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Bhat AA, Shakeel A, Bhat AH, Alajmi MF, Khan AA, Kumar M. Exploiting fly ash as an ecofriendly pesticide/nematicide on Abesmoschus esculuntus: Insights into soil amendment-induced antioxidant fight against nematode mediated ROS. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142143. [PMID: 38685319 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Conventional pest control measures, such as chemical pesticides and nematicides, have limited efficacy and raise environmental concerns, necessitating sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives for pest management. Therefore, to find a complementary eco-friendly pesticide/nematicide, this study investigated the role of fly ash (FA) in managing a notorious pest, Meloidogyne javanica and its impact on the growth and physiology of Abelmoschus esculentus. Molecular characterization using SSU and LSU rDNA gene markers confirmed the identity of Indian M. javanica as belonging to the same species. Biotic stress induced by nematode infection was significantly alleviated (P < 0.05) by FA application at a 20% w/v, regulating of ROS accumulation (44.1% reduction in superoxide anions and 39.7% reduction in hydrogen peroxide content) in the host plant. Moreover, FA enhanced antioxidant defence enzymes like superoxide dismutase (46.6%) and catalase (112%) to combat nematode induced ROS. Furthermore, the application of FA at a 20% concentration significantly improved the biomass and biochemical attributes of okra. Fly ash also upregulated the activity of the important osmo-protectant proline (11.5 μmol/g FW) to mitigate nematode stress in host cells. Suppression of disease indices like gall index and reproduction factor, combined with in-vitro experiments, revealed that FA exhibits strong nematode mortality capacity and thus can be used as a sustainable and eco-friendly control agent against root-knot nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Ameen Bhat
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Adnan Shakeel
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Aashaq Hussain Bhat
- Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Mohamed F Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar Ahmed Khan
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Manish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Environmental Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India.
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Kundik A, Musimbi ZD, Krücken J, Hildebrandt T, Kornilov O, Hartmann S, Ebner F. Quantifying metabolic activity of Ascaris suum L3 using resazurin reduction. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:243. [PMID: 37468906 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05871-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helminth infections are an important public health problem in humans and have an even greater impact on domestic animal and livestock welfare. Current readouts for anthelmintic drug screening assays are stage development, migration, or motility that can be subjective, laborious, and low in throughput. The aim of this study was to apply and optimize a fluorometric technique using resazurin for evaluating changes in the metabolic activity of Ascaris suum third-stage larvae (L3), a parasite of high economic relevance in swine. METHODS Ascaris suum L3 were mechanically hatched from 6- to 8-week embryonated and sucrose-gradient-enriched eggs. Resazurin dye and A. suum L3 were titrated in 96-well microtiter plates, and resazurin reduction activity was assessed by fluorometry after 24 h of incubation. Fluorescence microscopy was used to localize the resazurin reduction site within the larvae. Finally, we exposed A. suum L3 to various stress conditions including heat, methanol, and anthelmintics, and investigated their impact on larval metabolism through resazurin reduction activity. RESULTS We show that the non-fluorescent dye resazurin is reduced inside vital A. suum L3 to fluorescent resorufin and released into the culture media. Optimal assay parameters are 100-1000 L3 per well, a resazurin concentration of 7.5 µg/ml, and incubation at 37 °C/5% CO2 for 24 h. An intact L2 sheath around the L3 of A. suum completely prevents the uptake of resazurin, while in unsheathed L3, the most intense fluorescence signal is observed along the larval midgut. L3 exposed to methanol or heat show a gradually decreased resazurin reduction activity. In addition, 24 h exposure to ivermectin at 0.625 µM, mebendazole at 5 µM, and thiabendazole from 10 to 100 µM significantly decreased larval metabolic activity by 55%, 73%, and 70% to 89%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results show that both metabolic stressors and anthelmintic drugs significantly and reproducibly reduce the resazurin reduction activity of A. suum L3, making the proposed assay a sensitive and easy-to-use method to evaluate metabolic activity of A. suum L3 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadi Kundik
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zaneta D Musimbi
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Ebner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Chair of Infection Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Cadd LC, Crooks B, Marks NJ, Maule AG, Mousley A, Atkinson LE. The Strongyloides bioassay toolbox: A unique opportunity to accelerate functional biology for nematode parasites. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 252:111526. [PMID: 36240960 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is a uniquely powerful tool to aid understanding of fundamental nematode biology. While C. elegans boasts an unrivalled array of functional genomics tools and phenotype bioassays the inherent differences between free-living and parasitic nematodes underscores the need to develop these approaches in tractable parasite models. Advances in functional genomics approaches, including RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, in the parasitic nematodes Strongyloides ratti and Strongyloides stercoralis provide a unique and timely opportunity to probe basic parasite biology and reveal novel anthelmintic targets in species that are both experimentally and therapeutically relevant pathogens. While Strongyloides functional genomics tools have progressed rapidly, the complementary range of bioassays required to elucidate phenotypic outcomes post-functional genomics remain more limited in scope. To adequately support the exploitation of functional genomic pipelines for studies of gene function in Strongyloides a comprehensive set of species- and parasite-specific quantitative bioassays are required to assess nematode behaviours post-genetic manipulation. Here we review the scope of the current Strongyloides bioassay toolbox, how established Strongyloides bioassays have advanced knowledge of parasite biology, opportunities for Strongyloides bioassay development and, the need for investment in tractable model parasite platforms such as Strongyloides to drive the discovery of novel targets for parasite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C Cadd
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Bethany Crooks
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Nikki J Marks
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Aaron G Maule
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Angela Mousley
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Louise E Atkinson
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK.
