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Mo S, Yang C, Zheng X, Lv H, Mao S, Liu N, Yang Q, Liao B, Yang M, Lu Z, Tang L, Huang X, Jian C, Li X, Shang J. Neuroprotective Effects of AER-271 in a tMCAO Mouse Model: Modulation of Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Inflammation. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02082-7. [PMID: 39117789 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Following ischemic stroke, aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression modifications have been associated with increased inflammation. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This study aims to elucidate the mechanistic basis of post-cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) inflammation by employing the AQP4-specific inhibitor, AER-271. The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was used to induce ischemic stroke in mice. C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated into four groups: sham operation, I/R, AER-271, and 2-(nicotinamide)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (TGN-020) treatment, with observations recorded at 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days post-tMCAO. Each group consisted of 15 mice. Procedures included histological examination through HE staining, neurological scoring, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence staining. AER-271 treatment yielded significant improvements in post-stroke weight recovery and neurological scores, accompanied by a reduction in cerebral infarction volume. Moreover, AER-271 exhibited a noticeable influence on autophagic and apoptotic pathways, affecting the activation of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Alterations in the levels of inflammatory biomarkers MCP-1, NLRP3, and caspase 1 were also detected. Finally, a comparative assessment of the effects of AER-271 and TGN-020 in mitigating apoptosis and microglial polarization in ischemic mice revealed neuroprotective effects with no significant difference in efficacy. This study provides essential insights into the neuroprotective mechanisms of AER-271 in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, offering potential clinical applications in the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglong Mo
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
- Biological Molecule Laboratory, Guangxi University Key Laboratory of High Incidence Prevention and Control Research in Western Guangxi, Baise, 53300, Guangxi, China
- Graduate School of Youjiang, Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Chengmin Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
- Biological Molecule Laboratory, Guangxi University Key Laboratory of High Incidence Prevention and Control Research in Western Guangxi, Baise, 53300, Guangxi, China
| | - Xingwu Zheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Hui Lv
- Modern Industrial College of Biomedicine and Great Health, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Sanyin Mao
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Jiande, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Neurology, BAISE PEOPLE'S HOSPITAL, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Bao Liao
- Department of Neurology, BAISE PEOPLE'S HOSPITAL, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Meiling Yang
- Graduate School of Youjiang, Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhicheng Lu
- Graduate School of Youjiang, Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Lina Tang
- Graduate School of Youjiang, Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaorui Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Chongdong Jian
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China.
- Biological Molecule Laboratory, Guangxi University Key Laboratory of High Incidence Prevention and Control Research in Western Guangxi, Baise, 53300, Guangxi, China.
| | - Xuebin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China.
- Biological Molecule Laboratory, Guangxi University Key Laboratory of High Incidence Prevention and Control Research in Western Guangxi, Baise, 53300, Guangxi, China.
| | - Jingwei Shang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China.
- Biological Molecule Laboratory, Guangxi University Key Laboratory of High Incidence Prevention and Control Research in Western Guangxi, Baise, 53300, Guangxi, China.
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Aminuddin A, Samah N, Vijakumaran U, Che Roos NA, Nor FM, Wan Razali WMH, Mohamad SF, Cong BB, Hamzah FA, Hamid AA, Ugusman A. Unveiling TIMPs: A Systematic Review of Their Role as Biomarkers in Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease. Diseases 2024; 12:177. [PMID: 39195176 DOI: 10.3390/diseases12080177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death globally and is a heart condition involving insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease in which plaques, made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances, build up on the inner walls of arteries. Recently, there has been growing interest in finding reliable biomarkers to understand the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis. Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases (TIMPs) have emerged as potential candidates for monitoring atherosclerotic development. TIMPs are a family of endogenous proteins that regulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes involved in remodeling the extracellular matrix. A systematic search using Prisma guidelines was conducted and eleven studies were selected from four different databases: Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, Ovid, and PubMed. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) score was used to assess the risk of bias for each study. A meta-analysis was performed, and the hazard ratio (HR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were determined. Among the eleven studies, six reported a positive association between higher levels of TIMPs and an increased risk of atherosclerosis. Conversely, four studies support low TIMPs with high CAD risk and one study showed no significant association between TIMP-2 G-418C polymorphism and CAD. This divergence in findings underscores the complexity of the relationship between TIMPs, atherosclerosis, and CAD. In addition, a meta-analysis from two studies yielded a HR (95% CI) of 1.42 (1.16-1.74; p < 0.001; I2 = 0%) for TIMP-2 in predicting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). In conclusion, the existing evidence supports the notion that TIMPs can serve as biomarkers for predicting the severity of atherosclerosis, myocardial damage, and future MACEs among CAD patients. However, further exploration is warranted through larger-scale human studies, coupled with in vitro and in vivo investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amilia Aminuddin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Nazirah Samah
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Ubashini Vijakumaran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Nur Aishah Che Roos
- Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defense University of Malaysia, Kem, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Mohd Nor
- Forensic Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Wan Mohammad Hafiz Wan Razali
- Forensic Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sungai Buloh Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shawal Faizal Mohamad
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Beh Boon Cong
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Faizal Amri Hamzah
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Adila A Hamid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Azizah Ugusman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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Felkle D, Zięba K, Kaleta K, Czaja J, Zyzdorf A, Sobocińska W, Jarczyński M, Bryniarski K, Nazimek K. Overreactive macrophages in SARS-CoV-2 infection: The effects of ACEI. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110858. [PMID: 37708705 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Among various factors influencing the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans, macrophage overactivation is considered the main cause of the cytokine storm that leads to severe complications of COVID-19. Moreover, the increased expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an obligatory entry receptor of the coronavirus, caused by treatment with ACE inhibitors (ACEI) lowered overall confidence in the safety of these drugs. However, analysis of the course of coronavirus infection in patients treated with ACEI does not support these concerns. Instead, the beneficial effect of ACEI on macrophages has increasingly been emphasized. This includes their anti-inflammatory activation and the consequent reduction in the risk of severe disease and life-threatening complications. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge and understanding of the dual role of macrophages in SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a special focus on the postulated mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of macrophage targeting by ACEI. These seem to involve the stimulation of macrophage angiotensin II type 2 and Mas receptors by angiotensin 1-7, intensively produced due to the up-regulation of ACE2 expression on macrophages, as well as the direct inhibition of macrophage hyper-responsiveness by ACEI. The impact of ACEI on macrophages may also lead to the activation of an effective antiviral response due to the increased expression of ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Felkle
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zięba
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Konrad Kaleta
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Julia Czaja
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Amanda Zyzdorf
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Sobocińska
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Jarczyński
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland.
