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Wang J, Lai DA, Wang JJ, Zhang SX. Effects of Nox4 upregulation on PECAM-1 expression in a mouse model of diabetic retinopathy. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303010. [PMID: 38748682 PMCID: PMC11095704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of vision loss in working-age adults. The hallmark features of DR include vascular leakage, capillary loss, retinal ischemia, and aberrant neovascularization. Although the pathophysiology is not fully understood, accumulating evidence supports elevated reactive oxygen species associated with increased activity of NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) as major drivers of disease progression. Previously, we have shown that Nox4 upregulation in retinal endothelial cells by diabetes leads to increased vascular leakage by an unknown mechanism. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1) is a cell surface molecule that is highly expressed in endothelial cells and regulates endothelial barrier function. In the present study, using endothelial cell-specific human Nox4 transgenic (TG) mice and endothelial cell-specific Nox4 conditional knockout (cKO) mice, we investigated the impact of Nox4 upregulation on PECAM-1 expression in mouse retinas and brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). Additionally, cultured human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) transduced with adenovirus overexpressing human Nox4 were used in the study. We found that overexpression of Nox4 increases PECAM-1 mRNA but has no effect on its protein expression in the mouse retina, BMECs, or HRECs. Furthermore, PECAM-1 mRNA and protein expression was unchanged in BMECs isolated from cKO mice compared to wild type (WT) mice with or without 2 months of diabetes. Together, these findings do not support a significant role of Nox4 in the regulation of PECAM-1 expression in the diabetic retina and endothelial cells. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanism of Nox4-induced vascular leakage by investigating other intercellular junctional proteins in endothelial cells and their implications in the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Joshua J. Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Sarah X. Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
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2
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Cai L, Xia M, Zhang F. Redox Regulation of Immunometabolism in Microglia Underpinning Diabetic Retinopathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:423. [PMID: 38671871 PMCID: PMC11047590 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness among the working-age population. Microglia, resident immune cells in the retina, are recognized as crucial drivers in the DR process. Microglia activation is a tightly regulated immunometabolic process. In the early stages of DR, the M1 phenotype commonly shifts from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis for energy production. Emerging evidence suggests that microglia in DR not only engage specific metabolic pathways but also rearrange their oxidation-reduction (redox) system. This redox adaptation supports metabolic reprogramming and offers potential therapeutic strategies using antioxidants. Here, we provide an overview of recent insights into the involvement of reactive oxygen species and the distinct roles played by key cellular antioxidant pathways, including the NADPH oxidase 2 system, which promotes glycolysis via enhanced glucose transporter 4 translocation to the cell membrane through the AKT/mTOR pathway, as well as the involvement of the thioredoxin and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 antioxidant systems, which maintain microglia in an anti-inflammatory state. Therefore, we highlight the potential for targeting the modulation of microglial redox metabolism to offer new concepts for DR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwei Cai
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; (L.C.); (M.X.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Mengxue Xia
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; (L.C.); (M.X.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; (L.C.); (M.X.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
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3
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Zakynthinos GE, Tsolaki V, Oikonomou E, Pantelidis P, Gialamas I, Kalogeras K, Zakynthinos E, Vavuranakis M, Siasos G. Unveiling the Role of Endothelial Dysfunction: A Possible Key to Enhancing Catheter Ablation Success in Atrial Fibrillation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2317. [PMID: 38396990 PMCID: PMC10889579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation, a prevalent type of arrhythmia, is increasingly contributing to the economic burden on healthcare systems. The development of innovative treatments, notably catheter ablation, has demonstrated both impressive and promising outcomes. However, these treatments have not yet fully replaced pharmaceutical approaches, primarily due to the relatively high incidence of atrial fibrillation recurrence post-procedure. Recent insights into endothelial dysfunction have shed light on its role in both the onset and progression of atrial fibrillation. This emerging understanding suggests that endothelial function might significantly influence the effectiveness of catheter ablation. Consequently, a deeper exploration into endothelial dynamics could potentially elevate the status of catheter ablation, positioning it as a primary treatment option for atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E. Zakynthinos
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, “Sotiria” Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.O.); (P.P.); (I.G.); (K.K.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Vasiliki Tsolaki
- Critical Care Department, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Mezourlo, 41335 Larissa, Greece; (V.T.); (E.Z.)
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, “Sotiria” Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.O.); (P.P.); (I.G.); (K.K.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Panteleimon Pantelidis
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, “Sotiria” Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.O.); (P.P.); (I.G.); (K.K.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Ioannis Gialamas
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, “Sotiria” Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.O.); (P.P.); (I.G.); (K.K.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Konstantinos Kalogeras
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, “Sotiria” Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.O.); (P.P.); (I.G.); (K.K.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Epaminondas Zakynthinos
- Critical Care Department, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Mezourlo, 41335 Larissa, Greece; (V.T.); (E.Z.)
| | - Manolis Vavuranakis
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, “Sotiria” Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.O.); (P.P.); (I.G.); (K.K.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, “Sotiria” Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.O.); (P.P.); (I.G.); (K.K.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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4
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Liao J, Peng B, Huang G, Diao C, Qin Y, Hong Y, Lin J, Lin Y, Jiang L, Tang N, Tang F, Liang J, Zhang J, Yan Y, Chen Q, Zhou Z, Shen C, Huang W, Huang K, Lan Q, Cui L, Zhong H, Xu F, Li M, Wei Y, Lu P, Zhang M. Inhibition of NOX4 with GLX351322 alleviates acute ocular hypertension-induced retinal inflammation and injury by suppressing ROS mediated redox-sensitive factors activation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115052. [PMID: 37399715 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction plays an essential role in the etiology of ischemic/hypoxic retinopathy caused by acute glaucoma. NADPH oxidase (NOX) 4 was discovered as one of the main sources of ROS in glaucoma. However, the role and potential mechanisms of NOX4 in acute glaucoma have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the NOX4 inhibitor GLX351322 that targets NOX4 inhibition in acute ocular hypertension (AOH)-induced retinal ischemia/hypoxia injury in mice. Herein, NOX4 was highly expressed in AOH retinas, particularly the retinal ganglion cell layer (GCL). Importantly, the NOX4 inhibitor GLX351322 reduced ROS overproduction, inhibited inflammatory factor release, suppressed glial cell activation and hyperplasia, inhibited leukocyte infiltration, reduced retinal cell senescence and apoptosis in damaged areas, reduced retinal degeneration and improved retinal function. This neuroprotective effect is at least partially associated with mediated redox-sensitive factor (HIF-1α, NF-κB, and MAPKs) pathways by NOX4-derived ROS overproduction. These results suggest that inhibition of NOX4 with GLX351322 attenuated AOH-induced retinal inflammation, cellular senescence, and apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of the redox-sensitive factor pathway mediated by ROS overproduction, thereby protecting retinal structure and function. Targeted inhibition of NOX4 is expected to be a new idea in the treatment of acute glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liao
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Biyan Peng
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; School of Basic Medical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Guangyi Huang
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Chunli Diao
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuanjun Qin
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Yiyi Hong
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiali Lin
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Yunru Lin
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Ningning Tang
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Fen Tang
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiamin Liang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; School of Basic Medical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yumei Yan
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Chaolan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Kongqian Huang
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Qianqian Lan
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Ling Cui
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Haibin Zhong
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China.
| | - Yantao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Peng Lu
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China.
