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Young NA, Schwarz E, Zeno BM, Bruckner S, Mesa RA, Jablonski K, Wu LC, Roberson EDO, Jarjour WN. Inhibition of miRNA associated with a disease-specific signature and secreted via extracellular vesicles of systemic lupus erythematosus patients suppresses target organ inflammation in a humanized mouse model. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1090177. [PMID: 38939646 PMCID: PMC11208704 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1090177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Distinct, disease-associated intracellular miRNA (miR) expression profiles have been observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) patients. Additionally, we have identified novel estrogenic responses in PBMCs from SLE patients and demonstrated that estrogen upregulates toll-like receptor (TLR)7 and TLR8 expression. TLR7 and TLR8 bind viral-derived single-stranded RNA to stimulate innate inflammatory responses, but recent studies have shown that miR-21, mir-29a, and miR-29b can also bind and activate these receptors when packaged and secreted in extracellular vesicles (EVs). The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of EV-encapsulated small RNA species in SLE and examine the therapeutic approach of miR inhibition in humanized mice. Methods Plasma-derived EVs were isolated from SLE patients and quantified. RNA was then isolated and bulk RNA-sequencing reads were analyzed. Also, PBMCs from active SLE patients were injected into immunodeficient mice to produce chimeras. Prior to transfer, the PBMCs were incubated with liposomal EVs containing locked nucleic acid (LNA) antagonists to miR-21, mir-29a, and miR-29b. After three weeks, blood was collected for both immunophenotyping and cytokine analysis; tissue was harvested for histopathological examination. Results EVs were significantly increased in the plasma of SLE patients and differentially expressed EV-derived small RNA profiles were detected compared to healthy controls, including miR-21, mir-29a, and miR-29b. LNA antagonists significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines and histopathological infiltrates in the small intestine, liver, and kidney, as demonstrated by H&E-stained tissue sections and immunohistochemistry measuring human CD3. Discussion These data demonstrate distinct EV-derived small RNA signatures representing SLE-associated biomarkers. Moreover, targeting upregulated EV-encapsulated miR signaling by antagonizing miRs that may bind to TLR7 and TLR8 reveals a novel therapeutic opportunity to suppress autoimmune-mediated inflammation and pathogenesis in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Young
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Emily Schwarz
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Braden M. Zeno
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shane Bruckner
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Rosana A. Mesa
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kyle Jablonski
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lai-Chu Wu
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Elisha D. O. Roberson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Wael N. Jarjour
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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Samavati SF, Yarani R, Kiani S, HoseinKhani Z, Mehrabi M, Levitte S, Primavera R, Chetty S, Thakor AS, Mansouri K. Therapeutic potential of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Inflamm (Lond) 2024; 21:20. [PMID: 38867277 PMCID: PMC11170788 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-024-00381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are caused by an imbalance in the immune system, producing autoantibodies that cause inflammation leading to tissue damage and organ dysfunction. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases and a major contributor to patient morbidity and mortality. Although many drugs manage the disease, curative therapy remains elusive, and current treatment regimens have substantial side effects. Recently, the therapeutic potential of exosomes has been extensively studied, and novel evidence has been demonstrated. A direct relationship between exosome contents and their ability to regulate the immune system, inflammation, and angiogenesis. The unique properties of extracellular vesicles, such as biomolecule transportation, biodegradability, and stability, make exosomes a promising treatment candidate for autoimmune diseases, particularly SLE. This review summarizes the structural features of exosomes, the isolation/purification/quantification method, their origin, effect, immune regulation, a critical consideration for selecting an appropriate source, and their therapeutic mechanisms in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Famil Samavati
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Yarani
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Sara Kiani
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zohreh HoseinKhani
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Masomeh Mehrabi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Steven Levitte
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Rosita Primavera
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Shashank Chetty
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Avnesh S Thakor
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Li J, Lu S, Chen F, Zhu H. Unveiling the hidden role of extracellular vesicles in brain metastases: a comprehensive review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1388574. [PMID: 38726015 PMCID: PMC11079170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1388574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, transparent vesicles that can be found in various biological fluids and are derived from the amplification of cell membranes. Recent studies have increasingly demonstrated that EVs play a crucial regulatory role in tumorigenesis and development, including the progression of metastatic tumors in distant organs. Brain metastases (BMs) are highly prevalent in patients with lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma, and patients often experience serious complications and are often associated with a poor prognosis. The immune microenvironment of brain metastases was different from that of the primary tumor. Nevertheless, the existing review on the role and therapeutic potential of EVs in immune microenvironment of BMs is relatively limited. Main body This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the published research literature, summarizing the vital role of EVs in BMs. Studies have demonstrated that EVs participate in the regulation of the BMs immune microenvironment, exemplified by their ability to modify the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, change immune cell infiltration, and activate associated cells for promoting tumor cell survival and proliferation. Furthermore, EVs have the potential to serve as biomarkers for disease surveillance and prediction of BMs. Conclusion Overall, EVs play a key role in the regulation of the immune microenvironment of brain metastasis and are expected to make advances in immunotherapy and disease diagnosis. Future studies will help reveal the specific mechanisms of EVs in brain metastases and use them as new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Zhou S, Huang J, Zhang Y, Yu H, Wang X. Exosomes in Action: Unraveling Their Role in Autoimmune Diseases and Exploring Potential Therapeutic Applications. Immune Netw 2024; 24:e12. [PMID: 38725675 PMCID: PMC11076296 DOI: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are double phospholipid membrane vesicles that are synthesized and secreted by a variety of cells, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, immune cells, are extracellular vesicles. Recent studies have revealed that exosomes can play a significant role in under both physiological and pathological conditions. They have been implicated in regulation of inflammatory responses, immune response, angiogenesis, tissue repair, and antioxidant activities, particularly in modulating immunity in autoimmune diseases (AIDs). Moreover, variations in the expression of exosome-related substances, such as miRNA and proteins, may not only offer valuable perspectives for the early warning, and prognostic assessment of various AIDs, but may also serve as novel markers for disease diagnosis. This article examines the impact of exosomes on the development of AIDs and explores their potential for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanglong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563002, China
| | - Jialing Huang
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563002, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563002, China
| | - Hongsong Yu
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563002, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563002, China
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Yan S, Huang Z, Chen X, Chen H, Yang X, Gao M, Zhang X. Metabolic profiling of urinary exosomes for systemic lupus erythematosus discrimination based on HPL-SEC/MALDI-TOF MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6411-6420. [PMID: 37644324 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04916-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease which leads to the formation of immune complex deposits in multiple organs and has heterogeneous clinical manifestations. Currently, exosomes for liquid biopsy have been applied in diagnosis and monitoring of diseases, whereas SLE discrimination based on exosomes at the metabolic level is rarely reported. Herein, we constructed a protocol for metabolomic study of urinary exosomes from SLE patients and healthy controls (HCs) with high efficiency and throughput. Exosomes were first obtained by high-performance liquid size-exclusion chromatography (HPL-SEC), and then metabolic fingerprints of urinary exosomes were extracted by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) with high throughput and high efficency. With the statistical analysis by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model, SLE patients were efficiently distinguished from HCs, the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver characteristic curve (ROC) was 1.00, and the accuracy of the unsupervised clustering heatmap was 90.32%. In addition, potential biomarkers and related metabolic pathways were analyzed. This method, with the characteristics of high throughput, high efficiency, and high accuracy, will provide the broad prospect of exosome-driven precision medicine and large-scale screening in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohan Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhongzhou Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Haolin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mingxia Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Xiangmin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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6
