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AlBahrani S, AlZahrani SJ, Al-Maqati TN, Almehbash A, Alshammari A, Bujlai R, Ba Taweel S, Almasabi F, AlAmari A, Al-Tawfiq JA. Dynamic Patterns and Predominance of Respiratory Pathogens Post-COVID-19: Insights from a Two-Year Analysis. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2024; 14:311-318. [PMID: 38589755 PMCID: PMC11176149 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-024-00213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) stand out as the most frequent causes leading to visits to the emergency department and hospitalizations. This study aims to assess the types and prevalence of respiratory infections across two years following the end of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Patients presenting with an influenza-like illness (ILI) were tested using multiplex RT-PCR (QIAstat-Dx, Qiagen). The multiplexed RT- PCR test detects 21 respiratory viruses and bacteria. RESULTS During the study period, PCR test was done on a total of 1,790 samples were tested, and 712 (40%) were positive for a total of 796 pathogens. The mean age (± SD) of the participants was 20.1 ± 28.4 years in 2022 and 21.9 ± 27.6 years in 2023. Among the detected pathogens, the most prevalent were Rhinovirus/Enterovirus 222 (12.4%), followed by RSV A&B (103 cases, 5.7%), and H1N1 Influenza (77 cases, 4.3%). Additionally, Influenza A/B constituted 172 (9.6%) while parainfluenza constituted (58, 3.2%). SARS-CoV-2 was identified in 3.97% of the samples. Over the two-year period, the monthly pattern of the identified pathogens exhibited fluctuations in the prevalence. Furthermore, variations were observed in the detected pathogens across different age groups. CONCLUSION In addition to adding significant knowledge to the field of respiratory viral infections, this study emphasizes the necessity of ongoing research and surveillance for the detection and characterization of respiratory viruses, particularly those with the potential for emergence. Such studies would also require setting up a strategy for genotyping and/or sequencing of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma AlBahrani
- Infectious Disease Unit, Specialty Internal Medicine, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- College of medicine-Imam Abdulrahaman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Thekra N Al-Maqati
- Department of Clinical laboratory Science, Prince Sultan Military College of health science, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atheer Almehbash
- Molecular laboratory department, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anfal Alshammari
- Molecular laboratory department, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Refan Bujlai
- Molecular laboratory department, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Ba Taweel
- Molecular laboratory department, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fares Almasabi
- Radiology Department, Armed Forces Hospital Najran, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah AlAmari
- Department of pharmacy, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- Infectious Disease Unit, Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia.
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Farrag MA, Aziz IM, Alsaleh AN, Almajhdi FN. Human bocavirus in Saudi Arabia: Molecular epidemiology and Co-infections among children with acute respiratory tract infections during 2014-2016. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28350. [PMID: 38560213 PMCID: PMC10981067 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections due to a variety of viruses continue to threaten the human population worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Among the responsible viruses, Human Bocavirus (HBoV), a novel discovered virus, causes respiratory tract and gastroenteritis disorders in young children. In Saudi Arabia, data regarding virus molecular epidemiology and evolution and its implication in respiratory tract infection are scarce. In the current study, genetic diversity and circulation pattern of HBoV-1 among hospitalized children due to acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) during two consecutive years were charted. We found that 3.44% (2014/2015) and 11.25% (2015/2016) of children hospitalized due to ARTI were infected by HBoV-1. We have shown that HBoV was detected year-round without a marked seasonal peak. HBoV-1 also was co-detected with one or multiple other respiratory viruses. The multisequence analysis showed high sequence identity (∼99%) (few point mutation sites) between strains of each genotype and high sequence variation (∼79%) between HBoV-1 and the other 3 genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis showed the clustering of the study's isolates in the HBoV-1 subclade. Our data reveal that genetically conserved HBoV-1 was circulating among admitted children during the course of the study. Further epidemiological and molecular characterization of multiple HBoV-1 strains for different years and from all regions of Saudi Arabia are required to understand and monitor the virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Farrag
