA expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) mRNA expression in the liver was downregulated in diabetic rats treated with MESFL and metformin. In addition, MESFL downregulated the mRNA expression of caspase-3 in diabetic rats.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded from the data presented in this study that MESFL exerts a protective effect on diabetic rats due to its antidiabetic, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic and antiapoptotic effects and may be considered a treatment for T2DM.

Anti-Diabetic Effects of Allium hookeri Extracts Prepared by Different Methods in Type 2 C57BL/J-db/db Mice

This study was conducted to evaluate whether Allium hookeri can control diabetic symptoms. Aqueous extract (AE1: 100 mg/kg BW, AE2: 200 mg/kg BW) and ethanol extract (EE1: 100 mg/kg BW, EE2: 200 mg/kg BW) of A. hookeri were orally administrated to diabetic mice (C57BL/J-db/db) for 8 weeks. The negative (NC) and the positive (PC) control groups were treated with 0.9% saline and metformin (150 mg/kg BW), respectively. Glucose and lipid profile (triglyceride, total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, and HDL-C) as biochemical parameters, toxicological factors such as liver/kidney functional parameters (ALT, AST, BUN, and Cr), and NK cell activity in blood were measured. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and histopathological examination were also conducted. Compared with the NC group, AE and EE decreased blood glucose, HbA1c, area under the curve (AUC) during OGTT, and leptin levels while increasing adiponectin levels. Serum lipid profiles and toxicological factors levels were reduced by the A. hookeri extract. Interestingly, HDL-C, glomerular mesangial expansion score in the kidney, and NK cell activity were effectively controlled in EE groups. Based on the results, EE is considered to be more effective in reducing high blood glucose, lipid profile, and related factor levels than AE, and is comparable to metformin in some biomarkers. It can be presumed that EE can more effectively control the major anomalies in the diabetic model than AE, and it may be used to prevent diabetic symptoms without toxicity in the Type 2 diabetic model.

Marantodes pumilum Var Alata (Kacip Fatimah) ameliorates derangement in RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway and reduces inflammation and oxidative stress in the bone of estrogen-deficient female rats with type-2 diabetes

BACKGROUND

M. pumilum has been claimed to protect the bone against the adverse effect of estrogen deficiency. Additionally, it also exhibits anti-diabetic activity. In view of these, this study aims to identify the mechanisms underlying the bone protective effect of M. pumilum in the presence of both estrogen deficiency and diabetes mellitus (DM).

METHODS

Ovariectomized, diabetic female rats were given M. pumilum leave aqueous extract (MPLA) (50 and 100 mg/kg/day), estrogen, glibenclamide and estrogen plus glibenclamide for 28 consecutive days. At the end of the treatment, fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin, Ca²⁺, PO₄^3- and bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) levels were measured. Rats were sacrificed and femur bones were harvested for determination of expression level and distribution of RANK, RANKL, OPG and oxidative stress and inflammatory proteins by molecular biological techniques.

RESULTS

100 mg/kg/day MPLA treatment decreased the FBG and BALP levels but increased the serum insulin, Ca²⁺ and PO₄^3- levels in estrogen deficient, diabetic rats. Expression and distribution of RANKL, NF-κB p65, IKKβ, IL-6, IL-1β and Keap-1 decreased however expression and distribution of RANK, OPG, BMP-2, Type-1 collagen, Runx2, TRAF6, Nrf2, NQO-1, HO-1, SOD and CAT increased in the bone of estrogen deficient, diabetic rats which received 100 mg/kg/day MPLA with greater effects than estrogen-only, glibenclamide-only and estrogen plus glibenclamide treatments.

CONCLUSION

MPLA helps to overcome the adverse effect of estrogen deficiency and DM on the bone and thus this herb could potentially be used for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with diabetes.