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Hun M, Wen H, Han P, Vun T, Zhao M, He Q. Bibliometric analysis of scientific papers on extracellular vesicles in kidney disease published between 1999 and 2022. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1070516. [PMID: 36684427 PMCID: PMC9849820 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1070516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using extracellular vesicles (EVs) as potential therapeutic agents or natural drug delivery systems in kidney-related diseases. However, a detailed and targeted report on the current condition of extracellular vesicle research in kidney-related diseases is lacking. Therefore, this prospective study was designed to investigate the use of bibliometric analysis to comprehensively overview the current state of research and frontier trends on extracellular vesicle research in kidney-related diseases using visualization tools. Methods: The Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database was searched to identify publications related to extracellular vesicle research in kidney-related diseases since 1999. Citespace, Microsoft Excel 2019, VOSviewer software, the R Bibliometrix Package, and an online platform were used to analyze related research trends to stratify the publication data and collaborations. Results: From 1 January 1999 to 26 June 2022, a total of 1,122 EV-related articles and reviews were published, and 6,486 authors from 1,432 institutions in 63 countries or regions investigated the role of extracellular vesicles in kidney-related diseases. We found that the number of articles on extracellular vesicles in kidney-related diseases increased every year. Dozens of publications were from China and the United States. China had the most number of related publications, in which the Southeast University (China) was the most active institution in all EV-related fields. Liu Bi-cheng published the most papers on extracellular vesicles, while Clotilde Théry had the most number of co-citations. Most papers were published by The International Journal of Molecular Sciences, while Kidney International was the most co-cited journal for extracellular vesicles. We found that exosome-related keywords included exosome, exosm, expression, extracellular vesicle, microRNA, microvesicle, and liquid biopsy, while disease- and pathological-related keywords included biomarker, microRNA, apoptosis, mechanism, systemic lupus erythematosus, EGFR, acute kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease. Acute kidney disease (AKI), CKD, SLE, exosome, liquid biopsy, and extracellular vesicle were the hotspot in extracellular vesicle and kidney-related diseases research. Conclusion: The field of extracellular vesicles in kidney-related disease research is rapidly growing, and its domain is likely to expand in the next decade. The findings from this comprehensive analysis of extracellular vesicles in kidney-related disease research could help investigators to set new diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic ideas or methods in kidney-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marady Hun
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huai Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Phanna Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tharith Vun
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingyi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Mingyi Zhao, ; Qingnan He,
| | - Qingnan He
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Mingyi Zhao, ; Qingnan He,
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7
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Karimi B, Dehghani Firoozabadi A, Peymani M, Ghaedi K. Circulating long noncoding RNAs as novel bio-tools: Focus on autoimmune diseases. Hum Immunol 2022; 83:618-627. [PMID: 35717260 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are an emerging class of non-coding RNAs that do not encode proteins. These RNAs have various essential regulatory functions. Irregular expression of lncRNAs has been related to the pathological process of varied diseases, and are considered promising diagnostic biomarkers. LncRNAs can release into the circulation and be stable in body fluids as circulating lncRNAs. A subset of circulating lncRNAs that exist in exosomes are referred to as exosomal lncRNA molecules. These lncRNAs are highly stable and resist RNases. Exosomes have captured a great deal of attention due to their involvement in regulating communications between cells. In conditions of autoimmune disease, exosomes play critical roles in the pathological processes. In this context, circulating lncRNAs have been shown to modulate the immune response and indicated as prognosis and diagnostic biomarkers for autoimmune diseases. This review highlights the role of circulating lncRNAs (particularly exosomal) as diagnostic biomarkers for autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Karimi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
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8
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Zheng C, Xie L, Qin H, Liu X, Chen X, Lv F, Wang L, Zhu X, Xu J. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:835566. [PMID: 35309937 PMCID: PMC8924487 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.835566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles that can be actively secreted by most cell types into the extracellular environment. Evidence indicates that EVs can carry microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), proteins, and lipids to target cells or tissue organizations. Latest studies show that EVs play a vital role in the immune modulation and may contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a common autoimmune disease characterized by abnormal T cell activation and sustained production of autoantibodies against self-antigens, resulting in inflammation and damage to multiple systems. Pathogenic mechanisms of SLE, however, are still not well understood. In this review, we summarize the latest research advances on the functions and mechanisms of EVs, and its role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin Xie
- *Correspondence: Lin Xie, ; Xiaohua Zhu, ; Jinhua Xu,
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaohua Zhu
- *Correspondence: Lin Xie, ; Xiaohua Zhu, ; Jinhua Xu,
| | - Jinhua Xu
- *Correspondence: Lin Xie, ; Xiaohua Zhu, ; Jinhua Xu,
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Rouillard ME, Sutter PA, Durham OR, Willis CM, Crocker SJ. Astrocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles (ADEVs): Deciphering their Influences in Aging. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1462-1475. [PMID: 34527422 PMCID: PMC8407882 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are an abundant and dynamic glial cell exclusive to the central nervous system (CNS). In the context of injury, inflammation, and/or diseases of the nervous system, astrocyte responses, termed reactive astrogliosis, are a recognized pathological feature across a range of conditions and diseases. However, the impact of reactive astrogliosis is not uniform and varies by context and duration (time). In recent years, extracellular communication between glial cells via extracellular vesicles (EVs) has garnered interest as a process connected with reactive astrogliosis. In this review, we relate recent findings on astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (ADEVs) with a focus on factors that can influence the effects of ADEVs and identified age related changes in the function of ADEVs. Additionally, we will discuss the current limitations of existing experimental approaches and identify questions that highlight areas for growth in this field, which will continue to enhance our understanding of ADEVs in age-associated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Rouillard
- 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Pearl A Sutter
- 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Olivia R Durham
- 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Cory M Willis
- 2Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen J Crocker
- 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Urinary Extracellular Vesicles: Uncovering the Basis of the Pathological Processes in Kidney-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126507. [PMID: 34204452 PMCID: PMC8234687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication governs multicellular interactions in complex organisms. A variety of mechanisms exist through which cells can communicate, e.g., cell-cell contact, the release of paracrine/autocrine soluble molecules, or the transfer of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membrane-surrounded structures released by almost all cell types, acting both nearby and distant from their tissue/organ of origin. In the kidney, EVs are potent intercellular messengers released by all urinary system cells and are involved in cell crosstalk, contributing to physiology and pathogenesis. Moreover, urine is a reservoir of EVs coming from the circulation after crossing the glomerular filtration barrier—or originating in the kidney. Thus, urine represents an alternative source for biomarkers in kidney-related diseases, potentially replacing standard diagnostic techniques, including kidney biopsy. This review will present an overview of EV biogenesis and classification and the leading procedures for isolating EVs from body fluids. Furthermore, their role in intra-nephron communication and their use as a diagnostic tool for precision medicine in kidney-related disorders will be discussed.
