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Hu JL, Luo HL, Liu JP, Zuo C, Xu YS, Feng X, Zhang WJ. Chitosan biomaterial enhances the effect of OECs on the inhibition of sciatic nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 133:102327. [PMID: 37634701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a common symptom experienced by most clinical diseases at different levels, and its treatment has always been a clinical difficulty. Therefore, it is particularly important to explore new and effective treatment methods. The role of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) in nerve injury and pain is recognized by different studies. Our previous study found that transplantation of OECs alleviated hyperalgesia in rats. However, single-cell transplantation lacks medium adhesion and support, and exerts limited analgesic effect. Therefore, on the basis of the previous study, this study investigated the effect of pain relief by co-transplanting OECs with chitosan (CS) (a biological tissue engineering material, as OECs were transplanted into the host medium) to the injured sciatic nerve. The results showed that the pain threshold of sciatic nerve injury of rats was significantly reduced, and the expression level of P2×4 receptor in the spinal cord was significantly increased. While olfactory ensheathing cells combined with chitosan (OECs+CS) transplantation could significantly relieve pain, and the analgesic effect was stronger than that of OECs transplantation alone. OECs+CS transplantation promoted the formation of sciatic nerve remyelination, improved the changes of demyelination, and promoted the repair of sciatic nerve injury more significantly. In addition, the effect of OECs+CS to down-regulate the expression of P2×4 receptor was significantly stronger than that of OECs transplantation, and exerted a better analgesic effect. These data reveal that OECs+CS have a better analgesic effect in relieving neuropathic pain induced by sciatic nerve injury, and provide a new therapeutic strategy for pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ling Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the second affiliated hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Hong-Liang Luo
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, the second affiliated hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Ji-Peng Liu
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, the second affiliated hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Cheng Zuo
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, the second affiliated hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Xu
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, the second affiliated hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the second affiliated hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the second affiliated hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China.
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2
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Garifulin R, Davleeva M, Izmailov A, Fadeev F, Markosyan V, Shevchenko R, Minyazeva I, Minekayev T, Lavrov I, Islamov R. Evaluation of the Autologous Genetically Enriched Leucoconcentrate on the Lumbar Spinal Cord Morpho-Functional Recovery in a Mini Pig with Thoracic Spine Contusion Injury. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051331. [PMID: 37239001 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathological changes associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) can be observed distant, rostral, or caudal to the epicenter of injury. These remote areas represent important therapeutic targets for post-traumatic spinal cord repair. The present study aimed to investigate the following in relation to SCI: distant changes in the spinal cord, peripheral nerve, and muscles. METHODS The changes in the spinal cord, the tibial nerve, and the hind limb muscles were evaluated in control SCI animals and after intravenous infusion of autologous leucoconcentrate enriched with genes encoding neuroprotective factors (VEGF, GDNF, and NCAM), which previously demonstrated a positive effect on post-traumatic restoration. RESULTS Two months after thoracic contusion in the treated mini pigs, a positive remodeling of the macro- and microglial cells, expression of PSD95 and Chat in the lumbar spinal cord, and preservation of the number and morphological characteristics of the myelinated fibers in the tibial nerve were observed and were aligned with hind limb motor recovery and reduced soleus muscle atrophy. CONCLUSION Here, we show the positive effect of autologous genetically enriched leucoconcentrate-producing recombinant neuroprotective factors on targets distant to the primary lesion site in mini pigs with SCI. These findings open new perspectives for the therapy of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravil Garifulin
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Maria Davleeva
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Andrei Izmailov
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Filip Fadeev
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Vage Markosyan
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Roman Shevchenko
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Irina Minyazeva
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Tagir Minekayev
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Igor Lavrov
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rustem Islamov
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
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Zeng CW. Multipotent Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury: Current Progress and Future Prospects. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050653. [PMID: 37237467 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a significant medical challenge, often resulting in permanent disability and severely impacting the quality of life for affected individuals. Traditional treatment options remain limited, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic approaches. In recent years, multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising candidate for SCI treatment due to their multifaceted regenerative capabilities. This comprehensive review synthesizes the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying MSC-mediated tissue repair in SCI. Key mechanisms discussed include neuroprotection through the secretion of growth factors and cytokines, promotion of neuronal regeneration via MSC differentiation into neural cell types, angiogenesis through the release of pro-angiogenic factors, immunomodulation by modulating immune cell activity, axonal regeneration driven by neurotrophic factors, and glial scar reduction via modulation of extracellular matrix components. Additionally, the review examines the various clinical applications of MSCs in SCI treatment, such as direct cell transplantation into the injured spinal cord, tissue engineering using biomaterial scaffolds that support MSC survival and integration, and innovative cell-based therapies like MSC-derived exosomes, which possess regenerative and neuroprotective properties. As the field progresses, it is crucial to address the challenges associated with MSC-based therapies, including determining optimal sources, intervention timing, and delivery methods, as well as developing standardized protocols for MSC isolation, expansion, and characterization. Overcoming these challenges will facilitate the translation of preclinical findings into clinical practice, providing new hope and improved treatment options for individuals living with the devastating consequences of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Zeng