Protective Effect of Red Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) Pods against Sodium Nitrite-Induced Liver Injury in Mice

Vegetables, drinking water, and preserved meats may contain sodium nitrite (NaNO2), which causes liver disease by inducing oxidative stress. Phytochemicals are highly recommended as an alternative to synthetic drugs and affordable medicines to treat liver disease because they have fewer or no side effects. Therefore, this study aims to determine the antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of red okra fruit ethanol extract against NaNO2-induced liver damage. Thirty-six male mice were separated into six groups. The normal control group (WA) was given distilled water only, and the NaNO2 (SN) group was given only 50 mg/kg BW NaNO2. The other four groups (P1, P2, P3, and P4) were given NaNO2 and red okra ethanol extract at doses of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg BW, respectively. Gavage was administered orally for 21 consecutive days. Commercial kits define all biochemical parameters according to the manufacturer's instructions. Liver tissue staining followed standard protocols using hematoxylin and eosin. The study revealed that NaNO2 induction causes oxidative stress and damages the liver. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) significantly increased in the groups treated (P2-P4) with ethanol extract of red okra (p < 0.05). Besides, the oxidants (malondialdehyde, F2-isoprostanes, and nitric oxide) in the liver homogenate significantly decreased in the P4 group, which were given red okra ethanol extract (p < 0.05). Likewise, red okra pods decreased significantly for the serum biochemical parameters of liver damage (aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase) in the P3 and P4 groups (p < 0.05). Then, it led to a restoration of the histological structure compared to exposed mice (SN), as the pathological scores decreased significantly in the P3 and P4 groups (p < 0.05), as well as the number of the necrotic and swollen liver cells was reduced. Hepatocytes returned to normal. The results showed that the ethanol extract of red okra fruit could be helpful as an affordable medicine. It is an antioxidant and hepatoprotective agent to protect the liver from damage caused by NaNO2.

Phytochemicals of Periploca aphylla Dcne. ameliorated streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rat

BACKGROUND

Periploca aphylla is used by local population and indigenous medicine practitioners as stomachic, tonic, antitumor, antiulcer, and for treatment of inflammatory disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate antidiabetic effect of the extract of P. aphylla and to investigate antioxidant and hypolipidemic activity in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

METHODS

The present research was conducted to evaluate the antihyperglycemic potential of methanol extract of P. aphylla (PAM) and subfractions n-hexane (PAH), chloroform (PAC), ethyl acetate (PAE), n-butanol (PAB), and aqueous (PAA) in glucose-overloaded hyperglycemic Sprague-Dawley rats. Based on the efficacy, PAB (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) was tested for its antidiabetic activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced via intraperitoneal injection of STZ (55 mg/kg) in rat. Blood glucose values were taken weekly. HPLC-DAD analysis of PAB was carried out for the presence of various polyphenols.

RESULTS

HPLC-DAD analysis of PAB recorded the presence of rutin, catechin, caffeic acid, and myricetin. Oral administration of PAB at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 21 days significantly restored (P < 0.01) body weight (%) and relative liver and relative kidney weight of diabetic rats. Diabetic control rats showed significant elevation (P < 0.01) of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, creatinine, total bilirubin, and BUN while reduced (P < 0.01) level of glucose, total protein, albumin, insulin, and HDL in serum. Count of blood cells and hematological parameters were altered in diabetic rats. Further, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and total soluble protein concentration decreased while concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and percent DNA damages increased (P < 0.01) in liver and renal tissues of diabetic rats. Histopathological damage scores increased in liver and kidney tissues of diabetic rats. Intake of PAB (400 mg/kg) resulted in significant improvement (P < 0.01) of above parameters, and results were comparable to that of standard drug glibenclamide.

CONCLUSION

The result suggests the antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of PAB treatment in STZ-compelled diabetic rat. PAB might be used as new therapeutic agent in diabetic patients to manage diabetes and decrease the complications.

