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Bréchot N, Rutault A, Marangon I, Germain S. Blood endothelium transition and phenotypic plasticity: A key regulator of integrity/permeability in response to ischemia. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 155:16-22. [PMID: 37479554 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
In the human body, the 1013 blood endothelial cells (ECs) which cover a surface of 500-700 m2 (Mai et al., 2013) are key players of tissue homeostasis, remodeling and regeneration. Blood vessel ECs play a major role in the regulation of metabolic and gaz exchanges, cell trafficking, blood coagulation, vascular tone, blood flow and fluid extravasation (also referred to as blood vascular permeability). ECs are heterogeneous in various capillary beds and have the exquisite capacity to cope with environmental changes by regulating their gene expression. Ischemia has major detrimental effects on the endothelium and ischemia-induced regulation of vascular integrity is of paramount importance for human health, as small amounts of fluid accumulation in the interstitium may be responsible for major effects on organ functions and patients outcome. In this review, we will here focus on the stimuli and the molecular mechanisms that control blood endothelium maintenance and phenotypic plasticity/transition involved in controlling blood capillary leakage that might open new avenues for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bréchot
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, College de France, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université PSL, Paris, France; Intensive Care Medicine Department, Université de Paris Cité, Hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, AP-HP.CUP, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Alexandre Rutault
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, College de France, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Iris Marangon
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, College de France, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Germain
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, College de France, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Université PSL, Paris, France.
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2
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Chen PY, Qin L, Simons M. TGFβ signaling pathways in human health and disease. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1113061. [PMID: 37325472 PMCID: PMC10267471 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1113061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is named for the function it was originally discovered to perform-transformation of normal cells into aggressively growing malignant cells. It became apparent after more than 30 years of research, however, that TGFβ is a multifaceted molecule with a myriad of different activities. TGFβs are widely expressed with almost every cell in the human body producing one or another TGFβ family member and expressing its receptors. Importantly, specific effects of this growth factor family differ in different cell types and under different physiologic and pathologic conditions. One of the more important and critical TGFβ activities is the regulation of cell fate, especially in the vasculature, that will be the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Chen
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Lingfeng Qin
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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3
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Orozco-García E, van Meurs DJ, Calderón JC, Narvaez-Sanchez R, Harmsen MC. Endothelial plasticity across PTEN and Hippo pathways: A complex hormetic rheostat modulated by extracellular vesicles. Transl Oncol 2023; 31:101633. [PMID: 36905871 PMCID: PMC10020115 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascularization is a multifactorial and spatiotemporally regulated process, essential for cell and tissue survival. Vascular alterations have repercussions on the development and progression of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, which are the leading causes of death worldwide. Additionally, vascularization continues to be a challenge for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Hence, vascularization is the center of interest for physiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutic processes. Within vascularization, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and Hippo signaling have pivotal roles in the development and homeostasis of the vascular system. Their suppression is related to several pathologies, including developmental defects and cancer. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are among the regulators of PTEN and/or Hippo pathways during development and disease. The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss the mechanisms by which exosome-derived ncRNAs modulate endothelial cell plasticity during physiological and pathological angiogenesis, through the regulation of PTEN and Hippo pathways, aiming to establish new perspectives on cellular communication during tumoral and regenerative vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Orozco-García
- Physiology and biochemistry research group - PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - D J van Meurs
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - J C Calderón
- Physiology and biochemistry research group - PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Raul Narvaez-Sanchez
- Physiology and biochemistry research group - PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - M C Harmsen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands.
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4
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Shu L, Yuan Z, Li F, Cai Z. Oxidative stress and valvular endothelial cells in aortic valve calcification. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114775. [PMID: 37116353 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcified aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a common cardiovascular disease in elderly individuals. Although it was previously considered a degenerative disease, it is, in fact, a progressive disease involving multiple mechanisms. Aortic valve endothelial cells, which cover the outermost layer of the aortic valve and are directly exposed to various pathogenic factors, play a significant role in the onset and progression of CAVD. Hemodynamic changes can directly damage the structure and function of valvular endothelial cells (VECs). This leads to inflammatory infiltration and oxidative stress, which promote the progression of CAVD. VECs can regulate the pathological differentiation of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) through NO and thus affect the process of CAVD. Under the influence of pathological factors, VECs can also be transformed into VICs through EndMT, and then the pathological differentiation of VICs eventually leads to the formation of calcification. This review discusses the role of VECs, especially the role of oxidative stress in VECs, in the process of aortic valve calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhejun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China.
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5
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Watabe T, Takahashi K, Pietras K, Yoshimatsu Y. Roles of TGF-β signals in tumor microenvironment via regulation of the formation and plasticity of vascular system. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 92:130-138. [PMID: 37068553 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells evolve in tumor microenvironment composed of multiple cell types. Among these, endothelial cells (ECs) are the major players in tumor angiogenesis, which is a driver of tumor progression and metastasis. Increasing evidence suggests that ECs also contribute to tumor progression and metastasis as they modify their phenotypes to differentiate into mesenchymal cells through a process known as endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). This plasticity of ECs is mediated by various cytokines, including transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and modulated by other stimuli depending on the cellular contexts. Recent lines of evidence have shown that EndoMT is involved in various steps of tumor progression, including tumor angiogenesis, intravasation and extravasation of cancer cells, formation of cancer-associated fibroblasts, and cancer therapy resistance. In this review, we summarize current updates on EndoMT, highlight the roles of EndoMT in tumor progression and metastasis, and underline targeting EndoMT as a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Watabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kristian Pietras
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund University Cancer Centre, Medicon Village, Lund University, 223 81 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshimatsu
- Division of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
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6
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Yadunandanan Nair N, Samuel V, Ramesh L, Marib A, David DT, Sundararaman A. Actin cytoskeleton in angiogenesis. Biol Open 2022; 11:bio058899. [PMID: 36444960 PMCID: PMC9729668 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Actin, one of the most abundant intracellular proteins in mammalian cells, is a critical regulator of cell shape and polarity, migration, cell division, and transcriptional response. Angiogenesis, or the formation of new blood vessels in the body is a well-coordinated multi-step process. Endothelial cells lining the blood vessels acquire several new properties such as front-rear polarity, invasiveness, rapid proliferation and motility during angiogenesis. This is achieved by changes in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Actin remodelling underlies the switch between the quiescent and angiogenic state of the endothelium. Actin forms endothelium-specific structures that support uniquely endothelial functions. Actin regulators at endothelial cell-cell junctions maintain the integrity of the blood-tissue barrier while permitting trans-endothelial leukocyte migration. This review focuses on endothelial actin structures and less-recognised actin-mediated endothelial functions. Readers are referred to other recent reviews for the well-recognised roles of actin in endothelial motility, barrier functions and leukocyte transmigration. Actin generates forces that are transmitted to the extracellular matrix resulting in vascular matrix remodelling. In this review, we attempt to synthesize our current understanding of the roles of actin in vascular morphogenesis. We speculate on the vascular bed specific differences in endothelial actin regulation and its role in the vast heterogeneity in endothelial morphology and function across the various tissues of our body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Yadunandanan Nair
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India695014
| | - Victor Samuel
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India695014
| | - Lariza Ramesh
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India695014
| | - Areeba Marib
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India695014
| | - Deena T. David
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India695014
| | - Ananthalakshmy Sundararaman
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India695014
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7
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Lin S, Lin R, Zhang H, Xu Q, He Y. Peripheral vascular remodeling during ischemia. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1078047. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1078047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
About 230 million people worldwide suffer from peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and the prevalence is increasing year by year. Multiple risk factors, including smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension, can contribute to the development of PAD. PAD is typically characterized by intermittent claudication and resting pain, and there is a risk of severe limb ischemia, leading to major adverse limb events, such as amputation. Currently, a major progress in the research field of the pathogenesis of vascular remodeling, including atherosclerosis and neointima hyperplasia has been made. For example, the molecular mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and smooth muscle phenotype switching have been described. Interestingly, a series of focused studies on fibroblasts of the vessel wall has demonstrated their impact on smooth muscle proliferation and even endothelial function via cell-cell communications. In this review, we aim to focus on the functional changes of peripheral arterial cells and the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of PAD. At the same time, we summarize the progress of the current clinical treatment and potential therapeutic methods for PAD and shine a light on future perspectives.