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M. Aziz
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma N. Alsaleh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad N. Almajhdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Farzi R, Pirbonyeh N, Kadivar MR, Moattari A. Prevalence of Influenza Viruses A and B, Adenovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and Human Metapneumonia Viruses among Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infection. Adv Virol 2024; 2024:7613948. [PMID: 38292215 PMCID: PMC10824580 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7613948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among children worldwide. The majority of acute respiratory infections in children are caused by viruses, with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being the most frequently encountered. Other important viral pathogens include human metapneumovirus, human coronaviruses, adenovirus, and influenza. These infections can lead to complications such as bronchitis and pneumonia. So, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of influenza viruses A and B, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) in children with ARTI. Methods The molecular diagnostic of polymerase chain reaction approach was used to detect influenza (A and B), metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and adenovirus in respiratory samples of children with acute respiratory infection hospitalization in a teaching hospital of the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in January 2016-March 2017. Results Of the 340 patients examined, 208 (61.20%) were male and the median age was 3.13 ± 2.38 years. Respiratory viruses were found in 179 (52.64%) patients. The male-to-female ratio was 1.63 : 1 in patients who were viral positive. Detection rates for influenza A, adenovirus, influenza B, RSV, and HMPV were 28.23%, 24.70%, 8.52%, 3.23%, and 2.64%, respectively, and coinfections were detected in 24.02%. The most common combination of two-virus coinfections was IFVA/AdV, followed by IFVB/AdV, AdV, IFVB/IFVA, RSV/IFVA, HMPV/AdV, RSV/AdV, and HMPV/IFVA. Conclusion The high prevalence of respiratory viruses in children hospitalized with ARTI suggests that viral infection may play a role in disease pathogenesis. This should be confirmed through the conduct of case-control studies and may inform the role of vaccination to prevent respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Farzi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neda Pirbonyeh
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Microbiology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahim Kadivar
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz Medical University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afagh Moattari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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AlBahrani S, Al Otaibi TO, Alqahtani JS, AlZahrani SJ, Sharbini DA, AlMuyidi FW, Alotaibi AO, Olayan OAA, AlMasoud SF, Bo Obaid MAH, Altawfiq KJA, Jebakumar AZ, Al-Tawfiq JA. The impact of non-pharmacologic interventions on respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization during the COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective study from Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:96-101. [PMID: 37992439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are frequently observed in infants and young children. The dynamics and transmission of ARTIs have been significantly impacted by the global COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigates the change in admission rates of Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) in a hospital in Saudi Arabia. METHODS The study included hospitalized pediatric patients who underwent RSV testing in three periods: pre-pandemic (2019), during the pandemic (2020-2021), and the immediate post-pandemic (2022). RSV testing was conducted using either PCR or antigen tests. RESULTS Between January 2019 to December 2022, out of 927 tested patients, 173 (18.7%) were positive for RSV. The yearly positivity rates were as follows: 42 (35.6%) of 118, 24 (33.3%) of 72, 15 (18.5%) of 81, and 92 (14%) of 656, yearly from 2019 to 2022, respectively (P < 0.00001). Among all cases, 150 (16.2%) required hospitalization, including 94 (62.7%) males and 56 (37.3%) females. The admission rate to the intensive care unit (ICU) was 25 (16.7%), and mechanical ventilation was required for 10 (6.6%) patients. The overall case fatality rate was 0.7%. A Binary logistic regression analysis showed upper respiratory tract symptoms were more common in patients admitted in 2019 compared to 2022 (odd ratio:20.9, 95% CI: 4.2-104.1, P value < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The study showed that there were differences in RSV infection before and after COVID-19. Understanding how COVID-19 mitigation measures affect RSV transmission can aid in the development of effective prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma AlBahrani
- Infectious Disease Unit, Specialty Internal Medicine, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, College of medicine-Imam Abdulrahaman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Jaber S Alqahtani
- Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Dalal Ahmad Sharbini
- Immunology and serology Department, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Suliman Fahad AlMasoud
- Molecular laboratory department, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- Infectious Disease Unit, Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Alqahtani MH, Alqahtani MF, Asiri M, Alghamdi S, Alshagawi Z, Alzahrani S. Bronchiolitis in Infants; Five Years' Experience of a Teaching Hospital. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:5647-5664. [PMID: 37662975 PMCID: PMC10473431 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s385615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bronchiolitis is a clinical syndrome affecting the lower respiratory tract of infants and toddlers <2 years old. Variability in clinical profile and response to therapy in children with Bronchiolitis calls for studying the different clinical aspects of local patient population. Aim The goal of our study is to determine the clinical presentation, past medical history, hospitalization course and prognosis in children below two years of age who have been hospitalized in King Fahad University Hospital over the last five years. Materials and Methods A retrospective chart review based on electronic health records of all Bronchiolitis-related hospitalization of infants and toddlers below two years of age, covering the period between January 1, 2015, to April 26, 2020. Results Out of a total of 446 children <2 years of age, 202 were female (45.4%), and 243 were male (54.6%). Although the length of hospital stay was almost equal between the sexes, there was a significant (p-value=0.01) increase in length of intensive care unit stay among females compared to males. Furthermore, there was a significant prolongation in the duration of ventilator usage among females (p value = 0.062). Out of fifty-five patients admitted to the ICU, 83.63% of them were 12 months of age and below. Conclusion Our results show a significant increase in length of ICU and ventilator use among females compared to males. It also shows that infants younger than 12 months account for most ICU admissions. These findings, among many others, may help pediatricians formulate a better diagnostic and therapeutic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hussain Alqahtani
- Pediatrics Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudia Arabia
| | - Mohammad Faraj Alqahtani
- Pediatrics Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudia Arabia
| | - Mohammed Asiri
- Pediatrics Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudia Arabia
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Pediatrics Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudia Arabia
| | - Ziyad Alshagawi
- Pediatrics Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudia Arabia
| | - Saleh Alzahrani
- Pediatrics Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudia Arabia
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Tchatchouang S, Kenmoe S, Nzouankeu A, Njankouo‐Ripa M, Penlap V, Donkeng V, Pefura‐Yone E, Fonkoua M, Eyangoh S, Njouom R. Viral etiology of lower respiratory tract infections in adults in the pre-COVID-19 pandemic era: A cross-sectional study in a single center experience from Cameroon. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1234. [PMID: 37123548 PMCID: PMC10130886 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Respiratory viruses are responsible for the majority of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) worldwide. However, there is a gap on the epidemiology of viral LRTIs in adults in sub-Saharan African countries. In Cameroon, like in other countries, the role of viral respiratory pathogens in the etiology of LRTIs in adults is helpful for clinical management. This study aimed to determine the viral aetiologies of LRTIs among hospitalized adults in a reference center for respiratory diseases in the town of Yaounde in Cameroon and its surroundings. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2017 to January 2018 at Jamot Hospital in Yaounde (Cameroon). Clinical and demographic information; BAL and sputa were collected from hospitalized patients meeting LRTI case definitions. The clinical samples were investigated for respiratory pathogens with a commercial Reverse Transcriptase Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) targeting 21 viruses, cultures for bacterial and fungal infections. Results The 77 included adult patients with LRTIs had an appropriate clinical sample for microbial investigations. A viral agent was detected in 22.1% (17/77) samples. The main viruses detected included rhinovirus (10/77), coronavirus (hCoV-OC43 and hCoV-229E), and influenza A virus (3/77 each). A concomitant viral and bacterial co-infection occurred in 7.8% of patients (6/77) while viral co-infection occurred in one patient (1.3%). No Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) was detected in clinical samples. Most patients were under antimicrobials before getting diagnosed. Conclusions Respiratory viruses account for 22.1% of LRTIs in hospitalized patients in this study. Despite prior antimicrobial therapy and delay, rhinovirus, coronavirus and influenza A virus were the most detected in patients in the pre-COVID-19 pandemic era in a single center experience from Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serges Tchatchouang