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Quaresma TC, de Aguiar Valentim L, de Sousa JR, de Souza Aarão TL, Fuzii HT, Duarte MIS, de Souza J, Quaresma JAS. Immunohistochemical Characterization of M1, M2, and M4 Macrophages in Leprosy Skin Lesions. Pathogens 2023; 12:1225. [PMID: 37887741 PMCID: PMC10610015 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae is the etiological agent of leprosy. Macrophages (Mφs) are key players involved in the pathogenesis of leprosy. In this study, immunohistochemical analysis was performed to examine the phenotype of Mφ subpopulations, namely M1, M2, and M4, in the skin lesions of patients diagnosed with leprosy. Based on the database of treatment-naïve patients treated between 2015 and 2019 at the Department of Dermatology of the University of the State of Pará, Belém, routine clinical screening samples were identified. The monolabeling protocol was used for M1 macrophages (iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α) and M2 macrophages (IL-10, IL-13, CD163, Arginase 1, TGF-β, FGFb), and the double-labeling protocol was used for M4 macrophages (IL-6, MMP7, MRP8, TNF-α e CD68). To confirm the M4 macrophage lineage, double labeling of the monoclonal antibodies CD68 and MRP8 was also performed. Our results demonstrated a statistically significant difference for the M1 phenotype among the Virchowian (VV) (4.5 ± 1.3, p < 0.0001), Borderline (1.6 ± 0.4, p < 0.0001), and tuberculoid (TT) (12.5 ± 1.8, p < 0.0001) clinical forms of leprosy. Additionally, the M2 phenotype showed a statistically significant difference among the VV (12.5 ± 2.3, p < 0.0001), Borderline (1.3 ± 0.2, p < 0.0001), and TT (3.2 ± 0.7, p < 0.0001) forms. For the M4 phenotype, a statistically significant difference was observed in the VV (9.8 ± 1.7, p < 0.0001), Borderline (1.2 ± 0.2, p < 0.0001), and TT (2.6 ± 0.7, p < 0.0001) forms. A significant correlation was observed between the VV M1 and M4 (r = 0.8712; p = 0.0000) and between the VV M2 × TT M1 (r = 0.834; p = 0.0002) phenotypes. The M1 Mφs constituted the predominant Mφ subpopulation in the TT and Borderline forms of leprosy, whereas the M2 Mφs showed increased immunoexpression and M4 was the predominant Mφ phenotype in VV leprosy. These results confirm the relationship of the Mφ profile with chronic pathological processes of the inflammatory response in leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Costa Quaresma
- Health Department, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Para-CCBS, UEPA, Belem 66087-662, Brazil
| | - Lívia de Aguiar Valentim
- Health Department, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Para-CCBS, UEPA, Belem 66087-662, Brazil
| | - Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa
- Health Department, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Para-CCBS, UEPA, Belem 66087-662, Brazil
| | - Tinara Leila de Souza Aarão
- Health Department, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Para-CCBS, UEPA, Belem 66087-662, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Para-UFPA, Altamira 68440-000, Brazil
| | - Hellen Thais Fuzii
- Health Department, Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Para-NMT-UFPA, Belem 66055-240, Brazil
| | | | - Juarez de Souza
- Health Department, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Para-CCBS, UEPA, Belem 66087-662, Brazil
| | - Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma
- Health Department, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Para-CCBS, UEPA, Belem 66087-662, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Para-UFPA, Altamira 68440-000, Brazil
- Health Department, Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Para-NMT-UFPA, Belem 66055-240, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
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5
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Peng Y, Zhou M, Yang H, Qu R, Qiu Y, Hao J, Bi H, Guo D. Regulatory Mechanism of M1/M2 Macrophage Polarization in the Development of Autoimmune Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:8821610. [PMID: 37332618 PMCID: PMC10270764 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8821610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells in the organism and can be found in almost tissues and organs. They are highly plastic and heterogeneous cells and can participate in the immune response, thereby playing a crucial role in maintaining the immune homeostasis of the body. It is well known that undifferentiated macrophages can polarize into classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) under different microenvironmental conditions. The directions of macrophage polarization can be regulated by a series of factors, including interferon, lipopolysaccharide, interleukin, and noncoding RNAs. To elucidate the role of macrophages in various autoimmune diseases, we searched the literature on macrophages with the PubMed database. Search terms are as follows: macrophages, polarization, signaling pathways, noncoding RNA, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus nephritis, Sjogren's syndrome, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and multiple sclerosis. In the present study, we summarize the role of macrophage polarization in common autoimmune diseases. In addition, we also summarize the features and recent advances with a particular focus on the immunotherapeutic potential of macrophage polarization in autoimmune diseases and the potentially effective therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Peng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Mengxian Zhou
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (Qingdao Hiser Hospital), Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Ruyi Qu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Jiawen Hao
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases; Shandong Academy of Eye Disease Prevention and Therapy, Medical College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Dadong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases; Shandong Academy of Eye Disease Prevention and Therapy, Medical College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
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Yang L, Zhang Y, Qi W, Zhao T, Zhang L, Zhou L, Ye L. Adverse effects of PM 2.5 on cardiovascular diseases. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2022; 37:71-80. [PMID: 33793141 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As an air pollutant, fine particulate matter with a diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) can enter the body through the respiratory tract and cause adverse cardiovascular effects. Here, the effects of PM2.5 on atherosclerosis, hypertension, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction are summarized from the perspective researches of human epidemiology, animal, cell and molecule. The results of this review should be proved useful as a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease caused by PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuezhu Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen Qi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyang Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liting Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Specialized Proresolving Lipid Mediators: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063133. [PMID: 35328553 PMCID: PMC8955102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global public health issue due to its high morbidity, mortality, and economic impact. The implementation of innovative therapeutic alternatives for CVD is urgently required. Specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) are bioactive compounds derived from ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids, integrated into four families: Lipoxins, Resolvins, Protectins, and Maresins. SPMs have generated interest in recent years due to their ability to promote the resolution of inflammation associated with the pathogeneses of numerous illnesses, particularly CVD. Several preclinical studies in animal models have evidenced their ability to decrease the progression of atherosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia, and reperfusion injury via diverse mechanisms. Large-scale clinical trials are required to determine the effects of SPMs in humans. This review integrates the currently available knowledge of the therapeutic impact of SPMs in CVD from preclinical and clinical studies, along with the implicated molecular pathways. In vitro results have been promising, and as such, SPMs could soon represent a new therapeutic alternative for CVD.