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8
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Smeda M, Jasztal A, Maleki EH, Bar A, Sternak M, Kwiatkowski G, Suraj-Prażmowska J, Proniewski B, Kieronska-Rudek A, Wojnar-Lason K, Skrzypek K, Majka M, Chrabaszcz K, Malek K, Chlopicki S. Endothelial-mesenchymal transition induced by metastatic 4T1 breast cancer cells in pulmonary endothelium in aged mice. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1050112. [PMID: 36504711 PMCID: PMC9731229 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1050112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is a major risk factor for cancer metastasis but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we characterised ageing effects on cancer-induced endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in the pulmonary circulation of female BALB/c mice in a metastatic 4T1 breast cancer model. The effect of intravenously injected 4T1 cells on pulmonary endothelium, pulmonary metastasis, lung tissue architecture, and systemic endothelium was compared between 40-week-old and 20-week-old mice. The 40-week-old mice showed features of ongoing EndMT in their lungs before 4T1 breast cancer cell injection. Moreover, they had preexisting endothelial dysfunction in the aorta detected by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared to 20-week-old mice. The injection of 4T1 breast cancer cells into 40-week-old mice resulted in rapid EndMT progression in their lungs. In contrast, injection of 4T1 breast cancer cells into 20-week-old mice resulted in initiation and less pronounced EndMT progression. Although the number of metastases did not differ significantly between 20-week-old and 40-week-old mice, the lungs of older mice displayed altered lung tissue architecture and biochemical content, reflected in higher Amide II/Amide I ratio, higher fibronectin levels, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit alpha (HIF1α) levels as well as lower nitric oxide (NO) production. Our results indicate that age-dependent pre-existing endothelial dysfunction in the pulmonary endothelium of 40-week-old mice predisposed them to rapid EndMT progression in the presence of circulating 4T1 breast cancer cells what might contribute to a more severe metastatic breast cancer phenotype in these ageing mice compared to younger mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Smeda
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland,*Correspondence: Stefan Chlopicki, ; Marta Smeda,
| | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ebrahim H Maleki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Bar
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Sternak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kwiatkowski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Suraj-Prażmowska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Proniewski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kieronska-Rudek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland,Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamila Wojnar-Lason
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland,Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Skrzypek
- Department of Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Majka
- Department of Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Chrabaszcz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland,Department of Experimental Physics of Complex Systems, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamilla Malek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland,Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland,*Correspondence: Stefan Chlopicki, ; Marta Smeda,
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Wang B, Yang X, Sun X, Liu J, Fu Y, Liu B, Qiu J, Lian J, Zhou J. ATF3 in atherosclerosis: a controversial transcription factor. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1557-1568. [PMID: 36207452 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the pathophysiological basis of most malignant cardiovascular diseases, remains a global concern. Transcription factors play a key role in regulating cell function and disease progression in developmental signaling pathways involved in atherosclerosis. Activated transcription factor (ATF) 3 is an adaptive response gene in the ATF/cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein family that acts as a transcription suppressor or activator by forming homodimers or heterodimers with other ATF/CREB members. Appropriate ATF3 expression is vital for normal physiological cell function. Notably, ATF3 exhibits distinct roles in vascular endothelial cells, macrophages, and the liver, which will also be described in detail. This review provides a new perspective for atherosclerosis therapy by summarizing the mechanism of ATF3 in atherosclerosis, as well as the structure and pathophysiological properties of ATF3. KEY MESSAGES: • In endothelial cells, ATF3 overexpression aggravates oxidative stress and inflammation. • In macrophages and liver cells, ATF3 can act as a negative regulator of inflammation and promote cholesterol metabolism. • ATF3 can be used as a potential therapeutic factor in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Medical College, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Medical College, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Cardiovascular, Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Central Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, Ningbo, China
| | - Xinyi Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular, Medical College, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Central Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, Ningbo, China
| | - Yin Fu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Medical College, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Bingyang Liu
- Central Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, Ningbo, China
| | - Jun Qiu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Medical College, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiangfang Lian
- Department of Cardiovascular, Medical College, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Cardiovascular, Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Central Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianqing Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular, Medical College, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China. .,Department of Cardiovascular, Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, China. .,Central Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, Ningbo, China.
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10
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Chen F, Yue LL, Ntsobe TE, Qin LL, Zeng Y, Xie MF, Huang HJ, Peng W, Zeng LS, Liu HJ, Liu Q. Endothelial mesenchymal transformation and relationship with vascular abnormalities. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Luo F, Huang Y, Li Y, Zhao X, Xie Y, Zhang Q, Mei J, Liu X. A narrative review of the relationship between TGF-β signaling and gynecological malignant tumor. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1601. [PMID: 34790807 PMCID: PMC8576662 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective This paper reviews the association between transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and its receptor and tumor, focusing on gynecological malignant tumors. we hope to provide more methods to help increase the potential of TGF-β signaling targeted treatment of specific cancers. Background The occurrence of a malignant tumor is a complex process of multi-step, multi-gene regulation, and its progression is affected by various components of the tumor cells and/or tumor microenvironment. The occurrence of gynecological diseases not only affect women's health, but also bring some troubles to their normal life. Especially when gynecological malignant tumors occur, the situation is more serious, which will endanger the lives of patients. Due to differences in environmental and economic conditions, not all women have access to assistance and treatment specifically meeting their needs. TGF-β is a multi-potent growth factor that maintains homeostasis in mammals by inhibiting cell growth and promoting apoptosis in vivo. TGF-β signaling is fundamental to inflammatory disease and favors the emergence of tumors, and it also plays an important role in immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. In the early stages of the tumor, TGF-β acts as a tumor inhibitor, whereas in advanced tumors, mutations or deletion of the TGF-β signaling core component initiate neogenesis. Methods Literatures about TGF-β and gynecological malignant tumor were extensively reviewed to analyze and discuss. Conclusions We discussed the role of TGF-β signaling in different types of gynecological tumor cells, thus demonstrating that targeted TGF-β signaling may be an effective tumor treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yilin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianwen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinghui Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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12
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Ciszewski WM, Wawro ME, Sacewicz-Hofman I, Sobierajska K. Cytoskeleton Reorganization in EndMT-The Role in Cancer and Fibrotic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111607. [PMID: 34769036 PMCID: PMC8583721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation promotes endothelial plasticity, leading to the development of several diseases, including fibrosis and cancer in numerous organs. The basis of those processes is a phenomenon called the endothelial–mesenchymal transition (EndMT), which results in the delamination of tightly connected endothelial cells that acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. EndMT-derived cells, known as the myofibroblasts or cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), are characterized by the loss of cell–cell junctions, loss of endothelial markers, and gain in mesenchymal ones. As a result, the endothelium ceases its primary ability to maintain patent and functional capillaries and induce new blood vessels. At the same time, it acquires the migration and invasion potential typical of mesenchymal cells. The observed modulation of cell shape, increasedcell movement, and invasion abilities are connected with cytoskeleton reorganization. This paper focuses on the review of current knowledge about the molecular pathways involved in the modulation of each cytoskeleton element (microfilaments, microtubule, and intermediate filaments) during EndMT and their role as the potential targets for cancer and fibrosis treatment.
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13
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Ding Y, Zhou Y, Ling P, Feng X, Luo S, Zheng X, Little PJ, Xu S, Weng J. Metformin in cardiovascular diabetology: a focused review of its impact on endothelial function. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:9376-9396. [PMID: 34646376 PMCID: PMC8490502 DOI: 10.7150/thno.64706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a first-line treatment for diabetes, the insulin-sensitizing biguanide, metformin, regulates glucose levels and positively affects cardiovascular function in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular complications. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) represents the primary pathological change of multiple vascular diseases, because it causes decreased arterial plasticity, increased vascular resistance, reduced tissue perfusion and atherosclerosis. Caused by “biochemical injury”, ED is also an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. Accumulating evidence shows that metformin improves ED through liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/5'-adenosine monophosphat-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and AMPK-independent targets, including nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) and krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). Evaluating the effects of metformin on endothelial cell functions would facilitate our understanding of the therapeutic potential of metformin in cardiovascular diabetology (including diabetes and its cardiovascular complications). This article reviews the physiological and pathological functions of endothelial cells and the intact endothelium, reviews the latest research of metformin in the treatment of diabetes and related cardiovascular complications, and focuses on the mechanism of action of metformin in regulating endothelial cell functions.
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14
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Islam S, Boström KI, Di Carlo D, Simmons CA, Tintut Y, Yao Y, Hsu JJ. The Mechanobiology of Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Cardiovascular Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:734215. [PMID: 34566697 PMCID: PMC8458763 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.734215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) lining the cardiovascular system are subjected to a highly dynamic microenvironment resulting from pulsatile pressure and circulating blood flow. Endothelial cells are remarkably sensitive to these forces, which are transduced to activate signaling pathways to maintain endothelial homeostasis and respond to changes in the environment. Aberrations in these biomechanical stresses, however, can trigger changes in endothelial cell phenotype and function. One process involved in this cellular plasticity is endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). As a result of EndMT, ECs lose cell-cell adhesion, alter their cytoskeletal organization, and gain increased migratory and invasive capabilities. EndMT has long been known to occur during cardiovascular development, but there is now a growing body of evidence also implicating it in many cardiovascular diseases (CVD), often associated with alterations in the cellular mechanical environment. In this review, we highlight the emerging role of shear stress, cyclic strain, matrix stiffness, and composition associated with EndMT in CVD. We first provide an overview of EndMT and context for how ECs sense, transduce, and respond to certain mechanical stimuli. We then describe the biomechanical features of EndMT and the role of mechanically driven EndMT in CVD. Finally, we indicate areas of open investigation to further elucidate the complexity of EndMT in the cardiovascular system. Understanding the mechanistic underpinnings of the mechanobiology of EndMT in CVD can provide insight into new opportunities for identification of novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrin Islam
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kristina I Boström
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Craig A Simmons
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yin Tintut
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Hsu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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15
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Jiao K, Zhen J, Wu M, Teng M, Yang K, Zhou Q, Hu C, Zhou M, Li Y, Li Z. 27-Hydroxycholesterol-induced EndMT acts via STAT3 signaling to promote breast cancer cell migration by altering the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 17:88-100. [PMID: 32296578 PMCID: PMC7142833 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2019.0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) plays a major role in cancer metastasis by regulating the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we investigated whether 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC) induces EndMT in endothelial cells (ECs). Methods: EndMT markers in the human microvascular endothelial cell-1 (HMEC-1) cell line and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulated with 27HC were evaluated with Western blot. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in breast cancer (BC) cells cultured in conditioned medium were investigated with quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expression and activity were detected with qRT-PCR and gelatin zymography assays, respectively. The effect of activated STAT3 on 27HC-induced EndMT was validated by Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, and cell transfection assays. The migration ability of BC cells was evaluated with Transwell assays. Results: We found that 27HC induced EndMT in HMEC-1 and HUVECs, and 27HC-induced EndMT facilitated EMT and BC cell migration. The 27HC-induced EMT of BC cells also promoted EndMT and HUVEC migration. Investigation of the underlying molecular mechanisms revealed that STAT3 knockdown repressed EndMT in HUVECs as well as migration in BC cells induced with 27HC. In addition, C646 and resveratrol, inhibitors of STAT3 acetylation, repressed the expression of Ac-STAT3, p-STAT3, and EndMT markers in HUVECs exposed to 27HC; these HUVECs in turn attenuated the migration ability of BC cells in 27HC-induced EndMT. Conclusions: Cross-talk between 27HC-induced EndMT and EMT was observed in the TME. Moreover, activation of STAT3 signaling was found to be involved in 27HC-induced EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Jiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jing Zhen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Maoxuan Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Mengying Teng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Keke Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chunyan Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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16
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Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition is a dynamic process in which endothelial cells suppress constituent endothelial properties and take on mesenchymal cell behaviors. To begin the process, endothelial cells loosen their cell-cell junctions, degrade the basement membrane, and migrate out into the perivascular surroundings. These initial endothelial behaviors reflect a transient modulation of cellular phenotype, that is, a phenotypic modulation, that is sometimes referred to as partial endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Loosening of endothelial junctions and migration are also seen in inflammatory and angiogenic settings such that endothelial cells initiating endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition have overlapping behaviors and gene expression with endothelial cells responding to inflammatory signals or sprouting to form new blood vessels. Reduced endothelial junctions increase permeability, which facilitates leukocyte trafficking, whereas endothelial migration precedes angiogenic sprouting and neovascularization; both endothelial barriers and quiescence are restored as inflammatory and angiogenic stimuli subside. Complete endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition proceeds beyond phenotypic modulation such that mesenchymal characteristics become prominent and endothelial functions diminish. In proadaptive, regenerative settings the new mesenchymal cells produce extracellular matrix and contribute to tissue integrity whereas in maladaptive, pathologic settings the new mesenchymal cells become fibrotic, overproducing matrix to cause tissue stiffness, which eventually impacts function. Here we will review what is known about how TGF (transforming growth factor) β influences this continuum from junctional loosening to cellular migration and its relevance to cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Alvandi
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA
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17
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High stretch induces endothelial dysfunction accompanied by oxidative stress and actin remodeling in human saphenous vein endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13493. [PMID: 34188159 PMCID: PMC8242094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate of the remodeling of the arterialized saphenous vein conduit limits the outcomes of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), which may be influenced by endothelial dysfunction. We tested the hypothesis that high stretch (HS) induces human saphenous vein endothelial cell (hSVEC) dysfunction and examined candidate underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that in vitro HS reduces NO bioavailability, increases inflammatory adhesion molecule expression (E-selectin and VCAM1) and THP-1 cell adhesion. HS decreases F-actin in hSVECs, but not in human arterial endothelial cells, and is accompanied by G-actin and cofilin’s nuclear shuttling and increased reactive oxidative species (ROS). Pre-treatment with the broad-acting antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supported this observation and diminished stretch-induced actin remodeling and inflammatory adhesive molecule expression. Altogether, we provide evidence that increased oxidative stress and actin cytoskeleton remodeling play a role in HS-induced saphenous vein endothelial cell dysfunction, which may contribute to predisposing saphenous vein graft to failure.