Natural limonoids protect mice from alcohol-induced liver injury

Background Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is regarded as a global health problem with limited therapeutic options. Previous studies highlighted some anticancer, antiviral, and hepatoprotective activities of limonoids, but the effects of these compounds on ALD remain unknown. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of some natural limonoids on ethanol-induced liver injury. Methods Thirty-five albino mice (Mus musculus) were administered with 40% ethanol in the presence or absence of the different limonoids [including three havanensin-type limonoids, TS1, TS3, Rubescin D isolated from an African medicinal plant, Trichilia rubescens Oliv. (Meliaceae), and one limonin], or silymarin at 50 mg/kg for 3 days. Thereafter, the effect of the most active compound was evaluated in a chronic model of ALD. For this purpose, 24 mice with each group consisting of six mice were administered orally with 40% ethanol and limonoid at different doses (50, 75, and 100 mg/kg) for 28 days. Finally, biochemical parameters such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), triglyceride (TG), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels were quantified in liver homogenates. Results All tested limonoids significantly (p < 0.01) reduced ALT levels relative to the negative control in the acute model. However, in comparison to other limonoids, limonin at 50 and 75 mg/kg significantly reduced TG, MDA, and TNF-α levels (1.8-fold); alleviated leukocyte infiltration in liver tissue; significantly increased the activity of SOD; and decreased those of CAT better than silymarin used as a positive control at 50 mg/kg. Conclusions These data suggest that limonin possesses protective effects on long-term alcohol poisoning partially due to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Grape-Leaf Extract Attenuates Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury via Interference with NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Grape (Vitis vinifera) leaf extracts (GLEs) are known to be rich in phenolic compounds that exert potent antioxidant effects. Given the vulnerability of the liver to oxidative damage, antioxidants have been proposed as therapeutic agents and coadjuvant drugs to ameliorate liver pathologies. The current study was designed to characterize secondary metabolites and investigate the hepatoprotective effects of GLE and its underlying mechanisms. The secondary metabolites were profiled using HPLC–PDA–ESI-MS, and forty-five compounds were tentatively identified. In experimental in vivo design, liver injury was induced by oral administration of high doses of ethanol (EtOH) for 12 days to male Sprague Dawley rats that were split into five different groups. Blood samples and livers were then collected, and used for various biochemical, immunohistochemical, and histopathological analyses. Results showed that GLE-attenuated liver injury and promoted marked hepatic antioxidant effects, in addition to suppressing the increased heat-shock protein-70 expression. Moreover, GLE suppressed EtOH-induced expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 subunit and proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α. Caspase-3 and survivin were enhanced by EtOH intake and suppressed by GLE intake. Finally, EtOH-induced histopathological changes in liver sections were markedly normalized by GLE. In conclusion, our results suggested that GLE interferes with NF-κB signaling and induces antioxidant effects, which both play a role in attenuating apoptosis and associated liver injury in a model of EtOH-induced liver damage in rats.

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic effects of Fagonia olivieri DC on STZ-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats - In vivo and in vitro study

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Fagonia olivieri (Zygophyllaceae) is used in Pakistan for management of diabetes and for treatment of stress related disorders of liver and kidneys. The objective of present study was to evaluate antidiabetic activity of F. olivieri using streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rat model.

METHODS

Powder of the whole plant of F. olivieri was extracted with methanol (FOME) and the residue was fractionated with n-hexane (FOHE), chloroform (FOCE), ethyl acetate (FOCE), n-butanol (FOBE) and the remaining soluble aqueous fraction (FOAE). The extract/fractions were evaluated for in vitro inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase and for the antidiabetic studies in Sprague-Dawley rats. FOAE was evaluated in 21 day chronic multiple dose study. Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) and FOAE were used at a concentration of 200 mg/kg (164.8 μg of catechin) and 400 mg/kg (329.6 μg of catechin) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Various serum parameters, blood cell parameters and oxidative stress induced parameters of the liver and kidneys were investigated.

RESULTS

Results showed that aqueous fraction of F. olivieri (FOAE) potentially inhibited activity of pancreatic α-amylase, intestinal maltase and sucrase. Administration of FOAE (200 mg/kg; 400 mg/kg) to diabetic rats for 21 days increased body weight, hemoglobin and its indices, RBCs, platelets, lymphocytes and neutrophils against diabetic group. In serum level of glucose, transaminases, ALP, LDH, total bilirubin, creatinine and lipids decreased while insulin, total protein and albumin increased in contrast to diabetic group. Further, level of cytokines; TGF-β1, TNF-α and IL-6 in serum and altered level of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione and lipid peroxides of liver and kidney tissues restored towards control animals.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that FOAE inhibited activity of digestive enzymes and exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antihyperglycemic activity in STZ-nicotinamide prompted diabetic rats and suggested that FOAE might be used as a therapeutic agent for the management of type-2 diabetes.