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Kwok ZH, Wang C, Jin Y. Extracellular Vesicle Transportation and Uptake by Recipient Cells: A Critical Process to Regulate Human Diseases. Processes (Basel) 2021; 9. [PMID: 34336602 PMCID: PMC8323758 DOI: 10.3390/pr9020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence highlights the relevance of extracellular vesicles
(EVs) in modulating human diseases including but not limited to cancer,
inflammation, and neurological disorders. EVs can be found in almost all types
of human body fluids, suggesting that their trafficking may allow for their
targeting to remote recipient cells. While molecular processes underlying EV
biogenesis and secretion are increasingly elucidated, mechanisms governing EV
transportation, target finding and binding, as well as uptake into recipient
cells remain to be characterized. Understanding the specificity of EV transport
and uptake is critical to facilitating the development of EVs as valuable
diagnostics and therapeutics. In this mini review, we focus on EV uptake
mechanisms and specificities, as well as their implications in human
diseases.
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12
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Rasmussen NS, Nielsen CT, Nielsen CH, Jacobsen S. Microvesicles in active lupus nephritis show Toll-like receptor 9-dependent co-expression of galectin-3 binding protein and double-stranded DNA. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:64-77. [PMID: 33354779 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating microvesicles (MVs) from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) express the type 1 interferon (IFN)-inducible protein galectin-3 binding protein (G3BP), which may enhance their deposition in the glomerular basement membrane. The release of G3BP-expressing MVs from normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is induced by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) ligands, and these vesicles contain autoantibody-accessible double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). This study compares the release of MVs expressing G3BP and dsDNA from PBMCs derived from SLE patients with or without active lupus nephritis (LN) and from healthy donors, and taps further into the potential dependency on IFN-α for their generation and impacts of TLR-7/TLR-9 co-stimulation. PBMCs from 10 healthy donors and 12 SLE patients, six of whom had active LN at study inclusion, were stimulated in-vitro with recombinant human IFN-α and the TLR-9 agonists oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN)2216 or ODN2395 alone or in combination with the TLR-7 agonist gardiquimod. MVs in the supernatants were subsequently isolated by differential centrifugation and their expression of G3BP and dsDNA was quantified by flow cytometry. Stimulation with ODN2395 significantly increased the release of MVs co-expressing G3BP and dsDNA from PBMCs isolated from healthy donors and SLE patients. The expression of G3BP on individual MVs and the proportion of G3BP and dsDNA double-positive MVs released were increased in active LN patients. Neither co-stimulation with gardiquimod nor with the IFN-α inhibitor IN-1 had any effect on the MV release induced by ODN2395. In conclusion, the TLR-9-mediated inducibility of MVs co-expressing G3BP and dsDNA is increased in SLE patients with active LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Rasmussen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C T Nielsen
- Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C H Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Jacobsen
- Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Ortega A, Martinez-Arroyo O, Forner MJ, Cortes R. Exosomes as Drug Delivery Systems: Endogenous Nanovehicles for Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:pharmaceutics13010003. [PMID: 33374908 PMCID: PMC7821934 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, nanometer-sized lipid-bilayer-enclosed extracellular vesicles (EVs), have attracted increasing attention due to their inherent ability to shuttle proteins, lipids and genes between cells and their natural affinity to target cells. Their intrinsic features such as stability, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and ability to overcome biological barriers, have prompted interest in using exosomes as drug delivery vehicles, especially for gene therapy. Evidence indicates that exosomes play roles in both immune stimulation and tolerance, regulating immune signaling and inflammation. To date, exosome-based nanocarriers delivering small molecule drugs have been developed to treat many prevalent autoimmune diseases. This review highlights the key features of exosomes as drug delivery vehicles, such as therapeutic cargo, use of targeting peptide, loading method and administration route with a broad focus. In addition, we outline the current state of evidence in the field of exosome-based drug delivery systems in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), evaluating exosomes derived from various cell types and engineered exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ortega
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.O.); (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
| | - Olga Martinez-Arroyo
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.O.); (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
| | - Maria J. Forner
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.O.); (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
- Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital Clinico Universitario, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.O.); (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96398-3916; Fax: +34-96398-7860
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Neupane YR, Mahtab A, Siddiqui L, Singh A, Gautam N, Rabbani SA, Goel H, Talegaonkar S. Biocompatible Nanovesicular Drug Delivery Systems with Targeting Potential for Autoimmune Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:5488-5502. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200523174108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are collectively addressed as chronic conditions initiated by the loss of one’s
immunological tolerance, where the body treats its own cells as foreigners or self-antigens. These hay-wired
antibodies or immunologically capable cells lead to a variety of disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis,
systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and recently included neurodegenerative diseases like
Alzheimer’s, Parkinsonism and testicular cancer triggered T-cells induced autoimmune response in testes and
brain. Conventional treatments for autoimmune diseases possess several downsides due to unfavourable
pharmacokinetic behaviour of drug, reflected by low bioavailability, rapid clearance, offsite toxicity, restricted
targeting ability and poor therapeutic outcomes. Novel nanovesicular drug delivery systems including liposomes,
niosomes, proniosomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, pharmacosomes, ufasomes and biologically originated
exosomes have proved to possess alluring prospects in supporting the combat against autoimmune diseases.