| | - Mingyuan Zhang
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Laboratory Animal Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; School of Basic Medical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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5
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Wang D, Li J, Luo G, Zhou J, Wang N, Wang S, Zhao R, Cao X, Ma Y, Liu G, Hao L. Nox4 as a novel therapeutic target for diabetic vascular complications. Redox Biol 2023; 64:102781. [PMID: 37321060 PMCID: PMC10363438 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic vascular complications can affect both microvascular and macrovascular. Diabetic microvascular complications, such as diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic cardiomyopathy, are believed to be caused by oxidative stress. The Nox family of NADPH oxidases is a significant source of reactive oxygen species and plays a crucial role in regulating redox signaling, particularly in response to high glucose and diabetes mellitus. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge about the role of Nox4 and its regulatory mechanisms in diabetic microangiopathies. Especially, the latest novel advances in the upregulation of Nox4 that aggravate various cell types within diabetic kidney disease will be highlighted. Interestingly, this review also presents the mechanisms by which Nox4 regulates diabetic microangiopathy from novel perspectives such as epigenetics. Besides, we emphasize Nox4 as a therapeutic target for treating microvascular complications of diabetes and summarize drugs, inhibitors, and dietary components targeting Nox4 as important therapeutic measures in preventing and treating diabetic microangiopathy. Additionally, this review also sums up the evidence related to Nox4 and diabetic macroangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxia Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, Wuhan, 430030, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei International Joint Research Center for Structural Heart Disease, Hebei Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury Repair Mechanism Study, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
| | - Liping Hao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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6
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Tang X, Wang J, Abboud HE, Chen Y, Wang JJ, Zhang SX. Sustained Upregulation of Endothelial Nox4 Mediates Retinal Vascular Pathology in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2023; 72:112-125. [PMID: 36321974 PMCID: PMC9797318 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) is a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in retinal endothelial cells (ECs) and is upregulated under hyperglycemic and hypoxic conditions. However, the role of endothelial Nox4 upregulation in long-term retinal blood vessel damage in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains undefined. Here, we attempted to address this question using humanized EC-specific Nox4 transgenic (hNox4EC-Tg) and EC-specific Nox4 knockout (Nox4EC-KO) mouse models. Our results show that hNox4EC-Tg mice at age of 10-12 months exhibited increased tortuosity of retinal blood vessels, focal vascular leakage, and acellular capillary formation. In vitro study revealed enhanced apoptosis in brain microvascular ECs derived from hNox4EC-Tg mice, concomitant with increased mitochondrial ROS, elevated lipid peroxidation, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and reduced mitochondrial respiratory function. In contrast, EC-specific deletion of Nox4 decreased mitochondrial ROS generation, alleviated mitochondrial damage, reduced EC apoptosis, and protected the retina from acellular capillary formation and vascular hyperpermeability in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes mouse model. These findings suggest that sustained upregulation of Nox4 in the endothelium contributes to retinal vascular pathology in diabetes, at least in part, through impairing mitochondrial function. Normalization of Nox4 expression in ECs may provide a new approach for prevention of vascular injury in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixiang Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
- SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
- VIP Medical Service Center, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinli Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
- SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Hanna E. Abboud
- Department of Medicine, South Texas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Yanming Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Joshua J. Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
- SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Sarah X. Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
- SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
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7
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Ebrahim N, El-Halim HEA, Helal OK, El-Azab NEE, Badr OAM, Hassouna A, Saihati HAA, Aborayah NH, Emam HT, El-Wakeel HS, Aljasir M, El-Sherbiny M, Sarg NAS, Shaker GA, Mostafa O, Sabry D, Fouly MAK, Forsyth NR, Elsherbiny NM, Salim RF. Effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes on diabetes-induced retinal injury: Implication of Wnt/ b-catenin signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113554. [PMID: 35987163 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. Mesenchymal stem cells are currently studied as therapeutic strategy for management of DR. Exosomes, considered as a promising cell-free therapy option, display biological functions similar to those of their parent cells. In retinal development, Wnt/b-catenin signaling provides key cues for functional progression. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential efficacy of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BM-MSCs-Ex) in diabetes-induced retinal injury via modulation of the Wnt/ b-catenin signaling pathway. METHODS Eighty-one rats were allocated into 6 groups (control, DR, DR + DKK1, DR + exosomes, DR + Wnt3a and DR + exosomes+Wnt3a). Evaluation of each group was via histopathological examination, assessment of gene and/or protein expression concerned with oxidative stress (SOD1, SOD2, Nox2, Nox4, iNOS), inflammation (TNF-α, ICAM-1, NF-κB) and angiogenesis (VEGF, VE-cadherin). RESULTS Results demonstrated that exosomes blocked the wnt/b-catenin pathway in diabetic retina concomitant with significant reduction of features of DR as shown by downregulation of retinal oxidants, upregulation of antioxidant enzymes, suppression of retinal inflammatory and angiogenic markers. These results were further confirmed by histopathological results, fundus examination and optical coherence tomography. Additionally, exosomes ameliorative effects abrogated wnt3a-triggered retinal injury in DR. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data demonstrated that exosomes ameliorated diabetes-induced retinal injury via suppressing Wnt/ b-catenin signaling with subsequent reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Ebrahim
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt; Stem Cell Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt.
| | | | - Omayma Kamel Helal
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
| | | | - Omnia A M Badr
- Department of Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Egypt.
| | - Amira Hassouna
- School of Interprofessional Health Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Hajir A Al Saihati
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Albatin, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Hanan Tawfeek Emam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt.
| | - Hend S El-Wakeel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt.
| | - Mohammad Aljasir
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh, 11597, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - Naglaa A S Sarg
- Department of Anatomy, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt.
| | - Gehan Ahmed Shaker
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Ola Mostafa
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt.
| | - Dina Sabry
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Badr University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | | | - Nicholas Robert Forsyth
- Guy Hilton Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Nehal M Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Biochemistry department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Rabab F Salim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt.
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8
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Luo J, Zhao Q, Li Z, Chen L. Multiple roles of apelin/APJ system in eye diseases. Peptides 2022; 152:170767. [PMID: 35181348 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous ligand of G protein-coupled receptor (APJ), and they compose apelin/APJ system. Apelin/APJ system is widely distributed in tissues and plays pleiotropic roles. Attractively, more emphasis has recently been placed on the effects of apelin/APJ system in eye diseases, such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). In this review, we elaborated the roles of apelin/APJ system in the pathophysiological processes of eye. Concretely, apelin/APJ system induces retinal gliosis and angiogenesis. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are involved in apelin/APJ system-triggered ROP progress. Apelin/APJ system mediates DR-induced retinopathy. Apelin/APJ system maintains retinal functions and health by protecting Müller cells from apoptosis. Apelin/APJ system suppresses the NMDA-induced retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss to protect optic nerve damage. Overall, apelin/APJ system is a potential therapeutic target for eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshun Luo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiyue Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
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9
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Liu J, Li X, Cheng Y, Liu K, Zou H, You Z. Identification of potential ferroptosis-related biomarkers and a pharmacological compound in diabetic retinopathy based on machine learning and molecular docking. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:988506. [PMID: 36506045 PMCID: PMC9729554 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.988506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a neurovascular disease, is a leading cause of visual loss worldwide and severely affects quality of life. Several studies have shown that ferroptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of DR; however, its molecule mechanism remains incompletely elucidated. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the pathogenesis of ferroptosis and explore potential ferroptosis-related gene biomarkers and a pharmacological compound for treating DR. METHODS Ferroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the GSE102485 dataset. Functional enrichment analyses were then performed and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to screen candidates of ferroptosis-related hub genes (FRHGs). FRHGs were further screened based on least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and random forest algorithms, and were then validated with the GSE60436 dataset and previous studies. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve monofactor analysis was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the FRHGs, and immune infiltration analysis was performed. Moreover, the pharmacological compound targeting the FRHGs were verified by molecular docking. Finally, the FRHGs were validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. RESULTS The 40 ferroptosis-related DEGs were extracted, and functional enrichment analyses mainly implicated apoptotic signaling, response to oxidative stress, ferroptosis, and lipid and atherosclerosis pathways. By integrating the PPI, LASSO regression, and random forest analyses to screen the FRHGs, and through validation, we identified five FRHGs that performed well in the diagnosis (CAV1, CD44, NOX4, TLR4, and TP53). Immune infiltration analysis revealed that immune microenvironment changes in DR patients may be related to these five FRHGs. Molecular docking also showed that glutathione strongly bound the CAV1 and TLR4 proteins. Finally, the upregulated expression of FRHGs (CD44, NOX4, TLR4, and TP53) was validated by qRT-PCR analysis in human retinal capillary endothelial cells cultured under high-glucose environment. CONCLUSIONS CAV1, CD44, NOX4, TLR4, and TP53 are potential biomarkers for DR and may be involved in its occurrence and progression by regulating ferroptosis and the immune microenvironment. Further, glutathione exhibits potential therapeutic efficacy on DR by targeting ferroptosis. Our study provides new insights into the ferroptosis-related pathogenesis of DR, as well as its diagnosis and treatment.