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Marchand A, Van Bree JWM, Taki AC, Moyat M, Turcatti G, Chambon M, Smith AAT, Doolan R, Gasser RB, Harris NL, Bouchery T. Novel High-Throughput Fluorescence-Based Assay for the Identification of Nematocidal Compounds That Target the Blood-Feeding Pathway. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060669. [PMID: 35745589 PMCID: PMC9231213 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hookworm infections cause a neglected tropical disease (NTD) affecting ~740 million people worldwide, principally those living in disadvantaged communities. Infections can cause high morbidity due to their impact on nutrient uptake and their need to feed on host blood, resulting in a loss of iron and protein, which can lead to severe anaemia and impaired cognitive development in children. Currently, only one drug, albendazole is efficient to treat hookworm infection and the scientific community fears the rise of resistant strains. As part of on-going efforts to control hookworm infections and its associated morbidities, new drugs are urgently needed. We focused on targeting the blood-feeding pathway, which is essential to the parasite survival and reproduction, using the laboratory hookworm model Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (a nematode of rodents with a similar life cycle to hookworms). We established an in vitro-drug screening assay based on a fluorescent-based measurement of parasite viability during blood-feeding to identify novel therapeutic targets. A first screen of a library of 2654 natural compounds identified four that caused decreased worm viability in a blood-feeding-dependent manner. This new screening assay has significant potential to accelerate the discovery of new drugs against hookworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Marchand
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (A.M.); (M.M.); (N.L.H.)
| | - Joyce W. M. Van Bree
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
| | - Aya C. Taki
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; (A.C.T.); (R.B.G.)
| | - Mati Moyat
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (A.M.); (M.M.); (N.L.H.)
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
| | - Gerardo Turcatti
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (G.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Marc Chambon
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (G.T.); (M.C.)
| | | | - Rory Doolan
- Hookworm Immuno-Biology Laboratory, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4123 Allschwill, Switzerland;
- Basel University, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; (A.C.T.); (R.B.G.)
| | - Nicola Laraine Harris
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (A.M.); (M.M.); (N.L.H.)
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
| | - Tiffany Bouchery
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (A.M.); (M.M.); (N.L.H.)
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
- Hookworm Immuno-Biology Laboratory, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4123 Allschwill, Switzerland;
- Basel University, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Drug efficacy on zoonotic nematodes of the Anisakidae family - new metabolic data. Parasitology 2022; 149:1065-1077. [PMID: 35443901 PMCID: PMC10090616 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the Anisakidae family, there are nematodes, most of which are parasitic for important commercial fish species. Both public health risks and socio-economic problems are attributed to these parasites. Despite these concerns, knowledge of the metabolism of these parasites remains unknown. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the receptors of drugs and oxidative metabolic status of two Anisakidae species, Pseudoterranova decipiens (s. s.) and Contracaecum osculatum (s. s.), under the influence of anthelminthic drugs, ivermectin (IVM) and pyrantel (PYR), at different concentrations: 1.56, 3.125 and 6.25 μg mL−1 of culture medium for 3, 6, 9, 12 and 72 h. The mRNA expressions of the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor, acetylcholine receptor subunits, adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporters and antioxidative enzymes were determined. The total antioxidant capacity and glutathione S-transferase activity were also examined. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that IVM and PYR have been tested against these parasitic nematodes.
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Larvicidal Efficacy of Ozone and Ultrasound on Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Rat Lungworm) Third-Stage Larvae. Foods 2022; 11:foods11070953. [PMID: 35407040 PMCID: PMC8998099 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasitic nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm) is the leading cause of human eosinophilic meningitis worldwide. Most human infections occur through the accidental consumption of A. cantonensis hidden within produce as infectious third-stage larvae (L3), yet little research has been published addressing possible methods to mitigate this means of transmission. Here, we describe our tests of ozone gas—an oxidizing agent—and ultrasound, both used for disinfection of food and municipal water supplies and in industrial cleaning. We found that exposure to ozone, produced using two different commercially available ozone generators over varying durations of time and concentrations, was capable of achieving 100% larval mortality. In addition, we evaluated the impact of different sound frequencies on A. cantonensis L3 survival using two different commercially available ultrasonic cleaners, and found that 60 s of 40 kHz produced 46% mortality within 2 h. The combined use of ultrasound and ozone gas simultaneously resulted in a minimum of 89% normalized mean percent mortality within 2 h of treatment. Our study suggests that both ozone and ultrasound show high larvicidal efficacy, both independently and together, and thus show promise as methods for reducing the risk of rat lungworm infection via accidental consumption.