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Lee-Rueckert M, Lappalainen J, Kovanen PT, Escola-Gil JC. Lipid-Laden Macrophages and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis and Cancer: An Integrative View. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:777822. [PMID: 35237673 PMCID: PMC8882850 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.777822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic arterial plaques and malignant solid tumors contain macrophages, which participate in anaerobic metabolism, acidosis, and inflammatory processes inherent in the development of either disease. The tissue-resident macrophage populations originate from precursor cells derived from the yolk sac and from circulating bone marrow-derived monocytes. In the tissues, they differentiate into varying functional phenotypes in response to local microenvironmental stimulation. Broadly categorized, the macrophages are activated to polarize into proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes; yet, noticeable plasticity allows them to dynamically shift between several distinct functional subtypes. In atherosclerosis, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol accumulates within macrophages as cytoplasmic lipid droplets thereby generating macrophage foam cells, which are involved in all steps of atherosclerosis. The conversion of macrophages into foam cells may suppress the expression of given proinflammatory genes and thereby initiate their transcriptional reprogramming toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype. In this particular sense, foam cell formation can be considered anti-atherogenic. The tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) may become polarized into anti-tumoral M1 and pro-tumoral M2 phenotypes. Mechanistically, the TAMs can regulate the survival and proliferation of the surrounding cancer cells and participate in various aspects of tumor formation, progression, and metastasis. The TAMs may accumulate lipids, but their type and their specific roles in tumorigenesis are still poorly understood. Here, we discuss how the phenotypic and functional plasticity of macrophages allows their multifunctional response to the distinct microenvironments in developing atherosclerotic lesions and in developing malignant tumors. We also discuss how the inflammatory reactions of the macrophages may influence the development of atherosclerotic plaques and malignant tumors, and highlight the potential therapeutic effects of targeting lipid-laden macrophages in either disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petri T. Kovanen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Petri T. Kovanen
| | - Joan Carles Escola-Gil
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
- Joan Carles Escola-Gil
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9
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Stachyra K, Wiśniewska A, Kiepura A, Kuś K, Rolski F, Czepiel K, Chmura Ł, Majka G, Surmiak M, Polaczek J, van Eldik R, Suski M, Olszanecki R. Inhaled silica nanoparticles exacerbate atherosclerosis through skewing macrophage polarization towards M1 phenotype. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 230:113112. [PMID: 34953274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Exposure to environmental nanoparticles is related to the adverse impact on health, including cardiovascular system. Various forms of nanoparticles have been reported to interact with endothelium and induce inflammation. However, the potential role of nanoparticles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and their mechanisms of action are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two broadly used nanomaterials, which also occur in natural environment - silicon oxide (SiO2) and ferric oxide (Fe2O3) in the form of nanoparticles (NPs) - on the development of atherosclerosis. METHODS We used apolipoprotein E-knockout mice exposed to silica and ferric oxide nanoparticles in a whole body inhalation chamber. RESULTS Inhaled silica nanoparticles augmented the atherosclerotic lesions and increased the percentage of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages in both the plaque and the peritoneum in apoE-/- mice. Exposure to ferric oxide nanoparticles did not enhance atherogenesis process, however, it caused significant changes in the atherosclerotic plaque composition (elevated content of CD68-positive macrophages and enlarged necrotic core accompanied by the decreased level of M1 macrophages). Both silica and ferric oxide NPs altered the phenotype of T lymphocytes in the spleen by promoting polarization towards Th17 cells. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to silica and ferric oxide nanoparticles exerts impact on atherosclerosis development and plaque composition. Pro-atherogenic abilities of silica nanoparticles are associated with activation of pro-inflammatory macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Stachyra
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Wiśniewska
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kiepura
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kuś
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Krakow, Poland
| | - Filip Rolski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 265 Wielicka Street, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Czepiel
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Krakow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Chmura
- Chair of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Majka
- Chair of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta Street, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 8 Skawinska Street, 31-066 Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Polaczek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Rudi van Eldik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maciej Suski
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafał Olszanecki
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
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10
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Wu J, Jin L, Tan JY, Chen XF, Wang QQ, Yuan GY, Chen TX. The effects of a biodegradable Mg-based alloy on the function of VSMCs via immunoregulation of macrophages through Mg-induced responses. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1292. [PMID: 34532429 PMCID: PMC8422083 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Restenosis is one of the worst side effects of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) due to neointima formation resulting from the excessive proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and continuous inflammation. Biodegradable Mg-based alloy is a promising candidate material because of its good mechanical properties and biocompatibility, and biodegradation of cardiovascular stents. Although studies have shown reduced neointima formation after Mg-based CVS implantation in vivo, these findings were inconsistent with in vitro studies, demonstrating magnesium-mediated promotion of the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Given the vital role of activated macrophage-driven inflammation in neointima formation, along with the well-demonstrated crosstalk between macrophages and VSMCs, we investigated the interactions of a biodegradable Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy (denoted JDBM), which is especially important for cardiovascular stents, with VSMCs via macrophages. Methods JDBM extracts and MgCl2 solutions were prepared to study their effect on macrophages. To study the effects of the JDBM extracts and MgCl2 solutions on the function of VSMCs via