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10
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Bao A, Nashine S, Atilano S, Chwa M, Federoff H, Kenney MC. Differential responses of AMD mitochondrial DNA haplogroups to PU-91, a mitochondria-targeting drug. Mitochondrion 2021; 60:189-200. [PMID: 34400356 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) dysfunction and variation in mtDNA haplogroups play a key role in the etiology of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). This study examined the response(s) of AMD ARPE-19 transmitochondrial cybrids having U, K, and J mtDNA haplogroups to treatment with a mitochondria-targeting PU-91 drug. PU-91 exerts its cytoprotective effects by upregulating PGC-1α (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1alpha) which is a primary regulator of the mitochondrial biogenesis pathway. The effects of PU-91 drug were determined using cell-based assays and gene expression analyses. Our study revealed that AMD cybrids with different mtDNA haplogroups i.e., U, K, J haplogroups respond differentially to PU-91 drug treatment; and that the PU-91 drug increases viable cell number, improves mitochondrial health, and protects AMD cybrids against oxidative stress across the board irrespective of their haplogroup variation. This study suggests that mtDNA haplogroups may contribute to the differential responses of AMD cybrid cells to PU-91 drug in vitro and may also influence AMD patients' responses to drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sonali Nashine
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shari Atilano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Marilyn Chwa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Howard Federoff
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - M Cristina Kenney
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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11
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Santana-Garrido Á, Reyes-Goya C, Fernández-Bobadilla C, Blanca AJ, André H, Mate A, Vázquez CM. NADPH oxidase-induced oxidative stress in the eyes of hypertensive rats. Mol Vis 2021; 27:161-178. [PMID: 33907371 PMCID: PMC8056463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) released by NADPH oxidase and inflammation are associated with arterial hypertension and eye diseases associated with high blood pressure, including glaucoma, retinopathies (e.g., age-related macular degeneration), and choroidopathies affecting ocular function; however, the mechanisms underlying these adverse outcomes remain undefined. The present study was designed to highlight the importance of oxidative stress in severe hypertension-related eye damage. Methods Male Wistar rats (n = 7, unless otherwise specified for specific experiments) were administered an oral dose of 30 mg of Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) per kilogram of bodyweight and day for 3 weeks; chronic administration with L-NAME is a validated experimental approach resulting in severe hypertension secondary to nitric oxide (NO) depletion and subsequent vasoconstriction in the systemic circulation. Upon treatment completion, histomorphometric studies, NADPH oxidase activity, and ROS production were measured in eyecup homogenates and paraffin-embedded sections from control and L-NAME-treated animals. In addition, immunohistofluorescence, western blotting, and real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analyses were performed in the eye and the retina to evaluate the expression of i) NADPH oxidase main isoforms (NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4) and subunits (p22phox and p47phox); ii) glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), as a marker of microglial activation in the retina; iii) antioxidant enzymes; and iv) endothelial constitutive (eNOS) and inflammation inducible (iNOS) nitric oxide synthase isoforms, and nitrotyrosine as a versatile biomarker of oxidative stress. Results Increased activity of NADPH oxidase and superoxide anion production, accompanied by transcriptional upregulation of this enzyme isoforms, was found in the retina and choroid of the hypertensive rats in comparison with the untreated controls. Histomorphometric analyses revealed a significant reduction in the thickness of the ganglion cell layer and the outer retinal layers in the hypertensive animals, which also showed a positive strong signal of GFAP in the retinal outer segment and plexiform layers. In addition, L-NAME-treated animals presented with upregulation of nitric oxide synthase (including inducible and endothelial isoforms) and abnormally elevated nitrotyrosine levels. Experiments on protein and mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes revealed depletion of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the eyes of the hypertensive animals; however, glutathione reductase was significantly higher than in the normotensive controls. Conclusions The present study demonstrated structural changes in the retinas of the L-NAME-treated hypertensive animals and strengthens the importance of NADPH oxidase as a major ROS-generating enzyme system in the oxidative and inflammatory processes surrounding hypertensive eye diseases. These observations might contribute to unveiling pathogenic mechanisms responsible for developing ocular disturbances in the context of severe hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Santana-Garrido
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla. CL Profesor García González, Sevilla, Spain,Epidemiología Clínica y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad de Sevilla. Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Claudia Reyes-Goya
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla. CL Profesor García González, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Fernández-Bobadilla
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla. CL Profesor García González, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Blanca
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla. CL Profesor García González, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Helder André
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alfonso Mate
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla. CL Profesor García González, Sevilla, Spain,Epidemiología Clínica y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad de Sevilla. Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen M. Vázquez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla. CL Profesor García González, Sevilla, Spain,Epidemiología Clínica y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad de Sevilla. Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, Sevilla, Spain
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12
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Ahmad A, Nawaz MI, Siddiquei MM, Abu El-Asrar AM. Apocynin ameliorates NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) induced oxidative damage in the hypoxic human retinal Müller cells and diabetic rat retina. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2099-2109. [PMID: 33515385 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (NOX) is a main producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may contribute to the early pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). ROS has harmful effects on endogenous neuro-survival factors brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) are necessary for the growth and survival of the retina. The role of NOX isoforms NOX4 in triggering ROS in DR is not clear. Here we determine the protective effects of a plant-derived NOX inhibitor apocynin (APO) on NOX4-induced ROS production which may contribute to the depletion of survival factors BDNF/SIRT1 or cell death in the diabetic retinas. Human retinal Müller glial cells (MGCs) were treated with hypoxia mimetic agent cobalt chloride (CoCl2) in the absence or presence of APO. Molecular analysis demonstrates that NOX4 is upregulated in CoCl2-treated MGCs and in the diabetic retinas. Increased NOX4 was accompanied by the downregulation of BDNF/SIRT1 expression or in the activation of apoptotic marker caspase-3. Whereas, APO treatment downregulates NOX4 and subsequently upregulates BDNF/SIRT1 or alleviate caspase-3 expression. Accordingly, in the diabetic retina we found a positive correlation in NOX4 vs ROS (p = 0.025; R2 = 0.488) and caspase-3 vs ROS (p = 0.04; R2 = 0.428); whereas a negative correlation in BDNF vs ROS (p = 0.009; R2 = 0.596) and SIRT1 vs ROS (p = 0.0003; R2 = 0.817) respectively. Taken together, NOX4-derived ROS could be a main contributor in downregulating BDNF/SIRT1 expression or in the activation of caspase-3. Whereas, APO treatment may minimize the deleterious effects occurring due to hyperglycemia and/or diabetic mimic hypoxic condition in early pathogenesis of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohd Imtiaz Nawaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed M Abu El-Asrar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Xia JP, Liu SQ, Wang S. Intravitreal conbercept improves outcome of proliferative diabetic retinopathy through inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress. Life Sci 2020; 265:118795. [PMID: 33227274 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Conbercept is a newly-developed anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drug. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of conbercept on inflammation and oxidative response in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Morphology changes in retinal microvasculature of PDR patients were determined by optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA). The mice were injected with streptozocin (STZ) for 20 weeks to induced PDR, then the changes in inflammatory factors, oxidative response and histological analysis were examined with Elisa assay, real time-PCR and commercial kits analysis. Conbercept treatment significantly alleviated the retinal pathological changes and significantly reduced intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1), IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α protein levels but not prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) levels, all of which were remarkably elevated in aqueous fluid of PDR patients compared with non-PDR subjects. Meanwhile the inhibitory effects of conbercept on these inflammatory factors were proved by RT-PCR assays in mice experiments. And the inflammatory signal such as p-IKBα and p-p65 was correspondingly inhibited by conbercept in STZ-treated mice. Conbercept treatment significantly elevated the aqueous glutathione level of PDR patients and inhibited NOX-1, NOX-4 and ph22phox mRNA expressions and ROS production of PDR mice. Ki67 immunofluorescence staining showed that conbercept inhibited endothelial cell proliferation in retina of PDR mice. In conclusion, conbercept significantly inhibited the angiogenesis, inflammation and oxidative response in PDR mice, and these findings further reveals the molecular mechanisms of conbercept in treating PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aier Eye Hospital (Shenyang), Shenyang 110005, China
| | - Sheng-Qiang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China.