Effects of citral on oxidative stress and hepatic key enzymes of glucose metabolism in streptozotocin/high-fat-diet induced diabetic dyslipidemic rats

OBJECTIVES

Phytochemicals such as polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids, protect against the development of early stages and complications of diabetes mellitus according to various reports. The aim of this study was to measure the anti-dyslipidemic and anti-diabetic effects of Citral on high-fat-diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic dyslipidemic rats and to see also its effect on carbohydrate metabolic regulatory enzymes in the liver.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Rats were kept on a high-fat diet for 2 weeks, then diabetes was induced by a single dose of STZ (35 mg/kg/BW, intraperitoneally), Citral was administered orally at a dose of 45 mg/kg/BW for 28 days to diabetic rats. Blood glucose, plasma insulin, and lipid profile in blood were studied. Antioxidant activities were assayed in the liver, pancreas, and adipose tissues. Carbohydrate metabolic enzymes of the liver were also studied in diabetic dyslipidemic rats.

RESULTS

The results of this study confirmed that administration of Citral significantly (P<0.05) decreased the blood glucose level and increased plasma insulin in diabetic rats. Citral also improved oxidative markers along with anti-oxidative enzymes of the liver, adipose tissue, and pancreas in the HFD/STZ group. Citral also regulated the activity of the glucose-metabolic enzymes in the liver. The results of the present study were compared to Glibenclamide, which is a standard oral drug for lowering the blood sugar.

CONCLUSION

Results may show that Citral possesses anti-dyslipidemic activity as well as anti-diabetic activity and also regulates the enzyme activity of glycolytic and gluconeogenic processes in the liver.

In vivo administration of quercetin ameliorates sperm oxidative stress, inflammation, preserves sperm morphology and functions in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced adult male diabetic rats

INTRODUCTION

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been associated with sperm damage. In view of the fact that quercetin possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, this compound may help to protect sperm against damage in DM. In this study, in-vivo effects of quercetin on sperm parameters in DM were investigated.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Quercetin (10, 25 and 50 mg/kg/b.w.) was given orally to streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced adult male diabetic rats for 28 days. Following treatment completion, rats were sacrificed and sperm were harvested from the cauda epididymis. Sperm count, motility, viability, hyperosmotic swelling (HOS) tail-coiled sperm and morphology were assessed. Levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and anti-oxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx) in sperm with and without H₂O₂ incubation were determined by biochemical assays. Expression levels of SOD, CAT and GPx mRNAs in sperm were evaluated by qPCR. Sperm DNA integrity was estimated by flow cytometry while expression levels of the inflammatory markers NF-κβ and TNF-α in sperm were determined by Western blotting.

RESULTS

In diabetic rats receiving quercetin, sperm count and motility, viability and HOS tail-coiled sperm increased (p < 0.05) while sperm with abnormal morphology decreased. Moreover, sperm SOD, CAT, GPx activities and their mRNA expression levels increased while sperm LPO, NF-κβ and TNF-α levels decreased. In normal and diabetic rat sperm incubated with H₂O₂, a further increase in MDA and further decreases in SOD, CAT and GPx were observed, and these were ameliorated by quercetin treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

In-vivo administration of quercetin to diabetic rats helps to ameliorate sperm damage and improves sperm morphology and functions in DM.