These nanovesicles have revitalized available treatment modalities as they are biocompatible, biodegradable, less
immunogenic and capable of carrying high drug payloads to deliver both hydrophilic as well as lipophilic drugs
to specific sites via passive or active targeting. Due to their unique surface chemistry, they can be decorated with
physiological or synthetic ligands to target specific receptors overexpressed in different autoimmune diseases and
can even cross the blood-brain barrier. This review presents exhaustive yet concise information on the potential of
various nanovesicular systems as drug carriers in improving the overall therapeutic efficiency of the dosage
regimen for various autoimmune diseases. The role of endogenous exosomes as biomarkers in the diagnosis and
prognosis of autoimmune diseases along with monitoring progress of treatment will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yub Raj Neupane
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Asiya Mahtab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Lubna Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Archu Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Namrata Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Arman Rabbani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, RAK college of Pharmaceutical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras All Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Honey Goel
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, India
| | - Sushama Talegaonkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
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Tsai CY, Shen CY, Liu CW, Hsieh SC, Liao HT, Li KJ, Lu CS, Lee HT, Lin CS, Wu CH, Kuo YM, Yu CL. Aberrant Non-Coding RNA Expression in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Consequences for Immune Dysfunctions and Tissue Damage. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121641. [PMID: 33291347 PMCID: PMC7762297 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex systemic autoimmune disease with heterogeneous clinical manifestations. A diverse innate and adaptive immune dysregulation is involved in the immunopathogenesis of SLE. The dysregulation of immune-related cells may derive from the intricate interactions among genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Of these contributing factors, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in the post-transcriptional mRNA expression of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, which are essential for immune modulation. In the present review, we emphasize the roles of ncRNA expression in the immune-related cells and cell-free plasma, urine, and tissues contributing to the immunopathogenesis and tissue damage in SLE. In addition, the circular RNAs (circRNA) and their post-translational regulation of protein synthesis in SLE are also briefly described. We wish these critical reviews would be useful in the search for biomarkers/biosignatures and novel therapeutic strategies for SLE patients in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/genetics
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- Chemokines/genetics
- Chemokines/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/pathology
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/immunology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/pathology
- RNA, Circular/genetics
- RNA, Circular/immunology
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Youh Tsai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (H.-T.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.T.); (C.-L.Y.)
| | - Chieh-Yu Shen
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-S.L.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University School of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (H.-T.L.)
| | - Song-Chou Hsieh
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-S.L.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Hsien-Tzung Liao
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (H.-T.L.)
| | - Ko-Jen Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-S.L.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Cheng-Shiun Lu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-S.L.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Hui-Ting Lee
- Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay College of Medicine, Taipei 10449, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Sung Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ministry of Health and Welfare Taipei Hospital, New Taipei City 24213, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Han Wu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-S.L.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-S.L.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Chia-Li Yu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-S.L.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.)
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.T.); (C.-L.Y.)
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Khan AQ, Akhtar S, Prabhu KS, Zarif L, Khan R, Alam M, Buddenkotte J, Ahmad A, Steinhoff M, Uddin S. Exosomes: Emerging Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets in Cutaneous Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239264. [PMID: 33291683 PMCID: PMC7730213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest human organ and is continuously exposed to various exogenous and endogenous trigger factors affecting body homeostasis. A number of mechanisms, including genetic, inflammatory and autoimmune ones, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cutaneous diseases. Recently, there has been considerable interest in the role that extracellular vesicles, particularly exosomes, play in human diseases, through their modulation of multiple signaling pathways. Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles secreted by all cell types. They function as cargo carriers shuttling proteins, nucleic acids, lipids etc., thus impacting the cell-cell communications and transfer of vital information/moieties critical for skin homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. This review summarizes the available knowledge on how exosomes affect pathogenesis of cutaneous diseases, and highlights their potential as future targets for the therapy of various skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Q. Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (A.Q.K.); (K.S.P.); (M.A.); (J.B.)
| | - Sabah Akhtar
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.A.); (L.Z.)
| | - Kirti S. Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (A.Q.K.); (K.S.P.); (M.A.); (J.B.)
| | - Lubna Zarif
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.A.); (L.Z.)
| | - Rehan Khan
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India;
| | - Majid Alam
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (A.Q.K.); (K.S.P.); (M.A.); (J.B.)
- Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Joerg Buddenkotte
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (A.Q.K.); (K.S.P.); (M.A.); (J.B.)
- Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.S.); (S.U.); Tel.: +974-40253220 (S.U.)
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (A.Q.K.); (K.S.P.); (M.A.); (J.B.)
- Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha 24144, Qatar
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.S.); (S.U.); Tel.: +974-40253220 (S.U.)
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; (A.Q.K.); (K.S.P.); (M.A.); (J.B.)
- Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.S.); (S.U.); Tel.: +974-40253220 (S.U.)
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Complement Activation on Endothelial Cell-Derived Microparticles-A Key Determinant for Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56100533. [PMID: 33065972 PMCID: PMC7601222 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a classical systemic autoimmune disease that overactivates complement and can affect all organs. Early diagnosis and effective management are important in this immune-complex-mediated chronic inflammatory disease, which has a strong component of vasculitis and carries an increased risk of thrombosis, even in the absence of antiphospholipid antibodies. Development of lupus nephritis can be life limiting but is managed with dialysis and renal transplantation. Therefore, data have become available that cardiovascular risk poses a serious feature of systemic lupus erythematosus that requires monitoring and prospective treatment. Cell-derived microparticles circulate in plasma and thereby intersect the humoral and cellular component of inflammation. They are involved in disease pathophysiology, particularly thrombosis, and represent a known cardiovascular risk. This viewpoint argues that a focus on characteristics of circulating microparticles measured in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus may help to classify certain ethnic groups who are especially at additional risk of experiencing cardiovascular complications.
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Hussain MT, Iqbal AJ, Norling LV. The Role and Impact of Extracellular Vesicles in the Modulation and Delivery of Cytokines during Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7096. [PMID: 32993051 PMCID: PMC7584003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and extracellular vesicles are two methods of initiating and maintaining cellular crosstalk. The role of cytokines in the initiation, progression, and resolution of inflammation has been well studied and more so, their pathophysiological role in the development of autoimmune disease. In recent years, the impact of extracellular vesicles on the progression of autoimmunity has become more widely appreciated. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that allow extracellular vesicles of various sources to modulate cytokine production, and release, and how extracellular vesicles might be involved in the direct delivery and modulation of cytokine levels. Moreover, we explore what challenges are faced by current therapies and the promising future for extracellular vesicles as therapeutic agents in conditions driven by immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Tayab Hussain
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;
| | - Asif Jilani Iqbal
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Lucy Victoria Norling
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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Microparticles-Mediated Vascular Inflammation and its Amelioration by Antioxidant Activity of Baicalin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090890. [PMID: 32962240 PMCID: PMC7555600 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are extracellular vesicles (0.1–1.0 μm in size), released in response to cell activation or apoptosis. Endothelial microparticles (EC-MP), vascular smooth muscle cell microparticles (VSMC-MP), and macrophage microparticles (MØ-MP) are key hallmarks of atherosclerosis progression. In our current study, we investigated the potent antioxidant activity of baicalin to ameliorate MP-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysfunction and endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction, as well as the production of inflammatory mediators in macrophage (RAW264.7). In our study, baicalin suppressed the apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, NO production, foam cell formation, protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in MØ-MP-induced RAW264.7. In addition, VSMC migration induced by VSMC-MP was dose-dependently inhibited by baicalin. Likewise, baicalin inhibits metalloproteinase-9 expression and suppresses VSMC-MP-induced VSMC proliferation by down-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein expressions. Baicalin also inhibited ROS production and apoptosis in VSMC. In EC, the marker of endothelial dysfunction (endothelial senescence, upregulation of ICAM, and ROS production) induced by EC-MP was halted by baicalin. Our results suggested that baicalin exerts potent biological activity to restore the function of EC and VSMC altered by their corresponding microparticles and inhibits the release of inflammation markers from activated macrophages.