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Shakeel A, Bhat AH, Bhat AA, Khan AA. Interactive effect of Meloidogyne incognita and fly ash on the growth, physiology, and antioxidant properties of carrot (Daucus carota L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:7661-7677. [PMID: 34480302 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alternative methods are needed to replace chemical nematicides because they have the potential to damage beneficial soil microbial diversity. Therefore, the present work was done to elucidate the soil ameliorative, plant-growth-promoting, and nematicidal properties of fly ash. A random block-designed pot experiment was conducted during the period, December 2018-February 2019. Seeds of carrot (Daucus carota L.) were sown under natural conditions in clay pots containing a growth medium comprising of field soil amended with different levels of fly ash. Plants were inoculated with Meloidogyne incognita that were molecularly characterized using 18S and D2/D3 fragments of 28S rDNA and morphologically through perineal pattern arrangement. The results revealed that fly ash application improved the soil's important physicochemical characteristics. The inoculation of M. incognita significantly reduced the plant growth, yield, and pigment content of carrot compared to the untreated uninoculated plants. Carrot grown in 15% fly ash (85:15 w/w field soil:fly ash) growth substrate had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved plant growth, yield, and pigment content as compared to the untreated inoculated plants. Moreover, the proline content and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were enhanced by applying 15% fly ash. Fly ash amendment to the soil not only improved plant growth and yield but also reduced the gall index and egg mass index per root system of the carrot as well. Our results, therefore, suggest that 15% fly ash can be used in a sustainable way to improve the growth, yield, and resistance of carrot against the infection of M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Shakeel
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Aashaq Hussain Bhat
- Department of Zoology, Government Degree College, Uttersoo-192201, Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - Aadil Amin Bhat
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Abrar Ahmad Khan
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
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Hahnel SR, Roberts WM, Heisler I, Kulke D, Weeks JC. Comparison of electrophysiological and motility assays to study anthelmintic effects in Caenorhabditis elegans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2021; 16:174-187. [PMID: 34252686 PMCID: PMC8350797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently, only a few chemical drug classes are available to control the global burden of nematode infections in humans and animals. Most of these drugs exert their anthelmintic activity by interacting with proteins such as ion channels, and the nematode neuromuscular system remains a promising target for novel intervention strategies. Many commonly-used phenotypic readouts such as motility provide only indirect insight into neuromuscular function and the site(s) of action of chemical compounds. Electrophysiological recordings provide more specific information but are typically technically challenging and lack high throughput for drug discovery. Because drug discovery relies strongly on the evaluation and ranking of drug candidates, including closely related chemical derivatives, precise assays and assay combinations are needed for capturing and distinguishing subtle drug effects. Past studies show that nematode motility and pharyngeal pumping (feeding) are inhibited by most anthelmintic drugs. Here we compare two microfluidic devices (“chips”) that record electrophysiological signals from the nematode pharynx (electropharyngeograms; EPGs) ─ the ScreenChip™ and the 8-channel EPG platform ─ to evaluate their respective utility for anthelmintic research. We additionally compared EPG data with whole-worm motility measurements obtained with the wMicroTracker instrument. As references, we used three macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin, moxidectin, and milbemycin oxime), and levamisole, which act on different ion channels. Drug potencies (IC50 and IC95 values) from concentration-response curves, and the time-course of drug effects, were compared across platforms and across drugs. Drug effects on pump timing and EPG waveforms were also investigated. These experiments confirmed drug-class specific effects of the tested anthelmintics and illustrated the relative strengths and limitations of the different assays for anthelmintic research. Anthelmintic drugs inhibit pharyngeal pumping and motility in C. elegans. Two electrophysiological assays and one motility assay were compared. Macrocyclic lactones and levamisole have drug-class-specific effects. A combination of assays most fully reveals anthelmintic effects. Strengths and limitations of the three assays were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Janis C Weeks
- InVivo Biosystems Inc. (formerly NemaMetrix Inc.), Eugene, OR, USA.
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Survival upon Staphylococcus aureus mediated wound infection in Caenorhabditis elegans and the mechanism entailed. Microb Pathog 2021; 157:104952. [PMID: 34022354 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Infection following injury is one of the major threats which causes huge economic burden in wound care management all over the world. Injury often results with poor healing when coupled by following infection. In contrast to this, we observed enhanced survival of wound infected worms compared to wounded worms in Caenorhabditis elegans wound model while infecting with Staphylococcus aureus. Hence, the study was intended to identify the mechanism for the enhanced survival of wound infected worms through LCMS/MS based high throughput proteomic analysis. Bioinformatics analyses of the identified protein players indicated differential enrichment of several pathways including MAPK signaling, oxidative phosphorylation and phosphatidylinositol signaling. Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation and phosphatidylinositol signaling through chemical treatment showed complete reversal of the enhanced survival during wound infection nevertheless mutant of MAPK pathway did not reverse the same. Consequently, it was delineated that oxidative phosphorylation and phosphatidylinositol signaling are crucial for the survival. In this regard, elevated calcium signals and ROS including O- and H2O2 were observed in wounded and wound infected worms. Consequently, it was insinuated that presence of pathogen stress could have incited survival in wound infected worms with the aid of elevated ROS and calcium signals.