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Sabouni N, Marzouni HZ, Palizban S, Meidaninikjeh S, Kesharwani P, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Role of curcumin and its nanoformulations in the treatment of neurological diseases through the effects on stem cells. J Drug Target 2023; 31:243-260. [PMID: 36305097 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2141755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin from turmeric is a natural phenolic compound with a promising potential to regulate fundamental processes involved in neurological diseases, including inflammation, oxidative stress, protein aggregation, and apoptosis at the molecular level. In this regard, employing nanoformulation can improve curcumin efficiency by reducing its limitations, such as low bioavailability. Besides curcumin, growing data suggest that stem cells are a noteworthy candidate for neurodegenerative disorders therapy due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and neuronal-differentiation properties, which result in neuroprotection. Curcumin and stem cells have similar neurogenic features and can be co-administered in a cell-drug delivery system to achieve better combination therapeutic outcomes for neurological diseases. Based on the evidence, curcumin can induce the neuroprotective activity of stem cells by modulating their related signalling pathways. The present review is about the role of curcumin and its nanoformulations in the improvement of neurological diseases alone and through the effect on different categories of stem cells by discussing the underlying mechanisms to provide a roadmap for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Sabouni
- Department of Immunology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Zare Marzouni
- Qaen School of Nursing and Midwifery, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Sepideh Palizban
- Semnan Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sepideh Meidaninikjeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Biomedical Center (CBC) Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Fan H, Chen Z, Tang H, Shan L, Chen Z, Wang X, Huang D, Liu S, Chen X, Yang H, Hao D. Exosomes derived from olfactory ensheathing cells provided neuroprotection for spinal cord injury by switching the phenotype of macrophages/microglia. Bioeng Transl Med 2021; 7:e10287. [PMID: 35600663 PMCID: PMC9115713 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) has been demonstrated to be beneficial for spinal cord injury (SCI) by modulating neuroinflammation, supporting neuronal survival and promoting angiogenesis. Besides OECs, the conditioned medium (CM) from OECs has also been proved to have therapeutic effects for SCI, indicating that the bioactive substances secreted by OECs are essential for its protective effects. Nevertheless, there is still little information regarding the underlying mechanisms. Considering that exosomes are crucial for intercellular communication and could be secreted by different types of cells, we speculated that the therapeutic potential of OECs for SCI might be partially based on their exosomes. To examine whether OECs could secret exosomes, we isolated exosomes by polyethylene glycol‐based method, and identified them by electron microscopy study, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and western blotting. In view of phagocytic ability of microglia and its distinct roles in microenvironment regulation after SCI, we then focused the effects of OECs‐derived exosomes (OECs‐Exo) on microglial phenotypic regulation. We found that the extracted OECs‐Exo could be engulfed by microglia and partially reverse the LPS‐induced pro‐inflammatory polarization through inhibiting NF‐κB and c‐Jun signaling pathways in vitro. Furthermore, OECs‐Exo were found to inhibit the polarization of pro‐inflammatory macrophages/microglia while increased the numbers of anti‐inflammatory cells after SCI. Considering that the neuronal injury is closely related to the activation state of macrophages/microglia, co‐culture of microglia and neurons were performed. Neuronal death induced by LPS‐treated microglia could be significantly alleviated when microglia treated by LPS plus OECs‐Exo in vitro. After SCI, NeuN‐immunostaining and axonal tract‐tracing were performed to assess neuronal survival and axon preservation. Our data showed that the OECs‐Exo promoted the neuronal survival and axon preservation, and facilitated functional recovery after SCI. Our findings provide a promising therapeutic strategy for SCI based on exosome‐immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Fan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
- Department of Neurology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Hai‐Bin Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xi'an Central Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Le‐Qun Shan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Zi‐Yi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Xiao‐Hui Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Da‐Geng Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Shi‐Chang Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Xun Chen
- Department of Bone Microsurgery, Hong Hui Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
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Zamani H, Soufizomorrod M, Oraee-Yazdani S, Naviafar D, Akhlaghpasand M, Seddighi A, Soleimani M. Safety and feasibility of autologous olfactory ensheathing cell and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell co-transplantation in chronic human spinal cord injury: a clinical trial. Spinal Cord 2021; 60:63-70. [PMID: 34504283 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-021-00687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This is a phase I clinical trial. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to assess the safety and feasibility of autologous mucosal olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) co-transplantation in people with chronic, complete (American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS) classification A) spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING This study was performed at Shohada Tajrish Hospital, Tehran, Iran. METHODS Three individuals with the traumatic SCI of the thoracic level were enrolled. They received the autologous OEC and MSC combination through the lumbar puncture. All adverse events and possible functional outcomes were documented performing pre- and post-operative general clinical examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), neurological assessment based on the International Standard of Neurological Classification for SCI, and functional evaluation using Spinal Cord Independence Measure version III (SCIM III). RESULTS No serious safety issue was recorded during the 2 years of follow-up. MRI findings remained unchanged with no neoplastic tissue formation. AIS improved from A to B in one of the participants. SCIM III evaluation also showed some degrees of progress in this participant's functional ability. The two other research participants had negligible or no improvement in their sensory scores without any changes in the AIS and SCIM III scores. No motor recovery was observed in any of the participants. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this 2-year trial was not associated with any adverse findings, which may suggest the safety of autologous OEC and bone marrow MSC combination for the treatment of human SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Zamani