immunoregulation of macrophages, conditioned media (CM) obtained from macrophages was used to establish a VSMC-macrophage indirect coculture system. Results Our results showed that both JDBM extracts and MgCl2 solutions significantly attenuated the inflammatory response stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages and converted macrophages into M2-type cells. In addition, JDBM extracts and MgCl2 solutions significantly decreased the expression of genes related to VSMC phenotypic switching, migration, and proliferation in macrophages. Furthermore, the proliferation, migration, and proinflammatory phenotypic switching of VSMCs were significantly inhibited when the cells were incubated with CMs from macrophages treated with LPS + extracts or LPS + MgCl2 solutions. Conclusions Taken together, our results suggested that the magnesium in the JDBM extract could affect the functions of VSMCs through macrophage-mediated immunoregulation, inhibiting smooth muscle hyperproliferation to suppress restenosis after implantation of a biodegradable Mg-based stent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Allergy/Immunology Innovation Team, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology/Immunology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology/Immunology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Yun Tan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia-Fang Chen
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Guang-Yin Yuan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloys Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong-Xin Chen
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Allergy/Immunology Innovation Team, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology/Immunology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Placental Macrophages Demonstrate Sex-Specific Response to Intrauterine Inflammation and May Serve as a Marker of Perinatal Neuroinflammation. J Reprod Immunol 2021; 147:103360. [PMID: 34390899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2021.103360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) is considered to be one of the most frequent causes of neonatal death. Prompt and effective measures to predict adverse fetal outcome following PTB are urgently needed. Placenta macrophages are a critical immune cell population during pregnancy, phenotypically divided into M1 and M2 subsets. An established mouse model of intrauterine inflammation (IUI) was applied. Placenta (labyrinth) and corresponding fetal brain were harvested within 24 hours post injection (hpi). Flow cytometry, Western blot, real-time qPCR, and regular histology were utilized to examine the cytokines, macrophage polarization, and sex-specificity. Placental exposure to LPS led to significantly reduced labyrinth thickness compared to PBS-exposed controls as early as 3 hpi, accompanied by apoptosis and necrosis. Pro-inflammatory M1 markers, Il-1β, and iNOS, and anti-inflammatory M2 marker Il-10 increased significantly in placentas exposed to IUI. Analysis of flow cytometry revealed that fetal macrophages (Hofbauer cell, HBCs) were mostly M1-like and that maternal inter-labyrinth macrophages (MIM) were M2-like in their features in IUI. Male fetuses displayed significantly decreased M2-like features in HBCs at 3 and 6 hpi, while female fetuses showed significant increase in M2-like features in MIM at 3 and 6 hpi. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between the frequency of HBCs and corresponding microglial marker expression at 3 and 6 hpi. Placental macrophages demonstrated sex-specific features in response to IUI. Specifically, HBCs may be a potential biomarker for fetal brain injury at preterm birth.
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12
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Kubick N, Klimovich P, Flournoy PH, Bieńkowska I, Łazarczyk M, Sacharczuk M, Bhaumik S, Mickael ME, Basu R. Interleukins and Interleukin Receptors Evolutionary History and Origin in Relation to CD4+ T Cell Evolution. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060813. [PMID: 34073576 PMCID: PMC8226699 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the evolution of interleukins and interleukin receptors is essential to control the function of CD4+ T cells in various pathologies. Numerous aspects of CD4+ T cells’ presence are controlled by interleukins including differentiation, proliferation, and plasticity. CD4+ T cells have emerged during the divergence of jawed vertebrates. However, little is known about the evolution of interleukins and their origin. We traced the evolution of interleukins and their receptors from Placozoa to primates. We performed phylogenetic analysis, ancestral reconstruction, HH search, and positive selection analysis. Our results indicated that various interleukins’ emergence predated CD4+ T cells divergence. IL14 was the most ancient interleukin with homologs in fungi. Invertebrates also expressed various interleukins such as IL41 and IL16. Several interleukin receptors also appeared before CD4+ T cells divergence. Interestingly IL17RA and IL17RD, which are known to play a fundamental role in Th17 CD4+ T cells first appeared in mollusks. Furthermore, our investigations showed that there is not any single gene family that could be the parent group of interleukins. We postulate that several groups have diverged from older existing cytokines such as IL4 from TGFβ, IL10 from IFN, and IL28 from BCAM. Interleukin receptors were less divergent than interleukins. We found that IL1R, IL7R might have diverged from a common invertebrate protein that contained TIR domains, conversely, IL2R, IL4R and IL6R might have emerged from a common invertebrate ancestor that possessed a fibronectin domain. IL8R seems to be a GPCR that belongs to the rhodopsin-like family and it has diverged from the Somatostatin group. Interestingly, several interleukins that are known to perform a critical function for CD4+ T cells such as IL6, IL17, and IL1B have gained new functions and evolved under positive selection. Overall evolution of interleukin receptors was not under significant positive selection. Interestingly, eight interleukin families appeared in lampreys, however, only two of them (IL17B, IL17E) evolved under positive selection. This observation indicates that although lampreys have a unique adaptive immune system that lacks CD4+ T cells, they could be utilizing interleukins in homologous mode to that of the vertebrates’ immune system. Overall our study highlights the evolutionary heterogeneity within the interleukins and their receptor superfamilies and thus does not support the theory that interleukins evolved solely in jawed vertebrates to support T cell function. Conversely, some of the members are likely to play conserved functions in the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norwin Kubick
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Cell Biology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, 0251 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Pavel Klimovich
- PM Research Center, 20 Kaggeholm, Ekerö, 178 54 Stockholm, Sweden; (P.K.); (P.H.F.)
| | | | - Irmina Bieńkowska
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; (I.B.); (M.Ł.); (M.S.)
| | - Marzena Łazarczyk
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; (I.B.); (M.Ł.); (M.S.)
| | - Mariusz Sacharczuk
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; (I.B.); (M.Ł.); (M.S.)
| | - Suniti Bhaumik
- Bevill Biomedical Sciences Research Building, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA;
| | - Michel-Edwar Mickael
- PM Research Center, 20 Kaggeholm, Ekerö, 178 54 Stockholm, Sweden; (P.K.); (P.H.F.)