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18
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Testai L, Brancaleone V, Flori L, Montanaro R, Calderone V. Modulation of EndMT by Hydrogen Sulfide in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Fibrosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060910. [PMID: 34205197 PMCID: PMC8229400 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has been described as a fundamental process during embryogenesis; however, it can occur also in adult age, underlying pathological events, including fibrosis. Indeed, during EndMT, the endothelial cells lose their specific markers, such as vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), and acquire a mesenchymal phenotype, expressing specific products, such as α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and type I collagen; moreover, the integrity of the endothelium is disrupted, and cells show a migratory, invasive and proliferative phenotype. Several stimuli can trigger this transition, but transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) is considered the most relevant. EndMT can proceed in a canonical smad-dependent or non-canonical smad-independent manner and ultimately regulate gene expression of pro-fibrotic machinery. These events lead to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis at the vascular level as well as myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. Indeed, EndMT is the mechanism which promotes the progression of cardiovascular disorders following hypertension, diabetes, heart failure and also ageing. In this scenario, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been widely described for its preventive properties, but its role in EndMT is poorly investigated. This review is focused on the evaluation of the putative role of H2S in the EndMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Testai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.F.); (V.C.)
- Interdepartmental Center of Ageing, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Vincenzo Brancaleone
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (V.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Flori
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.F.); (V.C.)
| | - Rosangela Montanaro
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (V.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.F.); (V.C.)
- Interdepartmental Center of Ageing, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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19
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Giordo R, Ahmed YMA, Allam H, Abusnana S, Pappalardo L, Nasrallah GK, Mangoni AA, Pintus G. EndMT Regulation by Small RNAs in Diabetes-Associated Fibrotic Conditions: Potential Link With Oxidative Stress. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:683594. [PMID: 34095153 PMCID: PMC8170089 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.683594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes-associated complications, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, and atherosclerosis, the main consequences of long-term hyperglycemia, often lead to organ dysfunction, disability, and increased mortality. A common denominator of these complications is the myofibroblast-driven excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. Although fibroblast appears to be the primary source of myofibroblasts, other cells, including endothelial cells, can generate myofibroblasts through a process known as endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT). During EndMT, endothelial cells lose their typical phenotype to acquire mesenchymal features, characterized by the development of invasive and migratory abilities as well as the expression of typical mesenchymal products such as α-smooth muscle actin and type I collagen. EndMT is involved in many chronic and fibrotic diseases and appears to be regulated by complex molecular mechanisms and different signaling pathways. Recent evidence suggests that small RNAs, in particular microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are crucial mediators of EndMT. Furthermore, EndMT and miRNAs are both affected by oxidative stress, another key player in the pathophysiology of diabetic fibrotic complications. In this review, we provide an overview of the primary redox signals underpinning the diabetic-associated fibrotic process. Then, we discuss the current knowledge on the role of small RNAs in the regulation of EndMT in diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, and atherosclerosis and highlight potential links between oxidative stress and the dyad small RNAs-EndMT in driving these pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Giordo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yusra M. A. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hilda Allam
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salah Abusnana
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lucia Pappalardo
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Studies, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gheyath K. Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Arduino Aleksander Mangoni
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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20
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Wang J, Xiang H, Lu Y, Wu T. Role and clinical significance of TGF‑β1 and TGF‑βR1 in malignant tumors (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:55. [PMID: 33604683 PMCID: PMC7895515 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance and growth of malignant tumors is a complicated process that is regulated by a number of genes. In recent years, studies have revealed that the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway serves an important role in cell cycle regulation, growth and development, differentiation, extracellular matrix synthesis and immune response. Notably, two members of the TGF-β signaling pathway, TGF-β1 and TGF-β receptor 1 (TGF-βR1), are highly expressed in a variety of tumors, such as breast cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that TGF-β1 and TGF-βR1 promote proliferation, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tumor cells by activating other signaling pathways, signaling molecules or microRNAs (miRs), such as the NF-κB signaling pathway and miR-133b. In addition, some inhibitors targeting TGF-β1 and TGF-βR1 have exhibited positive effects in in vitro experiments. The present review discusses the association between TGF-β1 or TGF-βR1 and tumors, and the development of some inhibitors, hoping to provide more approaches to help identify novel tumor markers to restrain and cure tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Hongjiao Xiang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yifei Lu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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21
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Fledderus J, Vanchin B, Rots MG, Krenning G. The Endothelium as a Target for Anti-Atherogenic Therapy: A Focus on the Epigenetic Enzymes EZH2 and SIRT1. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11020103. [PMID: 33562658 PMCID: PMC7915331 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell inflammatory activation and dysfunction are key events in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, and are associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular events. Yet, therapies specifically targeting the endothelium and atherosclerosis are lacking. Here, we review how endothelial behaviour affects atherogenesis and pose that the endothelium may be an efficacious cellular target for antiatherogenic therapies. We discuss the contribution of endothelial inflammatory activation and dysfunction to atherogenesis and postulate that the dysregulation of specific epigenetic enzymes, EZH2 and SIRT1, aggravate endothelial dysfunction in a pleiotropic fashion. Moreover, we propose that commercially available drugs are available to clinically explore this postulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Fledderus
- Medical Biology Section, Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.F.); (B.V.)
| | - Byambasuren Vanchin
- Medical Biology Section, Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.F.); (B.V.)
- Department Cardiology, School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Jamyan St 3, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia
| | - Marianne G. Rots
- Epigenetic Editing, Medical Biology Section, Department Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Guido Krenning
- Medical Biology Section, Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.F.); (B.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-50-361-8043; Fax: +31-50-361-9911
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22
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Yun E, Kook Y, Yoo KH, Kim KI, Lee MS, Kim J, Lee A. Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Pulmonary Vascular Diseases. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120639. [PMID: 33371458 PMCID: PMC7767472 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung diseases, such as pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary fibrosis, are life-threatening diseases and have common features of vascular remodeling. During progression, extracellular matrix protein deposition and dysregulation of proteolytic enzymes occurs, which results in vascular stiffness and dysfunction. Although vasodilators or anti-fibrotic therapy have been mainly used as therapy owing to these characteristics, their effectiveness does not meet expectations. Therefore, a better understanding of the etiology and new therapeutic approaches are needed. Endothelial cells (ECs) line the inner walls of blood vessels and maintain vascular homeostasis by protecting vascular cells from pathological stimuli. Chronic stimulation of ECs by various factors, including pro-inflammatory cytokines and hypoxia, leads to ECs undergoing an imbalance of endothelial homeostasis, which results in endothelial dysfunction and is closely associated with vascular diseases. Emerging studies suggest that endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) contributes to endothelial dysfunction and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. EndMT is a process by which ECs lose their markers and show mesenchymal-like morphological changes, and gain mesenchymal cell markers. Despite the efforts to elucidate these molecular mechanisms, the role of EndMT in the pathogenesis of lung disease still requires further investigation. Here, we review the importance of EndMT in the pathogenesis of pulmonary vascular diseases and discuss various signaling pathways and mediators involved in the EndMT process. Furthermore, we will provide insight into the therapeutic potential of targeting EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsik Yun
- Division of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (K.H.Y.); (K.I.K.); (M.-S.L.)
| | - Yunjin Kook
- Division of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (K.H.Y.); (K.I.K.); (M.-S.L.)
| | - Kyung Hyun Yoo
- Division of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (K.H.Y.); (K.I.K.); (M.-S.L.)