Antidiabetic, Antihyperlipidemic, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory Activities of Ethanolic Seed Extract of Annona reticulata L. in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Annona reticulata L. (Bullock's heart) is a pantropic tree commonly known as custard apple, which is used therapeutically for a variety of maladies. The present research was carried out to evaluate the possible protective effects of Annona reticulata L. (A. reticulata) ethanolic seed extract on an experimentally induced type 2 diabetes rat model. Male Albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups with six animals in each group viz., control rats in group I, diabetic rats in group II, diabetic rats with 50 and 100 mg/kg/bw of ethanolic seed extract of A. reticulata in groups III and IV, respectively, and diabetic rats with metformin in group V. Treatment was given for 42 consecutive days through oral route by oro-gastric gavage. Administration of A. reticulata seed extract to diabetes rats significantly restored the alterations in the levels of body weight, food and water intake, fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin levels, insulin sensitivity, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, islet area and insulin positive cells. Furthermore, A. reticulata significantly decreased the levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, and significantly increased the HDL in diabetic rats. A. reticulata effectively ameliorated the enzymatic (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT) and modification of histopathological changes in diabetic rats. The serum levels of the BUN, creatinine levels, uric acid, urine volume, and urinary protein were significantly declined with a significant elevation in CCr in diabetic rats treated with A. reticulata. MDA and NO levels were significantly reduced with an enhancement in SOD, CAT, and GPx antioxidant enzyme activities in the kidney, liver, and pancreas of diabetic rats treated with A. reticulata. Diabetic rats treated with A. reticulata have shown up-regulation in mRNA expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and protein expression level of Nrf2 with diminution in Keap1 mRNA expression level in pancreas, kidney, and liver. From the outcome of the current results, it can be inferred that seed extract of A. reticulata exhibits a protective effect in diabetic rats through its anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and could be considered as a promising treatment therapy in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Synergistic therapeutic effects of Vitis vinifera extract and Silymarin on experimentally induced cardiorenal injury: The pertinent role of Nrf2

BACKGROUND

Cardiorenal crosstalk has gained growing scientific curiosity recently. Clinical observations have approved that heart and kidney performances are intimately interrelated; acute or chronic dysfunction of either is inevitably mirrored on the other. This coexistence usually has the poor prognosis and worsened outcome.

METHODS

We designed this study to explore therapeutic potentials of combined Vitis vinifera and Silymarin extracts on histopathological alterations of experimentally induced cardiorenal injury model. Moreover, to examine the pertinent role of Nrf2 in their bio-molecular actions. Sixty adult male Wistar albino rats were utilized, further subdivided into control, doxorubicin (DXR), DXR + Silymarin, DXR + Aqueous Vitis, DXR + Ethanolic Vitis, DXR + Ethanolic Vitis + Silymarin. Left ventricle and renal cortex sections from all groups were processed for histopathological examination, biochemical estimation of serum Urea, Creatinine, BUN, lipid profile and hs-CRP and real-time PCR of Nrf2 expression in cardiac and renal tissue homogenate were performed.

RESULTS

Our results proved that combined ethanolic extract of Vitis vinifera and Silymarin restored normal renal and cardiac histomorphology. Significant improvement of Creatinine, BUN, lipid profile and hs-CRP cardiac and renal biochemical indicators confirmed our results. Moreover, significant elevation of mRNA expression levels of Nrf2 proved that combined Vitis vinifera and Silymarin action was directly related to the redox-sensitive regulator pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

We concluded that synergistic therapeutic effect of Vitis vinifera extract and Silymarin on experimental cardiorenal injury model owes principally to promoting activation of the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Malaysian propolis, metformin and their combination, exert hepatoprotective effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

AIMS

Hepatic oxidative stress and weak antioxidant defence system resulting in hepatic lesion, has been reported in diabetic rats. The present study investigated the possible hepatoprotective effects of Malaysian propolis (MP) in diabetic rats, on the background that MP has been reported to have anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, namely: normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), diabetic on 300 mg/kg b.w. MP, diabetic on 300 mg/kg b.w. metformin, and diabetic on MP and metformin combined therapy. Treatment was done orally for 4 weeks, and NC and DC groups received distilled water as vehicle.

KEY FINDINGS

Results showed increased fasting blood glucose and serum markers of hepatic lesion (aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase), increased hepatic lactate dehydrogenase activity, decreased hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase activities, increased immunoexpressions of nuclear factor kappa B, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin(IL)-1β and caspase-3, and decreased immunoexpressions of IL-10 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the liver of DC group. Histopathology of the liver revealed numerous hepatocytes with pyknotic nuclei and inflammatory infiltration, while periodic acid-schiff staining decreased in the liver of DC group. Treatment with MP attenuated these negative effects and was comparable to metformin. Furthermore, these effects were better attenuated in the combined therapy-treated diabetic rats.

SIGNIFICANCE

Malaysian propolis attenuates hepatic lesion in DM and exerts a synergistic protective effect with the anti-hyperglycemic medication, metformin.