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14
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Tang X, Wang JJ, Wang J, Abboud HE, Chen Y, Zhang SX. Endothelium-specific deletion of Nox4 delays retinal vascular development and mitigates pathological angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2020; 24:363-377. [PMID: 33201372 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-020-09757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) is a major isoform of NADPH oxidases playing an important role in many biological processes. Previously we have shown that Nox4 is highly expressed in retinal blood vessels and is upregulated in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). However, the exact role of endothelial Nox4 in retinal angiogenesis remains elusive. Herein, using endothelial cell (EC)-specific Nox4 knockout (Nox4EC-KO) mice, we investigated the impact of endothelial Nox4 deletion on retinal vascular development and pathological angiogenesis during OIR. Our results show that deletion of Nox4 in ECs led to retarded retinal vasculature development with fewer, blunted-end tip cells and sparser, dysmorphic filopodia at vascular front, and reduced density of vascular network in superficial, deep, and intermediate layers in postnatal day 7 (P7), P12, and P17 retinas, respectively. In OIR, loss of endothelial Nox4 had no effect on hyperoxia-induced retinal vaso-obliteration at P9 but significantly reduced aberrant retinal neovascularization at P17 and decreased the deep layer capillary density at P25. Ex vivo study confirmed that lack of Nox4 in ECs impaired vascular sprouting. Mechanistically, loss of Nox4 significantly reduced expression of VEGF, p-VEGFR2, integrin αV, angiopoietin-2, and p-ERK1/2, attenuating EC migration and proliferation. Taken together, our results indicate that endothelial Nox4 is important for retinal vascular development and contributes to pathological angiogenesis, likely through regulation of VEGF/VEGFR2 and angiopoietin-2/integrin αV/ERK pathways. In addition, our study suggests that endothelial Nox4 appears to be essential for intraretinal revascularization after hypoxia. These findings call for caution on targeting endothelial Nox4 in ischemic/hypoxic retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixiang Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China.,VIP Medical Service Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Joshua J Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinli Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanna E Abboud
- Department of Medicine, South Texas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yanming Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sarah X Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA. .,SUNY Eye Institute, State University of New York, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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15
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Dionysopoulou S, Wikström P, Walum E, Thermos K. Effect of NADPH oxidase inhibitors in an experimental retinal model of excitotoxicity. Exp Eye Res 2020; 200:108232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Sun J, Chen J, Li T, Huang P, Li J, Shen M, Gao M, Sun Y, Liang J, Li X, Wang Y, Xiao Y, Shi X, Hu Y, Feng J, Jia H, Liu T, Sun X. ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction driven by PU.1-regulated NOX4-p22 phox activation in Aβ-induced retinal pigment epithelial cell injury. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:11637-11655. [PMID: 33052238 PMCID: PMC7546003 DOI: 10.7150/thno.48064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Amyloid β (Aβ) deposition, an essential pathological process in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), causes retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration driven mostly by oxidative stress. However, despite intense investigations, the extent to which overoxidation contributes to Aβ-mediated RPE damage and its potential mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Methods: We performed tandem mass-tagged (TMT) mass spectrometry (MS) and bioinformatic analysis of the RPE-choroid complex in an Aβ1-40-induced mouse model of retinal degeneration to obtain a comprehensive proteomic profile. Key regulators in this model were confirmed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, mitochondrial ROS assay, oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurement, gene knockout experiment, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and luciferase assay. Results: A total of 4243 proteins were identified, 1069 of which were significantly affected by Aβ1-40 and found to be enriched in oxidation-related pathways by bioinformatic analysis. Moreover, NADPH oxidases were identified as hub proteins in Aβ1-40-mediated oxidative stress, as evidenced by mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species overproduction. By motif and binding site analyses, we found that the transcription factor PU.1/Spi1 acted as a master regulator of the activation of NADPH oxidases, especially the NOX4-p22phox complex. Also, PU.1 silencing impeded RPE oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction and rescued the retinal structure and function. Conclusion: Our study suggests that PU.1 is a novel therapeutic target for AMD, and the regulation of PU.1 expression represents a potentially novel approach against excessive oxidative stress in Aβ-driven RPE injury.
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17
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Bouzakri K, Veyrat-Durebex C, Holterman C, Arous C, Barbieux C, Bosco D, Altirriba J, Alibashe M, Tournier BB, Gunton JE, Mouche S, Bietiger W, Forterre A, Berney T, Pinget M, Christofori G, Kennedy C, Szanto I. Beta-Cell-Specific Expression of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase 5 Aggravates High-Fat Diet-Induced Impairment of Islet Insulin Secretion in Mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:618-635. [PMID: 31931619 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOX-es) produce reactive oxygen species and modulate β-cell insulin secretion. Islets of type 2 diabetic subjects present elevated expression of NOX5. Here, we sought to characterize regulation of NOX5 expression in human islets in vitro and to uncover the relevance of NOX5 in islet function in vivo using a novel mouse model expressing NOX5 in doxycycline-inducible, β-cell-specific manner (RIP/rtTA/NOX5 mice). Results:In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry employed on pancreatic sections demonstrated NOX5 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expressions in human islets. In cultures of dispersed islets, NOX5 protein was observed in somatostatin-positive (δ) cells in basal (2.8 mM glucose) conditions. Small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of NOX5 in human islets cultured in basal glucose concentrations resulted in diminished glucose-induced insulin secretion (GIIS) in vitro. However, when islets were preincubated in high (16.7 mM) glucose media for 12 h, NOX5 appeared also in insulin-positive (β) cells. In vivo, mice with β-cell NOX5 expression developed aggravated impairment of GIIS compared with control mice when challenged with 14 weeks of high-fat diet. Similarly, in vitro palmitate preincubation resulted in more severe reduction of insulin release in islets of RIP/rtTA/NOX5 mice compared with their control littermates. Decreased insulin secretion was most distinct in response to theophylline stimulation, suggesting impaired cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-mediated signaling due to increased phosphodiesterase activation. Innovation and Conclusions: Our data provide the first insight into the complex regulation and function of NOX5 in islets implying an important role for NOX5 in δ-cell-mediated intraislet crosstalk in physiological circumstances but also identifying it as an aggravating factor in β-cell failure in diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Bouzakri
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Chet Holterman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Caroline Arous
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Barbieux
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Altirriba
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Alibashe
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin B Tournier
- Vulnerability Biomarkers Unit, Division of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jenny E Gunton
- Centre for Diabetes, Obesity and Endocrinology, Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Diabetes and Transcription Factors Group, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah Mouche
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thierry Berney
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel Pinget
- Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Christopher Kennedy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ildiko Szanto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Deliyanti D, Alrashdi SF, Touyz RM, Kennedy CR, Jha JC, Cooper ME, Jandeleit-Dahm KA, Wilkinson-Berka JL. Nox (NADPH Oxidase) 1, Nox4, and Nox5 Promote Vascular Permeability and Neovascularization in Retinopathy. Hypertension 2020; 75:1091-1101. [PMID: 32114846 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a risk factor for the vascular permeability and neovascularization that threatens vision in diabetic retinopathy. Excess reactive oxygen species derived from the Nox (NADPH oxidase) isoforms, Nox1 and Nox4, contributes to vasculopathy in diabetic retinopathy; however, if Nox1/4 inhibition is beneficial in hypertensive diabetic retinopathy is unknown. Here, we determined that diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats had exacerbated retinal vascular permeability and expression of angiogenic and inflammatory factors, compared with normotensive diabetic Wistar Kyoto rats. GKT136901, a specific dual inhibitor of Nox1 and Nox4, prevented these events in diabetic Wistar Kyoto rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Retinal neovascularization does not develop in diabetic rodents, and therefore, the oxygen-induced retinopathy model is used to evaluate this pathology. We previously demonstrated that Nox1/4 inhibition reduced retinal neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy. However, although Nox5 is expressed in human retina, its contribution to retinopathy has not been studied in vivo, largely due to its absence from the rodent genome. We generated transgenic mice with inducible human Nox5 expressed in endothelial cells (vascular endothelial-cadherin+Nox5+ mice). In vascular endothelial-cadherin+Nox5+ mice with oxygen-induced retinopathy, retinal vascular permeability and neovascularization, as well as the expression of angiogenic and inflammatory factors, were increased compared with wild-type littermates. In bovine retinal endothelial cells, which express Nox1, Nox4, and Nox5, Nox1/4 inhibition, as well as Nox5 silencing RNA, reduced the high glucose-induced upregulation of oxidative stress, angiogenic, and inflammatory factors. Collectively, these data indicate the potential of Nox1, Nox4, and Nox5 inhibition to reduce vision-threatening damage to the retinal vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devy Deliyanti
- From the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D.D., J.L.W.-B.).,Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Victoria, Australia (D.D., J.C.J., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., J.L.W.-B.)
| | | | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.)
| | - Christopher R Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Canada (C.R.K.)
| | - Jay C Jha
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Victoria, Australia (D.D., J.C.J., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., J.L.W.-B.)
| | - Mark E Cooper
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Victoria, Australia (D.D., J.C.J., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., J.L.W.-B.)
| | - Karin A Jandeleit-Dahm
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Victoria, Australia (D.D., J.C.J., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., J.L.W.-B.).,German Diabetes Centre, Leibniz Centre for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany (K.A.J-D.)
| | - Jennifer L Wilkinson-Berka
- From the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D.D., J.L.W.-B.).,Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Victoria, Australia (D.D., J.C.J., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., J.L.W.-B.)
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19
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Role of Catalase in Oxidative Stress- and Age-Associated Degenerative Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9613090. [PMID: 31827713 PMCID: PMC6885225 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9613090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive species produced in the cell during normal cellular metabolism can chemically react with cellular biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, thereby causing their oxidative modifications leading to alterations in their compositions and potential damage to their cellular activities. Fortunately, cells have evolved several antioxidant defense mechanisms (as metabolites, vitamins, and enzymes) to neutralize or mitigate the harmful effect of reactive species and/or their byproducts. Any perturbation in the balance in the level of antioxidants and the reactive species results in a physiological condition called “oxidative stress.” A catalase is one of the crucial antioxidant enzymes that mitigates oxidative stress to a considerable extent by destroying cellular hydrogen peroxide to produce water and oxygen. Deficiency or malfunction of catalase is postulated to be related to the pathogenesis of many age-associated degenerative diseases like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, anemia, vitiligo, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, bipolar disorder, cancer, and schizophrenia. Therefore, efforts are being undertaken in many laboratories to explore its use as a potential drug for the treatment of such diseases. This paper describes the direct and indirect involvement of deficiency and/or modification of catalase in the pathogenesis of some important diseases such as diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, vitiligo, and acatalasemia. Details on the efforts exploring the potential treatment of these diseases using a catalase as a protein therapeutic agent have also been described.
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20
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Diabetic retinopathy: Focus on NADPH oxidase and its potential as therapeutic target. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 853:381-387. [PMID: 31009636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes that affects the retina due to a sustained high blood sugar level. Recent studies have demonstrated that high glucose-driven oxidative stress plays an important role in the microvascular complications of retina in diabetes. Oxidative stress occurs due to the excess of reactive oxygen species, which causes oxidative damage to retina, leading to the leak of tiny blood vessels, or acts as signaling molecules to trigger neovascularization, resulting in new fragile vessels. NADPH oxidase (NOX) is a key enzymatic source of reactive oxygen species in the retina, and it is involved in the early as well as the advanced stage of diabetic retinopathy. To date, at least 7 NOX isoforms, including NOX1 to NOX5, dual oxidase1 and dual oxidase 2, have been identified. It has been shown that NOX isoforms exert different roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Intervention of NOX by its inhibitors or modulators shows beneficial effect on improving the retinal functions in the models of diabetic retinopathy in vivo or in vitro. Thereby, NOX might be a potential target for the therapy of diabetic retinopathy. The present review focuses on the role of NOX, particularly the NOX isoforms, in promoting the development of diabetic retinopathy. In addition, NOX isoforms as potential targets for therapy of diabetic retinopathy are also discussed.
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21
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Perturbed Biochemical Pathways and Associated Oxidative Stress Lead to Vascular Dysfunctions in Diabetic Retinopathy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8458472. [PMID: 30962865 PMCID: PMC6431380 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8458472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a vascular insult that accompanies the hyperglycemic state. Retinal vasculature holds a pivotal role in maintaining the integrity of the retina, and any alteration to retinal vasculature affects retinal functions. The blood retinal barrier, a prerequisite to vision acuity, is most susceptible to damage during the progression of DR. This is a consequence of impaired biochemical pathways such as the polyol, advanced end glycation products (AGE), hexosamine, protein kinase C (PKC), and tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) pathways. Moreover, the role of histone modification and altered miRNA expression is also emerging as a major contributor. Epigenetic changes create a link between altered protein function and redox status of retinal cells, creating a state of metabolic memory. Although various biochemical pathways underlie the etiology of DR, the major insult to the retina is due to oxidative stress, a unifying factor of altered biochemical pathways. This review primarily focuses on the critical biochemical pathways altered in DR leading to vascular dysfunctions and discusses antioxidants as plausible treatment strategies.
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Activated glycine receptors may decrease endosomal NADPH oxidase activity by opposing ClC-3-mediated efflux of chloride from endosomes. Med Hypotheses 2019; 123:125-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Jiao W, Ji J, Li F, Guo J, Zheng Y, Li S, Xu W. Activation of the Notch‑Nox4‑reactive oxygen species signaling pathway induces cell death in high glucose‑treated human retinal endothelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:667-677. [PMID: 30431086 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) occurs in almost all patients with diabetes and remains as one of the major causes of vision loss worldwide. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of DR remain elusive. The present study aimed to investigate the role and association of Notch signaling and NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4)‑mediated oxidative stress in high glucose (HG)‑treated retinal cells. Human retinal endothelial cells were cultured for various durations in RPMI‑1640 medium containing 30 mM glucose (HG) or 30 mM mannitol (MN) as an osmotic control; apoptotic cell death and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were assessed, respectively. Alterations in the expression profiles of Nox and Notch proteins were evaluated using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Knockdown of Nox4 and recombination signal‑binding protein J (RBPj) was generated by transfection with specific small interfering (siRNA). Persistent activation of Notch signaling was induced via the overexpression of Notch intracellular domain (NICD). In the present study, time‑dependent increases in ROS production and cell death were detected in HG‑treated cells. Depletion of ROS by diphenyleneiodonium decreased HG‑induced cell death, and suppressed increases in caspase 3 activity and B‑cell lymphoma 2‑associated X protein levels. In HG‑treated cells, Nox4 expression was upregulated at the mRNA and protein levels, and inhibition of Nox4 by GKT137831 or knockdown of expression by siRNA Nox4 significantly reduced ROS levels and cell death. In the presence of HG, Notch1 expression levels were elevated, and increased NICD abundance was detected in whole cell lysates and nuclear fractions. Additionally, HG‑induced cell death was decreased by treatment with γ‑secretase inhibitor (GSI), but increased via the overexpression of NICD. The application of GSI or knockdown of RBPj by siRNA RBPj prevented increases in Nox4 expression within HG‑treated cells. The findings of the present study demonstrated that Nox4‑mediated ROS serves an important role in HG‑induced retinal cell damage, in which the activation of Notch signaling may be responsible for Nox4 upregulation. Therefore, inhibition of Notch signaling or Nox4 expression may be considered as potential therapeutic targets in patients with DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanzhen Jiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Fengjiao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jianlian Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan Eighth People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yuanjie Zheng
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Shangbin Li
- Department of Healthcare, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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24
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Meng W, Shah KP, Pollack S, Toppila I, Hebert HL, McCarthy MI, Groop L, Ahlqvist E, Lyssenko V, Agardh E, Daniell M, Kaidonis G, Craig JE, Mitchell P, Liew G, Kifley A, Wang JJ, Christiansen MW, Jensen RA, Penman A, Hancock HA, Chen CJ, Correa A, Kuo JZ, Li X, Chen YDI, Rotter JI, Klein R, Klein B, Wong TY, Morris AD, Doney AS, Colhoun HM, Price AL, Burdon KP, Groop PH, Sandholm N, Grassi MA, Sobrin L, Palmer CN. A genome-wide association study suggests new evidence for an association of the NADPH Oxidase 4 (NOX4) gene with severe diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Acta Ophthalmol 2018; 96:e811-e819. [PMID: 30178632 PMCID: PMC6263819 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Diabetic retinopathy is the most common eye complication in patients with diabetes. The purpose of this study is to identify genetic factors contributing to severe diabetic retinopathy. Methods A genome‐wide association approach was applied. In the Genetics of Diabetes Audit and Research in Tayside Scotland (GoDARTS) datasets, cases of severe diabetic retinopathy were defined as type 2 diabetic patients who were ever graded as having severe background retinopathy (Level R3) or proliferative retinopathy (Level R4) in at least one eye according to the Scottish Diabetic Retinopathy Grading Scheme or who were once treated by laser photocoagulation. Controls were diabetic individuals whose longitudinal retinopathy screening records were either normal (Level R0) or only with mild background retinopathy (Level R1) in both eyes. Significant Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were taken forward for meta‐analysis using multiple Caucasian cohorts. Results Five hundred and sixty cases of type 2 diabetes with severe diabetic retinopathy and 4,106 controls were identified in the GoDARTS cohort. We revealed that rs3913535 in the NADPH Oxidase 4 (NOX4) gene reached a p value of 4.05 × 10−9. Two nearby SNPs, rs10765219 and rs11018670 also showed promising p values (p values = 7.41 × 10−8 and 1.23 × 10−8, respectively). In the meta‐analysis using multiple Caucasian cohorts (excluding GoDARTS), rs10765219 and rs11018670 showed associations for diabetic retinopathy (p = 0.003 and 0.007, respectively), while the p value of rs3913535 was not significant (p = 0.429). Conclusion This genome‐wide association study of severe diabetic retinopathy suggests new evidence for the involvement of the NOX4 gene.