- Research Institute for Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Keun Il Kim
- Division of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (K.H.Y.); (K.I.K.); (M.-S.L.)
- Research Institute for Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Myeong-Sok Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (K.H.Y.); (K.I.K.); (M.-S.L.)
- Research Institute for Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Jongmin Kim
- Division of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (K.H.Y.); (K.I.K.); (M.-S.L.)
- Research Institute for Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (A.L.); Tel.: +82-2-710-9553 (J.K. & A.L.); Fax: +82-2-2077-7322 (J.K. & A.L.)
| | - Aram Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (K.H.Y.); (K.I.K.); (M.-S.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (A.L.); Tel.: +82-2-710-9553 (J.K. & A.L.); Fax: +82-2-2077-7322 (J.K. & A.L.)
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23
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Zhen J, Jiao K, Yang K, Wu M, Zhou Q, Yang B, Xiao W, Hu C, Zhou M, Li Z. The 14-3-3η/GSK-3β/β-catenin complex regulates EndMT induced by 27-hydroxycholesterol in HUVECs and promotes the migration of breast cancer cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2020; 37:515-529. [PMID: 33131013 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09564-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is the transformation of endothelial cell morphology to mesenchymal cell morphology, accompanied by decline of endothelial function and enhancement of mesenchymal function, which promotes tumor progression and tumor cell invasion and metastasis. 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27-HC) is a cholesterol metabolite, which has a high content in human blood. 27-HC promotes breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. We previously showed that 27-HC promotes EndMT; however, the underlying mechanism still needs to be further explored. We studied the role of the 14-3-3η/GSK-3β/β-catenin complex in EndMT. Our results show that 27-HC induces oxidative stress in HUVECs and activates the p38 signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the binding of 14-3-3η/GSK-3β/β-catenin, promoting the increase of free β-catenin and nuclear translocation, and finally inducing EndMT. Treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) blocked 27-HC-induced ROS generation and p38 signaling pathway activation, prevented β-catenin from release from binding, and inhibited EndMT. Blocking ROS production or p38 signaling or knocking down 14-3-3η inhibited 27-HC-induced EndMT and inhibited breast cancer cell metastasis. These findings indicate 14-3-3η is necessary for interactions between the p38 kinase and the GSK-3β/β-catenin complex and serves as an adaptor to transmit the upstream kinase signal to the downstream signal, thereby promoting EndMT and breast cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhen
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Kailin Jiao
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Keke Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Maoxuan Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Bingmo Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chunyan Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in anticancer therapy and normal tissue damage. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:781-792. [PMID: 32467609 PMCID: PMC7272420 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) involves the phenotypic conversion of endothelial-to-mesenchymal cells, and was first discovered in association with embryonic heart development. EndMT can regulate various processes, such as tissue fibrosis and cancer. Recent findings have shown that EndMT is related to resistance to cancer therapy, such as chemotherapy, antiangiogenic therapy, and radiation therapy. Based on the known effects of EndMT on the cardiac toxicity of anticancer therapy and tissue damage of radiation therapy, we propose that EndMT can be targeted as a strategy for overcoming tumor resistance while reducing complications, such as tissue damage. In this review, we discuss EndMT and its roles in damaging cardiac and lung tissues, as well as EndMT-related effects on tumor vasculature and resistance in anticancer therapy. Modulating EndMT in radioresistant tumors and radiation-induced tissue fibrosis can especially increase the efficacy of radiation therapy. In addition, we review the role of hypoxia and reactive oxygen species as the main stimulating factors of tissue damage due to vascular damage and EndMT. We consider drugs that may be clinically useful for regulating EndMT in various diseases. Finally, we argue the importance of EndMT as a therapeutic target in anticancer therapy for reducing tissue damage. A process of cellular conversion known as endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) may offer a valuable target for treating cancer and other diseases. In EndMT, the cells lining blood vessels undergo a striking change in shape and physiology, acquiring features of cells called fibroblasts. Fibroblasts form the body’s connective tissue, but also produce scar tissue that impairs organ function. Researchers led by Yoon-Jin Lee of the Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences in Seoul, South Korea, have reviewed the impact of this transformation on human disease. EndMT is seen as a prelude to heart failure, in lung tissue affected by pulmonary fibrosis, and within tumors, where the process recruits cells that further stimulate cancer progression. The authors highlight the potential of using drugs that target EndMT to bolster the efficacy and safety of tumor therapy.
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Ma X, Zhao D, Yuan P, Li J, Yun Y, Cui Y, Zhang T, Ma J, Sun L, Ma H, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhang W, Huang J, Zou C, Wang Z. Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. ACTA CARDIOLOGICA SINICA 2020; 36:183-194. [PMID: 32425433 PMCID: PMC7220963 DOI: 10.6515/acs.202005_36(3).20200213a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) represents a significant threat to cardiovascular health worldwide, and the incidence of this sclerocalcific valve disease has rapidly increased along with a rise in life expectancy. Compelling evidence has suggested that CAVD is an actively and finely regulated pathophysiological process even though it has been referred to as "degenerative" for decades. A striking similarity has been noted in the etiopathogenesis between CAVD and atherosclerosis, a classical proliferative sclerotic vascular disease.1 Nevertheless, pharmaceutical trials that attempted to target inflammation and dyslipidemia have produced disappointing results in CAVD. While senescence is a well-documented risk factor, the sophisticated regulatory networks have not been adequately explored underlying the aberrant calcification and osteogenesis in CAVD. Valvular endothelial cells (VECs), a type of resident effector cells in aortic leaflets, are crucial in maintaining valvular integrity and homeostasis, and dysfunctional VECs are a major contributor to disease initiation and progression. Accumulating evidence suggests that VECs undergo a phenotypic and functional transition to mesenchymal or fibroblast-like cells in CAVD, a process known as the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) process. The relevance of this transition in CAVD has recently drawn great interest due to its importance in both valve genesis at an embryonic stage and CAVD development at an adult stage. Hence EndMT might be a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic target for disease prevention and treatment. This mini-review summarized the relevant literature that delineates the EndMT process and the underlying regulatory networks involved in CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
| | - Diming Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong
| | - Peidong Yuan
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong
| | - Jinzhang Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Yan Yun
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Yuqi Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
| | - Jiwei Ma
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Liangong Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
| | - Huibo Ma
- Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao
| | - Yuman Zhang
- Emergency Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haizhou Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
| | - Junjie Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
| | - Chengwei Zou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
| | - Zhengjun Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
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26
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Choi SJ, Lillicrap D. A sticky proposition: The endothelial glycocalyx and von Willebrand factor. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:781-785. [PMID: 31984614 PMCID: PMC7594466 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a critical component of the hemostatic system. Basal secretion of VWF from endothelial cells is the principal determinant of an individual's baseline plasma VWF levels, while endothelial VWF release can also be induced by several biochemical agonists and biomechanical forces such as increased shear stress. However, the mechanotransduction machinery responsible for this latter response is unclear. Here we propose that the endothelial glycocalyx (EGC), a dynamic layer of proteins and carbohydrates that covers the surface of the vascular endothelium, may play a key role in mediating this response. The EGC has previously been implicated in mediating the mechanotransduction of shear stress in other shear-responsive endothelial processes, such as nitric oxide production and stem cell differentiation. Here, we hypothesize that a similar mechanism may be responsible for the basal secretion of endothelial VWF, whereby the EGC mediates the mechanotransduction of physiological shear stress generated by flowing blood, that in turn contributes to the maintenance of physiological plasma VWF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Jae Choi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - David Lillicrap
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Weinstein N, Mendoza L, Álvarez-Buylla ER. A Computational Model of the Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition. Front Genet 2020; 11:40. [PMID: 32226439 PMCID: PMC7080988 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) form the lining of lymph and blood vessels. Changes in tissue requirements or wounds may cause ECs to behave as tip or stalk cells. Alternatively, they may differentiate into mesenchymal cells (MCs). These processes are known as EC activation and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), respectively. EndMT, Tip, and Stalk EC behaviors all require SNAI1, SNAI2, and Matrix metallopeptidase (MMP) function. However, only EndMT inhibits the expression of VE-cadherin, PECAM1, and VEGFR2, and also leads to EC detachment. Physiologically, EndMT is involved in heart valve development, while a defective EndMT regulation is involved in the physiopathology of cardiovascular malformations, congenital heart disease, systemic and organ fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Therefore, the control of EndMT has many promising potential applications in regenerative medicine. Despite the fact that many molecular components involved in EC activation and EndMT have been characterized, the system-level molecular mechanisms involved in this process have not been elucidated. Toward this end, hereby we present Boolean network model of the molecular involved in the regulation of EC activation and EndMT. The simulated dynamic behavior of our model reaches fixed and cyclic patterns of activation that correspond to the expected EC and MC cell types and behaviors, recovering most of the specific effects of simple gain and loss-of-function mutations as well as the conditions associated with the progression of several diseases. Therefore, our model constitutes a theoretical framework that can be used to generate hypotheses and guide experimental inquiry to comprehend the regulatory mechanisms behind EndMT. Our main findings include that both the extracellular microevironment and the pattern of molecular activity within the cell regulate EndMT. EndMT requires a lack of VEGFA and sufficient oxygen in the extracellular microenvironment as well as no FLI1 and GATA2 activity within the cell. Additionally Tip cells cannot undergo EndMT directly. Furthermore, the specific conditions that are sufficient to trigger EndMT depend on the specific pattern of molecular activation within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Weinstein