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Steel A, Jacob J, Klasner I, Howe K, Jacquier SH, Pitt WC, Hollingsworth R, Jarvi SI. In vitro comparison of treatments and commercially available solutions on mortality of Angiostrongylus cantonensis third-stage larvae. Parasitology 2021; 148:212-220. [PMID: 32951629 PMCID: PMC11010055 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
On Hawai'i Island, an increase in human neuroangiostrongyliasis cases has been primarily associated with the accidental ingestion of Angiostrongylus cantonensis L3 in snails or slugs, or potentially, from larvae left behind in the slug's slime or feces. We evaluated more than 40 different treatments in vitro for their ability to kill A. cantonensis larvae with the goal of identifying a safe and effective fruit and vegetable wash in order to reduce the risk of exposure. Our evaluation of treatment lethality was carried out in two phases; initially using motility as an indicator of larval survival after treatment, followed by the development and application of a propidium iodide staining assay to document larval mortality. Treatments tested included common household products, consumer vegetable washes and agricultural crop washes. We found minimal larvicidal efficacy among consumer-grade fruit and vegetable washes, nor among botanical extracts such as those from ginger or garlic, nor acid solutions such as vinegar. Alkaline solutions, on the other hand, as well as oxidizers such as bleach and chlorine dioxide, did show larvicidal potential. Surfactants, a frequent ingredient in detergents that lowers surface tension, had variable results, but dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid as a 70% w/w solution in 2-propanol was very effective, both in terms of the speed and the thoroughness with which it killed A. cantonensis L3 nematodes. Thus, our results suggest promising directions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argon Steel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, 200 West Kawili St., Hilo, HI96720, USA
| | - John Jacob
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, 200 West Kawili St., Hilo, HI96720, USA
| | - Ina Klasner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, 200 West Kawili St., Hilo, HI96720, USA
| | - Kathleen Howe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, 200 West Kawili St., Hilo, HI96720, USA
| | - Steven H. Jacquier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, 200 West Kawili St., Hilo, HI96720, USA
| | - William C. Pitt
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, 22630, VA, USA
| | - Robert Hollingsworth
- USDA-ARS, US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Service, PO Box 4459, Hilo, Hawai‘i96720, USA
| | - Susan I. Jarvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, 200 West Kawili St., Hilo, HI96720, USA
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Farias-Pereira R, Savarese J, Yue Y, Lee SH, Park Y. Fat-lowering effects of isorhamnetin are via NHR-49-dependent pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr Res Food Sci 2020; 2:70-76. [PMID: 32914113 PMCID: PMC7473354 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Isorhamnetin (3-O-methylquercetin), a flavonol found in dill weed, sea buckthorn berries, kale and onions, has been suggested to have anti-obesity effects, but there is limited evidence of its mechanisms of action on lipid metabolism. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of isorhamnetin on lipid metabolism using Caenorhabditis elegans as an animal model. Isorhamnetin reduced fat accumulation without affecting food intake or energy expenditure in C. elegans. The isorhamnetin's fat-lowering effects were dependent on nhr-49, a homolog of the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Isorhamnetin upregulated an enoyl-CoA hydratase (ech-1.1, involved in fatty acid β-oxidation) and adipose triglyceride lipase (atgl-1, involved in lipolysis) via NHR-49-dependent pathway at transcriptional levels. Isorhamnetin also upregulated the C. elegans AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) subunits homologs (aak-1 and aak-2), involved in energy homeostasis. These results suggest that isorhamnetin reduces body fat by increasing fat oxidation in part via NHR-49/PPARα-dependent pathway. Isorhamnetin reduced fat accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Food intake and energy expenditure were not changed by isorhamnetin. Isorhamnetin's fat-lowering effects were dependent on nhr-49/PPARα. Isorhamnetin upregulated transcriptionally AAK/AMPK, which may activate NHR-49. Isorhamnetin increased fat breakdown by upregulating ech-1.1/HADHA and atgl-1/ATGL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Savarese
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Yiren Yue
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Seong-Ho Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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Helal MA, Abdel-Gawad AM, Kandil OM, Khalifa MME, Cave GWV, Morrison AA, Bartley DJ, Elsheikha HM. Nematocidal Effects of a Coriander Essential Oil and Five Pure Principles on the Infective Larvae of Major Ovine Gastrointestinal Nematodes In Vitro. Pathogens 2020; 9:E740. [PMID: 32916863 PMCID: PMC7558654 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The anthelmintic effects of extracted coriander oil and five pure essential oil constituents (geraniol, geranyl acetate, eugenol, methyl iso-eugenol, and linalool) were tested, using larval motility assay, on the third-stage larvae (L3s) of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus vitrinus and Cooperia oncophora. Coriander oil and linalool, a major component of tested coriander oil, showed a strong inhibitory efficacy against all species, except C. oncophora with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) that ranged from 0.56 to 1.41% for the coriander oil and 0.51 to 1.76% for linalool. The coriander oil and linalool combinations conferred a synergistic anthelmintic effect (combination index [CI] <1) on larval motility comparable to positive control (20 mg/mL levamisole) within 24 h (p < 0.05), reduced IC50 values to 0.11-0.49% and induced a considerable structural damage to L3s. Results of the combined treatment were validated by quantitative fluorometric microplate-based assays using Sytox green, propidium iodide and C12-resazurin, which successfully discriminated live/dead larvae. Only Sytox green staining achieved IC50 values comparable to that of the larval motility assay. The cytotoxicity of the combined coriander oil and linalool on Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells was evaluated using sulforhodamine-B (SRB) assay and showed no significant cytotoxic effect at concentrations < 1%. These results indicate that testing essential oils and their main components may help to find new potential anthelmintic compounds, while at the same time reducing the reliance on synthetic anthelmintics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Helal
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK;
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. Abdel-Gawad
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt; (A.M.A.-G.); (M.M.E.K.)