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25
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Weckbach LT, Preissner KT, Deindl E. The Role of Midkine in Arteriogenesis, Involving Mechanosensing, Endothelial Cell Proliferation, and Vasodilation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2559. [PMID: 30158425 PMCID: PMC6163309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces in blood circulation such as shear stress play a predominant role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes related to vascular responses or vessel remodeling. Arteriogenesis, defined as the growth of pre-existing arterioles into functional collateral arteries compensating for stenosed or occluded arteries, is such a process. Midkine, a pleiotropic protein and growth factor, has originally been identified to orchestrate embryonic development. In the adult organism its expression is restricted to distinct tissues (including tumors), whereby midkine is strongly expressed in inflamed tissue and has been shown to promote inflammation. Recent investigations conferred midkine an important function in vascular remodeling and growth. In this review, we introduce the midkine gene and protein along with its cognate receptors, and highlight its role in inflammation and the vascular system with special emphasis on arteriogenesis, particularly focusing on shear stress-mediated vascular cell proliferation and vasodilatation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig T Weckbach
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Klaus T Preissner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Deindl
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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26
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Wang S, Li J, Bai J, Li JM, Che YL, Lin QY, Zhang YL, Li HH. The immunoproteasome subunit LMP10 mediates angiotensin II-induced retinopathy in mice. Redox Biol 2018; 16:129-138. [PMID: 29499566 PMCID: PMC5952914 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been implicated in a variety of retinal diseases. The immunoproteasome plays a critical role in controlling inflammatory responses, but whether activation of immunoproteasome contributes to angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced retinopathy remains unclear. Hypertensive retinopathy (HR) was induced by infusion of Ang II (3000 ng/kg/min) in wild-type (WT) and immunoproteasome subunit LMP10 knockout (KO) mice for 3 weeks. Changes in retinal morphology, vascular permeability, superoxide production and inflammation were examined by pathological staining. Our results showed that immunoproteasome subunit LMP10 expression and its trypsin-like activity were significantly upregulated in the retinas and serum of Ang II-infused mice and in the serum from patients with hypertensive retinopathy. Moreover, Ang II-infused WT mice showed an increase in the central retinal thickness, vascular permeability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inflammation compared with saline controls, and these effects were significantly attenuated in LMP10 KO mice, but were aggravated in mice intravitreally injected with rAAV2-LMP10. Interestingly, administration of IKKβ specific inhibitor IMD-0354 remarkably blocked an Ang II-induced increase in vascular permeability, oxidative stress and inflammation during retinopathy. Mechanistically, Ang II-induced upregulation of LMP10 promoted PTEN degradation and activation of AKT/IKK signaling, which induced IkBα phosphorylation and subsequent degradation ultimately leading to activation of NF-kB target genes in retinopathy. Therefore, this study provided novel evidence demonstrating that LMP10 is a positive regulator of NF-kB signaling, which contributes to Ang II-induced retinopathy. Strategies for inhibiting LMP10 or IKKβ activity in the eye could serve as a novel therapeutic target for treating hypertensive retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China; School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116004, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 11600, China
| | - Jie Bai
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116004, China
| | - Jing-Min Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yi-Lin Che
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 11600, China
| | - Yun-Long Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 11600, China
| | - Hui-Hua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 11600, China; School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116004, China.
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27
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Appukuttan B, Ma Y, Stempel A, Ashander LM, Deliyanti D, Wilkinson-Berka JL, Smith JR. Effect of NADPH oxidase 1 and 4 blockade in activated human retinal endothelial cells. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 46:652-660. [PMID: 29360265 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and resulting oxidative stress contribute to retinal damage in vascular diseases that include diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity and major retinal vessel occlusions. NADPH oxidase (Nox) proteins are professional ROS-generating enzymes, and therapeutic targeting in these diseases has strong appeal. Pharmacological inhibition of Nox4 reduces the severity of experimental retinal vasculopathy. We investigated the potential application of this drug approach in humans. METHODS Differential Nox enzyme expression was studied by real-time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in primary human retinal endothelial cell isolates and a characterized human retinal endothelial cell line. Oxidative stress was triggered chemically in endothelial cells, by treatment with dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG; 100 μM); Nox4 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) transcript were measured; and production of ROS was detected by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein. DMOG-stimulated endothelial cells were treated with two Nox1/Nox4 inhibitors, GKT136901 and GKT137831; cell growth was monitored by DNA quantification, in addition to VEGFA transcript and ROS production. RESULTS Nox4 (isoform Nox4A) was the predominant Nox enzyme expressed by human retinal endothelial cells. Treatment with DMOG significantly increased endothelial cell expression of Nox4 over 72 h, accompanied by ROS production and increased VEGFA expression. Treatment with GKT136901 or GKT137831 significantly reduced DMOG-induced ROS production and VEGFA expression by endothelial cells, and the inhibitory effect of DMOG on cell growth. CONCLUSIONS Our findings in experiments on activated human retinal endothelial cells provide translational corroboration of studies in experimental models of retinal vasculopathy and support the therapeutic application of Nox4 inhibition by GKT136901 and GKT137831 in patients with retinal vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Appukuttan
- Eye and Vision Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yuefang Ma
- Eye and Vision Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Stempel
- Eye and Vision Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Liam M Ashander
- Eye and Vision Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Devy Deliyanti
- Diabetic Retinopathy, Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Justine R Smith
- Eye and Vision Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Duan J, Du C, Shi Y, Liu D, Ma J. Thioredoxin-interacting protein deficiency ameliorates diabetic retinal angiogenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 94:61-70. [PMID: 29203232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness among working-aged adults around the world. Hyperglycemia and intraocular vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) over-accumulation are essential for the progression of diabetic retinopathy, which eventually results in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, characterized by pathologic angiogenesis and impaired vision. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) was highly induced in retinal endothelial cells under diabetic conditions. However, the role of TXNIP in diabetes-associated retinal angiogenesis remains elusive. Here, we investigated whether the absence of TXNIP alters diabetes-associated retinal angiogenesis. Exposure of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) to moderately high glucose (MHG) promoted cell migration and tube formation, but not proliferation. Knockdown of TXNIP suppressed moderately high glucose (MHG)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, migration, tube formation and activation of Akt/mTOR pathway in HRMECs. Moreover, gene silencing of TXNIP inhibited VEGF-induced angiogenic response by blocking VEGFR2 and downstream signal pathway Akt/mTOR activation in HRMECs. Furthermore, TXNIP knockout inhibited VEGF or VEGF and MHG-induced retinal angiogenesis ex vivo compared with wild-type mice. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that TXNIP deficiency inhibited VEGF or/and MHG-induced angiogenic response in HRMECs and mice retinas and suggested TXNIP may be a potential therapy target for treating proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunyang Du
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yonghong Shi
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Danyan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingxue Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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29
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Lautz T, Lasch M, Borgolte J, Troidl K, Pagel JI, Caballero-Martinez A, Kleinert EC, Walzog B, Deindl E. Midkine Controls Arteriogenesis by Regulating the Bioavailability of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A and the Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthase 1 and 3. EBioMedicine 2017; 27:237-246. [PMID: 29233575 PMCID: PMC5828057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Midkine is a pleiotropic factor, which is involved in angiogenesis. However, its mode of action in this process is still ill defined. The function of midkine in arteriogenesis, the growth of natural bypasses from pre-existing collateral arteries, compensating for the loss of an occluded artery has never been investigated. Arteriogenesis is an inflammatory process, which relies on the proliferation of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. We show that midkine deficiency strikingly interferes with the proliferation of endothelial cells in arteriogenesis, thereby interfering with the process of collateral artery growth. We identified midkine to be responsible for increased plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), necessary and sufficient to promote endothelial cell proliferation in growing collaterals. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that leukocyte domiciled midkine mediates increased plasma levels of VEGFA relevant for upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase 1 and 3, necessary for proper endothelial cell proliferation, and that non-leukocyte domiciled midkine additionally improves vasodilation. The data provided on the role of midkine in endothelial proliferation are likely to be relevant for both, the process of arteriogenesis and angiogenesis. Moreover, our data might help to estimate the therapeutic effect of clinically applied VEGFA in patients with vascular occlusive diseases. Leukocyte domiciled midkine is decisive for collateral endothelial cell proliferation in arteriogenesis. Midkine controls the bioavailability of VEGFA mediating endothelial Nos1 and Nos3 expression. Nos1 and Nos3, relevant for endothelial cell proliferation, can substitute for each other.