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; (I.B.); (M.Ł.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.-E.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Rajatava Basu
- Bevill Biomedical Sciences Research Building, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA;
- Correspondence: (M.-E.M.); (R.B.)
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13
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The correlation between tumor-associated macrophage infiltration and progression in cervical carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228475. [PMID: 33928349 PMCID: PMC8493445 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a particularly important role in the progression, invasion and metastasis of cervical carcinoma (CC). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are significant components of the tumor microenvironment in CC. However, the results of studies on the correlation between TAMs and progression in CC are still controversial. This research aimed to investigate the relationship between TAMs infiltration and progression in CC. A total of 100 patients with CC were included in the study. The correlation between TAMs and clinicopathologic features was studied. Besides, a systematic literature search was conducted from legitimate electronic databases to specifically evaluate the role of TAMs in TME of cervical carcinoma. In the meta-analysis, high stromal CD68+ TAMs density was relevant to lymph node metastasis (WMD = 11.89, 95% CI: 5.30–18.47). At the same time, CD163+ M2 TAM density was associated with lymph node metastasis (OR = 2.42, 95% CI: 1.09–5.37; WMD = 39.37, 95% CI: 28.25–50.49) and FIGO stage (WMD = -33.60, 95% CI: -45.04 to -22.16). This was further confirmed in the experimental study of 100 tissues of cervical cancer. It supported a critical role of TAMs as a prospective predictor of cervical cancer. In conclusion, CD68+ TAM and CD163+ M2 TAM infiltration in CC were associated with tumor progression. And CD163+ M2 TAM infiltration was associated with more advanced FIGO stage and lymph node metastasis in CC.
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14
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Chumakova S, Urazova O, Shipulin V, Vins M, Pryakhin A, Sukhodolo I, Stelmashenko A, Litvinova L, Kolobovnikova Y, Churina E, Novitskiy V. Galectin 3 and non-classical monocytes of blood as myocardial remodeling factors at ischemic cardiomyopathy. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2021; 33:100766. [PMID: 33869726 PMCID: PMC8047163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2021.100766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aims To identify an imbalance of cardiac remodeling mediators and monocytes subpopulation in blood, distribution of myocardium macrophages in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICMP). Methods The study engaged 30 patients with ICMP, 26 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) without ICMP, 15 healthy donors. Concentrations of TGFβ, MMP-9, MCP-1, galectin-3 were measured in plasma of blood from the coronary sinus and peripheral blood in CHD patients, as well as in peripheral blood in healthy donors, by enzyme immunoassay method. The ration of classical, intermediate, non-classical, transitional monocytes in peripheral blood of patients and healthy donors was assessed by flow cytometry (expression CD14, CD16); the content of CD68+ macrophages in myocardium – by immunohistochemistry method. Results In both samples of blood, the content of galectin-3 in patients with ICMP was higher than in CHD patients without ICMP and the level of TGFβ was comparable between the groups. At ICMP, the concentration of MMP-9 in sinus blood was higher than that in CHD patients without ICMP in whom an excess of MCP-1 in the general blood flow was determined. The density of distribution of CD68+ cells in the myocardium in patients with ICMP was higher in the perianeurysmal zone than in the right atrium appendage. ICMP was characterized by a deficiency of non-classical monocytes, and CHD without ICMP – by an excess of intermediate cells in peripheral blood. Conclusion Myocardium remodeling at ICMP is mediated by not so much TGFβ but intracardiac galectin-3, which determines the subpopulation composition of blood monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chumakova
- Pathophysiology Division of Siberian State Medical University, 2 Moskovsky Trakt, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - O Urazova
- Pathophysiology Division of Siberian State Medical University, 2 Moskovsky Trakt, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - V Shipulin
- Cardiovascular Surgery Unit of CardiologyResearchInstitute, Tomsk National Medical Research Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 111A Kievskaya Street, Tomsk 634012, Russia
| | - M Vins
- Pathophysiology Division of Siberian State Medical University, 2 Moskovsky Trakt, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - A Pryakhin
- Cardiovascular Surgery Unit of CardiologyResearchInstitute, Tomsk National Medical Research Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 111A Kievskaya Street, Tomsk 634012, Russia
| | - I Sukhodolo
- Morphology Division of Siberian State Medical University, 2 Moskovsky Trakt, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - A Stelmashenko
- Morphology Division of Siberian State Medical University, 2 Moskovsky Trakt, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - L Litvinova
- Immunology and Cell Biotechnology Center of Immanuel Kant, Baltic Federal University, 14 A. Nevskogo Street, Kaliningrad 236041, Russia
| | - Yu Kolobovnikova
- Pathophysiology Division of Siberian State Medical University, 2 Moskovsky Trakt, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - E Churina
- Pathophysiology Division of Siberian State Medical University, 2 Moskovsky Trakt, Tomsk 634050, Russia.,National Research Tomsk State University, 36 Lenina Ave, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - V Novitskiy
- Pathophysiology Division of Siberian State Medical University, 2 Moskovsky Trakt, Tomsk 634050, Russia
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15
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Henderson JM, Weber C, Santovito D. Beyond Self-Recycling: Cell-Specific Role of Autophagy in Atherosclerosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030625. [PMID: 33799835 PMCID: PMC7998923 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial vessel wall and underlies the development of cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. As such, atherosclerosis stands as the leading cause of death and disability worldwide and intensive scientific efforts are made to investigate its complex pathophysiology, which involves the deregulation of crucial intracellular pathways and intricate interactions between diverse cell types. A growing body of evidence, including in vitro and in vivo studies involving cell-specific deletion of autophagy-related genes (ATGs), has unveiled the mechanistic relevance of cell-specific (endothelial, smooth-muscle, and myeloid cells) defective autophagy in the processes of atherogenesis. In this review, we underscore the recent insights on autophagy's cell-type-dependent role in atherosclerosis development and progression, featuring the relevance of canonical catabolic functions and emerging noncanonical mechanisms, and highlighting the potential therapeutic implications for prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Henderson
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität (LMU), D-80336 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität (LMU), D-80336 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, D-80336 Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), D-80336 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Donato Santovito
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität (LMU), D-80336 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, D-80336 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, UoS of Milan, National Research Council, I-09042 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (D.S.)