| | - Omnia M. Kandil
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Marwa M. E. Khalifa
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt; (A.M.A.-G.); (M.M.E.K.)
| | - Gareth W. V. Cave
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
| | - Alison A. Morrison
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK; (A.A.M.); (D.J.B.)
| | - David J. Bartley
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, Edinburgh, UK; (A.A.M.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Hany M. Elsheikha
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK;
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13
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Jesudoss Chelladurai JRJ, Martin KA, Chinchilla-Vargas K, Jimenez Castro PD, Kaplan RM, Brewer MT. Laboratory assays reveal diverse phenotypes among microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis isolates with known macrocyclic lactone susceptibility status. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237150. [PMID: 32760111 PMCID: PMC7410292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention of canine heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis relies on chemoprophylaxis with macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics. Alarmingly, there are increased reports of D. immitis isolates with resistance to macrocyclic lactones and the ability to break through prophylaxis. Yet, there is not a well-established laboratory assay that can utilize biochemical phenotypes of microfilariae to predict drug resistance status. In this study we evaluated laboratory assays measuring cell permeability, metabolism, and P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux. Our assays revealed that trypan blue, propidium iodide staining, and resazurin metabolism could detect differences among D. immitis isolates but none of these approaches could accurately predict drug susceptibility status for all resistant isolates tested. P-glycoprotein assays suggested that the repertoire of P-gp expression is likely to vary among isolates, and investigation of pharmacological differences among different P-gp genes is warranted. Further research is needed to investigate and optimize laboratory assays for D. immitis microfilariae, and caution should be applied when adapting cell death assays to drug screening studies for nematode parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeba R. J. Jesudoss Chelladurai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Katy A. Martin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Krystal Chinchilla-Vargas
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Pablo D. Jimenez Castro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- Grupo de Parasitologia Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ray M. Kaplan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Matthew T. Brewer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Haarith D, Kim DG, Strom NB, Chen S, Bushley KE. In Vitro Screening of a Culturable Soybean Cyst Nematode Cyst Mycobiome for Potential Biological Control Agents and Biopesticides. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1388-1397. [PMID: 32286919 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-20-0015-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungal biological control of soybean cyst nematodes (SCN) is an important component of integrated pest management for soybean. However, very few fungal biological control agents are available in the market. In this study, we have screened fungi previously isolated from SCN cysts over 3 years from a long-term crop rotation field experiment for their ability to antagonize SCN using (i) parasitism, (ii) egg hatch inhibition, and (iii) J2 mortality. We evaluated egg parasitism using an in-vitro egg parasitism bioassays and scored parasitism using the egg parasitic index (EPI) and fluorescent microscopy. The ability of these fungi to produce metabolites causing egg hatch inhibition and J2 mortality was assessed in bioassays using filter-sterilized culture filtrates. We identified 10 high-performing isolates each for egg parasitism and toxicity toward SCN eggs and J2s and repeated the tests after storage for 1 year of cryopreservation at -80°C to validate the durability of biocontrol potential of the chosen 20 isolates. Although the parasitic ability changed slightly for the majority of strains after cryopreservation, they still scored 5/10 on EPI scales. There were no differences in the ability of fungi to produce antinemic metabolites after cryopreservation.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Haarith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Dong-Gyu Kim
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Noah B Strom
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Senyu Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Kathryn E Bushley
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
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15
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Espino JA, Zhang Z, Jones LM. Chemical Penetration Enhancers Increase Hydrogen Peroxide Uptake in C. elegans for In Vivo Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:3708-3715. [PMID: 32506919 PMCID: PMC7861136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
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Fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) is a hydroxyl radical protein
footprinting method that covalently labels solvent-accessible amino acids by photolysis
of hydrogen peroxide. Recently, we expanded the use of FPOP for in vivo
(IV-FPOP) covalent labeling in C. elegans. In initial IV-FPOP studies,
545 proteins were oxidatively modified in all body systems within the worm. Here, with
the use of chemical penetration enhancers (CPEs), we increased the number of modified
proteins as well as the number of modifications per protein to gain more structural
information. CPEs aid in the delivery of hydrogen peroxide inside C.