- Department of Cell Therapy and Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Soufizomorrod
- Department of Cell Therapy and Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Oraee-Yazdani
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammadhosein Akhlaghpasand
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsoun Seddighi
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Cell Therapy and Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Wang Y, Liu J, Zhang Q, Wang W, Liu Q, Liu S, Song Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Li S, Yang X, Lv S, Liu G. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells attenuate podocyte injury under high glucose via TLR2 and TLR4 signaling. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 173:108702. [PMID: 33609619 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This research aimed to investigate the effects of high glucose (HG) on the innate immunity of podocytes and diabetic nephropathy (DN) mice via Toll like receptor (TLR) signaling, and explore the protective effectsof human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUC-MSCs) on this process. METHODS HUC-MSCs obtained from human umbilical cord were cocultured with podocytes and transplanted into DN mice. Flow cytometry, CCK-8assay, ELISA, western blot analysis, periodicacid-schiff, masson, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the inflammation, TLR signaling, physical, biochemical and morphological parameters in podocytes and DN mice. RESULTS HG reduced the viability of podocytes, activated TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathway and increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1 in podocytes and DN mice. However, HUC-MSCs decreased the inflammation and restrained the TLR signaling pathway caused by HG in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore the rhHGF decreased the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 while the blockade of HGF increased the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in podocytes. CONCLUSIONS HUC-MSCs have benefits to the podocytes under HG and the progression of DN by inhibiting TLR signaling pathway and depressing the inflammation. HUC-MSCs may be a therapeutic strategy for treating patients with DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Wang
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China; Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University, USA
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China; Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | | | - Qingzhen Liu
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Yan Song
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Xueling Wang
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Shan Li
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China; Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China; Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shasha Lv
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China; Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Hu XC, Lu YB, Yang YN, Kang XW, Wang YG, Ma B, Xing S. Progress in clinical trials of cell transplantation for the treatment of spinal cord injury: how many questions remain unanswered? Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:405-413. [PMID: 32985458 PMCID: PMC7996007 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.293130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury can lead to severe motor, sensory and autonomic nervous dysfunctions. However, there is currently no effective treatment for spinal cord injury. Neural stem cells and progenitor cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, umbilical cord blood stem cells, adipose stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, macrophages and Schwann cells have been studied as potential treatments for spinal cord injury. These treatments were mainly performed in animals. However, subtle changes in sensory function, nerve root movement and pain cannot be fully investigated with animal studies. Although these cell types have shown excellent safety and effectiveness in various animal models, sufficient evidence of efficacy for clinical translation is still lacking. Cell transplantation should be combined with tissue engineering scaffolds, local drug delivery systems, postoperative adjuvant therapy and physical rehabilitation training as part of a comprehensive treatment plan to provide the possibility for patients with SCI to return to normal life. This review summarizes and analyzes the clinical trials of cell transplantation therapy in spinal cord injury, with the aim of providing a rational foundation for the development of clinical treatments for spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Chang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases Research of Gansu Province, Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yu-Bao Lu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yong-Na Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xue-Wen Kang
- Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases Research of Gansu Province, Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yong-Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases Research of Gansu Province, Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Bing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases Research of Gansu Province, Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Shuai Xing
- Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases Research of Gansu Province, Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
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Zhang LJ, Chen Y, Wang LX, Zhuang XQ, Xia HC. Identification of potential oxidative stress biomarkers for spinal cord injury in erythrocytes using mass spectrometry. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1294-1301. [PMID: 33318408 PMCID: PMC8284302 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.301487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a hallmark of secondary injury associated with spinal cord injury. Identifying stable and specific oxidative biomarkers is of important significance for studying spinal cord injury-associated secondary injury. Mature erythrocytes do not contain nuclei and mitochondria and cannot be transcribed and translated. Therefore, mature erythrocytes are highly sensitive to oxidative stress and may become a valuable biomarker. In the present study, we revealed the proteome dynamics of protein expression in erythrocytes of beagle dogs in the acute and subacute phases of spinal cord injury using mass spectrometry-based approaches. We found 26 proteins that were differentially expressed in the acute (0-3 days) and subacute (7-21 days) phases of spinal cord injury. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these differentially expressed proteins were involved in glutathione metabolism, lipid metabolism, and pentose phosphate and other oxidative stress pathways. Western blot assays validated the differential expression of glutathione synthetase, transaldolase, and myeloperoxidase. This result was consistent with mass spectrometry results, suggesting that erythrocytes can be used as a novel sample source of biological markers of oxidative stress in spinal cord injury. Glutathione synthetase, transaldolase, and myeloperoxidase sourced from erythrocytes are potential biomarkers of oxidative stress after spinal cord injury. This study was approved by the Experimental Animal Centre of Ningxia Medical University, China (approval No. 2017-073) on February 13, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jian Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University; Department of Neurosurgery; Ningxia Human Stem Cell Research Institute, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University; Department of Neurosurgery; Ningxia Human Stem Cell Research Institute, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lu-Xuan Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhuang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - He-Chun Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery; Ningxia Human Stem Cell Research Institute, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