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Mendoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elena R Álvarez-Buylla
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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28
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Jambusaria A, Hong Z, Zhang L, Srivastava S, Jana A, Toth PT, Dai Y, Malik AB, Rehman J. Endothelial heterogeneity across distinct vascular beds during homeostasis and inflammation. eLife 2020; 9:51413. [PMID: 31944177 PMCID: PMC7002042 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are lined by endothelial cells engaged in distinct organ-specific functions but little is known about their characteristic gene expression profiles. RNA-Sequencing of the brain, lung, and heart endothelial translatome identified specific pathways, transporters and cell-surface markers expressed in the endothelium of each organ, which can be visualized at http://www.rehmanlab.org/ribo. We found that endothelial cells express genes typically found in the surrounding tissues such as synaptic vesicle genes in the brain endothelium and cardiac contractile genes in the heart endothelium. Complementary analysis of endothelial single cell RNA-Seq data identified the molecular signatures shared across the endothelial translatome and single cell transcriptomes. The tissue-specific heterogeneity of the endothelium is maintained during systemic in vivo inflammatory injury as evidenced by the distinct responses to inflammatory stimulation. Our study defines endothelial heterogeneity and plasticity and provides a molecular framework to understand organ-specific vascular disease mechanisms and therapeutic targeting of individual vascular beds. Blood vessels supply nutrients, oxygen and other key molecules to all of the organs in the body. Cells lining the blood vessels, called endothelial cells, regulate which molecules pass from the blood to the organs they supply. For example, brain endothelial cells prevent toxic molecules from getting into the brain, and lung endothelial cells allow immune cells into the lungs to fight off bacteria or viruses. Determining which genes are switched on in the endothelial cells of major organs might allow scientists to determine what endothelial cells do in the brain, heart, and lung, and how they differ; or help scientists deliver drugs to a particular organ. If endothelial cells from different organs switch on different groups of genes, each of these groups of genes can be thought of as a ‘genetic signature’ that identifies endothelial cells from a specific organ. Now, Jambusaria et al. show that brain, heart, and lung endothelial cells have distinct genetic signatures. The experiments used mice that had been genetically modified to have tags on their endothelial cells. These tags made it possible to isolate RNA – a molecule similar to DNA that contains the information about which genes are active – from endothelial cells without separating the cells from their tissue of origin. Next, RNA from endothelial cells in the heart, brain and lung was sequenced and analyzed. The results show that each endothelial cell type has a distinct genetic signature under normal conditions and infection-like conditions. Unexpectedly, the experiments also showed that genes that were thought to only be switched on in the cells of specific tissues are also on in the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels of the tissue. For example, genes switched on in brain cells are also active in brain endothelial cells, and genes allowing heart muscle cells to pump are also on in the endothelial cells of the heart blood vessels. The endothelial cell genetic signatures identified by Jambusaria et al. can be used as “postal codes” to target drugs to a specific organ via the endothelial cells that feed it. It might also be possible to use these genetic signatures to build organ-specific blood vessels from stem cells in the laboratory. Future work will try to answer why endothelial cells serving the heart and brain use genes from these organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Jambusaria
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, The University of Illinois College of Engineering and College of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Zhigang Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Lianghui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Shubhi Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Arundhati Jana
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Peter T Toth
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, United States.,Research Resources Center, University of Illinois, Chicago, United States
| | - Yang Dai
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Illinois College of Engineering and College of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Jalees Rehman
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, United States.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, United States
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29
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Force and Collective Epithelial Activities. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 31612452 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-17593-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Cells apply forces to their surroundings to perform basic biological activities, including division, adhesion, and migration. Similarly, cell populations in epithelial tissues coordinate forces in physiological processes of morphogenesis and repair. These activities are highly regulated to yield the correct development and function of the body. The modification of this order is at the onset of pathological events and malfunctions. Mechanical forces and their translation into biological signals are the focus of an emerging field of research, shaping as a central discipline in the study of life and gathering knowledge at the interface of engineering, physics, biology and medicine. Novel engineering methods are needed to complement the classic instruments developed by molecular biology, physics and medicine. These should enable the measurement of forces at the cellular and multicellular level, and at a temporal and spatial resolution which is fully compatible with the ranges experienced by cells in vivo.
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30
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Liguori TTA, Liguori GR, Moreira LFP, Harmsen MC. Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells' conditioned medium modulates endothelial-mesenchymal transition induced by IL-1β/TGF-β2 but does not restore endothelial function. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12629. [PMID: 31468648 PMCID: PMC6869467 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Endothelial cells undergo TGF‐β–driven endothelial‐mesenchymal transition (EndMT), representing up to 25% of cardiac myofibroblasts in ischaemic hearts. Previous research showed that conditioned medium of adipose tissue–derived stromal cells (ASC‐CMed) blocks the activation of fibroblasts into fibrotic myofibroblasts. We tested the hypothesis that ASC‐CMed abrogates EndMT and prevents the formation of adverse myofibroblasts. Materials and methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were treated with IL‐1β and TGF‐β2 to induce EndMT, and the influence of ASC‐CMed was assessed. As controls, non‐treated HUVEC or HUVEC treated only with IL‐1β in the absence or presence of ASC‐CMed were used. Gene expression of inflammatory, endothelial, mesenchymal and extracellular matrix markers, transcription factors and cell receptors was analysed by RT‐qPCR. The protein expression of endothelial and mesenchymal markers was evaluated by immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting. Endothelial cell function was measured by sprouting assay. Results IL‐1β/TGF‐β2 treatment induced EndMT, as evidenced by the change in HUVEC morphology and an increase in mesenchymal markers. ASC‐CMed blocked the EndMT‐related fibrotic processes, as observed by reduced expression of mesenchymal markers TAGLN (P = 0.0008) and CNN1 (P = 0.0573), as well as SM22α (P = 0.0501). The angiogenesis potential was impaired in HUVEC undergoing EndMT and could not be restored by ASC‐CMed. Conclusions We demonstrated that ASC‐CMed reduces IL‐1β/TGF‐β2‐induced EndMT as observed by the loss of mesenchymal markers. The present study supports the anti‐fibrotic effects of ASC‐CMed through the modulation of the EndMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tácia Tavares Aquinas Liguori
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Romero Liguori
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luiz Felipe Pinho Moreira
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin Conrad Harmsen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EndoMT): Roles in Tumorigenesis, Metastatic Extravasation and Therapy Resistance. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:8361945. [PMID: 31467544 PMCID: PMC6701373 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8361945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells evolve in a very complex tumor microenvironment, composed of several cell types, among which the endothelial cells are the major actors of the tumor angiogenesis. Today, these cells are also characterized for their plasticity, as endothelial cells have demonstrated their potential to modify their phenotype to differentiate into mesenchymal cells through the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). This cellular plasticity is mediated by various stimuli including transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and is modulated dependently of experimental conditions. Recently, emerging evidences have shown that EndoMT is involved in the development and dissemination of cancer and also in cancer cell to escape from therapeutic treatment. In this review, we summarize current updates on EndoMT and its main induction pathways. In addition, we discuss the role of EndoMT in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and its potential implication in cancer therapy resistance.
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32
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ZEB1 insufficiency causes corneal endothelial cell state transition and altered cellular processing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218279. [PMID: 31194824 PMCID: PMC6564028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The zinc finger e-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) transcription factor is a master regulator of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and of the reverse mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) processes. ZEB1 plays an integral role in mediating cell state transitions during cell lineage specification, wound healing and disease. EMT/MET are characterized by distinct changes in molecular and cellular phenotype that are generally context-independent. Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD), associated with ZEB1 insufficiency, provides a new biological context in which to understand and evaluate the classic EMT/MET paradigm. PPCD is characterized by a cadherin-switch and transition to an epithelial-like transcriptomic and cellular phenotype, which we study in a cell-based model of PPCD generated using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated ZEB1 knockout in corneal endothelial cells (CEnCs). Transcriptomic and functional studies support the hypothesis that CEnC undergo a MET-like transition in PPCD, termed endothelial to epithelial transition (EnET), and lead to the conclusion that EnET may be considered a corollary to the classic EMT/MET paradigm.