Intestinal Absorption and Antioxidant Activity of Grape Pomace Polyphenols

The absorption and antioxidant activity of polyphenols from grape pomace (GP) are important aspects of its valorization as a feed additive in the diet of weaned piglets. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of polyphenols from GP both in vitro in IPEC cells and in vivo in the duodenum and colon of piglets fed with diets containing or not 5% GP and also to compare and correlate the aspects of their in vitro and in vivo absorption. Total polyphenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant status (TAS, CAT, SOD and GPx enzyme activity, and lipid peroxidation-TBARS level) were assessed in duodenum and colon of piglets fed or not a diet with 5% GP. The results of UV-Vis spectroscopy demonstrated that in cellular and extracellular medium the GP polyphenols were oxidized (between λmax = 276 nm and λmax = 627.0 nm) with the formation of o-quinones and dimers. LC-MS analysis indicated a procyanidin trimer possibly C2, and a procyanidin dimer as the major polyphenols identified in GP, 12.8% of the procyanidin trimer and 23% of the procyanidin dimer respectively being also found in the compound feed. Procyanidin trimer C2 is the compound accumulated in duodenum, 73% of it being found in the colon of control piglets, and 62.5% in the colon of GP piglets. Correlations exist between the in vitro and in vivo investigations regarding the qualitative evaluation of GP polyphenols in the cells (λmax at 287.1 nm) and in the gut (λmax at 287.5 nm), as oxidated metabolic products. Beside the presence of polyphenols metabolites this study shows also the presence of the unmetabolized procyanidin trimers in duodenum and colon tissue, an important point in evaluating the benefic actions of these molecules at intestinal level. Moreover the in vivo study shows that a 5% GP in piglet’s diet increased the total antioxidant status (TAS) and decreased lipid peroxidantion (TBARS) in both duodenum and colon, and increased SOD activity in duodenum and CAT and GPx activity in colon. These parameters are modulated by the different polyphenols absorbed, mainly by the procyanidin trimers and catechin on one side and the polyphenols metabolites on the other side.

Anti-Inflammatory, Antiapoptotic and Proproliferative Effects of Vitis vinifera Seed Ethanolic Extract in the Liver of Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide-Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Male Rats

OBJECTIVES

Consumption of Vitis vinifera seed has been reported to ameliorate liver pathology in diabetes mellitus; however, the mechanisms underlying its effects remain unknown. In this study, the anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and pro-proliferative effects of the ethanolic seed extract of V. vinifera (VVSEE) in the liver in cases of diabetes were identified.

METHODS

Adult male rats with streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetes were given 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight VVSEE orally for 28 days. At the end of the treatment, body weights were determined, and the blood was collected for analyses of fasting blood glucose, insulin and liver enzyme levels. Following sacrifice, livers were harvested and their wet weights and glycogen contents were measured. Histologic appearances of the livers were observed under light microscopy, and the expression and distribution of inflammatory, apoptosis and proliferative markers in the livers were identified by molecular biologic techniques.

RESULTS

Treatment of rats with diabetes by VVSEE attenuates decreased body weight, liver weight and liver glycogen content. Additionally, increases in fasting blood glucose levels and liver enzyme levels and decreases in serum insulin levels were ameliorated. Lesser histopathologic changes were also observed: decreased inflammation and apoptosis, as indicated by decreased levels of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, NF-Kβ, IKK-β, IL-6, IL-1β) and apoptosis markers (caspase-3, caspase-9 and Bax). VVSEE treatment induces increase in hepatocyte regeneration, as indicated by increased PCNA and Ki-67 distribution in the livers of rats with diabetes. Several molecules identified in VVSEE via gas chromatography mass spectrometry might contribute to these effects.

CONCLUSIONS

The anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and pro-proliferative effects of VVSEE could account for its hepatoprotective actions in diabetes.