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10
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Stem Cells in Clinical Research and Therapy. Stem Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-1638-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Valinhas A, Santiago-Toledo G, Wall IB. Microcarrier expansion of c-MycER TAM -modified human olfactory mucosa cells for neural regeneration. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:329-344. [PMID: 32955111 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human olfactory mucosa cells (hOMCs) have potential as a regenerative therapy for spinal cord injury. In our earlier work, we derived PA5 cells, a polyclonal population that retains functional attributes of primary human OMCs. Microcarrier suspension culture is an alternative to planar two-dimensinal culture to produce cells in quantities that can meet the needs of clinical development. This study aimed to screen the effects of 10 microcarriers on PA5 hOMCs yield and phenotype. Studies performed in well plates led to a 2.9-fold higher cell yield on plastic compared to plastic plus microcarriers with upregulation of neural markers β-III tubulin and nestin for both conditions. Microcarrier suspension culture resulted in concentrations of 1.4 × 105 cells/ml and 4.9 × 104 cells/ml for plastic and plastic plus, respectively, after 7 days. p75NTR transcript was significantly upregulated for PA5 hOMCs grown on Plastic Plus compared to Plastic. Furthermore, coculture of PA5 hOMCs grown on Plastic Plus with a neuronal cell line (NG108-15) led to increased neurite outgrowth. This study shows successful expansion of PA5 cells using suspension culture on microcarriers, and it reveals competing effects of microcarriers on cell expansion versus functional attributes, showing that designing scalable bioprocesses should not only be driven by cell yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Valinhas
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ivan B Wall
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.,College of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
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12
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Activating Transcription Factor 6 Contributes to Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Zebrafish. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:734-745. [PMID: 32895880 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most common devastating injuries, with little possibility of recovery in humans. However, zebrafish efficiently regenerate functional nervous system tissue after SCI. Therefore, the spinal cord transection model of adult zebrafish was applied to explore the role of ATF6 in neuro-recovery. Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) is a type-II transmembrane protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ATF6 target genes could improve ER homeostasis, which contributes to cytoprotection. Herein, we found that the ATF6 level increased at 12 h and 3 days post SCI, and returned to sham levels at 7 days post SCI. ATF6-expressing motor neurons were present in the central canal of the spinal cord and increased at 12 h post SCI. ATF6 morpholino treatment showed that inhibition of ATF6 delayed locomotor recovery and hindered neuron axon regrowth in SCI zebrafish. Furthermore, we investigated the role of both binding immunoglobulin protein (Bip) and C/EBP homologous transcription factor protein (CHOP), the two target genes of ATF6. We found that Bip expression significantly increased in the spinal cord at 7 days after SCI, which served as a pro-survival chaperone. Our results also showed that CHOP expression significantly decreased in the spinal cord at 7 days after SCI, which was identified as a protein involved in apoptosis. Taken together, our data demonstrate that ATF6 may contribute to the functional recovery after SCI in adult zebrafish, via up-regulation of Bip and down-regulation of CHOP to restore the homeostasis of ER.
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13
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Khalid SI, Nunna RS, Maasarani S, Kelly BSR, Sroussi H, Mehta AI, Adogwa O. Pharmacologic and cellular therapies in the treatment of traumatic spinal cord injuries: A systematic review. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 79:12-20. [PMID: 33070879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to synthesize and consolidate the existing literature on the treatment of SCI, focusing on drugs in development and cellular therapeutics, including stem-cell treatments. METHODS Studies were identified through a systemic search of PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane database from their respective inceptions through January 1, 2020. We used the keywords "spinal cord injuries", "therapeutics", "stem cells", and "pharmacology." STUDY SELECTION Studies that assessed treatment strategies for SCI were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data on SCIs were processed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. FINDINGS In total, 62 articles were found in the literature search and 13 clinical trials were identified and included in this study. This review article discusses the management and treatment of SCI with an emphasis on the pharmacology, molecular approaches, and the use of stem cells. Presently, none of the treatments examined has shown to be clearly effective. CONCLUSIONS Present management strategies of SCI are focused on improving spinal cord perfusion and decreasing secondary injuries such as hypoxia, inflammation, edema, excitotoxicity and disturbances of ion homeostasis. This review hopes to demonstrate the significant advances made in the field of SCI and the new methodologies and practices being employed by researchers to improve our knowledge of the pathology. Our hope is that by consolidating the past and current research, improvements can be made in the management, treatment, and outcomes for these patients and other who suffer from spinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed I Khalid
- Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ravi S Nunna
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Samantha Maasarani
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - B S Ryan Kelly
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Hannah Sroussi
- Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ankit I Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Owoicho Adogwa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, USA.