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16
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Yang P, Zhang X, Lin Z, Wang Q, Guo D, Zhang P, Yang L, Zhang H, Ding R, Tao K, Li X, Dou K. Adoptive transfer of polarized M2c macrophages ameliorates acute rejection in rat liver transplantation. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:2614-2626. [PMID: 32655794 PMCID: PMC7344085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages play pivotal roles in tolerance induction after liver transplantation (LT). However, macrophages possess functional heterogeneities, and the protective role of M2c macrophages, a macrophage subtype characterized by the surface marker CD163 that secretes interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), in acute rejection following LT, has not been addressed. The aim of this study was to determine whether polarized macrophages of the M2c subtype could improve outcomes after LT for rats, including survival rate, liver function, and inflammatory infiltration. In our study, the numbers of CD163-positive cells were found to be increased in tolerant liver grafts. Immediately following the surgery, M2c macrophages induced from rat bone marrow-derived cells were infused into recipients; this significantly improved survival rate and liver function. The expression levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 were markedly increased in these rats compared to those in the control group. Furthermore, CD8+ T-cell infiltration was reduced, whereas the numbers of apoptotic cells increased, in rats treated with M2c. To explore the mechanisms of the protective role of M2c, the numbers of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II positive cells were found to be decreased and the expression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (MGAT5) was up-regulated in M2c infusion groups. Together, these findings demonstrate that polarization of macrophages towards the M2c phenotype ameliorated acute rejection in a rat LT model and may provide a novel and effective therapeutic approach for AR after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Zhibin Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Quancheng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Dongnan Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Long Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Kaishan Tao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Kefeng Dou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
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17
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Macrophage-Based Therapies for Atherosclerosis Management. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:8131754. [PMID: 32411803 PMCID: PMC7204102 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8131754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), a typical chronic inflammatory vascular disease, is the main pathological basis of ischemic cardio/cerebrovascular disease (CVD). Long-term administration was characterized with low efficacy and serious side effects, while the macrophages with attractive intrinsic homing target have great potential in the efficient and safe management of AS. In this review, we focused on the systematical summary of the macrophage-based therapies in AS management, including macrophage autophagy, polarization, targeted delivery, microenvironment-triggered drug release, and macrophage- or macrophage membrane-based drug carrier. In conclusion, macrophage-based therapies have great promise to effectively manage AS in future research and clinic translation.
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18
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Xie F, Lei J, Ran M, Li Y, Deng L, Feng J, Zhong Y, Li J. Attenuation of Diabetic Nephropathy in Diabetic Mice by Fasudil through Regulation of Macrophage Polarization. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:4126913. [PMID: 32685556 PMCID: PMC7345603 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4126913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and fibrosis induced by hyperglycemia are considered to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. As macrophage polarization may determine the severity and progression of inflammation, regulation of macrophage polarization may be an effective method to treat diabetic complications. Fasudil, a potent Rho-kinase inhibitor, reportedly exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. However, whether fasudil reduces hyperglycemia-induced diabetic nephropathy via regulation of macrophage polarization remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the effect of fasudil on diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice. Our data showed that fasudil significantly decreased urinary protein and serum creatinine in diabetic mice, whereas it had no effect on the body weight and blood glucose. We also found increased M1-type macrophages and related proinflammatory cytokines, adverse fibrosis in renal tissue of diabetic mice. Interestingly, treatment of diabetic mice with fasudil increased the number of M2-type macrophages and related anti-inflammatory cytokines, which attenuated renal injury in diabetic mice. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that fasudil could slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy. The possible mechanism might be associated with its induction of M2 macrophage polarization and the reduction of M1 macrophage polarization and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajiang Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Department of Cardiology, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiesen Lei
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Maoxia Ran
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Department of Cardiology, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Deng
- Department of Rheumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiafu Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Kajita M, Saso K, Tanaka Y, Nagai T, Kiyohara H. Modulating effects of a decoction of a traditional Japanese herbal formula, hochuekkito (with Hedysari radix and Atractylodis rhizoma), on the local mucosal immune system of aged mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/tkm2.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mieko Kajita
- Graduate School of Infection Control SciencesKitasato University Tokyo Japan
| | - Kayako Saso
- Graduate School of Infection Control SciencesKitasato University Tokyo Japan
| | - Yosuke Tanaka
- Graduate School of Infection Control SciencesKitasato University Tokyo Japan
| | - Takayuki Nagai
- Graduate School of Infection Control SciencesKitasato University Tokyo Japan
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Kitasato Institute for Life SciencesKitasato University Tokyo Japan
- Department of Basic Research, Oriental Medicine Research CenterKitasato University Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kiyohara
- Graduate School of Infection Control SciencesKitasato University Tokyo Japan
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Kitasato Institute for Life SciencesKitasato University Tokyo Japan
- Department of Basic Research, Oriental Medicine Research CenterKitasato University Tokyo Japan
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de Sousa JR, Da Costa Vasconcelos PF, Quaresma JAS. Functional aspects, phenotypic heterogeneity, and tissue immune response of macrophages in infectious diseases. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:2589-2611. [PMID: 31686866 PMCID: PMC6709804 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s208576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a functionally heterogeneous group of cells with specialized functions depending not only on their subgroup but also on the function of the organ or tissue in which the cells are located. The concept of macrophage phenotypic heterogeneity has been investigated since the 1980s, and more recent studies have identified a diverse spectrum of phenotypic subpopulations. Several types of macrophages play a central role in the response to infectious agents and, along with other components of the immune system, determine the clinical outcome of major infectious diseases. Here, we review the functions of various macrophage phenotypic subpopulations, the concept of macrophage polarization, and the influence of these cells on the evolution of infections. In addition, we emphasize their role in the immune response in vivo and in situ, as well as the molecular effectors and signaling mechanisms used by these cells. Furthermore, we highlight the mechanisms of immune evasion triggered by infectious agents to counter the actions of macrophages and their consequences. Our aim here is to provide an overview of the role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of critical transmissible diseases and discuss how elucidation of this relationship could enhance our understanding of the host-pathogen association in organ-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Pedro Fernando Da Costa Vasconcelos