Vitis vinifera Extract Ameliorate Hepatic and Renal Dysfunction Induced by Dexamethasone in Albino Rats

This study was conducted to evaluate the biochemical effects of grape seed extract against dexamethasone-induced hepatic and renal dysfunction in a female albino rat. Twenty-eight adult female rats were divided randomly into four equal groups: Group 1: animals were injected subcutaneously with saline and consider as normal control one. Group 2: animals were injected subcutaneously with dexamethasone in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight. Group 3: animals were injected subcutaneously with 0.1 mg/kg body weight of dexamethasone, and then treated with a grape seed extract in a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage. Group 4: animals were injected subcutaneously with 0.1 mg/kg body weight of dexamethasone, and then treated with a grape seed extract in a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage. After 4 weeks, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, albumin, uric acid, creatinine, and glucose levels were assayed. Hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH), total protein content, and catalase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were also assayed. Dexamethasone administration caused elevation of serum levels of glucose, uric acid, creatinine, ALT, AST activities, and a decrease in other parameters such as hepatic glutathione, total protein levels, and catalase enzyme activity. Treatment with Vitis vinifera L. seed extract showed a significant increase in the body weight of rats in the group treated with Vitis vinifera L. seed extract orally compared with the dexamethasone control group. An increase in GSH and catalase activity in response to oral treatment with Vitis vinifera L. seed extract was observed after treatment. Grape seed extract positively affects glucocorticoid-induced hepatic and renal alteration in albino rats.

Assessment of the effect of grape seed cake inclusion in the diet of healthy fattening-finishing pigs

Modulatory capacity of bioactive compounds from different wastes has been scarcely investigated in pigs. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of grape seed cakes (GS diet) on performance and plasma biochemistry parameters as health indicators, as well as on several markers related to inflammation and antioxidant defence in the liver of fattening-finishing pigs. Twelve cross-bred pigs (TOPIG) were randomly assigned to one of two experimental diets: control and 5% grape seed cake diet during finishing period (24 days). No effect of GS diet on pig performance and blood biochemistry was observed. However, GS diet decreased significantly (-9.05%, p < .05) the cholesterol concentration (85.71 ± 0.94 mg/dl vs 94.24 ± 2.16 mg/dl) and increased IgA level (+49.90%, p < .05) in plasma (5.04 ± 0.5 mg/ml vs 3.36 ± 0.7 mg/ml). GS cakes decreased the inflammatory response in the liver of pigs fed with GS diet by lowering the Gene expression and protein concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α and IFN-γ) as well as the mRNA abundances of NF-κB signalling molecules. The antioxidant status was not increased by GS diet. The gene expression and activity of catalase decreased significantly. The gene expression of Nrf2, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and heat-shock protein decreased, and no effect on their activity was observed with the exception of catalase activity which decreased. However, TBARS was reduced significantly. GS diet showed a modulatory effect on antioxidative status as well as anti-inflammatory and hypocholesterolic properties without effect on pig performance.

Review of the Pharmacological Effects of Vitis vinifera (Grape) and its Bioactive Constituents: An Update

Vitis vinifera fruit (grape) contains various phenolic compounds, flavonoids and stilbenes. In recent years, active constituents found in the fruits, seeds, stems, skin and pomaces of grapes have been identified and some have been studied. In this review, we summarize the active constituents of different parts of V. vinifera and their pharmacological effects including skin protection, antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antiinflammatory and antidiabetic activities, as well as hepatoprotective, cardioprotective and neuroprotective effects in experimental studies published after our 2009 review. Clinical and toxicity studies have also been examined. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Protective role of extracts of grape skin and grape flesh on ethanol-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and histological alterations in rat brain

Ethanol consumption has deleterious effects on all organs and especially on brain. In our study, the radical scavenging properties of grape skin and grape flesh (contains natural antioxidants like polyphenols) was determined in vitro and for in vivo studies, male Wistar rats (16-18 week-old) and 100-120 gm weight were divided in five groups of six animals each. One group were fed with ethanol (1.6 gm/kg body weight), while second group were fed with ethanol (1.6 g/kg body weight) and grape skin extract (2.5 g/kg body weight), the third group were fed with ethanol (1.6 g/kg body weight) and grape flesh extract, daily once for 12 weeks, while the fourth group were fed with ethanol (1.6 g/kg body weight) and tocopheryl acetate (80 mg/kg/day) daily once for 12 weeks. Results of in vitro studies indicate that grape skin extracts showed significant radical scavenging properties (ROS). There was also significantly alteration of serum cytokines in our study.