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14
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Pichiorri F, Mattia D. Brain-computer interfaces in neurologic rehabilitation practice. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 168:101-116. [PMID: 32164846 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63934-9.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for neurologic rehabilitation are based on the assumption that by retraining the brain to specific activities, an ultimate improvement of function can be expected. In this chapter, we review the present status, key determinants, and future directions of the clinical use of BCI in neurorehabilitation. The recent advancements in noninvasive BCIs as a therapeutic tool to promote functional motor recovery by inducing neuroplasticity are described, focusing on stroke as it represents the major cause of long-term motor disability. The relevance of recent findings on BCI use in spinal cord injury beyond the control of neuroprosthetic devices to restore motor function is briefly discussed. In a dedicated section, we examine the potential role of BCI technology in the domain of cognitive function recovery by instantiating BCIs in the long history of neurofeedback and some emerging BCI paradigms to address cognitive rehabilitation are highlighted. Despite the knowledge acquired over the last decade and the growing number of studies providing evidence for clinical efficacy of BCI in motor rehabilitation, an exhaustive deployment of this technology in clinical practice is still on its way. The pipeline to translate BCI to clinical practice in neurorehabilitation is the subject of this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Pichiorri
- Neuroelectrical Imaging and Brain Computer Interface Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Mattia
- Neuroelectrical Imaging and Brain Computer Interface Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Voronova АD, Stepanova OV, Valikhov MP, Chadin AV, Semkina АS, Abakumov MA, Reshetov IV, Chekhonin VP. Comparison of the Efficiency of Transplantation of Rat and Human Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in Posttraumatic Cysts of the Spinal Cord. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 167:536-540. [PMID: 31502130 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04568-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells showed significant effects on the regeneration of the spinal cord in experimental models and in clinical trials. However, the use of these cells in the therapy of posttraumatic cysts of the spinal cord has not been studied. Cultures of human and rat olfactory mucosa were obtained according to the protocols developed by us. Passage 3-4 cultures are most enriched with olfactory ensheathing cells and are preferable for transplantation. We performed transplantation of 750,000 olfactory ensheathing cells into the region of modeled cysts. The therapeutic effect of human cells was more pronounced. The positive dynamics of recovery of motor activity in the hind limbs of rats can reflect regenerative processes in the spinal cord after transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells into the region of posttraumatic cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- А D Voronova
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia. .,Department of Medical Nanobiotechnologies, Medical and Biological Faculty, N. I. Pirogov National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | - O V Stepanova
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - M P Valikhov
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Chadin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - А S Semkina
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnologies, Medical and Biological Faculty, N. I. Pirogov National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Abakumov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnologies, Medical and Biological Faculty, N. I. Pirogov National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Reshetov
- University Hospital No. 1, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - V P Chekhonin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Medical Nanobiotechnologies, Medical and Biological Faculty, N. I. Pirogov National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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16
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Edri R, Gal I, Noor N, Harel T, Fleischer S, Adadi N, Green O, Shabat D, Heller L, Shapira A, Gat-Viks I, Peer D, Dvir T. Personalized Hydrogels for Engineering Diverse Fully Autologous Tissue Implants. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1803895. [PMID: 30406960 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite incremental improvements in the field of tissue engineering, no technology is currently available for producing completely autologous implants where both the cells and the scaffolding material are generated from the patient, and thus do not provoke an immune response that may lead to implant rejection. Here, a new approach is introduced to efficiently engineer any tissue type, which its differentiation cues are known, from one small tissue biopsy. Pieces of omental tissues are extracted from patients and, while the cells are reprogrammed to become induced pluripotent stem cells, the extracellular matrix is processed into an immunologically matching, thermoresponsive hydrogel. Efficient cell differentiation within a large 3D hydrogel is reported, and, as a proof of concept, the generation of functional cardiac, cortical, spinal cord, and adipogenic tissue implants is demonstrated. This versatile bioengineering approach may assist to regenerate any tissue and organ with a minimal risk for immune rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuven Edri
- School for Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Idan Gal
- School for Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Nadav Noor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Tom Harel
- School for Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Sharon Fleischer
- School for Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Nofar Adadi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ori Green
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Doron Shabat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Lior Heller
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Assaf Harofeh MC, Beer Ya'akov, Zerifin, 70300, Israel
| | - Assaf Shapira
- School for Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Irit Gat-Viks
- School for Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Dan Peer
- School for Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Tal Dvir
- School for Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Sagol Center for Regenerative Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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17
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Yousefi F, Lavi Arab F, Saeidi K, Amiri H, Mahmoudi M. Various strategies to improve efficacy of stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: Focus on mesenchymal stem cells and neuroprotection. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 328:20-34. [PMID: 30557687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) which predominantly affect young adults and undergo heavy socioeconomic burdens. Conventional therapeutic modalities for MS mostly downregulate aggressive immune responses and are almost insufficient for management of progressive course of the disease. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), due to both immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties have been known as practical cells for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases like MS. However, clinical translation of MSCs is associated with some limitations such as short-life engraftment duration, little in vivo trans-differentiation and restricted accessibility into damaged sites. Therefore, laboratory manipulation of MSCs can improve efficacy of MSCs transplantation in MS patients. In this review, we discuss several novel approaches, which can potentially enhance MSCs capabilities for treating MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forouzan Yousefi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Lavi Arab
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kolsoum Saeidi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Houshang Amiri
- Neurology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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18
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Survival and Migration of Rat Olfactory Ensheathing Cells after Transplantation into Posttraumatic Cysts in the Spinal Cord. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 166:118-123. [PMID: 30417294 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We studied survival of rat ensheathing cells after transplantation into experimental posttraumatic cysts. These cells were prepared according to our original protocol, labeled with intravital membrane dye PKH26, and transplanted into posttraumatic cysts of the spinal cord. The presence of cysts was verified by magnetic resonance imaging. Olfactory ensheathing cells were detected in the spinal cord by the immunofluorescence method. It was shown that rat olfactory ensheathing cells survived in the spinal cord over 4 weeks and their migration was observed. High survival rate and the possibility of obtaining olfactory ensheathing cells from the olfactory mucosa of patients for creation of an autologous preparation allow considering them as very promising material for the treatment of patients with posttraumatic cysts of the spinal cord.