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Urinary exosomal miR-146a as a marker of albuminuria, activity changes and disease flares in lupus nephritis. J Nephrol 2020; 34:1157-1167. [PMID: 32803682 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-020-00832-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary exosomes, especially microRNAs (miRNAs) packaged within, are ideal sources of renal damage markers. We investigated the association between exosomal miR-146a, (anti-inflammatory regulator) and disease activity, proteinuria and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) flares over a 36-month follow-up period. METHODS We isolated urinary exosomes from 41 SLE patients, 27 with lupus nephritis (LN) and 20 healthy controls, and exosomal miR-146a, quantified by the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), was correlated with histological features in 13 renal biopsies. We also analysed the association between the exosomal miR-146a and TRAF6 axis. RESULTS Exosomal miR-146a showed an inverse association with circulating C3 and C4 complement components, proteinuria, and with histological features such as chronicity index. This marker was able to identify LN with an AUC of 0.82 (p = 0.001). Basal exosomal miR-146a was associated with disease activity and proteinuria changes and was an independent marker of 36-month follow-up flares (OR 7.08, p = 0.02). Pathway analysis identified IRAK1 and TRAF6 as miR-146a target genes. Finally, in vitro experiments suggested that miR-146a exerts a protective effect through negative regulation of inflammation by suppressing IRAK1 and TRAF6. CONCLUSIONS Urinary exosomal miR-146a levels are correlated with lupus activity, proteinuria and histological features, discriminating patients with LN and being a good baseline marker of SLE flares. We have identified a relevant biological miR-146a-TRAF6 axis association in LN renal fibrosis progression.
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Masaoutis C, Al Besher S, Koutroulis I, Theocharis S. Exosomes in Nephropathies: A Rich Source of Novel Biomarkers. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8897833. [PMID: 32849923 PMCID: PMC7441435 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8897833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biomarkers commonly utilized in diagnostic evaluations of kidney disease suffer from low sensitivity, especially in the early stages of renal damage. On the other hand, obtaining a renal biopsy to augment clinical decision making can lead to potentially serious complications. In order to overcome the shortcomings of currently available diagnostic tools, recent studies suggest that exosomes, cell-secreted extracellular vesicles containing a large array of active molecules to facilitate cell-to-cell communication, may represent a rich source of novel disease biomarkers. Because of their endocytic origin, exosomes carry markers typical for their parent cells, which could permit the localization of biochemical cellular alterations in specific kidney compartments. Different types of exosomes can be isolated from noninvasively obtained biofluids; however, in the context of kidney disease, evidence has emerged on the role of urinary exosomes in the diagnostic and predictive modeling of renal pathology. The current review summarizes the potential application of exosomes in the detection of acute and chronic inflammatory, metabolic, degenerative, and genetic renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Masaoutis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Samer Al Besher
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Koutroulis
- Children's National Hospital, Division of Emergency Medicine and Center for Genetic Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
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22
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Papa R, Volpi S, Gattorno M. Monogenetic causes of chilblains, panniculitis and vasculopathy: the Type I interferonopathies. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2020; 155:590-598. [PMID: 32618445 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.20.06709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferonopathies are a clinically heterogeneous group of inherited disorders of the innate immune system characterized by constitutive activation of the type I interferon signaling pathway. Cutaneous vasculopathy, lipodystrophy, interstitial lung disease and brain calcifications are the typical manifestations characterizing affected patients. The pathogenic mechanism commonly underlying these disorders is the abnormal activation of immune pathways involved in recognition of non-self-oligonucleotides. These natural defenses against virus consent humans to survive the infections. Target therapies capable of inhibiting type I interferon signaling pathway seem effective in these patients, albeit with possible incomplete responses and severe side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Papa
- Autoinflammatory Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Center, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal-Infant Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Autoinflammatory Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Center, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy - .,Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal-Infant Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Gattorno
- Autoinflammatory Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Center, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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Su KY, Lee WL. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy as a Cancer Screening and Diagnostic Tool: A Review and Prospects. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E115. [PMID: 31906324 PMCID: PMC7017192 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy has long been used to characterize chemical compounds, but the applicability of this technique to the analysis of biological materials containing highly complex chemical components is arguable. However, recent advances in the development of infrared spectroscopy have significantly enhanced the capacity of this technique in analyzing various types of biological specimens. Consequently, there is an increased number of studies investigating the application of infrared spectroscopy in screening and diagnosis of various diseases. The lack of highly sensitive and specific methods for early detection of cancer has warranted the search for novel approaches. Being more simple, rapid, accurate, inexpensive, non-destructive and suitable for automation compared to existing screening, diagnosis, management and monitoring methods, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy can potentially improve clinical decision-making and patient outcomes by detecting biochemical changes in cancer patients at the molecular level. Besides the commonly analyzed blood and tissue samples, extracellular vesicle-based method has been gaining popularity as a non-invasive approach. Therefore, infrared spectroscopic analysis of extracellular vesicles could be a useful technique in the future for biomedical applications. In this review, we discuss the potential clinical applications of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis using various types of biological materials for cancer. Additionally, the rationale and advantages of using extracellular vesicles in the spectroscopic analysis for cancer diagnostics are discussed. Furthermore, we highlight the challenges and future directions of clinical translation of the technique for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wai-Leng Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
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24
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Amiral J. Measurement of blood activation markers applied to the early diagnosis of cardiovascular alterations. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2019; 20:85-98. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1704258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Amiral
- Scientific-Hemostasis-Consulting, Scientific Director and Consultant in Thrombosis-Hemostasis, Andrésy, France
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25
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Masvekar R, Mizrahi J, Park J, Williamson PR, Bielekova B. Quantifications of CSF Apoptotic Bodies Do Not Provide Clinical Value in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1241. [PMID: 31849814 PMCID: PMC6901963 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that leads to the death of neurons and oligodendrocytes, which cannot be measured in living subjects. Physiological cellular death, otherwise known as apoptosis, progresses through a series of stages which culminates in the discharge of cellular contents into vesicles known as apoptotic bodies (ABs) or apoptosomes. These ABs can be detected in bodily fluids as Annexin-V-positive vesicles of 0.5–4.0 μm in size. In addition, the origin of these ABs might be detected by staining for cell-specific surface markers. Thus, we investigated whether quantifications of the total and CNS cell-specific ABs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients provided any clinical value in MS. Extracellular vesicles, from CSF of 64 prospectively-acquired subjects, were collected in a blinded fashion using ultra-centrifugation. ABs were detected by flow cytometry using bead-enabled size-gating and Annexin-V-staining. The origin of these ABs was further classified by staining the vesicles for cell-specific surface markers. Upon unblinding, we evaluated the differences between diagnostic categories and correlations with clinical measures. There were no statistically significant differences in the numbers of total or any cell-specific ABs across different disease diagnostic subgroups and no significant correlations with any of the tested clinical measures of CNS tissue destruction, disability, MS activity, and severity (i.e., rates of disability accumulation). Overlap of cell surface markers suggests inability to reliably determine origin of ABs using antibody-based flow cytometry. These negative data suggest that CNS cells in MS either die by non-apoptotic mechanisms or die in frequencies indistinguishable by current assays from apoptosis of other cells, such as immune cells performing immunosurveillance in healthy conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruturaj Masvekar
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jordan Mizrahi
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John Park
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peter R Williamson
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bibiana Bielekova
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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26