elegans by disturbing the highly ordered lipid bilayer of the worm cuticle
without affecting worm viability. IV-FPOP experiments performed using the CPE azone
showed an increase in oxidatively modified proteins and peptides. This increase
correlated with greater hydrogen peroxide uptake by C. elegans
quantified using a chemical fluorophore demonstrating the efficacy of using CPEs with
IV-FPOP. Mass spectrometry proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with
identifier PXD019290.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Espino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, United States
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, United States
| | - Lisa M Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, United States
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16
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Cintra GAS, Neto BAD, Carvalho PHPR, Moraes CB, Freitas-Junior LH. Expanding the Biological Application of Fluorescent Benzothiadiazole Derivatives: A Phenotypic Screening Strategy for Anthelmintic Drug Discovery Using Caenorhabditis elegans. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 24:755-765. [PMID: 31180789 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219851130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current methodologies used to identify promising new anthelmintic compounds rely on subjective microscopic examination of worm motility or involve genetic modified organisms. We describe a new methodology to detect worm viability that takes advantage of the differential incorporation of the fluorescent molecular marker propidium iodide and the 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole core, which has been widely applied in light technology. The new assay developed could be validated using the "Pathogen Box" library. By use of this bioassay, it was possible to identify three molecules with activity against Caenorhabditis elegans that were previously described as effective in in vitro assays against other pathogens, such as Schistosoma mansoni, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Plasmodium falciparum, accelerating the identification of molecules with anthelmintic potential. The current fluorescence-based bioassay may be used for assessing C. elegans viability. The described methodology replaces the subjectivity of previous assays and provides an enabling technology that is useful for rapid in vitro screens of both natural and synthetic compound libraries. It is expected that the results obtained from these robust in vitro screens would select the most effective compounds for follow-up in vivo experimentation with pathogenic helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana A S Cintra
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,2 Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,3 Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Brenno A D Neto
- 4 Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Pedro H P R Carvalho
- 4 Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Carolina B Moraes
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,2 Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,3 Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucio H Freitas-Junior
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,2 Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,3 Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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17
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Abstract
![]()
Protein
footprinting coupled with mass spectrometry is being increasingly
used for the study of protein interactions and conformations. The
hydroxyl radical footprinting method, fast photochemical oxidation
of proteins (FPOP), utilizes hydroxyl radicals to oxidatively modify
solvent accessible amino acids. Here, we describe the further development
of FPOP for protein structural analysis in vivo (IV-FPOP) with Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans, part
of the nematode family, are used as model systems for many human diseases.
The ability to perform structural studies in these worms would provide
insight into the role of structure in disease pathogenesis. Many parameters
were optimized for labeling within the worms including the microfluidic
flow system and hydrogen peroxide concentration. IV-FPOP was able
to modify several hundred proteins in various organs within the worms.
The method successfully probed solvent accessibility similarily to
in vitro FPOP, demonstrating its potential for use as a structural
technique in a multiorgan system. The coupling of the method with
mass spectrometry allows for amino-acid-residue-level structural information,
a higher resolution than currently available in vivo methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Espino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Lisa M Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
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18
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Petitte JM, Lewis MH, Witsil TK, Huang X, Rice JW. High content analysis enables high-throughput nematicide discovery screening for measurement of viability and movement behavior in response to natural product samples. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0205619. [PMID: 31013269 PMCID: PMC6478374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, monitoring nematode movement and mortality in response to various potential nematicide treatments usually involved tedious manual microscopic analysis. High-content analysis instrumentation enables rapid and high-throughput collection of experimental data points on large numbers of individual worms simultaneously. The high-throughput platform outlined here should accelerate discovery of unique classes and types of promising lead molecules and sample types to control these plant pests. Also, the ability to automate the data analysis pipeline rather than relying on manual scoring reduces a potential source of data variance. Here we describe a high-throughput process based on high-content imaging. We demonstrate the use of time-lapse image acquisition to measure movement, and viability staining to confirm nematode mortality (versus paralysis) in targeted plant-pathogenic nematodes. We present screening results from a microbial-exudate library generated from approximately 2,300 microbial fermentations that demonstrate the robustness of this high-throughput process. The described methods should be applicable to other relevant nematode parasites with human, crop, or animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary H. Lewis
- Novozymes North America, Incorporated, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Tucker K. Witsil
- Novozymes North America, Incorporated, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Xiang Huang
- Novozymes North America, Incorporated, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - John W. Rice
- Novozymes North America, Incorporated, Durham, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Risi G, Aguilera E, Ladós E, Suárez G, Carrera I, Álvarez G, Salinas G. Caenorhabditis elegans Infrared-Based Motility Assay Identified New Hits for Nematicide Drug Development. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6010029. [PMID: 30884899 PMCID: PMC6466232 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematode parasites have a profound impact on humankind, infecting nearly one-quarter of the world’s population, as well as livestock. There is a pressing need for discovering nematicides due to the spread of resistance to currently used drugs. The free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a formidable experimentally tractable model organism that offers key advantages in accelerating nematicide discovery. We report the screening of drug-like libraries using an overnight high-throughput C. elegans assay, based on an automated infrared motility reader. As a proof of concept, we screened the “Pathogen Box” library, and identical results to a previous screen using Haemonchus contortus were obtained. We then screened an in-house library containing a diversity of compound families. Most active compounds had a conjugation of an unsaturation with an electronegative atom (N, O, or S) and an aromatic ring. Importantly, we identified symmetric arylidene ketones and aryl hydrazine derivatives as novel nematicides. Furthermore, one of these compounds, (1E,2E)-1,2-bis(thiophen-3-ylmethylene)hydrazine, was active as a nematicide at 25 µm, but innocuous to the vertebrate model zebrafish at 50 µm. Our results identified novel nematicidal scaffolds and illustrate the value of C. elegans in accelerating nematicide discovery using a nonlabor-intensive automated assay that provides a simple overnight readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón Risi
- Worm Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Elena Aguilera
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Enrique Ladós
- Worm Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Gonzalo Suárez
- Área Farmacología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
| | - Inés Carrera
- Worm Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Área Farmacología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay.
| | - Guzmán Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas-CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay.