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19
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Wu S, FitzGerald KT, Giordano J. On the Viability and Potential Value of Stem Cells for Repair and Treatment of Central Neurotrauma: Overview and Speculations. Front Neurol 2018; 9:602. [PMID: 30150968 PMCID: PMC6099099 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central neurotrauma, such as spinal cord injury or traumatic brain injury, can damage critical axonal pathways and neurons and lead to partial to complete loss of neural function that is difficult to address in the mature central nervous system. Improvement and innovation in the development, manufacture, and delivery of stem-cell based therapies, as well as the continued exploration of newer forms of stem cells, have allowed the professional and public spheres to resolve technical and ethical questions that previously hindered stem cell research for central nervous system injury. Recent in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the potential that reprogrammed autologous stem cells, in particular, have to restore functionality and induce regeneration-while potentially mitigating technical issues of immunogenicity, rejection, and ethical issues of embryonic derivation. These newer stem-cell based approaches are not, however, without concerns and problems of safety, efficacy, use and distribution. This review is an assessment of the current state of the science, the potential solutions that have been and are currently being explored, and the problems and questions that arise from what appears to be a promising way forward (i.e., autologous stem cell-based therapies)-for the purpose of advancing the research for much-needed therapeutic interventions for central neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Wu
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kevin T. FitzGerald
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - James Giordano
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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20
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Namjoo Z, Moradi F, Aryanpour R, Piryaei A, Joghataei MT, Abbasi Y, Hosseini A, Hassanzadeh S, Taklimie FR, Beyer C, Zendedel A. Combined effects of rat Schwann cells and 17β-estradiol in a spinal cord injury model. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1229-1242. [PMID: 29658057 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating traumatic event which burdens the affected individuals and the health system. Schwann cell (SC) transplantation is a promising repair strategy after SCI. However, a large number of SCs do not survive following transplantation. Previous studies demonstrated that 17β-estradiol (E2) protects different cell types and reduces tissue damage in SCI experimental animal model. In the current study, we evaluated the protective potential of E2 on SCs in vitro and investigated whether the combination of hormonal and SC therapeutic strategy has a better effect on the outcome after SCI. Primary SC cultures were incubated with E2 for 72 h. In a subsequent experiment, thoracic contusion SCI was induced in male rats followed by sustained administration of E2 or vehicle. Eight days after SCI, DiI-labeled SCs were transplanted into the injury epicenter in vehicle and E2-treated animals. The combinatory regimen decreased neurological and behavioral deficits and protected neurons and oligodendrocytes in comparison to vehicle rats. Moreover, E2 and SC significantly decreased the number of Iba-1+ (microglia) and GFAP+ cells (astrocyte) in the SCI group. In addition, we found a significant reduction of mitochondrial fission-markers (Fis1) and an increase of fusion-markers (Mfn1 and Mfn2) in the injured spinal cord after E2 and SC treatment. These data demonstrated that E2 protects SCs against hypoxia-induced SCI and improves the survival of transplanted SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Namjoo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Campus, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Moradi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Campus, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Aryanpour
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Abbas Piryaei
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Campus, Tehran, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yusef Abbasi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Campus, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hosseini
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Campus, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Campus, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Quadri SA, Farooqui M, Ikram A, Zafar A, Khan MA, Suriya SS, Claus CF, Fiani B, Rahman M, Ramachandran A, Armstrong IIT, Taqi MA, Mortazavi MM. Recent update on basic mechanisms of spinal cord injury. Neurosurg Rev 2018; 43:425-441. [PMID: 29998371 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-018-1008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life-shattering neurological condition that affects between 250,000 and 500,000 individuals each year with an estimated two to three million people worldwide living with an SCI-related disability. The incidence in the USA and Canada is more than that in other countries with motor vehicle accidents being the most common cause, while violence being most common in the developing nations. Its incidence is two- to fivefold higher in males, with a peak in younger adults. Apart from the economic burden associated with medical care costs, SCI predominantly affects a younger adult population. Therefore, the psychological impact of adaptation of an average healthy individual as a paraplegic or quadriplegic with bladder, bowel, or sexual dysfunction in their early life can be devastating. People with SCI are two to five times more likely to die prematurely, with worse survival rates in low- and middle-income countries. This devastating disorder has a complex and multifaceted mechanism. Recently, a lot of research has been published on the restoration of locomotor activity and the therapeutic strategies. Therefore, it is imperative for the treating physicians to understand the complex underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A Quadri
- California Institute of Neuroscience, 2100 Lynn Road, Suite 120, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91360, USA. .,National Skull Base Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.
