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Yang Y, Ma B, Chen J, Liu D, Ma J, Li B, Hao J, Zhou X. Epigenetic regulation and factors that influence the effect of iPSCs-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) in the treatment of spinal cord injury. Clin Epigenetics 2024; 16:30. [PMID: 38383473 PMCID: PMC10880347 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological disorder that causes neurological impairment and disability. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a promising cell therapy strategy for spinal cord regeneration and repair. However, iPSC-derived NS/PCs face many challenges and issues in SCI therapy; one of the most significant challenges is epigenetic regulation and that factors that influence this mechanism. Epigenetics refers to the regulation of gene expression and function by DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin structure without changing the DNA sequence. Previous research has shown that epigenetics plays a crucial role in the generation, differentiation, and transplantation of iPSCs, and can influence the quality, safety, and outcome of transplanted cells. In this study, we review the effects of epigenetic regulation and various influencing factors on the role of iPSC-derived NS/PCs in SCI therapy at multiple levels, including epigenetic reprogramming, regulation, and the adaptation of iPSCs during generation, differentiation, and transplantation, as well as the impact of other therapeutic tools (e.g., drugs, electrical stimulation, and scaffolds) on the epigenetic status of transplanted cells. We summarize our main findings and insights in this field and identify future challenges and directions that need to be addressed and explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubiao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyuan Ma
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyu Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Derong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Hao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianhu Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Whatley EG, Truong TT, Harvey AJ, Gardner DK. Acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate reduce mouse embryo viability via differential metabolic and epigenetic mechanisms. Reprod Biomed Online 2023; 46:20-33. [PMID: 36283935 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Does the ketone acetoacetate (AcAc) alone, or combined with β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB), impact mouse embryo development, metabolism, histone acetylation and viability? DESIGN Pronucleate mouse oocytes were cultured in vitro in G1/G2 media supplemented with ketones (AcAc or AcAc + βOHB) at concentrations representing those in maternal serum during pregnancy (0.04 mmol/l AcAc, 0.1 mmol/l βOHB), standard diet consumption (0.1 mmol/l AcAc, 0.25 mmol/l βOHB), ketogenic diet consumption (0.8 mmol/l AcAc, 2 mmol/l βOHB) and diabetic ketoacidosis (2 mmol/l AcAc, 4 mmol/l βOHB). Day 5 blastocysts were assessed for cell allocation, glucose metabolism and histone acetylation. Day 4 blastocysts exposed to 0.8 mmol/l AcAc + 2 mmol/l βOHB were transferred to standard-fed recipient females, and E14.5 fetal and placental development assessed. RESULTS Exposure to 2 mmol/l AcAc or 0.8 mmol/l AcAc + 2 mmol/l βOHB did not impair blastocyst development, but significantly increased glucose consumption (P = 0.001 each), lowered glycolytic flux (P = 0.01, P < 0.001) and elevated trophectoderm (TE) histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac; P < 0.001 each) compared with unexposed controls. Preimplantation AcAc + βOHB exposure reduced post-implantation fetal development by 25% (P = 0.037), and delayed female-specific fetal limb development (P = 0.019) and estimated fetal age (P = 0.019) compared with controls. CONCLUSION Preimplantation exposure to ketones affects underlying metabolism and histone acetylation in blastocysts that are associated with persistent, female-specific perturbations in fetal development. A periconceptional diet that elevates ketone concentrations may impair human embryonic viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma G Whatley
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria, Australia
| | - Thi T Truong
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Harvey
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria, Australia
| | - David K Gardner
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria, Australia.
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Pladevall-Morera D, Zylicz JJ. Chromatin as a sensor of metabolic changes during early development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1014498. [PMID: 36299478 PMCID: PMC9588933 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1014498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism is a complex network of biochemical reactions fueling development with energy and biomass; however, it can also shape the cellular epigenome. Indeed, some intermediates of metabolic reactions exert a non-canonical function by acting as co-factors, substrates or inhibitors of chromatin modifying enzymes. Therefore, fluctuating availability of such molecules has the potential to regulate the epigenetic landscape. Thanks to this functional coupling, chromatin can act as a sensor of metabolic changes and thus impact cell fate. Growing evidence suggest that both metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming are crucial for ensuring a successful embryo development from the zygote until gastrulation. In this review, we provide an overview of the complex relationship between metabolism and epigenetics in regulating the early stages of mammalian embryo development. We report on recent breakthroughs in uncovering the non-canonical functions of metabolism especially when re-localized to the nucleus. In addition, we identify the challenges and outline future perspectives to advance the novel field of epi-metabolomics especially in the context of early development.
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Whatley EG, Truong TT, Wilhelm D, Harvey AJ, Gardner DK. β-hydroxybutyrate reduces blastocyst viability via trophectoderm-mediated metabolic aberrations in mice. Hum Reprod 2022; 37:1994-2011. [PMID: 35856159 PMCID: PMC9433850 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the effect of the ketone β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) on preimplantation mouse embryo development, metabolism, epigenetics and post-transfer viability? SUMMARY ANSWER In vitro βOHB exposure at ketogenic diet (KD)-relevant serum concentrations significantly impaired preimplantation mouse embryo development, induced aberrant glycolytic metabolism and reduced post-transfer fetal viability in a sex-specific manner. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY A maternal KD in humans elevates gamete and offspring βOHB exposure during conception and gestation, and in rodents is associated with an increased time to pregnancy, and altered offspring organogenesis, post-natal growth and behaviour, suggesting a developmental programming effect. In vitro exposure to βOHB at supraphysiological concentrations (8–80 mM) perturbs preimplantation mouse embryo development. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A mouse model of embryo development and viability was utilized for this laboratory-based study. Embryo culture media were supplemented with βOHB at KD-relevant concentrations, and the developmental competence, physiology, epigenetic state and post-transfer viability of in vitro cultured βOHB-exposed embryos was assessed. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Mouse embryos were cultured in vitro with or without βOHB at concentrations representing serum levels during pregnancy (0.1 mM), standard diet consumption (0.25 mM), KD consumption (2 mM) and diabetic ketoacidosis (4 mM). The impact of βOHB exposure on embryo development (blastocyst formation rate, morphokinetics and blastocyst total, inner cell mass and trophectoderm (TE) cell number), physiology (redox state, βOHB metabolism, glycolytic metabolism), epigenetic state (histone 3 lysine 27 β-hydroxybutyrylation, H3K27bhb) and post-transfer viability (implantation rate, fetal and placental development) was assessed. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE All βOHB concentrations tested slowed embryo development (P < 0.05), and βOHB at KD-relevant serum levels (2 mM) delayed morphokinetic development, beginning at syngamy (P < 0.05). Compared with unexposed controls, βOHB exposure reduced blastocyst total and TE cell number (≥0.25 mM; P < 0.05), reduced blastocyst glucose consumption (2 mM; P < 0.01) and increased lactate production (0.25 mM; P < 0.05) and glycolytic flux (0.25 and 2 mM; P < 0.01). Consumption of βOHB by embryos, mediated via monocarboxylate transporters, was detected throughout preimplantation development. Supraphysiological (20 mM; P < 0.001), but not physiological (0.25–4 mM) βOHB elevated H3K27bhb levels. Preimplantation βOHB exposure at serum KD levels (2 mM) reduced post-transfer viability. Implantation and fetal development rates of βOHB-treated embryos were 50% lower than controls (P < 0.05), and resultant fetuses had a shorter crown-rump length (P < 0.01) and placental diameter (P < 0.05). A strong sex-specific effect of βOHB was detected, whereby female fetuses from βOHB-treated embryos weighed less (P < 0.05), had a shorter crown-rump length (P < 0.05), and tended to have accelerated ear development (P < 0.08) compared with female control fetuses. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study only assessed embryo development, physiology and viability in a mouse model utilizing in vitro βOHB exposure; the impact of in vivo exposure was not assessed. The concentrations of βOHB utilized were modelled on blood/serum levels as the true oviduct and uterine concentrations are currently unknown. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These findings indicate that the development, physiology and viability of mouse embryos is detrimentally impacted by preimplantation exposure to βOHB within a physiological range. Maternal diets which increase βOHB levels, such as a KD, may affect preimplantation embryo development and may therefore impair subsequent viability and long-term health. Consequently, our initial observations warrant follow-up studies in larger human populations. Furthermore, analysis of βOHB concentrations within human and rodent oviduct and uterine fluid under different nutritional states is also required. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was funded by the University of Melbourne and the Norma Hilda Schuster (nee Swift) Scholarship. The authors have no conflicts of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma G Whatley
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thi T Truong
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dagmar Wilhelm
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Harvey