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Kelemen E, Danis J, Göblös A, Bata-Csörgő Z, Széll M. Exosomal long non-coding RNAs as biomarkers in human diseases. EJIFCC 2019; 30:224-236. [PMID: 31263395 PMCID: PMC6599197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The intensive study of extracellular vesicles was started about a decade ago revealing alterations of their amount and content to several cellular stimuli, highly depending on the releasing cell type. Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicles, are released by every cell type and are present in most body fluids, what makes them attractive targets of biomarker research. Several studies have indicated that their content - including proteins and coding, as well as non-coding nucleic acids - could represent the disease state and serves as specific disease biomarkers. Out of these molecules, a special interest was gained by long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Just as exosomes, lncRNAs are specific to their cell of origin and often specific to diseases, also found extracellularly, mainly contained in extracellular vesicles. Thus, recent efforts in biomarker research has turned to circulating exosomal lncRNAs, which might lead to the development of highly specific disease markers. Here we summarize the current knowledge on disease-associated exosomal long non-coding RNAs. The intensive studies in this area have revealed numerous potential targets for biomarkers, and highlighted the potential of their combination with other exosomal markers to represent a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tool. However, we believe that additional functional data on both exosomes and lncRNAs are necessary for understanding their deregulation in diseases and developing their use as diagnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Kelemen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Research Institute of Translational Biomedicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Danis
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Research Institute of Translational Biomedicine, University of Szeged, Hungary,MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anikó Göblös
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Research Institute of Translational Biomedicine, University of Szeged, Hungary,MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bata-Csörgő
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Research Institute of Translational Biomedicine, University of Szeged, Hungary,MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márta Széll
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, Hungary,Corresponding author: Márta Széll Department of Medical Genetics University of Szeged Somogyi B. u 4. Szeged, 6720 Hungary Phone: +36-62-54-51-34 E-mail:
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27
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Burbano C, Gómez-Puerta JA, Muñoz-Vahos C, Vanegas-García A, Rojas M, Vásquez G, Castaño D. HMGB1 + microparticles present in urine are hallmarks of nephritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:323-335. [PMID: 30537116 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-classical monocytes infiltrate the kidney parenchyma and participate in tissue damage in patients with lupus nephritis (LN). Circulating microparticles (MPs) seem to play critical roles in the activation of monocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. This study aims to characterize the phenotypes of MPs and monocyte subsets in LN patients and to determine their potential to discriminate between SLE patients with and without LN. Blood and urine samples from SLE patients were collected. In monocyte subsets from whole blood samples several phenotypic markers were evaluated. MPs were isolated from platelet-poor plasma and urine by centrifugation. This phenotypic marker characterization was performed using multiparametric flow cytometry. We observed that patients with active LN have lower counts of non-classical monocytes than do those without renal involvement. All monocyte subsets exhibited lower expression of CX3CR1 and ICAM-1 in LN than in patients without LN. High frequencies of MP-HMGB1+ and MP-HLA-DR+ were detected in circulation and urine of LN patients. Although MP-HMGB1+ , MP-HLA-DR+ , and MP-CX3CR1+ from urine were able to discriminate between patients with and without LN, only urinary MP-HMGB1+ were different between patients with active and inactive LN. Therefore, these vesicles may be useful as biomarkers of LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Burbano
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.,Unidad de Citometría de Flujo, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jóse A Gómez-Puerta
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.,Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, España
| | - Carlos Muñoz-Vahos
- Sección de Reumatología. Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Adriana Vanegas-García
- Sección de Reumatología. Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.,Unidad de Citometría de Flujo, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gloria Vásquez
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.,Sección de Reumatología. Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana Castaño
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.,Carrera 53 #61-30 Laboratorio 510, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellín, Colombia
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28
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Wu D, Zhang H, Jin D, Yu Y, Pang DW, Xiao MM, Zhang ZL, Zhang ZY, Zhang GJ. Microvesicle detection by a reduced graphene oxide field-effect transistor biosensor based on a membrane biotinylation strategy. Analyst 2019; 144:6055-6063. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01332f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A reduced graphene oxide field-effect transistor biosensor for the detection of microvesicles by using a membrane biotinylation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Wu
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Teaching and Research Office of Forensic Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- P.R.China
| | - Dan Jin
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- P.R. China
| | - Yi Yu
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- P.R. China
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P.R.China
| | - Meng-Meng Xiao
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology
- Xiangtan University
- Hunan 411105
- P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P.R.China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhang
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology
- Xiangtan University
- Hunan 411105
- P. R. China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- P.R. China
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29
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Anderson M, Kashanchi F, Jacobson S. Role of Exosomes in Human Retroviral Mediated Disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:279-291. [PMID: 29656370 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retroviruses comprise an ancient and varied group of viruses with the unique ability to integrate DNA from an RNA transcript into the genome, a subset of which are able to integrate in humans. The timing of these integrations during human history has dictated whether these viruses have remained exogenous and given rise to various human diseases or have become inseparable from the host genome (endogenous retroviruses). Given the ability of retroviruses to integrate into the host and subsequently co-opt host cellular process for viral propagation, retroviruses have been shown to be closely associated with several cellular processes including exosome formation. Exosomes are 30-150 nm unilamellar extracellular vesicles that originate from intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that form in the endosomal compartment. Exosomes have been shown to be important in intercellular communication and immune cell function. Almost every cell type studied has been shown to produce these types of vesicles, with the cell type dictating the contents, which include proteins, mRNA, and miRNAs. Importantly, recent evidence has shown that infection by viruses, including retroviruses, alter the contents and subsequent function of produced exosomes. In this review, we will discuss the important retroviruses associated with human health and disease. Furthermore, we will delve into the impact of exosome formation and manipulation by integrated retroviruses on human health, survival, and human retroviral disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Anderson
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Neuroimmunology Branch, Viral Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cellular Basis of Disease Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Neuroimmunology Branch, Viral Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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30
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Moreno-Gonzalo O, Fernandez-Delgado I, Sanchez-Madrid F. Post-translational add-ons mark the path in exosomal protein sorting. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1-19. [PMID: 29080091 PMCID: PMC11105655 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by cells to the extracellular environment to mediate inter-cellular communication. Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and metabolites shuttled in these vesicles modulate specific functions in recipient cells. The enrichment of selected sets of proteins in EVs compared with global cellular levels suggests the existence of specific sorting mechanisms to specify EV loading. Diverse post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins participate in the loading of specific elements into EVs. In this review, we offer a perspective on PTMs found in EVs and discuss the specific role of some PTMs, specifically Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like modifiers, in exosomal sorting of protein components. The understanding of these mechanisms will provide new strategies for biomedical applications. Examples include the presence of defined PTM marks on EVs as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of certain diseases, or the specific import of immunogenic components into EVs for vaccine generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Moreno-Gonzalo
- Vascular Pathophysiology Research Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Fernandez-Delgado
- Vascular Pathophysiology Research Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sanchez-Madrid
- Vascular Pathophysiology Research Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.
- CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Dang VD, Jella KK, Ragheb RRT, Denslow ND, Alli AA. Lipidomic and proteomic analysis of exosomes from mouse cortical collecting duct cells. FASEB J 2017; 31:5399-5408. [PMID: 28821634 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700417r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are endosome-derived nanovesicles that are involved in cellular communication and signaling. Exosomes are produced by epithelial cells and are found in biologic fluids including blood and urine. The packaged material within exosomes includes proteins and lipids, but the molecular comparison within exosome subtypes is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences between exosomes derived from the apical plasma membrane and basolateral plasma membrane of polarized murine cortical collecting duct principal cells. Nanoparticle tracking analysis showed that the size and concentration of apical and basolateral exosomes remained relatively stable across 3 different temperatures (23, 37, and 42°C). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed marked differences between the proteins packaged within the two types of exosomes from the same cells. Several proteins expressed at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, including α-actinin-1, moesin, 14-3-3 protein ζ/δ, annexin A1/A3/A4/A5/A6, clathrin heavy chain 1, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, α-enolase, filamin-A, and heat shock protein 90, were identified in samples of apical plasma membrane-derived exosomes, but not in basolateral plasma membrane exosomes from mouse cortical collecting duct cells. In addition to differences at the protein level, mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics analysis showed significant differences in the lipid classes and fatty acid composition of the two types of exosomes. We found higher levels of sphingomyelin and lower levels of cardiolipin, among other phospholipids in the apical plasma membrane compared to the basolateral plasma membrane exosomes. The molecular analyses of exosome subtypes presented herein will contribute to our understanding of exosome biogenesis, and the results may have potential implications for biomarker discovery.-Dang, V. D., Jella, K. K., Ragheb, R. R. T., Denslow, N. D., Alli, A. A. Lipidomic and proteomic analysis of exosomes from mouse cortical collecting duct cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet D Dang
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Production, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kishore Kumar Jella
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Abdel A Alli
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA; .,Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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32
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Vasquez-Canizares N, Wahezi D, Putterman C. Diagnostic and prognostic tests in systemic lupus erythematosus. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2017; 31:351-363. [PMID: 29224677 PMCID: PMC5776716 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by autoantibodies directed against numerous self-nuclear antigens. Because of the heterogeneous nature of lupus, it has been challenging to identify markers that are sensitive and specific enough for its diagnosis and monitoring. However, with the sequencing of the human genome, rapid development of high-throughput approaches has allowed for a better understanding of the etiopathogenesis of complex diseases, including SLE. Here we present a review of the latest advancements in biomarker discovery during the "omics" era, using these novel technologies, for assisting in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vasquez-Canizares
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Dawn Wahezi
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Division of Rheumatology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
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33
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Perez-Hernandez J, Redon J, Cortes R. Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Agents in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040717. [PMID: 28350323 PMCID: PMC5412303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs. Currently, therapeutic molecules present adverse side effects and are only effective in some SLE patient subgroups. Extracellular vesicles (EV), including exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, are released by most cell types, carry nucleic acids, proteins and lipids and play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication. EVs can stimulate or suppress the immune responses depending on the context. In SLE, EVs can work as autoadjuvants, enhance immune complex formation and maintaining inflammation state. Over the last years, EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells and antigen presenting cells have emerged as cell-free therapeutic agents to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarize the current therapeutic applications of extracellular vesicles to regulate immune responses and to ameliorate disease activity in SLE and other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Perez-Hernandez
- Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- Research Group of Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Josep Redon
- Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- Research Group of Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Genomic and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- Research Group of Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Accesorio 4, Avd. Menendez Pelayo, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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34
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Amiral J, Seghatchian J. Measurement of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers of consequences or cause complications of pathological states, and prognosis of both evolution and therapeutic safety/efficacy. Transfus Apher Sci 2016; 55:23-34. [PMID: 27475803 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Utility of EVs, as biomarkers of cause or consequence of various pathological complications, and prognosis of blood components' therapy in terms of safety/efficacy and their potential associated hazards, primed by EVs involvements in pro-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and activations of both pro/anti-coagulatory and others associated pathways, as well as various cellular cross talks, are highlighted as the fundamental. Today EVs are becoming the "buzz" words of the current diagnosis, development and research [DDR] strategies, with the aim of ensuring safer therapeutic approaches in the current clinical practices, also incorporating their potential in long term cost effectiveness in health care systems. The main focus of this manuscript is to review the current opinions in some fundamental areas of EVs involvements in health and diseases. Firstly, our goal is highlighting what are EVs/MVs/MPs and how are they generated in physiology, pathology or blood products; classification and significance of EVs generated in vivo; followed by consequences and physiological/pathological induced effects of EVs generation in vivo. Secondly, specific cell origin EVs and association with malignancy; focus on EVs carrying TF and annexin V as a protective protein for harmful effects of EVs, and associations with LA; and incidence of anti-annexin V antibodies are also discussed. Thirdly, utility of EVs is presented: as diagnostic tools of disease markers; prognosis and follow-up of clinical states; evaluation of therapy efficacy; quality and risk assessment of blood products; followed by the laboratory tools for exploring, characterizing and measuring EVs, and/or their associated activity, using our own experiences of capture based assays. Finally, in perspective, the upcoming low volume sampling, fast, reliable and reproducibility and friendly use laboratory tools and the standardization of measurement methods are highlighted with the beneficial effects that we are witnessing in both wound healing and tissue remodeling, with an expected blockbuster status EVs as future therapeutic directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Amiral
- Hyphen BioMed, Neuville sur Oise, Paris, France.