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33
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Xiao L, Tong X. [Advances in molecular mechanism of vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2019; 48:102-110. [PMID: 31102364 PMCID: PMC10412420 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2019.02.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a clinical hemodynamic syndrome characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance leading to right heart failure and death. Vascular remodeling is the most prominent histopathological feature of PAH, which is regulated by many factors. Endoplasmic reticulum stress, calcium disorder and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in the vascular cell proliferation and apoptosis by regulating intracellular calcium homeostasis and cellular metabolism. Epigenetic phenomenon such as DNA damage and abnormal expression of miRNA are also involved in the regulation of abnormal proliferation of vascular cells. Vascular cell phenotype switching including endothelial-mesenchymal transition and smooth muscle cell phenotype switching play an important role in abnormal proliferation of vascular cells. Vascular remodeling is produced by a variety of cells and molecular pathways, and aiming at multiple targets which is expected to find a new breakthrough in the treatment of PAH,and to improve abnormal vascular remodeling, delay or even reverse the progression of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiaoyong Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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34
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Sabbineni H, Verma A, Artham S, Anderson D, Amaka O, Liu F, Narayanan SP, Somanath PR. Pharmacological inhibition of β-catenin prevents EndMT in vitro and vascular remodeling in vivo resulting from endothelial Akt1 suppression. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 164:205-215. [PMID: 30991049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), where endothelial cells acquire mesenchymal characteristics has been implicated in several cardiopulmonary, vascular and fibrotic diseases. The most commonly studied molecular mechanisms involved in EndMT include TGFβ, Notch, interleukin, and interferon-γ signaling. As of today, the contributions of Akt1, an important mediator of TGFβ signaling and a key regulator of endothelial barrier function to EndMT remains unclear. By using the ShRNA based gene silencing approach and endothelial-specific inducible Akt1 knockdown (ECKOAkt1) mice, we studied the role of Akt1 in EndMT in vitro and pathological vascular remodeling in vivo. Stable, Akt1 silenced (ShAkt1) human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) indicated increased expression of mesenchymal markers such as N-cadherin and α-SMA, phosphorylation of Smad2/3, cellular stress via activation of p38 MAP Kinase and the loss of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) accompanied by a change in the morphology of HMECs in vitro and co-localization of endothelial and mesenchymal markers promoting EndMT in vivo. EndMT as a result of Akt1 loss was associated with increased expression of TGFβ2, a potent inducer of EndMT and mesenchymal transcription factors Snail1, and FoxC2. We observed that hypoxia-induced lung vascular remodeling is exacerbated in ECKOAkt1 mice, which was reversed by pharmacological inhibition of β-catenin. Thus, we provide novel insights into the role of Akt1-mediated β-catenin signaling in EndMT and pathological vascular remodeling, and present β-catenin as a potential target for therapy for various cardiopulmonary diseases involving vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harika Sabbineni
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Arti Verma
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Sandeep Artham
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Daniel Anderson
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Oge Amaka
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Subhadra P Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Payaningal R Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center and Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
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35
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Piera-Velazquez S, Jimenez SA. Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition: Role in Physiology and in the Pathogenesis of Human Diseases. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1281-1324. [PMID: 30864875 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that endothelial cells are capable of undergoing endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a newly recognized type of cellular transdifferentiation. EndMT is a complex biological process in which endothelial cells adopt a mesenchymal phenotype displaying typical mesenchymal cell morphology and functions, including the acquisition of cellular motility and contractile properties. Endothelial cells undergoing EndMT lose the expression of endothelial cell-specific proteins such as CD31/platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule, von Willebrand factor, and vascular-endothelial cadherin and initiate the expression of mesenchymal cell-specific genes and the production of their encoded proteins including α-smooth muscle actin, extra domain A fibronectin, N-cadherin, vimentin, fibroblast specific protein-1, also known as S100A4 protein, and fibrillar type I and type III collagens. Transforming growth factor-β1 is considered the main EndMT inducer. However, EndMT involves numerous molecular and signaling pathways that are triggered and modulated by multiple and often redundant mechanisms depending on the specific cellular context and on the physiological or pathological status of the cells. EndMT participates in highly important embryonic development processes, as well as in the pathogenesis of numerous genetically determined and acquired human diseases including malignant, vascular, inflammatory, and fibrotic disorders. Despite intensive investigation, many aspects of EndMT remain to be elucidated. The identification of molecules and regulatory pathways involved in EndMT and the discovery of specific EndMT inhibitors should provide novel therapeutic approaches for various human disorders mediated by EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sergio A Jimenez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Li H, Zhao Q, Chang L, Wei C, Bei H, Yin Y, Chen M, Wang H, Liang J, Wu Y. LncRNA MALAT1 modulates ox-LDL induced EndMT through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:62. [PMID: 30871555 PMCID: PMC6417088 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) plays significant roles in atherosclerosis, but the regulatory mechanisms involving lncRNAs remain to be elucidated. Here we sort to identify the role of metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) in ox-LDL-induced EndMT. Methods The atherosclerosis model was established by feeding ApoE−/− mice with high-fat diet, and the levels of lncRNA MALAT1 in mouse arterial tissue were detected by RT-qPCR. Cell model was established by treating human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with ox-LDL, and the levels of EndMT markers, such as CD31, vWF, α-SMA and Vimentin and lncRNA MALAT1 levels were detected and their correlations were analyzed. The role of MALAT1 in EndMT and its dependence on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was further detected by knocking down or overexpressing MALAT1. Results MALAT1 was upregulated in high-fat food fed ApoE−/− mice. HUVECs treated with ox-LDL showed a significant decrease in expression of CD31 and vWF, a significant increase in expression of α-SMA and vimentin, and upregulated MALAT1. An increased MALAT1 level facilitated the nuclear translocation of β-catenin induced by ox-LDL. Inhibition of MALAT1 expression reversed nuclear translocation of β-catenin and EndMT. Moreover, overexpression of MALAT1 enhanced the effects of ox-LDL on HUVEC EndMT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation. Conclusions Our study revealed that the pathological EndMT required the activation of the MALAT1-dependent Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which may be important for the onset of atherosclerosis. Trial registration Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrong Li
- Hebei Medical University, No. 361, Zhongshan East Road, Changan District, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Qifei Zhao
- Hebei Medical University, No. 361, Zhongshan East Road, Changan District, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Liping Chang
- National Key Laboratory of Luobing Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050035, China
| | - Cong Wei
- Hebei Medical University, No. 361, Zhongshan East Road, Changan District, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Luobing, Shijiazhuang, 050035, China
| | - Hongying Bei
- Yiling Hospital of Hebei Medical University, The Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China
| | - Yujie Yin
- Yiling Hospital of Hebei Medical University, The Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China.,Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050090, China
| | - Meng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Luobing Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050035, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Luobing Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050035, China
| | - Junqing Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Luobing Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050035, China
| | - Yiling Wu
- Hebei Medical University, No. 361, Zhongshan East Road, Changan District, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China. .,Yiling Hospital of Hebei Medical University, The Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050091, China.
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Charbonier FW, Zamani M, Huang NF. Endothelial Cell Mechanotransduction in the Dynamic Vascular Environment. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2019; 3:e1800252. [PMID: 31328152 PMCID: PMC6640152 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelial cells (ECs) that line the inner layer of blood vessels are responsible for maintaining vascular homeostasis under physiological conditions. In the presence of disease or injury, ECs can become dysfunctional and contribute to a progressive decline in vascular health. ECs are constantly exposed to a variety of dynamic mechanical stimuli, including hemodynamic shear stress, pulsatile stretch, and passive signaling cues derived from the extracellular matrix. This review describes the molecular mechanisms by which ECs perceive and interpret these mechanical signals. The translational applications of mechanosensing are then discussed in the context of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and engineering of vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W. Charbonier
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Maedeh Zamani
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Ngan F. Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304
- The Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
- Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC 5407, Stanford, CA 94305-5407, USA
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Zhu M, Tang H, Tang X, Ma X, Guo D, Chen F. BMAL1 suppresses ROS-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and atherosclerosis plaque progression via BMP signaling. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:3150-3161. [PMID: 30416657 PMCID: PMC6220214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm disruption is intimately linked to atherosclerosis, and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a major feature of atherosclerosis progression and unstable plaques. However, the mechanisms underlying the roles of Brain and Muscle ARNT-Like Protein-1 (BMAL1), an essential clock transcription activator, in EndMT and plaque instability have not been characterized. In the present study, we found a positive relationship among BMAL1 expression loss, EndMT, and plaque vulnerability in human carotid plaques. Furthermore, loss- and gain-of-function studies in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) revealed that BMAL1 inhibited oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and subsequent EndMT. Mechanistically, BMAL1 deficiency aggravated EndMT through BMP-mediated signaling. Collectively, our study demonstrates the underlying mechanism for the central role of BMAL1 loss in atherosclerosis progression and plaque stability transition promoted by oxidative stress, which can be targeted therapeutically to prevent the occurrence and progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Zhu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and RegenerationShanghai, China
| | - Hanfei Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Institute of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xiao Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Institute of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyun Ma
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and RegenerationShanghai, China
| | - Daqiao Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Institute of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Fengshan Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and RegenerationShanghai, China
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Tulake W, Yuemaier R, Sheng L, Ru M, Lidifu D, Abudula A. Upregulation of stem cell markers ALDH1A1 and OCT4 as potential biomarkers for the early detection of cervical carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5525-5534. [PMID: 30344706 PMCID: PMC6176262 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported the upregulation of stem cell biomarkers that are associated with tumorigenesis, in particular with cancer infiltration, recurrence and metastasis. Infection by human papilloma virus (HPV) is the main etiopathological factor of cervical carcinogenesis, but the expression of stem cell markers in cervical carcinoma and HPV infection have yet to be investigated so far. A total of 94 cases of fresh cervical tissues, 116 cases of paraffin-embedded cervical specimens and 72 cases of peripheral blood samples were collected from Uighur women who were either diagnosed with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II-III, or from healthy subjects (negative controls, NC). HPV infection was detected in tissue DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a HPV genotyping kit. The mRNA expression levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1 (ALDH1A1), nanog homeobox (NANOG), POU class 5 homeobox 1 (OCT4), SRY-box 2 (SOX2) and twist family BHLH transcription factor 1 (Twist1) were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Histological analysis was performed in order to examine the protein expression of ALDH1A1 and OCT4 in paraffin-embedded tissue specimens by immunohistochemical staining and the plasma levels of those two proteins was measured by ELISA. RT-qPCR analysis indicated a significant increase in the mRNA expression of ALDH1A1 and OCT4 in CIN II-III and SCC tissue specimens compared with NC (P<0.05). Although the expression levels of NANOG, SOX2 and Twist1 were significantly higher in SCC compared with NC (P<0.05), no significant difference was revealed in CIN II-III tissues compared with SCC or NC (P>0.05). Subsequent analysis by immunohistochemistry staining confirmed that the upregulation of ALDH1A1 and OCT4 was also significantly increased in SCC and CIN II-III compared with controls at the protein level. Notably, ELISA analysis detected significantly higher levels of ALDH1A1 and OCT4 in the peripheral blood (plasma) of patients with SCC compared with healthy subjects. The upregulation of stem cell markers ALDH1A1 and OCT4 in cervical carcinoma and its precursor lesions, in particular in the peripheral blood, indicates that ALDH1A1 and OCT4 may serve as biomarkers for the early detection of cervical carcinoma or for the monitoring of treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuniqiemu Tulake
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Reziwanguli Yuemaier
- Department of Clinical Research, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Lei Sheng
- Key Laboratory of The Chinese Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region for High-incident Diseases in Uighur Ethnic Population, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Mingfang Ru
- Department of Gynecology, Third Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Dilare Lidifu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Abulizi Abudula
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of The Chinese Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region for High-incident Diseases in Uighur Ethnic Population, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
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Smeda M, Kieronska A, Adamski MG, Proniewski B, Sternak M, Mohaissen T, Przyborowski K, Derszniak K, Kaczor D, Stojak M, Buczek E, Jasztal A, Wietrzyk J, Chlopicki S. Nitric oxide deficiency and endothelial-mesenchymal transition of pulmonary endothelium in the progression of 4T1 metastatic breast cancer in mice. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:86. [PMID: 30075800 PMCID: PMC6091065 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal transformation of pulmonary endothelial cells contributes to the formation of a metastatic microenvironment, but it is not known whether this precedes or follows early metastasis formation. In the present work, we characterize the development of nitric oxide (NO) deficiency and markers of endothelial–mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in the lung in relation to the progression of 4T1 metastatic breast cancer injected orthotopically in mice. Methods NO production, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation status, markers of EndMT in the lung, pulmonary endothelium permeability, and platelet activation/reactivity were analyzed in relation to the progression of 4T1 breast cancer metastasis to the lung, as well as to lung tissue remodeling, 1–5 weeks after 4T1 cancer cell inoculation in Balb/c mice. Results Phosphorylation of eNOS and NO production in the lungs of 4T1 breast cancer-bearing mice was compromised prior to the development of pulmonary metastasis, and was associated with overexpression of Snail transcription factor in the pulmonary endothelium. These changes developed prior to the mesenchymal phenotypic switch in the lungs evidenced by a decrease in vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-CAD) and CD31 expression, and the increase in pulmonary endothelial permeability, phenomena which coincided with early pulmonary metastasis. Increased activation of platelets was also detected prior to the early phase of metastasis and persisted to the late phase of metastasis, as evidenced by the higher percentage of unstimulated platelets binding fibrinogen without changes in von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen binding in response to ADP stimulation. Conclusions Decreased eNOS activity and phosphorylation resulting in a low NO production state featuring pulmonary endothelial dysfunction was an early event in breast cancer pulmonary metastasis, preceding the onset of its phenotypic switch toward a mesenchymal phenotype (EndMT) evidenced by a decrease in VE-CAD and CD31 expression. The latter coincided with development of the first metastatic nodules in the lungs. These findings suggest that early endothelial dysfunction featured by NO deficiency rather than EndMT, might represent a primary regulatory target to prevent early pulmonary metastasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-018-1013-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Smeda
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14 St., 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kieronska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14 St., 30-348, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz G Adamski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14 St., 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Proniewski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14 St., 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Sternak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14 St., 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tasnim Mohaissen
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14 St., 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Przyborowski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14 St., 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Derszniak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14 St., 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dawid Kaczor
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14 St., 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Stojak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14 St., 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Buczek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14 St., 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14 St., 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Wietrzyk
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 4 St., 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14 St., 30-348, Krakow, Poland. .,Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531, Krakow, Poland.