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K Gardner
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne IVF, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Wu H, Liu F, Shangguan Y, Yang Y, Shi W, Hu W, Zeng Z, Hu N, Zhang X, Hocher B, Tang D, Yin L, Dai Y. Integrating spatial transcriptomics with single-cell transcriptomics reveals a spatiotemporal gene landscape of the human developing kidney. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:80. [PMID: 35659756 PMCID: PMC9164720 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on spatiotemporal gene landscape can provide insights into the spatial characteristics of human kidney development and facilitate kidney organoid cultivation. Here, we profiled the spatiotemporal gene programs of the human embryonic kidneys at 9 and 18 post-conception weeks (PCW) by integrating the application of microarray-based spatial transcriptomics and single-cell transcriptomics. RESULTS We mapped transcriptomic signatures of scRNA-seq cell types upon the 9 and 18 PCW kidney sections based on cell-type deconvolution and multimodal intersection analyses, depicting a spatial landscape of developing cell subpopulations. We established the gene characteristics in the medullary regions and revealed a strong mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis activity in the deeper medullary region. We also built a regulatory network centered on GDNF-ETV4 for nephrogenic niche development based on the weighted gene co-expression network analysis and highlighted the key roles of Wnt, FGF, and JAG1-Notch2 signaling in maintaining renal branching morphogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings obtained by this spatiotemporal gene program are expected to improve the current understanding of kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Wu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.,Institute of Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Fanna Liu
- Institute of Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yu Shangguan
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Yane Yang
- Shenzhen Far East Women & Children Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenlong Hu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhipeng Zeng
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinzhou Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Berthold Hocher
- Department of Medicine Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Mannheim Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Donge Tang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lianghong Yin
- Institute of Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Yong Dai
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China. .,Institute of Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. .,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Research, Central Laboratory of Guilin NO. 924 Hospital, Guilin, 541002, China.
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6
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Milazzotto MP, Noonan MJ, de Almeida Monteiro Melo Ferraz M. Mining RNAseq data reveals dynamic metaboloepigenetic profiles in human, mouse and bovine pre-implantation embryos. iScience 2022; 25:103904. [PMID: 35252810 PMCID: PMC8889150 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Metaboloepigenetic regulation has been reported in stem cells, germ cells, and tumor cells. Embryonic metaboloepigenetics, however, have just begun to be described. Here we analyzed RNAseq data to characterize the metaboloepigenetic profiles of human, mouse, and bovine pre-implantation embryos. In embryos, metaboloepigenetic reprogramming was species-specific, varied with the developmental stage and was disrupted with in vitro culture. Metabolic pathways and gene expressions were strongly correlated with early embryo DNA methylation and were changed with in vitro culture. Although the idea that the in vitro environment may influence development is not new, there has been little progress on improving pregnancy rates after decades using in vitro fertilization. Hence, the present data will contribute to understanding how the in vitro manipulation affects the metaboloepigenetic status of early embryos, which can be used to establish culture strategies aimed at improving the in vitro environment and, consequently, pregnancy rates and offspring health. Embryonic metaboloepigenetic reprogramming is stage- and species-specific In vitro culture disrupts the in vivo embryonic metaboloepigenetic reprogramming Metabolic genes and pathways are highly correlated with embryo methylome
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Pecora Milazzotto
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, São Paulo, 09210-580 Santo André, Brazil
| | - Michael James Noonan
- The Irving K. Barber School of Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Marcia de Almeida Monteiro Melo Ferraz
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Clinic of Ruminants, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Corresponding author
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7
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Lee YSL, Gardner DK. Early cleaving embryos result in blastocysts with increased aspartate and glucose consumption, which exhibit different metabolic gene expression that persists in placental and fetal tissues. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:3099-3111. [PMID: 34705191 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Using time-lapse microscopy, previous research has shown that IVF mouse embryos that cleave earlier at the first division ('fast') develop into blastocysts with increased glucose consumption and lower likelihood of post-implantation loss as compared to slower cleaving embryos ('slow'). Further, metabolomics analysis employing LC-MS conducted on groups of 'fast' blastocysts revealed that more aspartate was consumed. With the worldwide adoption of single blastocyst transfer as the standard of care, the need for quantifiable biomarkers of viability, such as metabolism of specific nutrients, would greatly assist in embryo selection for transfer. METHODS Here we describe the development of a targeted enzymatic assay to quantitate aspartate uptake of single blastocysts. RESULTS Results demonstrate that the rates of aspartate and glucose consumption were significantly higher in individual 'fast' blastocysts. Blastocysts, together with placental and fetal liver tissue collected following transfer, were analysed for the expression of genes involved in aspartate and carbohydrate metabolism. In 'fast' blastocysts, expressions of B3gnt5, Slc2a1, Slc2a3, Got1 and Pkm2 were found to be significantly higher. In placental tissue derived from 'fast' blastocysts, expression of Slc2a1, Got1 and Pkm2 were significantly higher, while levels of Got1 and Pkm2 were lower in fetal liver tissue compared to tissue from 'slow' blastocysts. CONCLUSIONS Importantly, this study shows that genes regulating aspartate and glucose metabolism were increased in blastocysts that have higher viability, with differences maintained in resultant placentae and fetuses. Consequently, the analysis of aspartate uptake in combination with glucose represents biomarkers of development and may improve embryo selection efficacy and pregnancy rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S L Lee
- Melbourne IVF, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - D K Gardner
- Melbourne IVF, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Liu S, Qin D, Yan Y, Wu J, Meng L, Huang W, Wang L, Chen X, Zhang L. Metabolic nuclear receptors coordinate energy metabolism to regulate Sox9 + hepatocyte fate. iScience 2021; 24:103003. [PMID: 34505013 PMCID: PMC8417399 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has indicated the adult liver Sox9+ cells located in the portal triads contribute to the physiological maintenance of liver mass and injury repair. However, the physiology and pathology regulation mechanisms of adult liver Sox9+ cells remain unknown. Here, PPARα and FXR bound to the shared site in Sox9 promoter with opposite transcriptional outputs. PPARα activation enhanced the fatty acid β-oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, thus promoting proliferation and differentiation of Sox9+ hepatocytes along periportal (PP)-perivenous (PV) axis. However, FXR activation increased glycolysis but decreased OXPHOS and ATP production, therefore preventing proliferation of Sox9+ hepatocytes along PP-PV axis by promoting Sox9+ hepatocyte self-renewal. Our research indicates that metabolic nuclear receptors play critical roles in liver progenitor Sox9+ hepatocyte homeostasis to initiate or terminate liver injury-induced cell proliferation and differentiation, suggesting that PPARα and FXR are potential therapeutic targets for modulating liver regeneration. PPARα promotes Sox9 expression and FXR inhibits Sox9 expression PPARα promotes proliferation and differentiation of Sox9+ hepatocytes FXR promotes Sox9+ hepatocyte self-renewal PPARα and FXR coordinate energy metabolism to regulate Sox9+ hepatocyte fate
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Bio-medical Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hu Bei 430070, China
| | - Dan Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Bio-medical Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hu Bei 430070, China
| | - Yi Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Bio-medical Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hu Bei 430070, China
| | - Jiayan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Bio-medical Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hu Bei 430070, China
| | - Lihua Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Bio-medical Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hu Bei 430070, China
| | - Wendong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Liqiang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, 28th Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, 28th Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Bio-medical Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hu Bei 430070, China
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Prieto J, García-Cañaveras JC, León M, Sendra R, Ponsoda X, Izpisúa Belmonte JC, Lahoz A, Torres J. c-MYC Triggers Lipid Remodelling During Early Somatic Cell Reprogramming to Pluripotency. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:2245-2261. [PMID: 34476741 PMCID: PMC8599373 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic rewiring and mitochondrial dynamics remodelling are hallmarks of cell reprogramming, but the roles of the reprogramming factors in these changes are not fully understood. Here we show that c-MYC induces biosynthesis of fatty acids and increases the rate of pentose phosphate pathway. Time-course profiling of fatty acids and complex lipids during cell reprogramming using lipidomics revealed a profound remodelling of the lipid content, as well as the saturation and length of their acyl chains, in a c-MYC-dependent manner. Pluripotent cells displayed abundant cardiolipins and scarce phosphatidylcholines, with a prevalence of monounsaturated acyl chains. Cells undergoing cell reprogramming showed an increase in mitochondrial membrane potential that paralleled that of mitochondrial-specific cardiolipins. We conclude that c-MYC controls the rewiring of somatic cell metabolism early in cell reprogramming by orchestrating cell proliferation, synthesis of macromolecular components and lipid remodelling, all necessary processes for a successful phenotypic transition to pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Prieto