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
- Center of Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
- Center of Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- School of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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21
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Monocyte Subsets, Stanford-A Acute Aortic Dissection, and Carotid Artery Stenosis: New Evidences. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:9782594. [PMID: 31467936 PMCID: PMC6701364 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9782594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are a heterogeneous cell population distinguished into three subsets with distinctive phenotypic and functional properties: “classical” (CD14++CD16-), “intermediate” (CD14++CD16+), and “nonclassical” (CD14+CD16++). Monocyte subsets play a pivotal role in many inflammatory systemic diseases including atherosclerosis (ATS). Only a low number of studies evaluated monocyte behavior in patients affected by cardiovascular diseases, and data about their role in acute aortic dissection (AAD) are lacking. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate CD14++CD16-, CD14++CD16+, and CD14+CD16++ cells in patients with Stanford-A AAD and in patients with carotid artery stenosis (CAS). Methods. 20 patients with carotid artery stenosis (CAS group), 17 patients with Stanford-A AAD (AAD group), and 17 subjects with traditional cardiovascular risk factors (RF group) were enrolled. Monocyte subset frequency was determined by flow cytometry. Results. Classical monocytes were significantly increased in the AAD group versus CAS and RF groups, whereas intermediate monocytes were significantly decreased in the AAD group versus CAS and RF groups. Conclusions. Results of this study identify in AAD patients a peculiar monocyte array that can partly explain depletion of T CD4+ lymphocyte subpopulations observed in patients affected by AAD.
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22
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The Formation and Therapeutic Update of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Cervical Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133310. [PMID: 31284453 PMCID: PMC6651300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both clinicopathological and experimental studies have suggested that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a key role in cervical cancer progression and are associated with poor prognosis in the respects of tumor cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression. Therefore, having a clear understanding of TAMs is essential in treating this disease. In this review, we will discuss the origins and categories of macrophages, the molecules responsible for forming and reeducating TAMs in cervical cancer (CC), the biomarkers of macrophages and the therapy development targeting TAMs in CC research.
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23
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Kather JN, Halama N. Harnessing the innate immune system and local immunological microenvironment to treat colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2019; 120:871-882. [PMID: 30936499 PMCID: PMC6734657 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress in the development of new immunotherapies has led to successful clinical trials for malignant melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer; however, for the majority of solid tumours of the gastrointestinal tract, little or no progress has been seen. The efficacy of immunotherapies is limited by the complexities of a diverse set of immune cells, and interactions between the tumour cells and all other cells in the local microenvironment of solid tumours. A large fraction of immune cells present in and around solid tumours derive from the innate arm of the immune system and using these cells against tumours offers an alternative immunotherapeutic option, especially as current strategies largely harness the adaptive arm of the immune system. This option is currently being investigated and attempts at using the innate immune system for gastrointestinal cancers are showing initial results. Several important factors, including cytokines, chemotherapeutics and the microbiome, influence the plasticity and functionality of innate (myeloid) cells in the microenvironment, and this complexity of regulation has limited translation into successful trials so far. In this review, current concepts of the immunobiology of the innate arm in the tumour microenvironment are presented in the context of clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Nikolas Kather
- Department of Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Translational Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niels Halama
- Department of Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Translational Immunotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology (HI-TRON), Mainz, Germany.
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24
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Zhu X, Zhao P, Lu Y, Huo L, Bai M, Yu F, Tie Y. Potential injurious effects of the fine particulate PM2.5 on the progression of atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice by activating platelets and leukocytes. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:250-261. [PMID: 30697277 PMCID: PMC6348359 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.81039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to the fine particulate matter PM2.5 is strongly associated with atherosclerotic diseases, creating considerable public concern. Nevertheless, the mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. We exposed atherosclerosis-prone apoE-deficient mice to PM2.5 to begin investigating these mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-two 8-week-old male apoE-/- mice were divided to two groups fed with high-fat diet: a control group instilled with 0.9% saline, and an experimental group instilled with PM2.5 (30 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks. We measured PM2.5 in whole blood by the ICP-MS method, and lipids and inflammatory factors by standard methods. The whole descending arteries were stained with oil red O; Aortic roots were stained with Movat, Sirius Red and immunohistochemical stains for pathological analysis; Brachiocephalic arteries for scanning electron microscopy, the descending arteries for Q-PCR. Echocardiography was used to evaluate cardiac function. RESULTS In PM2.5 group, we observed elevated heavy metal components, consistent with higher amounts of platelets in total blood. The PM2.5 group also had elevated serum inflammatory factor levels. Finally, the PM2.5 group showed larger atherosclerotic plaques (p = 0.0231), higher numbers of lesion macrophages (p = 0.0183), greater injury to endothelial layers with greater adherence of platelets and leukocytes, elevated inflammatory factor levels, the NAD(P)H oxidase subunits p22phox and p47phox (p = 0.0079 and p = 0.0294), the M1/M2 associated markers IL-6, TNF-α (p = 0.0291, p = 0.0286), iNOS, IL-12 (p = 0.0122 and p = 0.0280) and arginase-1, and CD206 (p = 0.0216 and p = 0.0317). CONCLUSIONS PM2.5 exposure activated circulating leukocytes, platelets and associated inflammatory factors, contributing to the progression of atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pei Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yonggang Lu
- Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lijing Huo
- Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Mingchen Bai
- Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Fang Yu
- Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yanqing Tie
- Hebei North University, Hebei, China
- Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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25