Arteriogenesis is a life and tissue saving process as it compensates for the loss of an occluded artery. Decoding the underlying molecular mechanisms is a prerequisite for the development of novel therapeutic options to treat patients with vascular occlusive diseases. Lautz et al. identified midkine to be responsible for the increased bioavailability of VEGFA during arteriogenesis, necessary and sufficient to promote endothelial cell proliferation. These data might help to estimate the therapeutic effect of clinically applied VEGFA. As the identified mechanisms might also apply for angiogenesis, they are likely to be of broader relevance, e.g. in terms of tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lautz
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Lasch
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Borgolte
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Troidl
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Goethe-University-Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Division of Arteriogenesis Research, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Judith-Irina Pagel
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Hospital of the University of Munich, Department of Anesthesiology, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Amelia Caballero-Martinez
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Eike Christian Kleinert
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Walzog
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Deindl
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Selvi R, Bhuvanasundar R, Angayarkanni N. Amino Acid Mixture Acts as a Potent VEGF Lowering Agent in CHO-K1 Cells Exposed to High Glucose. Arch Med Res 2017; 48:238-246. [PMID: 28923325 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though the role of amino acids in Diabetes Mellitus is controversial, the beneficial effect of amino acids in Diabetes Mellitus has been reported based on its anti-glycating property and insulin potentiating effects. In the current study, we evaluated the ROS generation and VEGF expression in CHO-K1 cells induced by high glucose concentration. The effect of amino acids treatment was studied under this condition to evaluate the VEGF lowering effect. METHOD CHO-K1 cells were treated various concentration of glucose (7 mmol, 17 mmol and 27 mmol) with and without free amino acids (5 mmol) or the amino acids mixture (AAM). Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was estimated by fluorescein dye (DCFDA), nitric oxide (NO) by Griess reaction, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by fluorimetry using Amplex red dye, super oxide dismutase (SOD) by spectrophotometry and VEGF by immunoblotting. RESULTS High glucose condition significantly induced the expression of VEGF and this was reduced significantly by AAM treatment (p = 0.004). AAM also significantly decreased the cellular levels of ROS, NO, H2O2 as well as the SOD activity in CHO-K1 cells exposed to high glucose condition (p <0.05). CONCLUSION The present study identified AAM as a potential VEGF lowering agent that intervenes at the level of oxidative stress in high glucose conditions as evaluated in CHO-K1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishnan Selvi
- R.S.Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Renganathan Bhuvanasundar
- R.S.Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Narayanasamy Angayarkanni
- R.S.Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Haque R, Iuvone PM, He L, Hur EH, Chung Choi KS, Park D, Farrell AN, Ngo A, Gokhale S, Aseem M, Kumar B. Prorenin receptor (PRR)-mediated NADPH oxidase (Nox) signaling regulates VEGF synthesis under hyperglycemic condition in ARPE-19 cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2017; 37:560-568. [PMID: 28840773 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2017.1369120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The stimulation of angiotensin II (Ang II), the effector peptide of renin-angiotensin system, has been reported to increase the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) through the activation of the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R). In this study, we investigated whether hyperglycemia (HG, 33 mM glucose) in ARPE-19 cells could promote the expression of VEGF independently of Ang II through prorenin receptor (PRR), via an NADPH oxidase (Nox)-dependent mechanism. ARPE-19 cells were treated with the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor perindopril to block the synthesis of Ang II. Treatment with HG induced VEGF expression in ARPE-19 cells, which was attenuated by pretreatment with the inhibitors of Nox, but not those of nitric oxide synthase, xanthine oxidase and mitochondrial O2 synthesis. In addition, Nox-derived [Formula: see text] and H2O2 signaling in the regulation of VEGF was determined by using both polyethylene glycol (PEG)-catalase (CAT) and PEG-superoxide dismutase (SOD). We demonstrated that small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of PRR, Nox2 and Nox4 significantly reduced the HG-induced stimulation of VEGF. On the other hand, Nox4 overexpression significantly potentiated PRR-induced stimulation of VEGF under hyperglycemia in ARPE-19 cells. Furthermore, Nox4 was shown to be associated with enhanced activities of ERK1/2 and NF-κB (p65), indicating their involvement in PRR-induced activation of VEGF under HG in ARPE-19 cells. Our results support the hypothesis that Nox4-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling is implicated in the hyperglycemia-induced increase of VEGF expression through PRR in ARPE-19 cells. However, further work is needed to evaluate the role of PRR and Nox-s in HG-induced stimulation of VEGF in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashidul Haque
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - P Michael Iuvone
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Li He
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Elizabeth H Hur
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Kimberly Su Chung Choi
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Daniel Park
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Annie N Farrell
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Ashley Ngo
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Samantha Gokhale
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Madiha Aseem
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Bhavna Kumar
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Handy DE, Loscalzo J. Responses to reductive stress in the cardiovascular system. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 109:114-124. [PMID: 27940350 PMCID: PMC5462861 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation that reductive stress represents a disturbance in the redox state that is harmful to biological systems. On a cellular level, the presence of increased reducing equivalents and the lack of beneficial fluxes of reactive oxygen species can prevent growth factor-mediated signaling, promote mitochondrial dysfunction, increase apoptosis, and decrease cell survival. In this review, we highlight the importance of redox balance in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis and consider the tenuous balance between oxidative and reductive stress. We explain the role of reductive stress in models of protein aggregation-induced cardiomyopathies, such as those caused by mutations in αB-crystallin. In addition, we discuss the role of NADPH oxidases in models of heart failure and ischemia-reperfusion to illustrate how oxidants may mediate the adaptive responses to injury. NADPH oxidase 4, a hydrogen peroxide generator, also has a major role in promoting vascular homeostasis through its regulation of vascular tone, angiogenic responses, and effects on atherogenesis. In contrast, the lack of antioxidant enzymes that reduce hydrogen peroxide, such as glutathione peroxidase 1, promotes vascular remodeling and is deleterious to endothelial function. Thus, we consider the role of oxidants as necessary signals to promote adaptive responses, such as the activation of Nrf2 and eNOS, and the stabilization of Hif1. In addition, we discuss the adaptive metabolic reprogramming in hypoxia that lead to a reductive state, and the subsequent cellular redistribution of reducing equivalents from NADH to other metabolites. Finally, we discuss the paradoxical ability of excess reducing equivalents to stimulate oxidative stress and promote injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Handy
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA.