- Departamento Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.,Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Marian León
- Departamento Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Sendra
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de València, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Xavier Ponsoda
- Departamento Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Agustín Lahoz
- Biomarkers and Precision Medicine Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Josema Torres
- Departamento Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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10
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Tortelote GG, Colón-Leyva M, Saifudeen Z. Metabolic programming of nephron progenitor cell fate. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:2155-2164. [PMID: 33089379 PMCID: PMC10734399 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic pathways are one of the first responses at the cellular level to maternal/fetal interface stressors. Studies have revealed the previously unrecognized contributions of intermediary metabolism to developmental programs. Here, we provide an overview of cellular metabolic pathways and the cues that modulate metabolic states. We discuss the developmental and physiological implications of metabolic reprogramming and the key role of metabolites in epigenetic and epiproteomic modifications during embryonic development and with respect to kidney development and nephrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovane G Tortelote
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue SL37, Room 5534, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Mariel Colón-Leyva
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue SL37, Room 5534, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Zubaida Saifudeen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue SL37, Room 5534, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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11
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Ferrick L, Lee YSL, Gardner DK. Metabolic activity of human blastocysts correlates with their morphokinetics, morphological grade, KIDScore and artificial intelligence ranking. Hum Reprod 2021; 35:2004-2016. [PMID: 32829415 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaa181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is there a relationship between blastocyst metabolism and biomarkers of embryo viability? SUMMARY ANSWER Blastocysts with higher developmental potential and a higher probability of resulting in a viable pregnancy consume higher levels of glucose and exhibit distinct amino acid profiles. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Morphological and morphokinetic analyses utilized in embryo selection provide insight into developmental potential, but alone are unable to provide a direct measure of embryo physiology and inherent health. Glucose uptake is a physiological biomarker of viability and amino acid utilization is different between embryos of varying qualities. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Two hundred and nine human preimplantation embryos from 50 patients were cultured in a time-lapse incubator system in both freeze all and fresh transfer cycles. A retrospective analysis of morphokinetics, morphology (Gardner grade), KIDScore, artificial intelligence grade (EmbryoScore), glucose and amino acid metabolism, and clinical pregnancies was conducted. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS ICSI was conducted in all patients, who were aged ≤37 years and previously had no more than two IVF cycles. Embryos were individually cultured in a time-lapse incubator system, and those reaching the blastocyst stage had their morphokinetics annotated and were each assigned a Gardner grade, KIDScore and EmbryoScore. Glucose and amino acid metabolism were measured. Clinical pregnancies were confirmed by the presence of a fetal heartbeat at 6 weeks of gestation. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Glucose consumption was at least 40% higher in blastocysts deemed of high developmental potential using either the Gardner grade (P < 0.01, n = 209), KIDScore (P < 0.05, n = 207) or EmbryoScore (P < 0.05, n = 184), compared to less viable blastocysts and in blastocysts that resulted in a clinical pregnancy compared to those that failed to implant (P < 0.05, n = 37). Additionally, duration of cavitation was inversely related to glucose consumption (P < 0.05, n = 200). Total amino acid consumption was significantly higher in blastocysts with an EmbryoScore higher than the cohort median score (P < 0.01, n = 185). Furthermore, the production of amino acids was significantly lower in blastocysts with a high Gardner grade (P < 0.05, n = 209), KIDScore (P < 0.05, n = 207) and EmbryoScore (P < 0.01, n = 184). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Samples were collected from patients who had ICSI treatment and from only one clinic. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These results confirm that metabolites, such as glucose and amino acids, are valid biomarkers of embryo viability and could therefore be used in conjunction with other systems to aid in the selection of a healthy embryo. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Work was supported by Virtus Health. D.K.G is contracted with Virtus Health. The other authors have no conflict of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferrick
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - David K Gardner
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.,Melbourne IVF, East Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
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12
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Winship A, Donoghue J, Houston BJ, Martin JH, Lord T, Adwal A, Gonzalez M, Desroziers E, Ahmad G, Richani D, Bromfield EG. Reproductive health research in Australia and New Zealand: highlights from the Annual Meeting of the Society for Reproductive Biology, 2019. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 32:637-647. [PMID: 32234188 DOI: 10.1071/rd19449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019 meeting of the Society for Reproductive Biology (SRB) provided a platform for the dissemination of new knowledge and innovations to improve reproductive health in humans, enhance animal breeding efficiency and understand the effect of the environment on reproductive processes. The effects of environment and lifestyle on fertility and animal behaviour are emerging as the most important modern issues facing reproductive health. Here, we summarise key highlights from recent work on endocrine-disrupting chemicals and diet- and lifestyle-induced metabolic changes and how these factors affect reproduction. This is particularly important to discuss in the context of potential effects on the reproductive potential that may be imparted to future generations of humans and animals. In addition to key summaries of new work in the male and female reproductive tract and on the health of the placenta, for the first time the SRB meeting included a workshop on endometriosis. This was an important opportunity for researchers, healthcare professionals and patient advocates to unite and provide critical updates on efforts to reduce the effect of this chronic disease and to improve the welfare of the women it affects. These new findings and directions are captured in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Winship
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Stem Cells and Development Program, Monash University, Vic. 3800, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Donoghue
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia
| | - Brendan J Houston
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Vic. 3800, Australia
| | - Jacinta H Martin
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Tessa Lord
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; and Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Discipline of Biological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - Alaknanda Adwal
- The University of Adelaide Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, North Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Macarena Gonzalez
- The University of Adelaide Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Elodie Desroziers
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gulfam Ahmad
- The University of Sydney Medical School, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dulama Richani
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Fertility and Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Elizabeth G Bromfield
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Discipline of Biological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2300, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Netherlands; and Corresponding author:
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13
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Boutourlinsky K, Allègre N, Chazaud C. Ex Vivo Culture for Preimplantation Mouse Embryo to Analyze Pluripotency. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2214:1-10. [PMID: 32944899 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0958-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A couple of days after fertilization of a mouse oocyte by a sperm, two sequential cell differentiation events segregate pluripotent cells that can be identified by the presence of specific markers. Early mammalian embryos are relatively easy to recover as they are not yet implanted in the uterus matrix. Several decades of experimentation have enabled to find appropriate media to culture them, and therefore provide an excellent way to test different experimental setups such as the use of signaling inhibitors. We provide here a commonly used protocol to culture preimplantation embryos as well as a method to detect pluripotent cells in blastocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Boutourlinsky
- Institut GReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Nicolas Allègre
- Institut GReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Claire Chazaud
- Institut GReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France.