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Wang LX, Zhang SX, Wu HJ, Rong XL, Guo J. M2b macrophage polarization and its roles in diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 106:345-358. [PMID: 30576000 PMCID: PMC7379745 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru1018-378rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play an important role in a wide variety of physiologic and pathologic processes. Plasticity and functional polarization are hallmarks of macrophages. Macrophages commonly exist in two distinct subsets: classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2). M2b, a subtype of M2 macrophages, has attracted increasing attention over the past decade due to its strong immune‐regulated and anti‐inflammatory effects. A wide variety of stimuli and multiple factors modulate M2b macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo. M2b macrophages possess both protective and pathogenic roles in various diseases. Understanding the mechanisms of M2b macrophage activation and the modulation of their polarization might provide a great perspective for the design of novel therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this review is to discuss current knowledge of M2b macrophage polarization, the roles of M2b macrophages in a variety of diseases and the stimuli to modulate M2b macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Xun Wang
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao on Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Zhang
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao on Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Juan Wu
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao on Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Lu Rong
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao on Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao on Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Zhao Y, Zou W, Du J, Zhao Y. The origins and homeostasis of monocytes and tissue‐resident macrophages in physiological situation. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6425-6439. [PMID: 29323706 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing China
| | - Weilong Zou
- Surgery of Transplant and Hepatopancrobiliary The General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces Beijing China
| | - Junfeng Du
- Department of General Surgery PLA Army General Hospital Beijing China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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27
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Liberale L, Dallegri F, Carbone F, Montecucco F. Pathophysiological relevance of macrophage subsets in atherogenesis. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:7-18. [PMID: 27683760 DOI: 10.1160/th16-08-0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SummaryMacrophages are highly heterogeneous and plastic cells. They were shown to play a critical role in all stages of atherogenesis, from the initiation to the necrotic core formation and plaque rupture. Lesional macrophages primarily derive from blood monocyte, but local macrophage proliferation as well as differentiation from smooth muscle cells have also been described. Within atherosclerotic plaques, macrophages rapidly respond to changes in the microenvironment, shifting between pro- (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) functional phenotypes. Furthermore, different stimuli have been associated with differentiation of newly discovered M2 subtypes: IL-4/IL-13 (M2a), immunecomplex (M2b), IL-10/glucocorticoids (M2c), and adenosine receptor agonist (M2d). More recently, additional intraplaque macrophage phenotypes were also recognized in response to CXCL4 (M4), oxidized phospholipids (Mox), haemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes (HAmac/M(Hb)), and heme (Mhem). Such macrophage polarization was described as a progression among multiple phenotypes, which reflect the activity of different transcriptional factors and the cross-talk between intracellular signalling. Finally, the distribution of macrophage subsets within different plaque areas was markedly associated with cardiovascular (CV) vulnerability. The aim of this review is to update the current knowledge on the role of macrophage subsets in atherogenesis. In addition, the molecular mechanisms underlying macrophage phenotypic shift will be summarised and discussed. Finally, the role of intraplaque macrophages as predictors of CV events and the therapeutic potential of these cells will be discussed.
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28
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Fu Y, Zhao Y, Huang B. Tribbles homolog 1 enhances cholesterol efflux from oxidized low-density lipoprotein-loaded THP-1 macrophages. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:862-866. [PMID: 28673011 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage foam cell formation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The protein Tribbles homolog 1 (Trib1), a member of the Tribbles protein family, functions as an adaptor or scaffold protein. Recent studies have indicated its implication in lipoprotein metabolism. In the present study, the role of Trib1 in macrophage foam cell formation was investigated. Oil red O staining was used to analyze intracellular lipid deposition, while the effects of Trib1 overexpression on cholesterol efflux were also examined. Furthermore, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were performed to measure the expression levels of genes involved in cholesterol efflux. The results revealed that overexpression of Trib1 inhibited lipid accumulation in oxidized low density lipoprotein-treated THP-1 macrophages and facilitated macrophage cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein A-I. Overexpression of Trib1 also upregulated the expression levels of ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1), ABCG1, liver X receptor α (LXRα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). In addition, silencing of LXRα or PPARγ via small interfering RNA transfection significantly reversed the Trib1-induced cholesterol efflux. In conclusion, Trib1 inhibits macrophage foam cell formation and enhances cholesterol efflux, which is associated with regulation of the PPARγ, LXRα, ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Fu
- Department of Internal Medicine, VIP Ward, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, VIP Ward, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, VIP Ward, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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29
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Monocyte Activation in Immunopathology: Cellular Test for Development of Diagnostics and Therapy. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:4789279. [PMID: 26885534 PMCID: PMC4739459 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4789279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several highly prevalent human diseases are associated with immunopathology. Alterations in the immune system are found in such life-threatening disorders as cancer and atherosclerosis. Monocyte activation followed by macrophage polarization is an important step in normal immune response to pathogens and other relevant stimuli. Depending on the nature of the activation signal, macrophages can acquire pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotypes that are characterized by the expression of distinct patterns of secreted cytokines and surface antigens. This process is disturbed in immunopathologies resulting in abnormal monocyte activation and/or bias of macrophage polarization towards one or the other phenotype. Such alterations could be used as important diagnostic markers and also as possible targets for the development of immunomodulating therapy. Recently developed cellular tests are designed to analyze the phenotype and activity of living cells circulating in patient's bloodstream. Monocyte/macrophage activation test is a successful example of cellular test relevant for atherosclerosis and oncopathology. This test demonstrated changes in macrophage activation in subclinical atherosclerosis and breast cancer and could also be used for screening a panel of natural agents with immunomodulatory activity. Further development of cellular tests will allow broadening the scope of their clinical implication. Such tests may become useful tools for drug research and therapy optimization.
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