| | - Mudassir Farooqui
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Asad Ikram
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Atif Zafar
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Muhammad Adnan Khan
- California Institute of Neuroscience, 2100 Lynn Road, Suite 120, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91360, USA.,National Skull Base Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Sajid S Suriya
- California Institute of Neuroscience, 2100 Lynn Road, Suite 120, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91360, USA.,National Skull Base Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Chad F Claus
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. John Providence Hospital and Medical Centers, Michigan State University, Southfield, MI, USA
| | - Brian Fiani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, CA, USA
| | - Mohammed Rahman
- Department of Neurology, Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, CA, USA
| | - Anirudh Ramachandran
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Ian I T Armstrong
- California Institute of Neuroscience, 2100 Lynn Road, Suite 120, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91360, USA.,National Skull Base Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Muhammad A Taqi
- California Institute of Neuroscience, 2100 Lynn Road, Suite 120, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91360, USA.,National Skull Base Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Martin M Mortazavi
- California Institute of Neuroscience, 2100 Lynn Road, Suite 120, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91360, USA.,National Skull Base Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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22
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Wang J, Li H, Yao Y, Ren Y, Lin J, Hu J, Zheng M, Song X, Zhao T, Chen YY, Shen Y, Zhu YJ, Wang LL. β-Elemene Enhances GAP-43 Expression and Neurite Outgrowth by Inhibiting RhoA Kinase Activation in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury. Neuroscience 2018; 383:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in impaired neurologic function that for many individuals is permanent and significantly impacts health, function, quality of life, and life expectancy. Many efforts have been taken to develop effective treatments for SCI; nevertheless, proven therapies targeting neurologic regeneration and functional recovery have been limited. Existing therapeutic approaches, including early surgery, strict blood pressure control, and consideration of treatment with steroids, remain debated and largely focus on mitigating secondary injury after the primary trauma has occurred. Today, there is more research being performed in SCI than ever before. Current clinical trials are exploring pharmacologic, cell-based, physiologic, and rehabilitation approaches to reduce secondary injury and also overcome barriers to neurorecovery. In the future, it is likely that tailored treatments combining many of these strategies will offer significant benefits for persons with SCI. This article aims to review key past, current and emerging neurologic and rehabilitation therapeutic approaches for adults with traumatic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Donovan
- Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, 1199 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, New Jersey, 07052, USA.
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 183 South Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey, 07101, USA.
| | - Steven Kirshblum
- Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, 1199 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, New Jersey, 07052, USA
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 183 South Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey, 07101, USA
- The Kessler Foundation, 1199 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, New Jersey, 07052, USA
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Yao R, Murtaza M, Velasquez JT, Todorovic M, Rayfield A, Ekberg J, Barton M, St John J. Olfactory Ensheathing Cells for Spinal Cord Injury: Sniffing Out the Issues. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:879-889. [PMID: 29882418 PMCID: PMC6050914 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718779353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are glia reported to sustain the continuous axon extension and successful topographic targeting of the olfactory receptor neurons responsible for the sense of smell (olfaction). Due to this distinctive property, OECs have been trialed in human cell transplant therapies to assist in the repair of central nervous system injuries, particularly those of the spinal cord. Though many studies have reported neurological improvement, the therapy remains inconsistent and requires further improvement. Much of this variability stems from differing olfactory cell populations prior to transplantation into the injury site. While some studies have used purified cells, others have used unpurified transplants. Although both preparations have merits and faults, the latter increases the variability between transplants received by recipients. Without a robust purification procedure in OEC transplantation therapies, the full potential of OECs for spinal cord injury may not be realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yao
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Murtaza
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Tello Velasquez
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Todorovic
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Rayfield
- 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Ekberg
- 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Barton
- 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J St John
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Preparation of Human Olfactory Ensheathing Cells for the Therapy of Spinal Cord Injuries. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 164:523-527. [PMID: 29504110 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We developed an optimal protocol for preparing and culturing of olfactory ensheathing cells from human olfactory mucosa. Using this protocol, we obtained a culture enriched with human olfactory ensheathing cells. Immunofluorescence analysis by simultaneous expression of GFAP and p75NTR markers showed that the content of ensheathing cells was maximum in passage 3 and 4 cultures (94 and 89.5%, respectively). The developed protocol can be recommended for obtaining autologous preparations of human ensheathing cells for cell therapy of spinal cord injuries.