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14
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Gurner KH, Truong TT, Harvey AJ, Gardner DK. A combination of growth factors and cytokines alter preimplantation mouse embryo development, foetal development and gene expression profiles. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 26:953-970. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Within the maternal tract, the preimplantation embryo is exposed to an array of growth factors (GFs) and cytokines, most of which are absent from culture media used in clinical IVF. Whilst the addition of individual GFs and cytokines to embryo culture media can improve preimplantation mouse embryo development, there is a lack of evidence on the combined synergistic effects of GFs and cytokines on embryo development and further foetal growth. Therefore, in this study, the effect of a combined group of GFs and cytokines on mouse preimplantation embryo development and subsequent foetal development and gene expression profiles was investigated. Supplementation of embryo culture media with an optimised combination of GFs and cytokines (0.05 ng/ml vascular endothelial GF, 1 ng/ml platelet-derived GF, 0.13 ng/ml insulin-like GF 1, 0.026 ng/ml insulin-like GF 2 and 1 ng/ml granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) had no effect on embryo morphokinetics but significantly increased trophectoderm cell number (P = 0.0002) and total cell number (P = 0.024). Treatment with this combination of GFs and cytokines also significantly increased blastocyst outgrowth area (P < 0.05) and, following embryo transfer, increased foetal weight (P = 0.027), crown-rump length (P = 0.017) and overall morphological development (P = 0.027). RNA-seq analysis of in vitro derived foetuses identified concurrent alterations to the transcriptional profiles of liver and placental tissues compared with those developed in vivo, with greater changes observed in the GF and cytokine treated group. Together these data highlight the importance of balancing the actions of such factors for the regulation of normal development and emphasise the need for further studies investigating this prior to clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn H Gurner
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Thi T Truong
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Harvey
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David K Gardner
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Melbourne IVF, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
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15
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Ferrick L, Lee YSL, Gardner DK. Reducing time to pregnancy and facilitating the birth of healthy children through functional analysis of embryo physiology†. Biol Reprod 2020; 101:1124-1139. [PMID: 30649216 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An ever-increasing number of couples rely on assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in order to conceive a child. Although advances in embryo culture have led to increases in the success rates of clinical ART, it often takes more than one treatment cycle to conceive a child. Ensuring patients conceive as soon as possible with a healthy embryo is a priority for reproductive medicine. Currently, selection of embryos for transfer relies predominantly on the morphological assessment of the preimplantation embryo; however, morphology is not an absolute link to embryo physiology, nor the health of the resulting child. Non-invasive quantitation of individual embryo physiology, a key regulator of both embryo viability and health, could provide valuable information to assist in the selection of the most viable embryo for transfer, hence reducing the time to pregnancy. Further, according to the Barker Hypothesis, the environment to which a fetus is exposed to during gestation affects subsequent offspring health. If the environment of the preimplantation period is capable of affecting metabolism, which in turn will affect gene expression through the metaboloepigenetic link, then assessment of embryo metabolism should represent an indirect measure of future offspring health. Previously, the term viable embryo has been used in association with the potential of an embryo to establish a pregnancy. Here, we propose the term healthy embryo to reflect the capacity of that embryo to lead to a healthy child and adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferrick
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - David K Gardner
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne IVF, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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16
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Vasconcelos e Sá J, Simão D, Terrasso AP, Silva MM, Brito C, Isidro IA, Alves PM, Carrondo MJT. Unveiling dynamic metabolic signatures in human induced pluripotent and neural stem cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007780. [PMID: 32298259 PMCID: PMC7188302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism plays an essential role in cell fate decisions. However, the methods used for metabolic characterization and for finding potential metabolic regulators are still based on characterizing cellular metabolic steady-state which is dependent on the extracellular environment. In this work, we hypothesized that the response dynamics of intracellular metabolic pools to extracellular stimuli is controlled in a cell type-specific manner. We applied principles of process dynamics and control to human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) and human neural stem cells (hNSC) subjected to a sudden extracellular glutamine step. The fold-changes of steady-states and the transient profiles of metabolic pools revealed that dynamic responses were reproducible and cell type-specific. Importantly, many amino acids had conserved dynamics and readjusted their steady state concentration in response to the increased glutamine influx. Overall, we propose a novel methodology for systematic metabolic characterization and identification of potential metabolic regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Vasconcelos e Sá
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Daniel Simão
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana P. Terrasso
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marta M. Silva
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Brito
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Inês A. Isidro
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula M. Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Manuel J. T. Carrondo
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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17
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Li BB, Chen ZY, Jiang N, Guo S, Yang JQ, Chai SB, Yan HF, Sun PM, Hu G, Zhang T, Xu BX, Sun HW, Zhou JL, Yang HM, Cui Y. Simulated microgravity significantly altered metabolism in epidermal stem cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 56:200-212. [PMID: 32198676 PMCID: PMC7186248 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Simulated microgravity can significantly affect various cell types and multiple systems of the human body, such as cardiovascular system, skeletal muscle system, and immune system, and is known to cause anemia and loss of electrolyte and fluids. Epidermal stem cells (EpSCs) were cultured in a rotary cell culture system (RCCS) bioreactor to simulate microgravity. The metabolites of EpSCs were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Compared with normal gravity (NG) group, a total of 57 different metabolites of EpSCs were identified (P < 0.05, VIP > 1), including lipids and lipid-like molecules (51 molecules), amino acids (5 molecules), nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues (1 molecule). According to the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) score plot, a VIP > 1 and P < 0.05 were obtained for the 57 different metabolites, of which 23 molecules were significantly downregulated and 34 were significantly upregulated in simulated microgravity (SMG) group. These results showed that SMG has a significant impact on different pathways, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis indicated that multiple pathways were involved, mainly the amino acid metabolism pathway, lipid metabolism pathway, membrane transport pathway, and cell growth and death pathways. Thus, the metabolic profile of EpSCs was changed under SMG. Exploring the metabolic profile of EpSCs would be helpful to further understand the growth characteristics of EpSCs under SMG, which will provide a new approach to explore the metabolomics mechanism of stress injury and repair trauma under SMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Li
- Department of General Surgery, PLA 306 Clinical Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Beijing, 230000 China
| | - Zheng-Yang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, PLA 306 Teaching Hospital of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Nan Jiang
- The Center for Hepatopancreatobiliary Diseases, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218 China
| | - Song Guo
- Department of General Surgery, PLA 306 Teaching Hospital of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Jia-Qi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, PLA 306 Teaching Hospital of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Shao-Bin Chai
- Department of General Surgery, 306 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Hong-Feng Yan
- Department of General Surgery, 306 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Pei-Ming Sun
- Department of General Surgery, 306 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of General Surgery, 306 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, 306 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Bing-Xin Xu