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Teixeira G, Szyndralewiez C, Molango S, Carnesecchi S, Heitz F, Wiesel P, Wood JM. Therapeutic potential of NADPH oxidase 1/4 inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1647-1669. [PMID: 27273790 PMCID: PMC5446584 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes produces ROS as their sole function and is becoming recognized as key modulators of signal transduction pathways with a physiological role under acute stress and a pathological role after excessive activation under chronic stress. The seven isoforms differ in their regulation, tissue and subcellular localization and ROS products. The most studied are NOX1, 2 and 4. Genetic deletion of NOX1 and 4, in contrast to NOX2, has revealed no significant spontaneous pathologies and a pathogenic relevance of both NOX1 and 4 across multiple organs in a wide range of diseases and in particular inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. This has stimulated interest in NOX inhibitors for therapeutic application. GKT136901 and GKT137831 are two structurally related compounds demonstrating a preferential inhibition of NOX1 and 4 that have suitable properties for in vivo studies and have consequently been evaluated across a range of disease models and compared with gene deletion. In contrast to gene deletion, these inhibitors do not completely suppress ROS production, maintaining some basal level of ROS. Despite this and consistent with most gene deletion studies, these inhibitors are well tolerated and slow or prevent disease progression in a range of models of chronic inflammatory and fibrotic diseases by modulating common signal transduction pathways. Clinical trials in patients with GKT137831 have demonstrated excellent tolerability and reduction of various markers of chronic inflammation. NOX1/4 inhibition may provide a safe and effective therapeutic strategy for a range of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Teixeira
- Evotec International GmbHGoettingenGermany
| | | | - S Molango
- Genkyotex SAPlan les OuatesSwitzerland
| | | | - F Heitz
- Genkyotex SAPlan les OuatesSwitzerland
| | - P Wiesel
- Genkyotex SAPlan les OuatesSwitzerland
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Shi Y, Vanhoutte PM. Macro- and microvascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. J Diabetes 2017; 9:434-449. [PMID: 28044409 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells, as well as their major products nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin, play a key role in the regulation of vascular homeostasis. Diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction is a critical and initiating factor in the genesis of diabetic vascular complications. The present review focuses on both large blood vessels and the microvasculature. The endothelial dysfunction in diabetic macrovascular complications is characterized by reduced NO bioavailability, poorly compensated for by increased production of prostacyclin and/or endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations, and increased production or action of endothelium-derived vasoconstrictors. The endothelial dysfunction of microvascular complications is primarily characterized by decreased release of NO, enhanced oxidative stress, increased production of inflammatory factors, abnormal angiogenesis, and impaired endothelial repair. In addition, non-coding RNAs (microRNAs) have emerged as participating in numerous cellular processes. Thus, this reviews pays special attention to microRNAs and their modulatory role in diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction. Some therapeutic strategies for preventing and restoring diabetic endothelial dysfunction are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shi
- Biomedical Research Centre, Shanghai Key Laboratory of organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
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Wang JH, Ling D, Tu L, van Wijngaarden P, Dusting GJ, Liu GS. Gene therapy for diabetic retinopathy: Are we ready to make the leap from bench to bedside? Pharmacol Ther 2017; 173:1-18. [PMID: 28132907 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a chronic and progressive complication of diabetes mellitus, is a sight-threatening disease characterized in the early stages by neuronal and vascular dysfunction in the retina, and later by neovascularization that further damages vision. A major contributor to the pathology is excess production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a growth factor that induces formation of new blood vessels and increases permeability of existing vessels. Despite the recent availability of effective treatments for the disease, including laser photocoagulation and therapeutic VEGF antibodies, DR remains a significant cause of vision loss worldwide. Existing anti-VEGF agents, though generally effective, are limited by their short therapeutic half-lives, necessitating frequent intravitreal injections and the risk of attendant adverse events. Management of DR with gene therapies has been proposed for several years, and pre-clinical studies have yielded enticing findings. Gene therapy holds several advantages over conventional treatments for DR, such as a longer duration of therapeutic effect, simpler administration, the ability to intervene at an earlier stage of the disease, and potentially fewer side-effects. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the pathophysiology of DR and provide an overview of research into DR gene therapies. We also examine current barriers to the clinical application of gene therapy for DR and evaluate future prospects for this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hui Wang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damien Ling
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leilei Tu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peter van Wijngaarden
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory J Dusting
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guei-Sheung Liu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia.
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Apelin/APJ system: A novel promising therapy target for pathological angiogenesis. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 466:78-84. [PMID: 28025030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is the endogenous ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor APJ. Both Apelin and APJ receptor are widely distributed in various tissues such as heart, brain, limbs, retina and liver. Recent research indicates that the Apelin/APJ system plays an important role in pathological angiogenesis which is a progress of new blood branches developing from preexisting vessels via sprouting. In this paper, we review the important role of the Apelin/APJ system in pathological angiogenesis. The Apelin/APJ system promotes angiogenesis in myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, critical limb ischemia, tumor, retinal angiogenesis diseases, cirrhosis, obesity, diabetes and other related diseases. Furthermore, we illustrate the detailed mechanism of pathological angiogenesis induced by the Apelin/APJ system. In conclusion, the Apelin/APJ system would be a promising therapeutic target for angiogenesis-related diseases.
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Hakami NY, Dusting GJ, Peshavariya HM. Trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase inhibitor suppresses NADPH Oxidase 4-Derived Redox Signalling and Angiogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1932-44. [PMID: 27297729 PMCID: PMC5020625 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are known to suppress abnormal development of blood vessels. Angiogenic activity in endothelial cells depends upon NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4)-dependent redox signalling. We set out to study whether the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) affects Nox4 expression and angiogenesis. Nox4 expression was measured by real time PCR and Western blot analysis in endothelial cells. Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) was measured by amplex(®) red assay in endothelial cells. Nox4 was knocked down by Nox4 shRNA. In vitro angiogenic activities such migration and tubulogenesis were assessed using wound healing and Matrigel assays, respectively. In vivo angiogenic activity was assessed using subcutaneous sponge assay in C57Bl/6 and Nox4-deficient mice. Trichostatin A reduced Nox4 expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Both TSA and Nox4 silencing decreased Nox4 protein and H2 O2 . Mechanistically, TSA reduced expression of Nox4 via ubiquitination of p300- histone acetyltransferase (p300-HAT). Thus, blocking of the ubiquitination pathway using an inhibitor of ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 (PYR-41) prevented TSA inhibition of Nox4 expression. Trichostatin A also reduced migration and tube formation, and these effects were not observed in Nox4-deficient endothelial cells. Finally, transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFβ1) enhanced angiogenesis in sponge model in C57BL/6 mice. This response to TGFβ1 was substantially reduced in Nox4-deficient mice. Similarly intraperitoneal infusion of TSA (1 mg/kg) also suppressed TGFβ1-induced angiogenesis in C57BL/6 mice. Trichostatin A reduces Nox4 expression and angiogenesis via inhibition of the p300-HAT-dependent pathway. This mechanism might be exploited to prevent aberrant angiogenesis in diabetic retinopathy, complicated vascular tumours and malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Y Hakami
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gregory J Dusting
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hitesh M Peshavariya
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Relationship between Oxidative Stress, Circadian Rhythms, and AMD. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:7420637. [PMID: 26885250 PMCID: PMC4738726 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7420637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This work reviews concepts regarding oxidative stress and the mechanisms by which endogenous and exogenous factors produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). It also surveys the relationships between oxidative stress, circadian rhythms, and retinal damage in humans, particularly those related to light and photodamage. In the first section, the production of ROS by different cell organelles and biomolecules and the antioxidant mechanisms that antagonize this damage are reviewed. The second section includes a brief review of circadian clocks and their relationship with the cellular redox state. In the third part of this work, the relationship between retinal damage and ROS is described. The last part of this work focuses on retinal degenerative pathology, age-related macular degeneration, and the relationships between this pathology, ROS, and light. Finally, the possible interactions between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), circadian rhythms, and this pathology are discussed.
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