| | - Gustavo Salinas
- Worm Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
- Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
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20
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Rajasekharan SK, Lee JH, Ravichandran V, Kim JC, Park JG, Lee J. Nematicidal and insecticidal activities of halogenated indoles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2010. [PMID: 30765810 PMCID: PMC6375993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite death via ion channel activations is the hallmark of anthelmintic and antiparasitic drugs. Glutamate gated chloride channel (GluCl) is a prominent targets for drug selection and design in parasitology. We report several iodine-fluorine based lead activators of GluCl by computational studies and structure-activity relationship analysis. 5-Fluoro-4-iodo-1H-pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridine and 5-iodoindole were bioactive hits that displayed in vitro anthelmintic and insecticidal activities against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Meloidogyne incognita, and Tenebrio molitor. Two important findings stood out: (i) 5F4IPP induced parasite death, and interacted proficiently with Gln219 amino acid of pentameric GluCl in docking analysis, and (ii) 5-iodoindole appeared to act by forming giant vacuoles in nematodes, which led to a form of non-apoptotic death known as methuosis. The study suggests halogenated-indoles and 1H-pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridine derivatives be regarded potential biocides for plant-parasitic nematodes and insects, and warrants further research on the mode of actions, and field investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinothkannan Ravichandran
- Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gyu Park
- Advanced Bio Convergence Center, Pohang Technopark Foundation, Pohang, 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Dryzer MH, Niven C, Wolter SD, Arena CB, Ngaboyamahina E, Parker CB, Stoner BR. Electropermeabilization of nematode eggs for parasite deactivation. JOURNAL OF WATER, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE FOR DEVELOPMENT : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL WATER ASSOCIATION 2019; 9:49-55. [PMID: 33384870 PMCID: PMC7734379 DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2019.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The eggs of parasitic helminth worms are incredibly resilient - possessing the ability to survive changing environmental factors and exposure to chemical treatments - which has restricted the efficacy of wastewater sanitation. This research reports on the effectiveness of electroporation to permeabilize ova of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), a helminth surrogate, for parasite deactivation. This technique utilizes electric pulses to increase cell membrane permeability in its conventional application, but herein is used to open pores in nonparasitic nematode eggshells - the first report of such an application to the best knowledge of the authors. A parametric evaluation of electric field strength and total electroporation duration of eggs and worms in phosphate-buffered saline was performed using a 1 Hz pulse train of 0.01% duty cycle. The extent of pore formation was determined using a fluorescent label, propidium iodide, targeting C. elegans embryonic DNA. The results of this research demonstrate that electroporation increases eggshell permeability. This treatment, coupled with existing methods of electrochemical disinfection, could improve upon current attempts at the deactivation of helminth eggs. We discuss electroporation treatment conditions and likely modification of the lipid-rich permeability barrier within the eggshell strata.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Dryzer
- (corresponding author) Department of Physics, Elon University, Elon, NC 27244, USA
| | - C Niven
- (corresponding author) Department of Physics, Elon University, Elon, NC 27244, USA
| | - S D Wolter
- (corresponding author) Department of Physics, Elon University, Elon, NC 27244, USA
| | - C B Arena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - E Ngaboyamahina
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA and Center for WaSH-AID, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - C B Parker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA and Center for WaSH-AID, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - B R Stoner
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA and Center for WaSH-AID, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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22
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Richaud M, Galas S. Defining the viability of tardigrades with a molecular sensor related to death. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206444. [PMID: 30365540 PMCID: PMC6203378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of experimental protocols that use animal models to assess the impact of a stress on a population or to determine the life span expectancy impact can be time-consuming due to the need for direct observations of dead and living animals. These experiments are usually based on the detectable activity of animals such as food intake or mobility and can sometimes produce either under- or overestimated results. The tardigrade Hypsibius exemplaris is an emerging model for the evolutionary biology of the tardigrade phylum because of its convenient laboratory breeding and the recent introduction of new molecular tools. In this report, we describe the use of a new fluorescent dye that can specifically stain dead tardigrades. Furthermore, we also monitored the absence of a toxic side effect of the death-linked fluorescent dye on tardigrade populations. Finally, we conclude that tardigrade experiments that require survival counting of the Hypsibius exemplaris species can be greatly improved by using this technique in order to limit underestimation of alive animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Richaud
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Simon Galas
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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23
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Shaulov Y, Shimokawa C, Trebicz-Geffen M, Nagaraja S, Methling K, Lalk M, Weiss-Cerem L, Lamm AT, Hisaeda H, Ankri S. Escherichia coli mediated resistance of Entamoeba histolytica to oxidative stress is triggered by oxaloacetate. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007295. [PMID: 30308066 PMCID: PMC6181410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amebiasis, a global intestinal parasitic disease, is due to Entamoeba histolytica. This parasite, which feeds on bacteria in the large intestine of its human host, can trigger a strong inflammatory response upon invasion of the colonic mucosa. Whereas information about the mechanisms which are used by the parasite to cope with oxidative and nitrosative stresses during infection is available, knowledge about the contribution of bacteria to these mechanisms is lacking. In a recent study, we demonstrated that enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O55 protects E. histolytica against oxidative stress. Resin-assisted capture (RAC) of oxidized (OX) proteins coupled to mass spectrometry (OX-RAC) was used to investigate the oxidation status of cysteine residues in proteins present in E. histolytica trophozoites incubated with live or heat-killed E. coli O55 and then exposed to H2O2-mediated oxidative stress. We found that the redox proteome of E. histolytica exposed to heat-killed E. coli O55 is enriched with proteins involved in redox homeostasis, lipid metabolism, small molecule metabolism, carbohydrate derivative metabolism, and organonitrogen compound biosynthesis. In contrast, we found that proteins associated with redox homeostasis were the only OX-proteins that were enriched in E. histolytica trophozoites which were incubated with live E. coli O55. These data indicate that E. coli has a profound impact on the redox proteome of E. histolytica. Unexpectedly, some E. coli proteins were also co-identified with E. histolytica proteins by OX-RAC. We demonstrated that one of these proteins, E. coli malate dehydrogenase (EcMDH) and its product, oxaloacetate, are key elements of E. coli-mediated resistance of E. histolytica to oxidative stress and that oxaloacetate helps the parasite survive in the large intestine. We also provide evidence that the protective effect of oxaloacetate against oxidative stress extends to Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Shaulov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa Israel
| | - Chikako Shimokawa
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Meirav Trebicz-Geffen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa Israel
| | - Shruti Nagaraja
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa Israel
| | - Karen Methling
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Lalk
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lea Weiss-Cerem
- Faculty of Biology, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ayelet T. Lamm
- Faculty of Biology, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hajime Hisaeda
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Serge Ankri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa Israel
- * E-mail:
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Walczynska M, Jakubowski W, Wasiak T, Kadziola K, Bartoszek N, Kotarba S, Siatkowska M, Komorowski P, Walkowiak B. Toxicity of silver nanoparticles, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, and dendrimers assessed with multicellular organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Toxicol Mech Methods 2018; 28:432-439. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1449277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Walczynska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Witold Jakubowski
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wasiak
- Laboratory of Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics, BioNanoPark Ltd, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kinga Kadziola
- Laboratory of Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics, BioNanoPark Ltd, Lodz, Poland
| | - Nina Bartoszek
- Laboratory of Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics, BioNanoPark Ltd, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kotarba
- Laboratory of Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics, BioNanoPark Ltd, Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Siatkowska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
- Laboratory of Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics, BioNanoPark Ltd, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Komorowski
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
- Laboratory of Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics, BioNanoPark Ltd, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bogdan Walkowiak
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
- Laboratory of Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics, BioNanoPark Ltd, Lodz, Poland
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Figueiredo LA, Rebouças TF, Ferreira SR, Rodrigues-Luiz GF, Miranda RC, Araujo RN, Fujiwara RT. Dominance of P-glycoprotein 12 in phenotypic resistance conversion against ivermectin in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192995. [PMID: 29474375 PMCID: PMC5825046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While diseases caused by nematodes remains a considerable drawback for the livestock, agriculture and public health, anthelmintics drug resistance has been observed over the past years and is a major concern for parasite control. Ivermectin, initially considered as a highly potent drug, currently presents a reduced anti-helminthic efficacy, which is influenced by expression of several ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC), among them the P-glycoproteins (Pgps). Here we present some evidences of Pgps dominance during Ivermectin resistance/susceptibility using Pgps double silencing in C. elegans and the phylogenetic relationship of Pgps among nematodes, which strengthen the use of this model for study of drug resistance in nematodes. Firstly, we evaluated the quantitative gene expression of 12 out the 15 known Pgps from resistant and WT strains of C. elegans, we demonstrated the upregulation of Pgps 12 and 13 and downregulation of all remaining Pgps in ivermectin resistant strain. By using an RNAi loss-of-function approach we observed that Pgp 12 gene silencing reverts the resistance phenotype to ivermectin, while Pgp 4 gene silencing does not alter the resistance phenotype but induces a resistance in wild type strain. Interestingly, the dual silencing of Pgp 12 and Pgp 4 expression demonstrates the dominance of phenotype promoted by Pgp 12 silencing. Finally, in silico analysis reveals a close relationship between Pgps from C. elegans and several nematodes parasites. Taken together, our results indicate that Pgp 12 is crucial for the resistance to ivermectin and thus a good candidate for further studies aiming to develop specific inhibitors to this transporter, allowing the continuous use of ivermectin to control the burden on animal and human health inflicted by nematode parasites globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Almeida Figueiredo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thais Fuscaldi Rebouças
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Rodrigo Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Flavia Rodrigues-Luiz
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Nascimento Araujo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Abstract
The free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is the simplest animal model organism to work with. Substantial knowledge and tools have accumulated over 50 years of C. elegans research. The use of C. elegans relating to parasitic nematodes from a basic biology standpoint or an applied perspective has increased in recent years. The wealth of information gained on the model organism, the use of the powerful approaches and technologies that have advanced C. elegans research to parasitic nematodes and the enormous success of the omics fields have contributed to bridge the divide between C. elegans and parasite nematode researchers. We review key fields, such as genomics, drug discovery and genetics, where C. elegans and nematode parasite research have convened. We advocate the use of C. elegans as a model to study helminth metabolism, a neglected area ready to advance. How emerging technologies being used in C. elegans can pave the way for parasitic nematode research is discussed.
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