- Medicine and Experimental Research Center, 306 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Department of General Surgery, 306 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Jin-Lian Zhou
- Department of Pathology, 306 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - He-Ming Yang
- Department of General Surgery, 306 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of General Surgery, 306 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100101 China
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18
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Tsogtbaatar E, Landin C, Minter-Dykhouse K, Folmes CDL. Energy Metabolism Regulates Stem Cell Pluripotency. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:87. [PMID: 32181250 PMCID: PMC7059177 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are characterized by their unique capacity for both unlimited self-renewal and their potential to differentiate to all cell lineages contained within the three primary germ layers. While once considered a distinct cellular state, it is becoming clear that pluripotency is in fact a continuum of cellular states, all capable of self-renewal and differentiation, yet with distinct metabolic, mitochondrial and epigenetic features dependent on gestational stage. In this review we focus on two of the most clearly defined states: “naïve” and “primed” PSCs. Like other rapidly dividing cells, PSCs have a high demand for anabolic precursors necessary to replicate their genome, cytoplasm and organelles, while concurrently consuming energy in the form of ATP. This requirement for both anabolic and catabolic processes sufficient to supply a highly adapted cell cycle in the context of reduced oxygen availability, distinguishes PSCs from their differentiated progeny. During early embryogenesis PSCs adapt their substrate preference to match the bioenergetic requirements of each specific developmental stage. This is reflected in different mitochondrial morphologies, membrane potentials, electron transport chain (ETC) compositions, and utilization of glycolysis. Additionally, metabolites produced in PSCs can directly influence epigenetic and transcriptional programs, which in turn can affect self-renewal characteristics. Thus, our understanding of the role of metabolism in PSC fate has expanded from anabolism and catabolism to include governance of the pluripotent epigenetic landscape. Understanding the roles of metabolism and the factors influencing metabolic pathways in naïve and primed pluripotent states provide a platform for understanding the drivers of cell fate during development. This review highlights the roles of the major metabolic pathways in the acquisition and maintenance of the different states of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkhtuul Tsogtbaatar
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Metabolism Laboratory, Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Chelsea Landin
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Metabolism Laboratory, Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Katherine Minter-Dykhouse
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Metabolism Laboratory, Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Clifford D L Folmes
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Metabolism Laboratory, Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
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19
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Clémot M, Sênos Demarco R, Jones DL. Lipid Mediated Regulation of Adult Stem Cell Behavior. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:115. [PMID: 32185173 PMCID: PMC7058546 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells constitute an important reservoir of self-renewing progenitor cells and are crucial for maintaining tissue and organ homeostasis. The capacity of stem cells to self-renew or differentiate can be attributed to distinct metabolic states, and it is now becoming apparent that metabolism plays instructive roles in stem cell fate decisions. Lipids are an extremely vast class of biomolecules, with essential roles in energy homeostasis, membrane structure and signaling. Imbalances in lipid homeostasis can result in lipotoxicity, cell death and diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and diabetes, autoimmune disorders and cancer. Therefore, understanding how lipid metabolism affects stem cell behavior offers promising perspectives for the development of novel approaches to control stem cell behavior either in vitro or in patients, by modulating lipid metabolic pathways pharmacologically or through diet. In this review, we will first address how recent progress in lipidomics has created new opportunities to uncover stem-cell specific lipidomes. In addition, genetic and/or pharmacological modulation of lipid metabolism have shown the involvement of specific pathways, such as fatty acid oxidation (FAO), in regulating adult stem cell behavior. We will describe and compare findings obtained in multiple stem cell models in order to provide an assessment on whether unique lipid metabolic pathways may commonly regulate stem cell behavior. We will then review characterized and potential molecular mechanisms through which lipids can affect stem cell-specific properties, including self-renewal, differentiation potential or interaction with the niche. Finally, we aim to summarize the current knowledge of how alterations in lipid homeostasis that occur as a consequence of changes in diet, aging or disease can impact stem cells and, consequently, tissue homeostasis and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Clémot
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rafael Sênos Demarco
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - D. Leanne Jones
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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20
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Prieto J, Ponsoda X, Izpisua Belmonte JC, Torres J. Mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism in induced pluripotency. Exp Gerontol 2020; 133:110870. [PMID: 32045634 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotency by either ectopic expression of defined factors or exposure to chemical cocktails. During reprogramming, somatic cells undergo dramatic changes in a wide range of cellular processes, such as metabolism, mitochondrial morphology and function, cell signaling pathways or immortalization. Regulation of these processes during cell reprograming lead to the acquisition of a pluripotent state, which enables indefinite propagation by symmetrical self-renewal without losing the ability of reprogrammed cells to differentiate into all cell types of the adult. In this review, recent data from different laboratories showing how these processes are controlled during the phenotypic transformation of a somatic cell into a pluripotent stem cell will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Prieto
- Departamento Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Calle Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Xavier Ponsoda
- Departamento Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Calle Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Avenida de Menéndez y Pelayo 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Josema Torres
- Departamento Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Calle Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Avenida de Menéndez y Pelayo 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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21
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Lees JG, Gardner DK, Harvey AJ. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide induces a bivalent metabolism and maintains pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2020; 38:624-638. [PMID: 32003519 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ) and its precursor metabolites are emerging as important regulators of both cell metabolism and cell state. Interestingly, the role of NAD+ in human embryonic stem cell (hESC) metabolism and the regulation of pluripotent cell state is unresolved. Here we show that NAD+ simultaneously increases hESC mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and partially suppresses glycolysis and stimulates amino acid turnover, doubling the consumption of glutamine. Concurrent with this metabolic remodeling, NAD+ increases hESC pluripotent marker expression and proliferation, inhibits BMP4-induced differentiation and reduces global histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation, plausibly inducing an intermediate naïve-to-primed bivalent metabolism and pluripotent state. Furthermore, maintenance of NAD+ recycling via malate aspartate shuttle activity is identified as an absolute requirement for hESC self-renewal, responsible for 80% of the oxidative capacity of hESC mitochondria. Our findings implicate NAD+ in the regulation of cell state, suggesting that the hESC pluripotent state is dependent upon cellular NAD+ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmon G Lees
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,O'Brien Institute Department, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine at St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K Gardner
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Harvey