- Department of VirologyCentre Pasteur du Cameroun, Member of the Pasteur NetworkYaoundeCameroon
- Department of BacteriologyCentre Pasteur du Cameroun, Member of Pasteur NetworkYaoundeCameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Yaounde IYaoundeCameroon
| | - Sebastien Kenmoe
- Department of VirologyCentre Pasteur du Cameroun, Member of the Pasteur NetworkYaoundeCameroon
| | - Ariane Nzouankeu
- Department of BacteriologyCentre Pasteur du Cameroun, Member of Pasteur NetworkYaoundeCameroon
| | - Mohamadou Njankouo‐Ripa
- Department of VirologyCentre Pasteur du Cameroun, Member of the Pasteur NetworkYaoundeCameroon
| | - Veronique Penlap
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Yaounde IYaoundeCameroon
| | - Valerie Donkeng
- Department of MycobacteriologyCentre Pasteur du Cameroun, Member of Pasteur NetworkYaoundeCameroon
| | | | - Marie‐Christine Fonkoua
- Department of BacteriologyCentre Pasteur du Cameroun, Member of Pasteur NetworkYaoundeCameroon
| | - Sara Eyangoh
- Department of MycobacteriologyCentre Pasteur du Cameroun, Member of Pasteur NetworkYaoundeCameroon
| | - Richard Njouom
- Department of VirologyCentre Pasteur du Cameroun, Member of the Pasteur NetworkYaoundeCameroon
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Yan Y, Sun J, Ji K, Guo J, Han L, Li F, Sun Y. High incidence of the virus among respiratory pathogens in children with lower respiratory tract infection in northwestern China. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28367. [PMID: 36458544 PMCID: PMC9877598 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is one of the major reasons for childhood mortality that threaten the health of the public. We aimed to investigate the epidemiological pathogens and their infection analysis among children with LRTI. Sputum specimens were collected for polymerase chain reaction detection and microbiological tests to identify the viral infection and bacterial infection. The serological specimens were separated from venous blood using for Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae detection. The virus was confirmed in 86.2% of the children. Human rhinovirus (38.3%), respiratory syncytial virus (32.1%), and parainfluenza virus type 3 (27.2%) were the most frequently identified pathogens. Patients with viral and bacterial coinfection showed younger age (p = 0.032), a higher proportion of wheezing rales (p = 0.032), three depressions sign (p = 0.028), and tachypnea (p = 0.038), and more likely associated with severe pneumonia (p = 0.035). Additionally, older children were more susceptible to viral-atypical bacterial coinfection (p = 0.032). Vomiting (p = 0.011) and fever (p = 0.003) were more likely to occur in children with viral-atypical bacterial coinfection. Attention should be paid to the virus infection of LRTI, as viral-bacterial coinfection and viral-atypical bacterial co-infection may have a detrimental impact on the gravity of LTRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical ScienceNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Jinhan Sun
- Department of Clinical MedicineNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Kai Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical ScienceNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Jianhui Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical ScienceNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Lei Han
- Clinical Laboratory of Yinchuan Women and Children Healthcare HospitalYinchuanChina
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Yuning Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical ScienceNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
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Almojali AI, Alshareef MS, Aljadoa OF, Alotaibi FF, Masuadi EM, Hameed TK. The prevalence of serious bacterial infections in infants 90 days and younger with viral respiratory tract infections. Saudi Med J 2022; 43:1007-1012. [PMID: 36104056 PMCID: PMC9987656 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2022.43.9.20220400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence and risk factors of serious bacterial infections (SBIs) in infants 90 days and younger with a confirmed respiratory tract infection (RTI). METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out of infants 90 days and younger who were admitted to King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from January 2019 to December 2020, with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-proven RTI. Cultures from the urine, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid were reviewed with the patients' demographic information and clinical presentation. RESULTS Of 322 patients with a viral RTI, 21 (6.5%) had a concurrent urinary tract infection (UTI), and no patients had bacteremia or bacterial meningitis. The risk of a concurrent SBI was 4 times higher in neonates (odds ratio [OR]=4.66, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.32-16.47]). Previously healthy infants were at lower risk to have a SBI in comparison to those with chronic diseases or renal abnormalities (OR=0.23, 95% CI: [0.09-0.61]). In addition, male gender (OR=3.49, 95% CI: [1.07-11.38]) and abnormal urinalysis (OR=4.12, 95% CI: [1.48-11.42]) were predictors of SBIs. There was no statistically significant association between the number or type of detected viruses and SBIs. CONCLUSION No cases of invasive bacterial infections were found in infants with PCR-proven viral RTIs. There is a risk of having a concurrent UTI in this cohort of patients. Neonates had a higher risk of UTIs as compared to older infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah I. Almojali