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Refaat MM, Zickri MB, Fares AE, Gabr H, El-Jaafary SI, Mahmoud BE, Madbouly MA, Abdelfadel MA, Hammad AM, Farghali HAM. Enhancement of neural regeneration after spinal cord injury using muscle graft in experimental dogs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:9330-9340. [PMID: 31966805 PMCID: PMC6965910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) can cause severe disability or death. The principal treatments for traumatic SCI include surgical stabilization and decompression. Using muscle as a scaffold is a new approach. The aim of this work is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of muscle graft as a scaffold for the growing axons organizing their growth, preventing gliosis in the damaged area and enhancing neural recovery in canine model of traumatic spinal cord injury. METHODS 14 dogs were divided into group I (Control group) 4 control dogs subjected to Sham operation, group II (Trauma control group) 5 dogs subjected to dorsal laminectomy with excision of 1 cm segment of the spinal cord and group III (Muscle graft group) 5 dogs subjected to dorsal laminectomy then muscle graft was taken from the longissimus thoraces and inserted into the spinal cord gap. The animals of all groups were euthanatized after 8 weeks. Olby and modified Tarlov scores were used to clinically evaluate the therapeutic effects. Spinal cord specimens were subjected to histological, morphometric and statistical studies. RESULTS Olby and modified Tarlov scores revealed significant clinical improvement in the muscle graft group. Histological sections showed overgrowth of axons on the muscle graft and the sections started to organize as central gray matter and peripheral white matter. CD44 & CD105 stains were positive for endogenous stem cells. CONCLUSIONS This study proved the clinical efficacy of muscle grafting as a tool for induction of neuroregeneration after traumatic spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Refaat
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Benisuef UniversityEgypt
| | - Maha Baligh Zickri
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo UniversityEgypt
| | - Amal Elham Fares
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo UniversityEgypt
| | - Hala Gabr
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo UniversityEgypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Haithem AM Farghali
- Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo UniversityEgypt
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27
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Zadroga A, Jezierska-Woźniak K, Czarzasta J, Barczewska M, Wojtkiewicz J, Maksymowicz W. Corrigendum to "Therapeutic Potential of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Spinal Cord Injuries". Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:9438310. [PMID: 28698720 PMCID: PMC5494100 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9438310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2017/3978595.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zadroga
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jezierska-Woźniak
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Czarzasta
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Monika Barczewska
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
- Foundation for the Nerve Cells Regeneration, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wojciech Maksymowicz
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Salem N, Salem MY, Elmaghrabi MM, Elawady MA, Elawady MA, Sabry D, Shamaa A, Elkasapy AHH, Ibrhim N, Elamir A. Does vitamin C have the ability to augment the therapeutic effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on spinal cord injury? Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:2050-2058. [PMID: 29323045 PMCID: PMC5784354 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.221163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylprednisolone (MP) is currently the only drug confirmed to exhibit a neuroprotective effect on acute spinal cord injury (SCI). Vitamin C (VC) is a natural water-soluble antioxidant that exerts neuroprotective effects through eliminating free radical damage to nerve cells. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs), as multipotent stem cells, are promising candidates in SCI repair. To evaluate the therapeutic effects of MP, VC and BMMSCs on traumatic SCI, 80 adult male rats were randomly divided into seven groups: control, SCI (SCI induction by weight-drop method), MP (SCI induction, followed by administration of 30 mg/kg MP via the tail vein, once every other 6 hours, for five times), VC (SCI induction, followed by intraperitoneal administration of 100 mg/kg VC once a day, for 28 days), MP + VC (SCI induction, followed by administration of MP and VC as the former), BMMSCs (SCI induction, followed by injection of 3 × 106 BMMSCs at the injury site), and BMMSCs + VC (SCI induction, followed by BMMSCs injection and VC administration as the former). Locomotor recovery was assessed using the Basso Mouse Scale. Injured spinal cord tissue was evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 genes was determined using real-time quantitative PCR. BMMSCs intervention better promoted recovery of nerve function of rats with SCI, mitigated nerve cell damage, and decreased expression of transforming growth factor-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 genes than MP and/or VC. More importantly, BMMSCs in combination with VC induced more obvious improvements. These results suggest that VC can enhance the neuroprotective effects of BMMSCs against SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Salem
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Banha University, Banha, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Y Salem
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Banha University, Banha, Egypt
| | | | - Moataz A Elawady
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Banha University, Banha, Egypt
| | - Mona A Elawady
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Banha University, Banha, Egypt
| | - Dina Sabry
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Shamaa
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Noha Ibrhim
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Banha University, Banha, Egypt
| | - Azza Elamir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, El Fayoum University, Egyptian, Egypt
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