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Harvey A, Caretti G, Moresi V, Renzini A, Adamo S. Interplay between Metabolites and the Epigenome in Regulating Embryonic and Adult Stem Cell Potency and Maintenance. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:573-589. [PMID: 31597110 PMCID: PMC6830055 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment surrounding stem cells has the ability to elicit profound, heritable epigenetic changes orchestrated by multiple epigenetic mechanisms, which can be modulated by the level of specific metabolites. In this review, we highlight the significance of metabolism in regulating stem cell homeostasis, cell state, and differentiation capacity, using metabolic regulation of embryonic and adult muscle stem cells as examples, and cast light on the interaction between cellular metabolism and epigenetics. These new regulatory networks, based on the dynamic interplay between metabolism and epigenetics in stem cell biology, are important, not only for understanding tissue homeostasis, but to determine in vitro culture conditions which accurately support normal cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Harvey
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 2010, Australia
| | - Giuseppina Caretti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Viviana Moresi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine & Orthopedics, Histology & Medical Embryology Section, Sapienza University of Rome and Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Renzini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine & Orthopedics, Histology & Medical Embryology Section, Sapienza University of Rome and Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Adamo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine & Orthopedics, Histology & Medical Embryology Section, Sapienza University of Rome and Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Rome, Italy
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23
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Shparberg RA, Glover HJ, Morris MB. Modeling Mammalian Commitment to the Neural Lineage Using Embryos and Embryonic Stem Cells. Front Physiol 2019; 10:705. [PMID: 31354503 PMCID: PMC6637848 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early mammalian embryogenesis relies on a large range of cellular and molecular mechanisms to guide cell fate. In this highly complex interacting system, molecular circuitry tightly controls emergent properties, including cell differentiation, proliferation, morphology, migration, and communication. These molecular circuits include those responsible for the control of gene and protein expression, as well as metabolism and epigenetics. Due to the complexity of this circuitry and the relative inaccessibility of the mammalian embryo in utero, mammalian neural commitment remains one of the most challenging and poorly understood areas of developmental biology. In order to generate the nervous system, the embryo first produces two pluripotent populations, the inner cell mass and then the primitive ectoderm. The latter is the cellular substrate for gastrulation from which the three multipotent germ layers form. The germ layer definitive ectoderm, in turn, is the substrate for multipotent neurectoderm (neural plate and neural tube) formation, representing the first morphological signs of nervous system development. Subsequent patterning of the neural tube is then responsible for the formation of most of the central and peripheral nervous systems. While a large number of studies have assessed how a competent neurectoderm produces mature neural cells, less is known about the molecular signatures of definitive ectoderm and neurectoderm and the key molecular mechanisms driving their formation. Using pluripotent stem cells as a model, we will discuss the current understanding of how the pluripotent inner cell mass transitions to pluripotent primitive ectoderm and sequentially to the multipotent definitive ectoderm and neurectoderm. We will focus on the integration of cell signaling, gene activation, and epigenetic control that govern these developmental steps, and provide insight into the novel growth factor-like role that specific amino acids, such as L-proline, play in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael B. Morris
- Embryonic Stem Cell Laboratory, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Slc25a36 modulates pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells by regulating mitochondrial function and glutathione level. Biochem J 2019; 476:1585-1604. [PMID: 31036718 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in the maintenance of the naive state of embryonic stem cells. Many details of the mechanism remain to be fully elucidated. Solute carrier family 25 member 36 (Slc25a36) might regulate mitochondrial function through transporting pyrimidine nucleotides for mtDNA/RNA synthesis. Its physical role in this process remains unknown; however, Slc25a36 was recently found to be highly expressed in naive mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Here, the function of Slc25a36 was characterized as a maintenance factor of mESCs pluripotency. Slc25a36 deficiency (via knockdown) has been demonstrated to result in mitochondrial dysfunction, which induces the differentiation of mESCs. The expression of key pluripotency markers (Pou5f1, Sox2, Nanog, and Utf1) decreased, while that of key TE genes (Cdx2, Gata3, and Hand1) increased. Cdx2-positive cells emerged in Slc25a36-deficient colonies under trophoblast stem cell culture conditions. As a result of Slc25a36 deficiency, mtDNA of knockdown cells declined, leading to impaired mitochondria with swollen morphology, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and low numbers. The key transcription regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis also decreased. These results indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction leads to an inability to support the pluripotency maintenance. Moreover, down-regulated glutathione metabolism and up-regulated focal adhesion reinforced and stabilized the process of differentiation by separately enhancing OCT4 degradation and promoting cell spread. This study improves the understanding of the function of Slc25a36, as well as the relationship of mitochondrial function with naive pluripotency maintenance and stem cell fate decision.
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Spyrou J, Gardner DK, Harvey AJ. Metabolomic and Transcriptional Analyses Reveal Atmospheric Oxygen During Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Generation Impairs Metabolic Reprogramming. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1042-1056. [PMID: 31042329 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The transition to pluripotency invokes profound metabolic restructuring; however, reprogramming is accompanied by the retention of somatic cell metabolic and epigenetic memory. Modulation of metabolism during reprogramming has been shown to improve reprogramming efficiency, yet it is not known how metabolite availability during reprogramming affects the physiology of resultant induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Metabolic analyses of iPSCs generated under either physiological (5%; P-iPSC) or atmospheric (20%; A-iPSC) oxygen conditions revealed that they retained aspects of somatic cell metabolic memory and failed to regulate carbohydrate metabolism with A-iPSC acquiring different metabolic characteristics. A-iPSC exhibited a higher mitochondrial membrane potential and were unable to modulate oxidative metabolism in response to oxygen challenge, contrasting with P-iPSC. RNA-seq analysis highlighted that A-iPSC displayed transcriptomic instability and a reduction in telomere length. Consequently, inappropriate modulation of metabolism by atmospheric oxygen during reprogramming significantly impacts the resultant A-iPSC metabolic and transcriptional landscape. Furthermore, retention of partial somatic metabolic memory in P-iPSC derived under physiological oxygen suggests that metabolic reprogramming remains incomplete. As the metabolome is a regulator of the epigenome, these observed perturbations of iPSC metabolism will plausibly have downstream effects on cellular function and physiology, both during and following differentiation, and highlight the need to optimize nutrient availability during the reprogramming process. Stem Cells 2019;37:1042-1056.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Spyrou
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K Gardner
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Harvey
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Oxygen Regulates Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Metabolic Flux. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:8195614. [PMID: 31236115 PMCID: PMC6545818 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8195614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism has been shown to alter cell fate in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC). However, current understanding is almost exclusively based on work performed at 20% oxygen (air), with very few studies reporting on hPSC at physiological oxygen (5%). In this study, we integrated metabolic, transcriptomic, and epigenetic data to elucidate the impact of oxygen on hPSC. Using 13C-glucose labeling, we show that 5% oxygen increased the intracellular levels of glycolytic intermediates, glycogen, and the antioxidant response in hPSC. In contrast, 20% oxygen increased metabolite flux through the TCA cycle, activity of mitochondria, and ATP production. Acetylation of H3K9 and H3K27 was elevated at 5% oxygen while H3K27 trimethylation was decreased, conforming to a more open chromatin structure. RNA-seq analysis of 5% oxygen hPSC also indicated increases in glycolysis, lysine demethylases, and glucose-derived carbon metabolism, while increased methyltransferase and cell cycle activity was indicated at 20% oxygen. Our findings show that oxygen drives metabolite flux and specifies carbon fate in hPSC and, although the mechanism remains to be elucidated, oxygen was shown to alter methyltransferase and demethylase activity and the global epigenetic landscape.