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Man S, Sanchez Duffhues G, Ten Dijke P, Baker D. The therapeutic potential of targeting the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Angiogenesis 2018; 22:3-13. [PMID: 30076548 PMCID: PMC6510911 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) have been found to be capable of acquiring a mesenchymal phenotype through a process known as endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). First seen in the developing embryo, EndMT can be triggered postnatally under certain pathological conditions. During this process, ECs dedifferentiate into mesenchymal stem-like cells (MSCs) and subsequently give rise to cell types belonging to the mesoderm lineage. As EndMT contributes to a multitude of diseases, pharmacological modulation of the signaling pathways underlying EndMT may prove to be effective as a therapeutic treatment. Additionally, EndMT in ECs could also be exploited to acquire multipotent MSCs, which can be readily re-differentiated into various distinct cell types. In this review, we will consider current models of EndMT, how manipulation of this process might improve treatment of clinically important pathologies and how it could be harnessed to advance regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Man
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gonzalo Sanchez Duffhues
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - David Baker
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Emon B, Bauer J, Jain Y, Jung B, Saif T. Biophysics of Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Metastasis - A Mini Review. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2018; 16:279-287. [PMID: 30128085 PMCID: PMC6097544 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of tumor microenvironment in cancer progression is gaining significant attention. It is realized that cancer cells and the corresponding stroma co-evolve with time. Cancer cells recruit and transform the stromal cells, which in turn remodel the extra cellular matrix of the stroma. This complex interaction between the stroma and the cancer cells results in a dynamic feed-forward/feed-back loop with biochemical and biophysical cues that assist metastatic transition of the cancer cells. Although biochemistry has long been studied for the understanding of cancer progression, biophysical signaling is emerging as a critical paradigm determining cancer metastasis. In this mini review, we discuss the role of one of the biophysical cues, mostly the mechanical stiffness of tumor microenvironment, in cancer progression and its clinical implications.
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Key Words
- ADAMs, Adamalysins
- ANGPT2, Angiopoietin 2
- Activin/TGFβ
- CAF, Cancer associated fibroblast
- CSF-1, Colony stimulating factor 1
- CTGF, Connective tissue growth factor
- CYR61/CCN1, Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61/CCN family member 1
- Cancer
- ECM stiffness
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- EGF, Epidermal growth factor
- EMT, Epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- FGF, Fibroblast growth factor
- Growth factors
- HGF/SF, Hepatocyte growth factor/Scatter factor
- IGFs, Insulin-like growth factors
- IL-13, Interleukin-13
- IL-33, Interleukin-33
- IL-6, Interleukin-6
- KGF, Keratinocyte growth factor, also FGF7
- LOX, Lysyl Oxidase
- MMPs, Matrix metalloproteinases
- Metastasis
- NO, Nitric oxide
- SDF-1/CXCL12, Stromal cell-derived factor 1/C-X-C motif chemokine 12
- TACs, Tumor-associated collagen signatures
- TGFβ, Transforming growth factor β
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α
- Tumor biophysics
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
- α-SMA, α-Smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Emon
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Jessica Bauer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
| | - Yasna Jain
- Department of Architecture, BRAC University, Dhaka
| | - Barbara Jung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
| | - Taher Saif
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
- Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
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Sivarapatna A, Ghaedi M, Xiao Y, Han E, Aryal B, Zhou J, Fernandez-Hernando C, Qyang Y, Hirschi KK, Niklason LE. Engineered Microvasculature in PDMS Networks Using Endothelial Cells Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1365-1379. [PMID: 28901188 PMCID: PMC5680973 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717720282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based platform for the generation of intact, perfusion-competent microvascular networks in vitro. COMSOL Multiphysics, a finite-element analysis and simulation software package, was used to obtain simulated velocity, pressure, and shear stress profiles. Transgene-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were differentiated into partially arterialized endothelial cells (hiPSC-ECs) in 5 d under completely chemically defined conditions, using the small molecule glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitor CHIR99021 and were thoroughly characterized for functionality and arterial-like marker expression. These cells, along with primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), were seeded in the PDMS system to generate microvascular networks that were subjected to shear stress. Engineered microvessels had patent lumens and expressed VE-cadherin along their periphery. Shear stress caused by flowing medium increased the secretion of nitric oxide and caused endothelial cells s to align and to redistribute actin filaments parallel to the direction of the laminar flow. Shear stress also caused significant increases in gene expression for arterial markers Notch1 and EphrinB2 as well as antithrombotic markers Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF-2)/4. These changes in response to shear stress in the microvascular platform were observed in hiPSC-EC microvessels but not in microvessels that were derived from HUVECs, which indicated that hiPSC-ECs may be more plastic in modulating their phenotype under flow than are HUVECs. Taken together, we demonstrate the feasibly of generating intact, engineered microvessels in vitro, which replicate some of the key biological features of native microvessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amogh Sivarapatna
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mahboobe Ghaedi
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yang Xiao
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edward Han
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Binod Aryal
- 3 Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Yibing Qyang
- 4 Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Karen K Hirschi
- 4 Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laura E Niklason
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,2 Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Shear stress: An essential driver of endothelial progenitor cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 118:46-69. [PMID: 29549046 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood flow through vessels produces a tangential, or shear, stress sensed by their innermost layer (i.e., endothelium) and representing a major hemodynamic force. In humans, endothelial repair and blood vessel formation are mainly performed by circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) characterized by a considerable expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), CD34, and CD133, pronounced tube formation activity in vitro, and strong reendothelialization or neovascularization capacity in vivo. EPCs have been proposed as a promising agent to induce reendothelialization of injured arteries, neovascularization of ischemic tissues, and endothelialization or vascularization of bioartificial constructs. A number of preconditioning approaches have been suggested to improve the regenerative potential of EPCs, including the use of biophysical stimuli such as shear stress. However, in spite of well-defined influence of shear stress on mature endothelial cells (ECs), articles summarizing how it affects EPCs are lacking. Here we discuss the impact of shear stress on homing, paracrine effects, and differentiation of EPCs. Unidirectional laminar shear stress significantly promotes homing of circulating EPCs to endothelial injury sites, induces anti-thrombotic and anti-atherosclerotic phenotype of EPCs, increases their capability to form capillary-like tubes in vitro, and enhances differentiation of EPCs into mature ECs in a dose-dependent manner. These effects are mediated by VEGFR2, Tie2, Notch, and β1/3 integrin signaling and can be abrogated by means of complementary siRNA/shRNA or selective pharmacological inhibitors of the respective proteins. Although the testing of sheared EPCs for vascular tissue engineering or regenerative medicine applications is still an unaccomplished task, favorable effects of unidirectional laminar shear stress on EPCs suggest its usefulness for their preconditioning.