| | - Jerard Seghatchian
- International Consultancy in Blood Components Quality/Safety Improvement, Audit/Inspection and DDR Strategies, London, UK
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35
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Robbins PD, Dorronsoro A, Booker CN. Regulation of chronic inflammatory and immune processes by extracellular vesicles. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1173-80. [PMID: 27035808 DOI: 10.1172/jci81131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all cell types release extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are derived either from multivesicular bodies or from the plasma membrane. EVs contain a subset of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids from the cell from which they are derived. EV factors, particularly small RNAs such as miRNAs, likely play important roles in cell-to-cell communication both locally and systemically. Most of the functions associated with EVs are in the regulation of immune responses to pathogens and cancer, as well as in regulating autoimmunity. This Review will focus on the different modes of immune regulation, both direct and indirect, by EVs. The therapeutic utility of EVs for the regulation of immune responses will also be discussed.
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36
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Escudero CA, Herlitz K, Troncoso F, Acurio J, Aguayo C, Roberts JM, Truong G, Duncombe G, Rice G, Salomon C. Role of Extracellular Vesicles and microRNAs on Dysfunctional Angiogenesis during Preeclamptic Pregnancies. Front Physiol 2016; 7:98. [PMID: 27047385 PMCID: PMC4796029 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a syndrome characterized by hypertension during pregnancy, which is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both mother and newborn in developing countries. Some advances have increased the understanding of pathophysiology of this disease. For example, reduced utero-placental blood flow associated with impaired trophoblast invasion may lead to a hypoxic placenta that releases harmful materials into the maternal and feto-placental circulation and impairs endothelial function. Identification of these harmful materials is one of the hot topics in the literature, since these provide potential biomarkers. Certainty, such knowledge will help us to understand the miscommunication between mother and fetus. In this review we highlight how placental extracellular vesicles and their cargo, such as small RNAs (i.e., microRNAs), might be involved in endothelial dysfunction, and then in the angiogenesis process, during preeclampsia. Currently only a few reports have addressed the potential role of endothelial regulatory miRNA in the impaired angiogenesis in preeclampsia. One of the main limitations in this area is the variability of the analyses performed in the current literature. This includes variability in the size of the particles analyzed, and broad variation in the exosomes considered. The quantity of microRNA targets genes suggest that practically all endothelial cell metabolic functions might be impaired. More studies are required to investigate mechanisms underlying miRNA released from placenta upon endothelial function involved in the angiogenenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Escudero
- Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis, Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Universidad del Bío-BíoChillán, Chile; Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health, Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Bío-BíoChillán, Chile
| | - Kurt Herlitz
- Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis, Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Universidad del Bío-Bío Chillán, Chile
| | - Felipe Troncoso
- Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis, Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Universidad del Bío-Bío Chillán, Chile
| | - Jesenia Acurio
- Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis, Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Universidad del Bío-Bío Chillán, Chile
| | - Claudio Aguayo
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health, Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Bío-BíoChillán, Chile; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of ConcepciónConcepción, Chile
| | - James M Roberts
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Epidemiology, and the Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Grace Truong
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gregory Duncombe
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gregory Rice
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia; Ochsner Clinic Foundation, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyNew Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of ConcepciónConcepción, Chile; Exosome Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia; Ochsner Clinic Foundation, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyNew Orleans, LA, USA
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Paudel KR, Panth N, Kim DW. Circulating Endothelial Microparticles: A Key Hallmark of Atherosclerosis Progression. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:8514056. [PMID: 27066292 PMCID: PMC4811266 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8514056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The levels of circulating microparticles (MPs) are raised in various cardiovascular diseases. Their increased level in plasma is regarded as a biomarker of alteration in vascular function. The prominent MPs present in blood are endothelial microparticles (EMPs) described as complex submicron (0.1 to 1.0 μm) vesicles like structure, released in response to endothelium cell activation or apoptosis. EMPs possess both physiological and pathological effects and may promote oxidative stress and vascular inflammation. EMPs release is triggered by inducer like angiotensin II, lipopolysaccharide, and hydrogen peroxide leading to the progression of atherosclerosis. However, there are multiple physiological pathways for EMPs generation like NADPH oxidase derived endothelial ROS formation, Rho kinase pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Endothelial dysfunction is a key initiating event in atherosclerotic plaque formation. Atheroemboli, resulting from ruptured carotid plaques, is a major cause of stroke. Increasing evidence suggests that EMPs play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, acting as a marker of damage, either exacerbating disease progression or triggering a repair response. In this regard, it has been suggested that EMPs have the potential to act as biomarkers of disease status. This review aims to provide updated information of EMPs in relation to atherosclerosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav Raj Paudel
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 534-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Nisha Panth
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 534-729, Republic of Korea
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Jia Y, Guan M, Zheng Z, Zhang Q, Tang C, Xu W, Xiao Z, Wang L, Xue Y. miRNAs in Urine Extracellular Vesicles as Predictors of Early-Stage Diabetic Nephropathy. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:7932765. [PMID: 26942205 PMCID: PMC4749815 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7932765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND miR-192, miR-194, and miR-215 are enriched in the kidney and play roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be detected in body fluids and may serve as disease biomarkers. METHODS Eighty type 2 diabetes patients with normoalbuminuria (n = 30), microalbuminuria (n = 30), or macroalbuminuria (n = 20), as well as 10 healthy controls, were enrolled in this study. Real-time PCR was used to evaluate urinary EV miRNAs expression. RESULTS The miR-192 levels were significantly higher than the miR-194 and miR-215 levels in urine EVs and all three miRNAs were significantly increased in the microalbuminuric group compared with the normoalbuminuric and control subjects but were decreased in the macroalbuminuric group. In patients with normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria, miR-192 was positively correlated with albuminuria (r = 0.357, P = 0.005) levels and transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β1 (r = 0.356, P = 0.005) expression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that miR-192 was better than miR-194 and miR-215 in discriminating the normoalbuminuric group from the microalbuminuric group. Exposure of human renal tubular epithelial cells to high glucose increased the expression of both miRNAs in cellular supernatant EVs, indicating a potential source. CONCLUSION These results suggest the potential use of urinary EV miR-192 as a biomarker of the early stage of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Jia
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Meiping Guan
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zongji Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Chuan Tang
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Wenwei Xu
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zhizhou Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yaoming Xue
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- *Yaoming Xue:
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