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Spyrou J, Gardner DK, Harvey AJ. Metabolism Is a Key Regulator of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Reprogramming. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:7360121. [PMID: 31191682 PMCID: PMC6525803 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7360121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming to pluripotency involves drastic restructuring of both metabolism and the epigenome. However, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) retain transcriptional memory, epigenetic memory, and metabolic memory from their somatic cells of origin and acquire aberrant characteristics distinct from either other pluripotent cells or parental cells, reflecting incomplete reprogramming. As a critical link between the microenvironment and regulation of the epigenome, nutrient availability likely plays a significant role in the retention of somatic cell memory by iPSC. Significantly, relative nutrient availability impacts iPSC reprogramming efficiency, epigenetic regulation and cell fate, and differentially alters their ability to respond to physiological stimuli. The significance of metabolites during the reprogramming process is central to further elucidating how iPSC retain somatic cell characteristics and optimising culture conditions to generate iPSC with physiological phenotypes to ensure their reliable use in basic research and clinical applications. This review serves to integrate studies on iPSC reprogramming, memory retention and metabolism, and identifies areas in which current knowledge is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Spyrou
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David K. Gardner
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Alexandra J. Harvey
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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28
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Ferrari A, Longo R, Silva R, Mitro N, Caruso D, De Fabiani E, Crestani M. Epigenome modifiers and metabolic rewiring: New frontiers in therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 193:178-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
The first culture media designed specifically to support development of the preimplantation mouse embryo were formulated over 50 years ago and were based on balanced salt solutions, containing the carbohydrates pyruvate, lactate, and glucose as the sole energy sources. Such media used a bicarbonate-carbon dioxide buffer system to maintain the desired pH, and were typically supplemented with serum albumin, but lacked free amino acids. In contrast to the complexity of a tissue culture medium, these original formulations of mouse embryo culture media were very simplistic. Over the intervening decades, as our understanding of the physiology and metabolism of the preimplantation embryo increased, together with a greater understanding of the environment within the female reproductive tract, culture media to support mouse embryo development in vitro have become more physiological and consequently more complex. A main addition to such media has been an array of amino acids. Although the media of today contain more components than their predecessors, their preparation remains relatively easy to accomplish, made feasible through the use of stock solutions, which also readily facilitates any changes to formulations to be made, an essential prerequisite for experimentation. As well as changes in media formulations, there have been exciting developments in incubator technology and design, such as the inclusion of time-lapse capability, redefining our ability to both culture and monitor embryo development in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Gardner
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Thi T Truong
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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30
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Duranthon V, Chavatte-Palmer P. Long term effects of ART: What do animals tell us? Mol Reprod Dev 2018; 85:348-368. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Harvey AJ, O’Brien C, Lambshead J, Sheedy JR, Rathjen J, Laslett AL, Gardner DK. Physiological oxygen culture reveals retention of metabolic memory in human induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193949. [PMID: 29543848 PMCID: PMC5854358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming somatic cells to a pluripotent cell state (induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) cells) requires reprogramming of metabolism to support cell proliferation and pluripotency, most notably changes in carbohydrate turnover that reflect a shift from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism. Some aspects of iPS cell metabolism differ from embryonic stem (ES) cells, which may reflect a parental cell memory, or be a consequence of the reprogramming process. In this study, we compared the metabolism of 3 human iPS cell lines to assess the fidelity of metabolic reprogramming. When challenged with reduced oxygen concentration, ES cells have been shown to modulate carbohydrate use in a predictably way. In the same model, 2 of 3 iPS cell lines failed to regulate carbohydrate metabolism. Oxygen is a well-characterized regulator of cell function and embryo viability, and an inability of iPS cells to modulate metabolism in response to oxygen may indicate poor metabolic fidelity. As metabolism is linked to the regulation of the epigenome, assessment of metabolic responses of iPS cells to physiological stimuli during characterization is warranted to ensure complete cell reprogramming and as a measure of cell quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J. Harvey
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Special Research Initiative, Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carmel O’Brien
- ARC Special Research Initiative, Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, and Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jack Lambshead
- ARC Special Research Initiative, Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, and Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - John R. Sheedy
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joy Rathjen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Special Research Initiative, Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Andrew L. Laslett
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Special Research Initiative, Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, and Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K. Gardner
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Special Research Initiative, Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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32
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Kwok CK, Ueda Y, Kadari A, Günther K, Ergün S, Heron A, Schnitzler AC, Rook M, Edenhofer F. Scalable stirred suspension culture for the generation of billions of human induced pluripotent stem cells using single‐use bioreactors. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e1076-e1087. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chee Keong Kwok
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine GroupInstitute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II, University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Yuichiro Ueda
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine GroupInstitute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II, University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Asifiqbal Kadari
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine GroupInstitute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II, University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Katharina Günther
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine GroupInstitute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II, University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine GroupInstitute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II, University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Antoine Heron
- The life science business of Merck KGaA Darmstadt Germany
| | | | - Martha Rook
- EMD Millipore Corporation Bedford Massachusetts USA
| | - Frank Edenhofer
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine GroupInstitute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II, University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Genomics, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Leopold‐Franzens‐University & CMBI Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
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33
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Mathieu J, Ruohola-Baker H. Metabolic remodeling during the loss and acquisition of pluripotency. Development 2017; 144:541-551. [PMID: 28196802 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent cells from the early stages of embryonic development have the unlimited capacity to self-renew and undergo differentiation into all of the cell types of the adult organism. These properties are regulated by tightly controlled networks of gene expression, which in turn are governed by the availability of transcription factors and their interaction with the underlying epigenetic landscape. Recent data suggest that, perhaps unexpectedly, some key epigenetic marks, and thereby gene expression, are regulated by the levels of specific metabolites. Hence, cellular metabolism plays a vital role beyond simply the production of energy, and may be involved in the regulation of cell fate. In this Review, we discuss the metabolic changes that occur during the transitions between different pluripotent states both in vitro and in vivo, including during reprogramming to pluripotency and the onset of differentiation, and we discuss the extent to which distinct metabolites might regulate these transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Mathieu
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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34
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Wan X, Ball S, Willenbrock F, Yeh S, Vlahov N, Koennig D, Green M, Brown G, Jeyaretna S, Li Z, Cui Z, Ye H, O'Neill E. Perfused Three-dimensional Organotypic Culture of Human Cancer Cells for Therapeutic Evaluation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9408. [PMID: 28842598 PMCID: PMC5573358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical research requires pre-clinical testing of new therapeutics using both in-vitro and in-vivo models. However, the species specificity of non-human in-vivo models and the inadequate recapitulation of physiological conditions in-vitro are intrinsic weaknesses. Here we show that perfusion is a vital factor for engineered human tissues to recapitulate key aspects of the tumour microenvironment. Organotypic culture and human tumour explants were allowed to grow long-term (14-35 days) and phenotypic features of perfused microtumours compared with those in the static culture. Differentiation status and therapeutic responses were significantly different under perfusion, indicating a distinct biological response of cultures grown under static conditions. Furthermore, heterogeneous co-culture of tumour and endothelial cells demonstrated selective cell-killing under therapeutic perfusion versus episodic delivery. We present a perfused 3D microtumour culture platform that sustains a more physiological tissue state and increased viability for long-term analyses. This system has the potential to tackle the disadvantages inherit of conventional pharmaceutical models and is suitable for precision medicine screening of tumour explants, particularly in hard-to-treat cancer types such as brain cancer which suffer from a lack of clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wan
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute of Radiation Biology, University of Oxford, ORCRB Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Steven Ball
- Oxford Instruments Nanoscience, Tubney Woods, Abingdon, Oxford, OX13 5QX, UK
| | - Frances Willenbrock
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute of Radiation Biology, University of Oxford, ORCRB Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Shaoyang Yeh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nikola Vlahov
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute of Radiation Biology, University of Oxford, ORCRB Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Delia Koennig
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute of Radiation Biology, University of Oxford, ORCRB Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Marcus Green
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute of Radiation Biology, University of Oxford, ORCRB Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Graham Brown
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute of Radiation Biology, University of Oxford, ORCRB Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sanjeeva Jeyaretna
- Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Zhanfeng Cui
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Hua Ye
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Eric O'Neill
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute of Radiation Biology, University of Oxford, ORCRB Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Pluripotent Stem Cell Metabolism and Mitochondria: Beyond ATP. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:2874283. [PMID: 28804500 PMCID: PMC5540363 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2874283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is central to embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency and differentiation, with distinct profiles apparent under different nutrient milieu, and conditions that maintain alternate cell states. The significance of altered nutrient availability, particularly oxygen, and metabolic pathway activity has been highlighted by extensive studies of their impact on preimplantation embryo development, physiology, and viability. ESC similarly modulate their metabolism in response to altered metabolite levels, with changes in nutrient availability shown to have a lasting impact on derived cell identity through the regulation of the epigenetic landscape. Further, the preferential use of glucose and anaplerotic glutamine metabolism serves to not only support cell growth and proliferation but also minimise reactive oxygen species production. However, the perinuclear localisation of spherical, electron-poor mitochondria in ESC is proposed to sustain ESC nuclear-mitochondrial crosstalk and a mitochondrial-H2O2 presence, to facilitate signalling to support self-renewal through the stabilisation of HIFα, a process that may be favoured under physiological oxygen. The environment in which a cell is grown is therefore a critical regulator and determinant of cell fate, with metabolism, and particularly mitochondria, acting as an interface between the environment and the epigenome.