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Almojali, Alshareef, Aljadoa, Alotaibi, Hameed), King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City; from King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (Almojali, Alshareef, Aljadoa, Alotaibi, Masuadi, Hameed), Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs; and from the College of Medicine (Almojali, Alshareef, Aljadoa, Alotaibi, Masuadi, Hameed), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Musab S. Alshareef
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Almojali, Alshareef, Aljadoa, Alotaibi, Hameed), King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City; from King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (Almojali, Alshareef, Aljadoa, Alotaibi, Masuadi, Hameed), Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs; and from the College of Medicine (Almojali, Alshareef, Aljadoa, Alotaibi, Masuadi, Hameed), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Othman F. Aljadoa
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Almojali, Alshareef, Aljadoa, Alotaibi, Hameed), King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City; from King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (Almojali, Alshareef, Aljadoa, Alotaibi, Masuadi, Hameed), Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs; and from the College of Medicine (Almojali, Alshareef, Aljadoa, Alotaibi, Masuadi, Hameed), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fahad F. Alotaibi
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Almojali, Alshareef, Aljadoa, Alotaibi, Hameed), King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City; from King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (Almojali, Alshareef, Aljadoa, Alotaibi, Masuadi, Hameed), Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs; and from the College of Medicine (Almojali, Alshareef, Aljadoa, Alotaibi, Masuadi, Hameed), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Emad M. Masuadi
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Almojali, Alshareef, Aljadoa, Alotaibi, Hameed), King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City; from King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (Almojali, Alshareef, Aljadoa, Alotaibi, Masuadi, Hameed), Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs; and from the College of Medicine (Almojali, Alshareef, Aljadoa, Alotaibi, Masuadi, Hameed), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tahir K. Hameed
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Almojali, Alshareef, Aljadoa, Alotaibi, Hameed), King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City; from King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (Almojali, Alshareef, Aljadoa, Alotaibi, Masuadi, Hameed), Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs; and from the College of Medicine (Almojali, Alshareef, Aljadoa, Alotaibi, Masuadi, Hameed), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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9
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Refay ASE, Shehata MA, Sherif LS, Nady HGE, Kholoussi N, Kholoussi S, Baroudy NRE, Gomma MR, Mahmoud SH, Shama NMA, Bagato O, Taweel AE, kandeil A, Ali MA. Prevalence of viral pathogens in a sample of hospitalized Egyptian children with acute lower respiratory tract infections: a two-year prospective study. BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2022; 46:103. [PMID: 35431533 PMCID: PMC9006499 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-022-00790-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral pneumonias are a major cause of childhood mortality. Proper management needs early and accurate diagnosis. This study objective is to investigate the viral etiologies of pneumonia in children. RESULTS This prospective study enrolled 158 and 101 patients in the first and second year, respectively, and their mean age was 4.72 ± 2.89. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected and subjected to virus diagnosis by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Viral etiologies of pneumonia were evidenced in 59.5% of the samples in the first year, all of them were affirmative for influenza A, 2 samples were affirmative for Human coronavirus NL63, and one for Human coronavirus HKU1. In the second year, 87% of patients had a viral illness. The most prevalent agents are human metapneumovirus which was detected in 44 patients (43.6%) followed by human rhinovirus in 35 patients (34.7%) and then parainfluenza-3 viruses in 33 patients (32.7%), while 14 patients had a confirmed diagnosis for both Pan coronavirus and Flu-B virus. CONCLUSIONS Viral infection is prevalent in the childhood period; however, the real magnitude of viral pneumonia in children is underestimated. The reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction has to be a vital tool for epidemiological research and is able to clear the gaps in-between clinical pictures and final diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira S. El Refay