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Souilhol C, Harmsen MC, Evans PC, Krenning G. Endothelial–mesenchymal transition in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 114:565-577. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Souilhol
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease (IICD), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Martin C Harmsen
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease (IICD), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Guido Krenning
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Dynamic regulation of canonical TGFβ signalling by endothelial transcription factor ERG protects from liver fibrogenesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:895. [PMID: 29026072 PMCID: PMC5638819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the endothelium in protecting from chronic liver disease and TGFβ-mediated fibrosis remains unclear. Here we describe how the endothelial transcription factor ETS-related gene (ERG) promotes liver homoeostasis by controlling canonical TGFβ-SMAD signalling, driving the SMAD1 pathway while repressing SMAD3 activity. Molecular analysis shows that ERG binds to SMAD3, restricting its access to DNA. Ablation of ERG expression results in endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and spontaneous liver fibrogenesis in EC-specific constitutive hemi-deficient (Erg cEC-Het ) and inducible homozygous deficient mice (Erg iEC-KO ), in a SMAD3-dependent manner. Acute administration of the TNF-α inhibitor etanercept inhibits carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced fibrogenesis in an ERG-dependent manner in mice. Decreased ERG expression also correlates with EndMT in tissues from patients with end-stage liver fibrosis. These studies identify a pathogenic mechanism where loss of ERG causes endothelial-dependent liver fibrogenesis via regulation of SMAD2/3. Moreover, ERG represents a promising candidate biomarker for assessing EndMT in liver disease.The transcription factor ERG is key to endothelial lineage specification and vascular homeostasis. Here the authors show that ERG balances TGFβ signalling through the SMAD1 and SMAD3 pathways, protecting the endothelium from endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and consequent liver fibrosis in mice via a SMAD3-dependent mechanism.
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MicroRNA Profiling Reveals Distinct Profiles for Tissue-Derived and Cultured Endothelial Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10943. [PMID: 28887500 PMCID: PMC5591252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial plasticity enables the cells to switch their phenotype according to the surrounding vascular microenvironment. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that control endothelial plasticity. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in miRNA profiles of tissue-derived cells and cultured endothelial cells. To this end, miRNA expression was profiled from freshly isolated tissue-derived human vascular endothelial cells and endothelial cells cultured until cellular senescence using miRNA sequencing. In addition, the data was searched for putative novel endothelial miRNAs and miRNA isoforms. The data analysis revealed a striking change in endothelial miRNA profile as the cells adapted from tissue to cell culture environment and the overall miRNA expression decreased significantly in cultured compared to tissue-derived endothelial cells. In addition to changes in mechanosensitive miRNA expression, alterations in senescence-associated and endothelial-to-mesenchymal-transition-associated miRNAs were observed in aging cells. Collectively, the data illustrates the adaptability of endothelial cell miRNA expression that mirrors prevailing cellular environment.
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Mechanisms contributing to cardiac remodelling. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2319-2345. [PMID: 28842527 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac remodelling is classified as physiological (in response to growth, exercise and pregnancy) or pathological (in response to inflammation, ischaemia, ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, biomechanical stress, excess neurohormonal activation and excess afterload). Physiological remodelling of the heart is characterized by a fine-tuned and orchestrated process of beneficial adaptations. Pathological cardiac remodelling is the process of structural and functional changes in the left ventricle (LV) in response to internal or external cardiovascular damage or influence by pathogenic risk factors, and is a precursor of clinical heart failure (HF). Pathological remodelling is associated with fibrosis, inflammation and cellular dysfunction (e.g. abnormal cardiomyocyte/non-cardiomyocyte interactions, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy alterations, impairment of metabolism and signalling pathways), leading to HF. This review describes the key molecular and cellular responses involved in pathological cardiac remodelling.
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Pieterse E, Rother N, Garsen M, Hofstra JM, Satchell SC, Hoffmann M, Loeven MA, Knaapen HK, van der Heijden OWH, Berden JHM, Hilbrands LB, van der Vlag J. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Drive Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1371-1379. [PMID: 28495931 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An excessive release and impaired degradation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) leads to the continuous exposure of NETs to the endothelium in a variety of hematologic and autoimmune disorders, including lupus nephritis. This study aims to unravel the mechanisms through which NETs jeopardize vascular integrity. APPROACH AND RESULTS Microvascular and macrovascular endothelial cells were exposed to NETs, and subsequent effects on endothelial integrity and function were determined in vitro and in vivo. We found that endothelial cells have a limited capacity to internalize NETs via the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts. An overflow of the phagocytic capacity of endothelial cells for NETs resulted in the persistent extracellular presence of NETs, which rapidly altered endothelial cell-cell contacts and induced vascular leakage and transendothelial albumin passage through elastase-mediated proteolysis of the intercellular junction protein VE-cadherin. Furthermore, NET-associated elastase promoted the nuclear translocation of junctional β-catenin and induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cultured endothelial cells. In vivo, NETs could be identified in kidney samples of diseased MRL/lpr mice and patients with lupus nephritis, in whom the glomerular presence of NETs correlated with the severity of proteinuria and with glomerular endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that an excess of NETs exceeds the phagocytic capacity of endothelial cells for NETs and promotes vascular leakage and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition through the degradation of VE-cadherin and the subsequent activation of β-catenin signaling. Our data designate NET-associated elastase as a potential therapeutic target in the prevention of endothelial alterations in diseases characterized by aberrant NET release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Pieterse
- From the Nephrology Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology (E.P., N.R., M.G., J.M.H., M.A.L., J.H.M.B., L.B.H., J.v.d.V.), Department of Rheumatology (H.K.K.), and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology (O.W.H.v.d.H.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Academic Renal Unit, School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (S.C.S.); and Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Nils Rother
- From the Nephrology Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology (E.P., N.R., M.G., J.M.H., M.A.L., J.H.M.B., L.B.H., J.v.d.V.), Department of Rheumatology (H.K.K.), and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology (O.W.H.v.d.H.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Academic Renal Unit, School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (S.C.S.); and Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Marjolein Garsen
- From the Nephrology Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology (E.P., N.R., M.G., J.M.H., M.A.L., J.H.M.B., L.B.H., J.v.d.V.), Department of Rheumatology (H.K.K.), and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology (O.W.H.v.d.H.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Academic Renal Unit, School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (S.C.S.); and Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Julia M Hofstra
- From the Nephrology Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology (E.P., N.R., M.G., J.M.H., M.A.L., J.H.M.B., L.B.H., J.v.d.V.), Department of Rheumatology (H.K.K.), and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology (O.W.H.v.d.H.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Academic Renal Unit, School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (S.C.S.); and Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Simon C Satchell
- From the Nephrology Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology (E.P., N.R., M.G., J.M.H., M.A.L., J.H.M.B., L.B.H., J.v.d.V.), Department of Rheumatology (H.K.K.), and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology (O.W.H.v.d.H.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Academic Renal Unit, School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (S.C.S.); and Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- From the Nephrology Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology (E.P., N.R., M.G., J.M.H., M.A.L., J.H.M.B., L.B.H., J.v.d.V.), Department of Rheumatology (H.K.K.), and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology (O.W.H.v.d.H.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Academic Renal Unit, School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (S.C.S.); and Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Markus A Loeven
- From the Nephrology Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology (E.P., N.R., M.G., J.M.H., M.A.L., J.H.M.B., L.B.H., J.v.d.V.), Department of Rheumatology (H.K.K.), and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology (O.W.H.v.d.H.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Academic Renal Unit, School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (S.C.S.); and Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Hanneke K Knaapen
- From the Nephrology Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology (E.P., N.R., M.G., J.M.H., M.A.L., J.H.M.B., L.B.H., J.v.d.V.), Department of Rheumatology (H.K.K.), and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology (O.W.H.v.d.H.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Academic Renal Unit, School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (S.C.S.); and Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Olivier W H van der Heijden
- From the Nephrology Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology (E.P., N.R., M.G., J.M.H., M.A.L., J.H.M.B., L.B.H., J.v.d.V.), Department of Rheumatology (H.K.K.), and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology (O.W.H.v.d.H.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Academic Renal Unit, School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (S.C.S.); and Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Jo H M Berden
- From the Nephrology Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology (E.P., N.R., M.G., J.M.H., M.A.L., J.H.M.B., L.B.H., J.v.d.V.), Department of Rheumatology (H.K.K.), and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology (O.W.H.v.d.H.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Academic Renal Unit, School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (S.C.S.); and Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Luuk B Hilbrands
- From the Nephrology Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology (E.P., N.R., M.G., J.M.H., M.A.L., J.H.M.B., L.B.H., J.v.d.V.), Department of Rheumatology (H.K.K.), and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology (O.W.H.v.d.H.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Academic Renal Unit, School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (S.C.S.); and Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- From the Nephrology Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology (E.P., N.R., M.G., J.M.H., M.A.L., J.H.M.B., L.B.H., J.v.d.V.), Department of Rheumatology (H.K.K.), and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology (O.W.H.v.d.H.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Academic Renal Unit, School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (S.C.S.); and Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (M.H.).
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Boström KI, Yao J, Guihard PJ, Blazquez-Medela AM, Yao Y. Endothelial-mesenchymal transition in atherosclerotic lesion calcification. Atherosclerosis 2016; 253:124-127. [PMID: 27615595 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Endothelial-mesenchymal transitions (EndMTs) in endothelial cells (ECs) contribute to vascular disease. METHODS We used ApoE-/- mice fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet. RESULTS We reported evidence of EndMT in atherosclerotic lesions contributing to calcification. Stem cell and mesenchymal markers, including sex-determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2), were upregulated in aortic ECs of fat-fed ApoE-/- mice. Limiting Sox2 decreased marker expression and calcification in ApoE-/- aortas. Furthermore, a complex of serine proteases was upregulated in ApoE-/- aortic ECs. Blockade of these proteases reduced expression of Sox2 and atherosclerotic lesion calcification. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data suggest that EndMTs contribute to atherosclerotic lesion calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina I Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA; The Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA.
| | - Jiayi Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA
| | - Pierre J Guihard
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA
| | - Ana M Blazquez-Medela
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA
| | - Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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