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36
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Cliff TS, Dalton S. Metabolic switching and cell fate decisions: implications for pluripotency, reprogramming and development. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 46:44-49. [PMID: 28662447 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell fate decisions are closely linked to changes in metabolic activity. Over recent years this connection has been implicated in mechanisms underpinning embryonic development, reprogramming and disease pathogenesis. In addition to being important for supporting the energy demands of different cell types, metabolic switching from aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation plays a critical role in controlling biosynthetic processes, intracellular redox state, epigenetic status and reactive oxygen species levels. These processes extend beyond ATP synthesis by impacting cell proliferation, differentiation, enzymatic activity, ageing and genomic integrity. This review will focus on how metabolic switching impacts decisions made by multipotent cells and discusses mechanisms by which this occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim S Cliff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, 500 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Stephen Dalton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, 500 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Abstract
The phenotype of the human embryo conceived through in vitro fertilization (IVF), that is its morphology, developmental kinetics, physiology and metabolism, can be affected by numerous components of the laboratory and embryo culture system (which comprise the laboratory environment). The culture media formulation is important in determining embryo phenotype, but this exists within a culture system that includes oxygen, temperature, pH and whether an embryo is cultured individually or in a group, all of which can influence embryo development. Significantly, exposure of an embryo to one suboptimal component of the culture system of laboratory typically predisposes the embryo to become more vulnerable to a second stressor, as has been well documented for atmospheric oxygen and individual culture, as well as for oxygen and ammonium. Furthermore, the inherent viability of the human embryo is derived from the quality of the gametes from which it is created. Patient age, aetiology, genetics, lifestyle (as well as ovarian stimulation in women) are all known to affect the developmental potential of gametes and hence the embryo. Thus, as well as considering the impact of the IVF laboratory environment, one needs to be aware of the status of the infertile couple, as this impacts how their gametes and embryos will respond to an in vitro environment. Although far from straight forward, analysing the interactions that exist between the human embryo and its environment will facilitate the creation of more effective and safer treatments for the infertile couple.
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38
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Son MJ, Ryu JS, Kim JY, Kwon Y, Chung KS, Mun SJ, Cho YS. Upregulation of mitochondrial NAD + levels impairs the clonogenicity of SSEA1 + glioblastoma tumor-initiating cells. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e344. [PMID: 28604662 PMCID: PMC5519015 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has emphasized the importance of cancer therapies targeting an abnormal metabolic state of tumor-initiating cells (TICs) in which they retain stem cell-like phenotypes and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism. However, the functional role of NAD+ metabolism in regulating the characteristics of TICs is not known. In this study, we provide evidence that the mitochondrial NAD+ levels affect the characteristics of glioma-driven SSEA1+ TICs, including clonogenic growth potential. An increase in the mitochondrial NAD+ levels by the overexpression of the mitochondrial enzyme nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) significantly suppressed the sphere-forming ability and induced differentiation of TICs, suggesting a loss of the characteristics of TICs. In addition, increased SIRT3 activity and reduced lactate production, which are mainly observed in healthy and young cells, appeared following NNT-overexpressed TICs. Moreover, in vivo tumorigenic potential was substantially abolished by NNT overexpression. Conversely, the short interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of NNT facilitated the maintenance of TIC characteristics, as evidenced by the increased numbers of large tumor spheres and in vivo tumorigenic potential. Our results demonstrated that targeting the maintenance of healthy mitochondria with increased mitochondrial NAD+ levels and SIRT3 activity could be a promising strategy for abolishing the development of TICs as a new therapeutic approach to treating aging-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Jin Son
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Ryu
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae Yun Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Youjeong Kwon
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sook Chung
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seon Ju Mun
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yee Sook Cho
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
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39
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Vitamin C and l-Proline Antagonistic Effects Capture Alternative States in the Pluripotency Continuum. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 8:1-10. [PMID: 28017658 PMCID: PMC5233408 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolites and cofactors are emerging as key regulators of cell plasticity and reprogramming, and their role in the control of pluripotency is just being discovered. Here we provide unprecedented evidence that embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency relies on the relative levels of two physiological metabolites, namely ascorbic acid (vitamin C, VitC) and l-proline (l-Pro), which affect global DNA methylation, transcriptional profile, and energy metabolism. Specifically, while a high VitC/l-Pro ratio drives ESCs toward a naive state, the opposite condition (l-Pro excess) captures a fully reversible early primed pluripotent state, which depends on autocrine fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor β signaling pathways. Our findings highlight the pivotal role of metabolites availability in controlling the pluripotency continuum from naive to primed states. Global DNA methylation is modulated by l-Pro and VitC availability in ESCs l-Pro and VitC relative levels induce naive and reversible primed pluripotency High l-Pro/low VitC levels induce metabolic reprogramming in ESCs l-Pro induces and sustains autocrine FGF and TGF-β signaling in ESCs
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40
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Kelley RL, Gardner DK. Combined effects of individual culture and atmospheric oxygen on preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro. Reprod Biomed Online 2016; 33:537-549. [PMID: 27569702 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Embryos are routinely cultured individually, although this can reduce blastocyst development. Culture in atmospheric (20%) oxygen is also common, despite multiple detrimental effects on embryos. Although frequently occurring together, the consequences of this combination are unknown. Mouse embryos were cultured individually or grouped, under physiological (5%) or atmospheric (20%) oxygen. Embryos were assessed by time-lapse and blastocyst cell allocation. Compared with the control group (5% oxygen group culture), 5-cell cleavage (t5) was delayed in 5% oxygen individual culture and 20% oxygen group culture (59.91 ± 0.23, 60.70 ± 0.29, 63.06 ± 0.32 h post-HCG respectively, P < 0.05). Embryos in 20% oxygen individual culture were delayed earlier (3-cell cleavage), and at t5 cleaved later than embryos in other treatments (66.01 ± 0.40 h, P < 0.001), this delay persisting to blastocyst hatching. Compared with controls, hatching rate and cells per blastocyst were reduced in 5% oxygen single culture and 20% oxygen group culture (134.1 ± 3.4, 104.5 ± 3.2, 73.4 ± 2.2 cells, P < 0.001), and were further reduced in 20% oxygen individual culture (57.0 ± 2.8 cells, P < 0.001), as was percentage inner cell mass. These data indicate combining individual culture and 20% oxygen is detrimental to embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Kelley
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - David K Gardner
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Regulation of amino acid transporters in pluripotent cell populations in the embryo and in culture; novel roles for sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporters. Mech Dev 2016; 141:32-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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42
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Margineantu DH, Hockenbery DM. Mitochondrial functions in stem cells. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 38:110-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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