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth Street (Former El Tahrir St.), PO Box 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Manal A. Shehata
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth Street (Former El Tahrir St.), PO Box 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Lobna S. Sherif
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth Street (Former El Tahrir St.), PO Box 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hala G. El Nady
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth Street (Former El Tahrir St.), PO Box 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Naglaa Kholoussi
- Immunogenetics Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Shams Kholoussi
- Immunogenetics Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | | | - Mokhtar R. Gomma
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noura M. Abo Shama
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ola Bagato
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El Taweel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Ahmed A, Alsenaidy AM, Mobaireek KF, AlSaadi MM. Viral etiology of acute respiratory infections during 2014–16 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Future Virol 2022. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Viral etiology of respiratory infections is not well understood in Saudi Arabia. This study was conceptualized to understand viral etiology in children with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) from Riyadh. Patients and methods: Respiratory viruses were detected by real-time PCR in nasopharyngeal aspirates or swab from 580 children aged ≤5 years. Results: Respiratory viruses were detected in 64% of the samples with 6% mixed viral infections. Respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza, parainfluenza and human metapneumovirus infections accounted for 42, 20, 16, 12 and 10%, respectively. Maximum prevalence (37%) was among the lowest age group followed by 30% among the 7- to 12-month age group. Conclusion: The prevalence and determinants of viral etiology are in line with the previous report from the region. No major shift in the viral etiologies was observed in the 2-year study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Ahmed
- Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M Alsenaidy
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Fahad Mobaireek
- Pediatric Emergency Department, Children’s Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, 12231, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muslim Mohammed AlSaadi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Epidemiology of Human Bocavirus in the Middle East and North Africa: Systematic Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111456. [PMID: 34832613 PMCID: PMC8620978 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of studying newly emerging viruses that cause respiratory illnesses. Human bocavirus (HBoV) is one of the relatively newly discovered viruses that has been detected worldwide and causes respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, mainly in pediatric patients. However, little is known about the pathogenicity and evolution of HBoV. This systematic review was initiated to clarify the prevalence and circulating genotypes of HBoV in both respiratory and stool samples from patients of all age groups in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) from 2005 to February 2021. We performed an electronic search through Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Mendeley and Cochrane Library databases. We included all studies reporting the detection rate of HBoV in the MENA region. Data were extracted, and the quality of the included articles was assessed. We included articles containing data on HBoV only or with other respiratory or gastrointestinal viral infections. Review articles, case studies, and animal and environmental studies were excluded. The final number of articles included in this study was 65 articles. The results showed that the HBoV prevalence in children was the lowest in Iran (0%) and the highest in Egypt (56.8%). In adults, the lowest and the highest prevalence were reported in Iran, with values of 0% and 6.6%, respectively. Regarding the respiratory cases, our findings revealed no significant difference between HBoV prevalence among the tested categories (p-value = 0.998). The present study has shown that HBoV is common in children and adults in the MENA region. This systematic review highlights the need for more data on the role of coinfection of HBoV and other viruses, for instance, SARS-CoV-2 in children with acute bronchiolitis.
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Ji K, Sun J, Yan Y, Han L, Guo J, Ma A, Hao X, Li F, Sun Y. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of human bocavirus infection in infants and young children suffering with community acquired pneumonia in Ningxia, China. Virol J 2021; 18:212. [PMID: 34715898 PMCID: PMC8554736 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumonia has a high incidence rate and is a major cause of mortality in children, mostly community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Human bocavirus (HBoV), since it first identified in 2005, has been repeatedly associated with respiratory tract infections. Nevertheless, the role and related information of HBoV as a pathogen of CAP has not been fulfilled. Here our study is to assess the epidemiological and clinical features in HBoV-positive children with CAP. Methods A total of 878 secretions of lower respiratory samples were obtained, multiplex PCR was used to detect HBoV and other respiratory viruses. Results Of all cases, HBoV was detected in 10.0%, with a peak incidence of infection among children < 2 year old, and predominantly noted in autumn and winter. Only 8 patients were HBoV single infection. Co-infection with other respiratory viruses was observed in 86.4%. Moreover, co-infection with bacteria occurred in 27.3% and with Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) in 33.0% of HBoV-positive patients. Among all HBoV-positive samples co-infected with bacteria, 87.5% are gram negative bacteria. Compared with HBoV-negative group, age (P = 0.048), wheezing (P = 0.015), tachypnea (P = 0.016), lactate dehydrogenase (P = 0.026) and severe pneumonia (P = 0.023) were statistically significant in HBoV-positive patients. Furthermore, HBoV-positive patients less than 1 year old were more likely to have co-infection with bacteria (P = 0.007). Conclusions HBoV can be detected alone in respiratory samples of children with CAP, maybe it is one of the causes of CAP in infants. The high incidence of severe pneumonia was found in HBoV-positive patients compared with HBoV-negative cases may indicate a relationship between severe pneumonia and HBoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jinhan Sun
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yinchuan Women and Children Healthcare Hospital, Yinchuan, 750001, China
| | - Jianhui Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Anwen Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xueqi Hao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Yuning Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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Systematic Review of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Prevalence, Genotype Distribution, and Seasonality in Children from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050713. [PMID: 32403364 PMCID: PMC7284433 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common viruses to infect children worldwide and is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness (LRI) in infants. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review by collecting and reviewing all the published knowledge about the epidemiology of RSV in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Therefore, we systematically searched four databases; Embase, Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane databases from 2001 to 2019 to collect all the information related to the RSV prevalence, genotype distribution, and seasonality in children in MENA region. Our search strategy identified 598 studies, of which 83 met our inclusion criteria, which cover the past 19 years (2000–2019). Odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI) were calculated to measure the association between RSV prevalence, gender, and age distribution. An overall prevalence of 24.4% (n = 17,106/69,981) of respiratory infections was recorded for RSV. The highest RSV prevalence was reported in Jordan (64%, during 2006–2007) and Israel (56%, 2005–2006). RSV A subgroup was more prevalent (62.9%; OR = 2.9, 95%CI = 2.64–3.13) than RSV B. RSV was most prevalent in children who were less than 12 months old (68.6%; OR = 4.7, 95%CI = 2.6–8.6) and was higher in males (59.6%; OR = 2.17, 95%CI = 1.2–3.8) than in female infants. Finally, the highest prevalence was recorded during winter seasons in all countries, except for Pakistan. RSV prevalence in the MENA region is comparable with the global one (24.4% vs. 22%). This first comprehensive report about RSV prevalence in the MENA region and our data should be important to guide vaccine introduction decisions and future evaluation.
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Epidemiologic and Molecular Study of EVs in Hospitalized Children With Severe Acute Respiratory Infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019; 38:1141-1146. [PMID: 31469780 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the enterovirus (EV)-positivity rate in respiratory samples collected from children ≤15 years hospitalized with severe acute respiratory infections (SARIs) and to describe the epidemiologic and molecular characteristics of EVs. METHODS Respiratory samples were collected from 2468 children hospitalized with SARI at a university and research hospital in Milan (September 1, 2014 to August 31, 2017). EV and EV-D68 RNA were detected using a commercial multiplex and a specific real-time RT-PCR assay, respectively. The EV-D68-negative samples were then characterized by partial sequencing of the VP1 gene. RESULTS EV-RNA was detected in 9% (222/2468) of SARI cases, 77% were children ≤3 years, almost 13% of whom required intensive care. EVs circulated all-year-round in 2 distinct epidemic waves (May-August and November-December). An EV-D68 outbreak, responsible for 14.8% of EV-positive-SARIs, occurred in 2016 and 5 newly emerging EV types were identified. Twenty-two EV types were detected and remarkable heterogeneity was observed in species distribution and between different pediatric age groups. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that EV-positivity rate for our SARI series was 9%. The molecular detection and characterization of EVs allowed for the rapid detection of an EV-D68 outbreak and revealed the presence of emerging EV types that may pose a public health threat. The lack of routine screening and EV characterization in respiratory tract infections hampers the assessment of their epidemiologic and molecular features.
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